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Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The root system plays a crucial role in water and nutrient absorption, making it a significant factor affected by nitrogen (N) availability in the soil. However, the intricate dynamics and distribution patterns of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) root density and N nutrient under varying N supplies in Southern Xinjiang, China, have not been thoroughly understood. A two-year experiment (2021 and 2022) was conducted to determine the effects of five N rates (0, 150, 225, 300, and 450 kg N ha−1) on the root system, shoot growth, N uptake and distribution, and cotton yield. Compared to the N0 treatment (0 kg N ha−1), the application of N fertilizer at a rate of 300 kg N ha−1 resulted in consistent and higher seed cotton yields of 5875 kg ha−1 and 6815 kg ha−1 in 2021 and 2022, respectively. This N fertilization also led to a significant improvement in dry matter weight and N uptake by 32.4% and 53.7%, respectively. Furthermore, applying N fertilizer at a rate of 225 kg N ha−1 significantly increased root length density (RLD), root surface density (RSD), and root volume density (RVD) by 49.6–113.3%, 29.1–95.1%, and 42.2–64.4%, respectively, compared to the treatment without N fertilization (0 kg N ha−1). Notably, the roots in the 0–20 cm soil layers exhibited a stronger response to N fertilization compared to the roots distributed in the 20–40 cm soil layers. The root morphology parameters (RLD, RSD, and RVD) at specific soil depths (0–10 cm in the seedling stage, 10–25 cm in the bud stage, and 20–40 cm in the peak boll stage) were significantly associated with N uptake and seed cotton yield. Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer supply within the range of 225–300 kg N ha−1 can enhance root foraging, thereby promoting the interaction between roots and shoots and ultimately improving cotton production in arid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinus massoniana (Lamb.) safeguards China's forestry carbon sequestration value and plays a crucial role in achieving dual-carbon goals. The phenotypic information of the root system is a critical criterion for assessing the quality of robust seedlings. To address the issues of high measurement errors, low efficiency in traditional manual root measurement, and the inadequacy of existing 3D reconstruction equipment in evaluating fine root systems, a low-cost and efficient research approach for root system phenotypic information detection was designed. In this study, we outlined the root system phenotypic parameter detection methods and proposed a two-dimensional image-based data collection system. We employed suitable preprocessing methods to effectively eliminate image noise and intuitively capture the root system's skeletal features. Through conditional judgments, we pinpointed the root tip endpoints and main lateral root junctions of the root system's skeleton. The PPSA algorithm was utilized to achieve precise segmentation of main and lateral roots, and mathematical relationships were established between calibrated objects and the real environment to extract root system phenotypic parameters. The results demonstrated that the two-dimensional image-based approach for root system phenotypic information research fulfilled the rapid and efficient quality assessment requirements of nursery seedlings in forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The frequency and severity of abiotic stress events, especially drought, are increasing due to climate change. The plant root is the most important organ for water uptake and the first to be affected by water limitation. It is therefore becoming increasingly important to include root traits in studies on drought stress tolerance. However, phenotyping under field conditions remains a challenging task. In this study, plants were grown in a hydroponic system with polyethylene glycol as an osmotic stressor and in sand pots to examine the root system of eleven spring barley genotypes. The root anatomy of two genotypes with different response to drought was investigated microscopically. Results: Root diameter increased significantly (p < 0.05) under polyethylene glycol treatment by 54% but decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by 12% under drought stress in sand pots. Polyethylene glycol treatment increased root tip diameter (51%) and reduced diameter of the elongation zone (14%) compared to the control. Under drought stress, shoot mass of plants grown in sand pots showed a higher correlation (r = 0.30) with the shoot mass under field condition than polyethylene glycol treated plants (r = -0.22). Conclusion: These results indicate that barley roots take up polyethylene glycol by the root tip and polyethylene glycol prevents further water uptake. Polyethylene glycol-triggered osmotic stress is therefore unsuitable for investigating root morphology traits in barley. Root architecture of roots grown in sand pots is more comparable to roots grown under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the descriptions of automorphisms and local automorphisms on complex solvable Lie algebras of maximal rank. First, it is established that any automorphism on a solvable Lie algebra of maximal rank can be represented as a product (composition) of inner, diagonal and graph automorphisms. We apply the description of automorphism to the specification of automorphisms on solvable Lie algebras of maximal rank with abelian nilradical, and to the description of automorphisms of standard Borel subalgebras of complex simple Lie algebras. Based on the representation of an automorphism, it is proved that all local automorphisms on a solvable Lie algebra of maximal rank are global automorphisms. We also present two examples of solvable Lie algebras which are not of maximal rank and have different behaviours of local automorphisms. Namely, the first algebra does not admit pure local automorphisms, while the second algebra admits a local automorphism which is not an automorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chari and Greenstein (Adv. Math. 220(4), 1193–1221, 2009) introduced certain combinatorial subsets of the roots of a finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra g , which were important in studying Kirillov–Reshetikhin modules over U q (g ̂) and their specializations. Later, Khare (J. Algebra. 455, 32–76, 2016) studied these subsets for large classes of highest weight g -modules (in finite type), under the name of weak- A -faces (for a subgroup A of (ℝ , +) ), and more generally, ({2};{1,2})-closed subsets. These notions extend and unify the faces of Weyl polytopes as well as the aforementioned combinatorial subsets. In this paper, we consider these "discrete" notions for an arbitrary Kac–Moody Lie algebra g , in three prominent settings: (a) the weights of an arbitrary highest weight g -module V; (b) the convex hull of the weights of V; (c) the weights of the adjoint representation. For (a) (respectively, (b)) for all highest weight g -modules V, we show that the weak- A -faces and ({2};{1,2})-closed subsets agree, and equal the sets of weights on the exposed faces (respectively, equal the exposed faces) of the convex hull of weights conv(wtV). This completes the partial progress of Khare in finite type, and is novel in infinite type. Our proofs are type-free and self-contained. For (c) involving the root system, we similarly achieve complete classifications. For the weights of ad g for any indecomposable Kac–Moody g , we show that the weak- A -faces and ({2};{1,2})-closed subsets agree, and equal the Weyl group translates of the sets of weights in certain "standard parabolic faces" (which also holds for highest weight modules). This was proved by Chari and her coauthors for Δ ⊔{0} in finite type, but is novel for other types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The root system plays a crucial role in water and nutrient absorption, making it a significant factor affected by nitrogen (N) availability in the soil. However, the intricate dynamics and distribution patterns of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) root density and N nutrient under varying N supplies in Southern Xinjiang, China, have not been thoroughly understood. A two-year experiment (2021 and 2022) was conducted to determine the effects of five N rates (0, 150, 225, 300, and 450 kg N ha−1) on the root system, shoot growth, N uptake and distribution, and cotton yield. Compared to the N0 treatment (0 kg N ha−1), the application of N fertilizer at a rate of 300 kg N ha−1 resulted in consistent and higher seed cotton yields of 5875 kg ha−1 and 6815 kg ha−1 in 2021 and 2022, respectively. This N fertilization also led to a significant improvement in dry matter weight and N uptake by 32.4% and 53.7%, respectively. Furthermore, applying N fertilizer at a rate of 225 kg N ha−1 significantly increased root length density (RLD), root surface density (RSD), and root volume density (RVD) by 49.6–113.3%, 29.1–95.1%, and 42.2–64.4%, respectively, compared to the treatment without N fertilization (0 kg N ha−1). Notably, the roots in the 0–20 cm soil layers exhibited a stronger response to N fertilization compared to the roots distributed in the 20–40 cm soil layers. The root morphology parameters (RLD, RSD, and RVD) at specific soil depths (0–10 cm in the seedling stage, 10–25 cm in the bud stage, and 20–40 cm in the peak boll stage) were significantly associated with N uptake and seed cotton yield. Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer supply within the range of 225–300 kg N ha−1 can enhance root foraging, thereby promoting the interaction between roots and shoots and ultimately improving cotton production in arid areas.

Abstract Background The frequency and severity of abiotic stress events, especially drought, are increasing due to climate change. The plant root is the most important organ for water uptake and the first to be affected by water limitation. It is therefore becoming increasingly important to include root traits in studies on drought stress tolerance. However, phenotyping under field conditions remains a challenging task. In this study, plants were grown in a hydroponic system with polyethylene glycol as an osmotic stressor and in sand pots to examine the root system of eleven spring barley genotypes. The root anatomy of two genotypes with different response to drought was investigated microscopically. Results Root diameter increased significantly (p

Global climate change, which has also occurred in the Western ForestSteppe of Ukraine, has led to early sowing starting from the very beginning of the spring season. In this regard, to provide a scientific basis for spring barley cultivation technology, the issue of investigating the processes of plant growth and development before the onset of the tillering phenomenon, i.e., the second and third stages of organogenesis, is of particular relevance. The purpose of this study was to establish the regularities of dependence of spring barley plant growth and development on the influence of vegetation factors at different sowing dates in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. To summarise the findings, the following methods were employed: general scientific methods based on objectivity, evidence, reproduction, and mathematical and statistical methods for processing experimental data. The study found the dependence of the processes of growth and development of spring barley plants based on plant biomass, crude biomass, and dry matter content of the root system and aerial parts of plants, as well as leaf area according to the analysis at the beginning of the tillering phase, on the influence of sowing time. The study estimated the significance of the studied factor under the influence of supply conditions for the maximum realisation of spring barley productivity potential. As a result, a regularity was revealed, according to which a substantial decrease in the productivity potential of barley plants was established with a delay for each subsequent 10 days starting from the first sowing date on 10 March. The maximum data values were obtained at the first sowing date, where the plant biomass was 723.6 mg, the crude biomass of the root system was 67.5 mg, the dry matter of the root system was 18.0 mg, the crude biomass of the aerial part of the plant was 656.1 mg, the dry matter of the aerial part of the plant was 130.8 mg and the leaf surface area was 18.1 cm2 . As a result of the scientific substantiation, the practical value of the study lies in the favourability of early sowing dates to ensure maximum realisation of plant productivity potential due to vegetation factors

[Objective] This study was aimed to explore the characteristics of soil organic carbon and moisture content under different vegetation restoration types and their relationships, and to provide a scientific basis for the selection of vegetation restoration models in the Mu Us sandy land. [Methods] Different vegetation restoration types, including natural restoration of grassland and various plants such as Artemisia desertorum, Salix psammophila, A. desertorum S. psammophila mixed (shrub-shrub mixed), Pinus sylvestris, S. psammophila P. sylvestris mixed (tree-shrub mixed), in the Mu Us sandy land, were studied. Bare sand was used as the control. The effects and correlations of different vegetation restoration types on carbon and water in the 0-5.0 m soil profile were analyzed. [Results] (1) Vegetation restoration increased, with S. psammophila P. sylvestris mixed, P. sylvestris, Grassland, A. desertorum S. psammophila mixed, A. desertorum S. psammophila mixed, and A. desertorum showing decreasing trends, with significant accumulation effects observed within the 0—0.2 m soil depth. As soil depth increased, the organic carbon content of all vegetation types gradually decreased. Within the depth range of 0.8—2.2 cm, A. desertorum, S. psammophila, and A. desertorum S. psammophila mixed exhibited carbon loss. (2) Different vegetation restoration types showed varying degrees of soil moisture deficit in deep soil layers, primarily concentrated at 1—3.0 m soil layer, with S. psammophila P. sylvestris mixed showing the most severe deficit, followed by P. sylvestris, A. desertorum S. psammophila, S. psammophila, Grassland, A. desertorum. (3) Roots were identified as the main factors influencing soil organic carbon content and moisture consumption. Soil organic carbon content exhibited a negative correlation with soil moisture within the 0—5.0 m soil depth range. [Conclusion] Vegetation carbon storage was achieved at the expense of utilizing deep soil moisture, with S. psammophila P. sylvestris mixed exhibiting the lowest water consumption per unit of fixed carbon. The study suggests that S. psammophila P. sylvestris mixed exhibits favorable effects in vegetation restoration from the perspective of soil carbon retention and water retention in the Mu Us sandy land.

The objective to examine the effect of management systems on root dry weight, the percentage distribution of root weight in the soil profile, and the soil carbon content. Treatments consisted of 13 management systems established 22 years ago: degraded pasture; continuous pasture, fertilised, and intercropped with a legume species; continuous pasture with fertilisation; continuous pasture without fertilisation; pasture for four years followed by soybean cropping for four years; pasture for four years followed by soybean cropping for four years, with eucalyptus; soybean cropping for four years followed by pasture for four years; soybean cropping for four years followed by pasture for four years, with eucalyptus; soybean cropping for one year followed by pasture for three years; soybean cropping for one year followed by pasture for three years; continuous summer soybean cropping under conventional cultivation; continuous summer soybean cropping under conservation farming; and continuous no-till summer soybean cropping. Except for degraded pastures, pasture systems have higher root dry mass than soybean cropping systems. The integrated production systems increase the dry weight of the roots, and the carbon content of the soil and reduce aluminum saturation and soil acidity. The highest percentages of roots are found in the 0–0.10 m range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health and quality of the root system are imperative to ensure the successful establishment of a citrus tree after transplant from the nursery into the field. Containerized citrus production in enclosed nurseries restricts root growth and can result in root circling and intertwining. This may hinder root expansion and result in root girdling after transplant, negatively affecting tree establishment and growth. The root structure of a transplanted citrus tree can also be affected by the container type used in the nursery. Containers with root-pruning properties like chemical pruning or air pruning reduce root circling and may produce superior root systems compared with regular, nonpruning containers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different nursery containers on root physiological and morphological traits and plant performance over 15 months of growth in the nursery. Three container types, chemical pruning containers, air-pruning containers, and standard nursery containers, were compared. The chemical pruning containers were standard citrus nursery containers with a mixture of copy hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] and copper carbonate (CuCO3) [10% copper (Cu)] applied to the inner wall. Pruning occurs upon contact of the roots with the Cu on the wall of the containers. The air-pruning containers were customsized Air-Pots in which pruning occurs on holes in the wall of the containers upon contact of the roots with the air. Two rootstocks, US-812 and US-942 (Citrus reticulata × Poncirus trifoliata), were included for comparison in the nongrafted stage and 12 months after grafting with 'Valencia' orange (Citrus sinensis). Chemical root pruning positively influenced tree height, shoot mass, leaf area, rootstock trunk diameter, and the nonfibrous root biomass. No differences among container types were observed for the fibrous root biomass, but chemical pruning produced more roots that were finer with a higher specific root length and a higher respiration rate. In contrast, air pruning produced more roots that were thicker compared with the other containers. Most of the leaf nutrients were lower in trees grown in the chemical pruning containers compared with the standard containers, except for Cu and zinc (Zn), which were highest in the former. Trees growing in air-pruning containers were not significantly different in growth from trees growing in standard containers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two organic carbon resources (wood ash and sawdust) were applied in the study site to assess their profound effects on soil properties and growth and biomass properties of lupin (Lupinus albus L.). Because of their contribution to improving soil structure, enhanced water-holding capacity, and increased carbon sequestration. The experiments were conducted in mid-November 2022 at Grdarasha Research Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraq. The experiment includes two organic amendments (wood ash and sawdust) as a treatment and Control. Results showed that the application of wood ash and sawdust improved and raised the number of essential elements and heavy metals in the soil, which in turn boosted the ability of the roots to absorb nutrients. The highest germination percentage, plant height, and leaf number were observed in the ash treatment (95.00 %, 22.00 cm, and 21.22) respectively. The great values of fresh and dry shoot weight were found in sawdust treatment 63.78 and 14 g/plant) respectively. The effects of treatments were not significant on root length and fresh and dry root weights. The final findings showed that adding various forms of organic carbon could alter the chemical characteristics of the soil. This, in turn, might have a good impact on microbes, which can subsequently help plants grow by converting, solubilizing, and mobilizing soil nutrients. Furthermore, lupin plants appeared to be a form of phytoremediation, or absorption, for certain heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate change, which has also occurred in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, has led to early sowing starting from the very beginning of the spring season. In this regard, to provide a scientific basis for spring barley cultivation technology, the issue of investigating the processes of plant growth and development before the onset of the tillering phenomenon, i.e., the second and third stages of organogenesis, is of particular relevance. The purpose of this study was to establish the regularities of dependence of spring barley plant growth and development on the influence of vegetation factors at different sowing dates in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. To summarise the findings, the following methods were employed: general scientific methods based on objectivity, evidence, reproduction, and mathematical and statistical methods for processing experimental data. The study found the dependence of the processes of growth and development of spring barley plants based on plant biomass, crude biomass, and dry matter content of the root system and aerial parts of plants, as well as leaf area according to the analysis at the beginning of the tillering phase, on the influence of sowing time. The study estimated the significance of the studied factor under the influence of supply conditions for the maximum realisation of spring barley productivity potential. As a result, a regularity was revealed, according to which a substantial decrease in the productivity potential of barley plants was established with a delay for each subsequent 10 days starting from the first sowing date on 10 March. The maximum data values were obtained at the first sowing date, where the plant biomass was 723.6 mg, the crude biomass of the root system was 67.5 mg, the dry matter of the root system was 18.0 mg, the crude biomass of the aerial part of the plant was 656.1 mg, the dry matter of the aerial part of the plant was 130.8 mg and the leaf surface area was 18.1 cm2. As a result of the scientific substantiation, the practical value of the study lies in the favourability of early sowing dates to ensure maximum realisation of plant productivity potential due to vegetation factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) plays a crucial role in nitrogen utilization in agroecosystems. Functional characteristics of plants (grasses vs. legumes) affect BNF. However, little is still known about how ecological zones and cropping patterns affect legume nitrogen fixation. This study's objective was to assess the effects of different cropping systems on aboveground dry matter, interspecific relationships, nodulation characteristics, root conformation, soil physicochemistry, BNF, and nitrogen transfer in three ecological zones and determine the main factors affecting nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) and nitrogen transferred (Ntransfer). Methods: The 15N labelingmethod was applied. Oats (Avena sativa L.), forage peas (Pisum sativum L.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), and fava beans (Vicia faba L.) were grown in monocultures and mixtures (YS: oats and forage peas; YJ: oats and common vetch; YC: oats and fava beans) in three ecological regions (HZ: Huangshui Valley; GN: Sanjiangyuan District; MY: Qilian Mountains Basin) in a split-plot design. Results: The results showed that mixing significantly promoted legume nodulation, optimized the configuration of the root system, increased aboveground dry matter, and enhanced nitrogen fixation in different ecological regions. The percentage of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) and percentage of nitrogen transferred (%Ntransfer) of legumes grown with different legume types and in different ecological zones were significantly different, but mixed cropping significantly increased the %Ndfa of the legumes. Factors affecting Ndfa included the cropping pattern, the ecological zone (R), the root nodule number, pH, ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, microbial nitrogen mass (MBN), plant nitrogen content (N%), and aboveground dry biomass. Factors affecting Ntransfer included R, temperature, altitude, root surface area, nitrogenfixing enzyme activity, organic matter, total soil nitrogen, MBN, and N%. Discussion: We concluded that mixed cropping is beneficial for BNF and that mixed cropping of legumes is a sustainable and effective forage management practice on the Tibetan Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus and zinc are important nutrient elements of concern in upland rice production. To determine the suitable combination of phosphorus, nanoparticles (NPs), and bio-fertilizer application as an alternative nutrient management approach in upland rice cultivation, a Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) column experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in 2015. The treatments consisted of three phosphorus levels, two foliar sprays of NPs (ZnO and TiO2), and PSB seed treatment. The results indicated that the combined application of P (50 kg ha−1), ZnO NPs (500 ppm), and PSB seed treatment (20 g kg−1) improved the root system architecture traits of rice (total root length: 3.73–6.74%, diameter: 8.57–22.22%, and volume: 3.40–3.70%) at depths of 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm, compared to higher P + TiO2 NPs + no PSB. Consequently, this combination led to an enhancement in photosynthetic leaf area (by 3.3%), tiller numbers (by 7%), and dry matter production (by 35.5%). The favorable root growth resulting from the application of higher P and PSB enhanced zinc uptake by rice grains (by 38.44%) and straw (by 26.99%). Furthermore, the supplemental application of PSB improved the activity of soil enzymes such as dehydrogenase and phosphatase. As a result, maximum phosphorus use efficiency (PUE; 31.5%) was achieved through the combined application of P (50 kg ha−1) × ZnO NPs × PSB. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the beneficial effects of an integrated approach involving phosphorus, PSB, and metal oxides (ZnO NPs) as a fertilizer management strategy to enhance the total biomass and PUE of upland rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil & Water Conservation (1009-2242) is the property of Institute of Soil & Water Conservation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We consider the operations of projection and lifting of Weyl chambers to and from a root subsystems of a finite roots system. Extending these operations to labeled galleries, we produce pairs of such galleries that satisfy some common wall crossing properties. These pairs give rise to certain morphisms in the category of Bott-Samelson varieties earlier considered by the author. We prove here that all these morphisms define embeddings of Bott-Samelson varieties (considered in the original interpretation based on compact Lie groups due to Raoul Bott and Hans Samelson) skew invariant with respect to the compact torus. We prove that those embeddings that come from projection and lifting preserve two natural orders on the set of the points fixed by the compact torus. We also consider the application of these embeddings to equivariant cohomology. The operations of projection and lifting can also be applied separately to each segment of a gallery. We describe conditions that allow us to glue together the galleries obtained this way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant microbial fuel cells represent an innovative type of microbial fuel cell technology, utilizing plant rhizodeposition to fuel electrochemically active bacteria on the anode surface, thereby generating bioelectricity. This study delves into some botanical aspects of plant species employed in PMFCs and Constructed Wetland PMFCs, aiming to investigate whether their bioelectrical performance is influenced by Raunkiær life forms and root architecture. Our study involved 40 plant species described in 38 documents. In some cases, nomenclature issues prevented the interpretation of actual species used in the experiments. The bioelectrical performance of PMFCs appeared to be significantly affected by both life forms and root architecture. Therophytes and Hemicriptophytes exhibited higher median values than the other life forms, while the Geophyte group showed very high power density values despite a lower median value. In contrast, CW-PMFCs do not appeared to be significantly affected by the botanical traits considered, likely due to the limited data collected on this experimental configuration. The plant species that performed the best in PMFCs include Carex hirta, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Glyceria maxima and Canna indica, all of which have an adventitious root system. C. hirta, G. maxima and C. indica are geophytes, while A. plantago-aquatica is a hydrophyte. Consequently, epiphytes, chamaephytes and nanophanerophytes, as well as plants with fibrous root systems, appeared to be not recommended for PMFCs. Nevertheless, the results of our study may have certain limitation due to nomenclature issues that prevented the accurate identification of species used in the PMFCs, the absence of a standardized benchmark for electrical measurement, and the lack of clear match between each species and its bioelectrical performance, reducing the data pool.

[ Objective ] The study aims to analyze the metabolomic difference in potato roots under NaHCO 3 stress , in order to understand the metabolic mechanism of different potato varieties in response to NaHCO 3 stress , and to provide theoretical basis for optimizing potato breeding , cultivation techniques , and production applications. [ Methods ] The root systems of potato ‘ V 7 ’ and ‘ KANG Nibeike ’ seedlings were selected as materials , and NaHCO 3 solution was used to simulate alkali stress with different concen- trations ( CK , 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , and 50 mmol / L ) . The root metabolites of these two potato varieties were analyzed by LC-MS and multidimensional statistics combined with non-targeted metabolomics detection. [ Results ] ( 1 ) Under NaHCO 3 stress , 160 metabolites were up-regulated and 91 metabolites were down- regulated in ‘ V 7 ’ roots , and 125 metabolites were up-regulated and 52 metabolites were down-regulated in ‘ KANG Nibeike ’ roots. ( 2 ) 10 differential metabolic pathways were selected for each of the two varieties , among which 4 differential metabolic pathways , namely biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites , bio- synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids , synthesis of histidine and purine-derived alkaloids , and pyrimidine metabolism , were the key metabolic pathways in response to alkali stress in potato roots. ( 3 ) Differential metabolites , such as carbohydrates , amides , amines , oxy-containing organic compounds , alkaloids , phe- nolic acids , and somatogenin , etc. , were involved in the complex regulatory network in potato in response to NaHCO 3 stress. [ Conclusion ] The key metabolites and metabolic pathways of potato roots in response to NaHCO 3 stress are screened. There are differences in the metabolome of the alkaline tolerant cultivar ‘ V 7 ’ and alkali sensitive cultivar ‘ KANG Nibeike ’ . Also , there are differences between the metabolism of the same variety and CK under different levels of stress. The accumulation of amino acids and their deriva- tives , organic acids , and allantoin is an important feature of the ‘ V 7 ’ root metabolism , which is more ac- tive and alkaline resistant than ‘ KANG Nibeike ’ .

Abstract Background Soil microorganisms play an extensive role in the biogeochemical cycles providing the nutrients necessary for plant growth. Root-associated bacteria and fungi, originated from soil, are also known to influence host health. In response to environmental stresses, the plant roots exude specific molecules influencing the composition and functioning of the rhizospheric and root microbiomes. This response is host genotype-dependent and is affected by the soil microbiological and chemical properties. It is essential to unravel the influence of grapevine rootstock and scion genotypes on the composition of this microbiome, and to investigate this relationship with plant growth and adaptation to its environment. Here, the composition and the predicted functions of the microbiome of the root system were studied using metabarcoding on ten grapevine scion-rootstock combinations, in addition to plant growth and nutrition measurements. Results The rootstock genotype significantly influenced the diversity and the structure of the bacterial and fungal microbiome, as well as its predicted functioning in rhizosphere and root compartments when grafted with the same scion cultivar. Based on β-diversity analyses, 1103P rootstock showed distinct bacterial and fungal communities compared to the five others (RGM, SO4, 41B, 3309 C and Nemadex). The influence of the scion genotype was more variable depending on the community and the investigated compartment. Its contribution was primarily observed on the β-diversity measured for bacteria and fungi in both root system compartments, as well as for the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere. Significant correlations were established between microbial variables and the plant phenotype, as well as with the plant mineral status measured in the petioles and the roots. Conclusion These results shed light on the capacity of grapevine rootstock and scion genotypes to recruit different functional communities of microorganisms, which affect host growth and adaptation to the environment. Selecting rootstocks capable of associating with positive symbiotic microorganisms is an adaptation tool that can facilitate the move towards sustainable viticulture and help cope with environmental constraints.

Silvopastoral systems are an important strategy for sustainable livestock production. However, to expand their implementation, it is crucial to identify and develop forage materials that maintain good production and quality while being tolerant to shade conditions as well as other biotic and abiotic stresses. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the morpho-anatomical and agronomic responses of two Urochloa hybrids (Camello and Talisman) under two light conditions: shade (28 % light intensity) and full exposure. The trial followed a randomised complete block design with split-plot arrangement, where each treatment corresponded to a plot with three replications. Morphological and anatomical parameters were recorded in three technical replicates of each replication. Histological leaf sections were analysed for the percentage of adaxial epidermis, abaxial epidermis, vascular tissue, colourless parenchyma, Kranz sheath, bulliform cells, sclerenchyma, and chlorenchyma. Measurements in leaf included relative chlorophyll concentration, leaf area, leaf length, and leaf width. Evaluations in plant included height and number of tillers. Agronomic parameters such as plant cover and dry biomass were recorded for each plot. Additionally, six leaf imprints were made on the leaf undersides to observe stomatal morphology, and their length was recorded. Furthermore, plants from each treatment were grown in soil-filled tubes within the same plots. Root system photographs were taken, and in three replications per treatment, root length, root diameter, root volume, root surface area, and the depth at which 95 % of roots were concentrated (D95) were determined. These data can be utilised by the scientific community and breeders to conduct analyses and meta-analyses to identify shade tolerance mechanisms and develop genetic materials tolerant to changing climatic conditions while being optimal for use in silvopastoral systems.

Plants' root properties are closely related to their ecological adaptability. This study aimed to clarify the differences in root properties of Stipa krylovii under different grazing disturbances. The morphological characteristics of root length, root surface area, root volume, root tip number, specific root length, and specific surface area of S. krylovii were compared under no grazing, light grazing, moderate grazing and heavy grazing conditions. The ecological adaptability to grazing pressure was also examined. Results showed that the underground biomass density decreased with the increase in grazing intensity. Grazing disturbance can lead to changes in plant community characteristics, and roots adapt to changes in these environmental factors by adjusting their distribution. Among the six root configuration parameters, those under light grazing were significantly higher than those under the other grazing types. The root length and root surface area were concentrated in the range of 0–2 mm. Mild grazing and moderate grazing were conducive to fine root penetration and contact with soil. Moderate grazing disturbance was beneficial to grassland vegetation productivity and played an important role in the stability and sustainable utilization of grassland ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the growth and development of the corn root system at various norms of mineral fertilizers and biostimulants in the gray soils of Uzbekistan. The introduction of mineral fertilizers and biostimulants "VL-77" and "Avangard Start" have a positive effect on the formation of the root system and the distribution of the root system in the arable and subsurface layers of the soil. It was revealed that when applying fertilizers in the norms N180P120K90 and N250P175K125 kg/ha and the use of biostimulants, it stimulates the weight of the root system and above-ground organs. It has been established that when applying fertilizers in the norm N250P175K125 kg/ha and the biostimulator "VL-77", the corn root system is located more in the arable soil layer. This contributes to a more efficient use of nutrients, and thus creates favorable conditions for the formation of a high yield of corn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide, and its production is challenged by global climate change and a shortage of resources. The root system plays a vital role in uptaking water and nutrients and sensing soil environmental signals, and it has great potential to improve the final yield and stress tolerance of wheat. In order to further explore the genes regulating root development, this study focused on qRS-6D, located on chromosome 6D and spanning from 462,701,391 to 465,068,943, which was significantly associated with the total root length, root volume, root surface, and root fresh weight in our previous GWAS analysis. Firstly, its genetic effects were validated using an F6 segregating population by comparing the root-related traits of homologous lines harboring the alternative haplotypes of this QTL. Then, the number of causal genes of this QTL was narrowed down to four with a transcriptome-wide association study. Additionally, qRS-6D has been demonstrated to have genetic effects on several yield- (kernel length, kernel width, and thousand-kernel weight) and plant structure-related traits (plant height, peduncle length, total tiller number, productive tiller number, flag leaf length, and flag leaf angle). Relatively, the frequency of the favorable haplotype increased with the wheat breeding practice. This study provides a reliable genetic locus to improve root development and structure and evaluate its application potential in wheat breeding improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Soil microorganisms play an extensive role in the biogeochemical cycles providing the nutrients necessary for plant growth. Root-associated bacteria and fungi, originated from soil, are also known to influence host health. In response to environmental stresses, the plant roots exude specific molecules influencing the composition and functioning of the rhizospheric and root microbiomes. This response is host genotype-dependent and is affected by the soil microbiological and chemical properties. It is essential to unravel the influence of grapevine rootstock and scion genotypes on the composition of this microbiome, and to investigate this relationship with plant growth and adaptation to its environment. Here, the composition and the predicted functions of the microbiome of the root system were studied using metabarcoding on ten grapevine scion-rootstock combinations, in addition to plant growth and nutrition measurements. Results: The rootstock genotype significantly influenced the diversity and the structure of the bacterial and fungal microbiome, as well as its predicted functioning in rhizosphere and root compartments when grafted with the same scion cultivar. Based on β-diversity analyses, 1103P rootstock showed distinct bacterial and fungal communities compared to the five others (RGM, SO4, 41B, 3309 C and Nemadex). The influence of the scion genotype was more variable depending on the community and the investigated compartment. Its contribution was primarily observed on the β-diversity measured for bacteria and fungi in both root system compartments, as well as for the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere. Significant correlations were established between microbial variables and the plant phenotype, as well as with the plant mineral status measured in the petioles and the roots. Conclusion: These results shed light on the capacity of grapevine rootstock and scion genotypes to recruit different functional communities of microorganisms, which affect host growth and adaptation to the environment. Selecting rootstocks capable of associating with positive symbiotic microorganisms is an adaptation tool that can facilitate the move towards sustainable viticulture and help cope with environmental constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is the most important factor limiting winter wheat yield in the North China Plain (NCP). Choosing high-yielding cultivars is an important measure to minimize the negative effects of drought stress. Field studies were conducted with 10 cultivars in the 2020–2022 seasons under three irrigation treatments (I0, without irrigation; I1, irrigated at jointing stage; I2, irrigated at jointing and anthesis stages) in the NCP to examine the water use strategies and root and shoot traits of high-yielding cultivars under different water supply conditions. The results showed that yield variation among cultivars was 21.2–24.6%, 23.7–25.9% and 11.6–15.3% for the I0, I1 and I2 treatments, respectively. Under water deficit conditions (I0 and I1), high-yielding cultivars reduced water use during vegetative stages and increased soil water use during reproductive stages, especially water use from deeper soil layers. Those cultivars with higher root length density (RLD) in deep soil layers exhibited higher water uptake. Each additional millimeter of water used after anthesis from the 100–200 cm soil layers increased grain yield by 23.6–29.6 kg/ha and 16.4–28.5 kg/ha under I0 and I1, respectively. This water use strategy enhanced dry matter accumulation after anthesis, decreased canopy temperature (CT) and increased relative leaf water contents (RLWC), which ultimately improved grain yield. For winter wheat grown under I2, cultivars that decreased water use after anthesis had higher water productivity (WP). Root length (RL), root weight (RW) and root:shoot ratio were each negatively correlated with grain yield, while above-ground biomass was positively correlated with grain yield. Therefore, higher dry matter accumulation and smaller root systems are two important traits of high-yielding cultivars under sufficient water supply conditions (I2) in the NCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a widely cultivated crop known for its high oil yield. It is cultivated extensively across tropical regions, notably in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It plays a vital role in global vegetable oil supply, meeting approximately 35% of the world's demand. However, the expansion of oil palm plantations often involves the utilization of degraded soils where nutrient availability, particularly nitrogen, is limited, posing challenges to plant growth and productivity. Roots are crucial in responding to nitrogen deficiency by adjusting their growth and distribution; however, research on root system distribution patterns in oil palm still needs to be completed. This study analyzes the root system architecture using RhizoVision Explorer, a 2D root image processing software while assessing its relationship with nitrogen availability across two commercial cultivars: Deli × La Mé of African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and the interspecific hybrid O×G Coari × La Mé. Our findings reveal significant associations between eight root traits in oil palm seedlings and treatments with and without nitrogen availability. Notably, total root morphology (length, surface area, and volume), rotation angle, solidity, and hole characteristics decreased under nitrogen deprivation, whereas surface angle frequency increased. We highlight the variability of these traits across cultivars, suggesting genetic dependence and potential utility in breeding programs. Moreover, interactions observed in primary root morphology and hole size indicate greater differences between control and nitrogen-treated groups in C × LM than in D × LM cultivars. On the other hand, cultivar differences, regardless of nitrogen availability, influenced lateral root morphology, while nitrogen availability, irrespective of cultivar, affected inclined angle frequency. Significant differences were observed in growth and development parameters such as root and shoot biomass, root-to-shoot ratio, and leaf emission numbers between nitrogen-optimal and nitrogen-starved conditions. Nitrogen significantly affects root architecture and plant growth in oil palm, particularly in the C × LM cultivar during the nursery stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The response of preferential flow to the soil − root − rock fragment systems is essential for understanding the eco-hydrological processes in karst rocky desertification (KRD) areas. In this study, we investigated the soil properties, root, and rock fragment distribution characteristics and preferential flow in this system. Results show that there are differences in the development of preferential flow under five grades of rocky desertification: light rocky desertification (LRD) > potential rocky desertification (PRD) > non-rocky desertification (NRD) > moderate rocky desertification (MRD) > severe rocky desertification (SRD). Different degrees of rocky desertification have facilitating or inhibiting effects on preferential flow. LRD and PRD promote preferential flow with ratio of 6.6 %–9.6 %, while MRD and SRD inhibit preferential flow with ratio of 4.2 %–6.7 %. The preferential flow is simultaneously influenced by the components of soil − root − rock fragment systems. Root system indicators (i.e., root biomass, root bulk density, and root length density) generally decrease as grades of rocky desertification increase. The surface outcrops density, rock fragment density, and volume fraction tend to increase with grades of rocky desertification. A principal components analysis found that preferential flow of MRD and SRD is highly influenced by rock fragments, while LRD is more driven by root systems and soil properties. PRD is averagely influenced by the combination. These findings suggest that appropriate plant and rock fragment ratios can effectively avoid water loss in the form of preferential flow and more attention should be paid to the ecological problems of LRD and PRD areas.

Health and quality of the root system are imperative to ensure the successful establishment of a citrus tree after transplant from the nursery into the field. Containerized citrus production in enclosed nurseries restricts root growth and can result in root circling and intertwining. This may hinder root expansion and result in root girdling after transplant, negatively affecting tree establishment and growth. The root structure of a transplanted citrus tree can also be affected by the container type used in the nursery. Containers with root-pruning properties like chemical pruning or air pruning reduce root circling and may produce superior root systems compared with regular, nonpruning containers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different nursery containers on root physiological and morphological traits and plant performance over 15 months of growth in the nursery. Three container types, chemical pruning containers, air-pruning containers, and standard nursery containers, were compared. The chemical pruning containers were standard citrus nursery containers with a mixture of copy hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] and copper carbonate (CuCO3) [10% copper (Cu)] applied to the inner wall. Pruning occurs upon contact of the roots with the Cu on the wall of the containers. The air-pruning containers were custom-sized Air-Pots in which pruning occurs on holes in the wall of the containers upon contact of the roots with the air. Two rootstocks, US-812 and US-942 (Citrus reticulata × Poncirus trifoliata), were included for comparison in the nongrafted stage and 12 months after grafting with ‘Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis). Chemical root pruning positively influenced tree height, shoot mass, leaf area, rootstock trunk diameter, and the nonfibrous root biomass. No differences among container types were observed for the fibrous root biomass, but chemical pruning produced more roots that were finer with a higher specific root length and a higher respiration rate. In contrast, air pruning produced more roots that were thicker compared with the other containers. Most of the leaf nutrients were lower in trees grown in the chemical pruning containers compared with the standard containers, except for Cu and zinc (Zn), which were highest in the former. Trees growing in air-pruning containers were not significantly different in growth from trees growing in standard containers.

Growth balance is very important for plants, which is the coordination of resource acquisition between the aboveground and belowground parts. Extensive research has focused on the aboveground portion, and less attention has been given to the root system. Furthermore, the specific regulatory mechanisms responsible for maintaining the growth balance between aboveground and belowground in crops are still unclear. We examined the root/shoot ratio and leaf area/root length ratio in 19 pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense) and 19 upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) accessions, and the effects of root traits on the growth balance were explored. The results indicated that growth balance could affect the biomass accumulation of cotton, and the root system was the core part of controlling growth balance. The difference was that the specific root length played a major role in pima cotton, while the root mass fraction was more important in upland cotton. Despite these differences, both types of cotton achieved similar resource acquisition capability through the synergistic effect of mass fraction and morphological characteristics of leaves and roots. Our study is the first to demonstrate that the root system dominates the growth balance in pima and upland cotton. Selecting accessions with similar phenotypes may represent a promising new direction for increasing the success probability of interspecific hybridization and introgression breeding. These findings expand our understanding of the resource acquisition and utilization of crops and provide a valuable perspective for ecological research and crop breeding.

One of the ways to grow high-quality grafted grape seedlings is to use modern, environmentally friendly biologically active preparations. Today, such preparations include live chlorella suspension. Its use in grape nursery is a new and relevant technological method of growing planting material. The aim of the study was to show the effect of live chlorella suspension on the realization of the biological potential of grapevines, with the subsequent production of high-quality grafted grape seedlings. Field (recording of plant growth and development), laboratory (determination of quantitative and qualitative parameters of plants) and statistical (confirmation of the reliability of the results) research methods were used. The obtained results showed that for soaking rootstock and scion components it is advisable to use the strain Chlorella vulgaris Beijer, dilution 1:5, soaking should be carried out for 72 hours – rootstock components, 18 hours – scion components; for irrigation of grape garden plot it is advisable to use the strain Chlorella vulgaris Beijer. + Ge, dilution 1:5, it was carried out immediately after planting scions and three times during the growing season – in June, July, and August. The use of these strains of live chlorella suspension allowed obtaining a higher yield of standard seedlings from the garden plot, the plants had a well-developed root system and annual growth. Compared to the control, which was water, the total number of roots increased. Plants in these variants were also characterized by increased growth of the aboveground part. Indicators of total and mature growth, which characterize the overall development of grafted grape seedlings, were in the range of 687.1-773.2 cm3 (total growth volume), 337.9-386.6 cm3 (mature growth volume), while 730.1 and 362.6 cm3 , respectively, in the control. The records of the output of standard seedlings from the garden plot also showed the advantage of using a suspension of live chlorella (an increase of 19.0-21.0%) compared to water. The above technological methods allow obtaining high-quality grape seedling products and can be a promising alternative for more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural methods

Among the bio-tools that contribute to making the strawberry production system more sustainable are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which can be used as biofertilizers. Thus, five doses of phosphorus (P) applied to plants with AMF and a control (100% P, no AMF) were analyzed in order to differentiate the horticultural potential of the 'Camarosa' cultivar. We used an on-farm inoculant made up of six fungal species. The univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the addition of AMF to the growing substrate made it possible to reduce the P supply in the nutrient solution by 75% without compromising the fruit yield. In addition, this combination improved the phytochemical quality of strawberries, the plant's root system morphology, and the accumulation of nutrients in plant organs (roots, crowns, aerial part and fruits). We conclude that the use of a multi-species on-farm inoculant based on AMF associated with a reduction in the P supply in the nutrient solution modifies the horticultural potential of the 'Camarosa' cultivar. We confirmed the action of a native AMF community as a biofertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation promotes soil C sequestration is largely unknown. Here, meta-analysis and logistic regression were applied to study the ecological effects of AMF inoculation on soil organic C (SOC) turnover and plant growth under different inoculation manipulations, plant traits, and soil conditions. Results showed that AMF inoculation generally increased SOC stock and plant biomass accumulation. Soil sterilization, unsterilized inoculum wash (a filtrate of mycorrhizal inoculum excluding AMF) addition in non-mycorrhizal treatments, experimental type, and inoculated AMF species influenced soil microbial biomass C (MBC) but had no impact on SOC turnover. Plant root system, initial SOC content, and soil pH were the key factors that influenced the AMF-mediated SOC turnover. AMF inoculation in fertile or acidic soils might deplete SOC. The symbiosis between tap-rooted plants and AMF was more likely to sequestrate C into the soil compared to fibrous-rooted plants. Moreover, plant total dry biomass largely relied on its own photosynthetic pathway although AMF was introduced. Collectively, our results suggest that AMF inoculation is a promising approach for soil C sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we deduce several multiple expansion formulas over root systems. These formulas give some multiple extensions of an expansion formula of Liu. From these formulas, we establish multiple expansion formulas for infinite products, a C n extension of Rogers’ non-terminating 6 ϕ 5 summation formula and multiple expansion formulas for (q) ∞ m. As applications, we deduce several C n and D n extensions of finite/semi-finite forms of the quintuple product identity, a multiple extension of an expansion formula of Liu and a C n extension of Liu’s extension of Rogers’ 6 ϕ 5 summation formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Hydrobiology is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Hydrobiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The stability of trees is an important issue in an urban environment. They provide many benefits including: shading, wind protection, decoration, relaxation, improved air quality and reduced temperatures. Unfortunately, urban trees sometimes pose real risks to people. They can result in significant damage to public and private property, as well as personal injury or, in extreme cases, death. Accurate assessment of tree stability and safety is therefore critical to preventing these highly undesirable outcomes. The stability of a group of two trees, genus Platanus, growing in the Arboretum of the Forest Research Institute -- BAS was studied using the static research method -- Pulling test. The root system of this type of tree is widespread, similar to linden and sycamore. The draw point is about the 10th meter from the height of the trees. With the mechanical power of a winch -- tirfor maximum about 10 kN and a tree slope of 0,25°. The tensile force-deformation diagram was constructed using the software. A stability factor (SF) of over 1.5 has been determined. This allows us to conclude that the two trees are absolutely stable under the prevailing wind direction and strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]