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BACKGROUND: The fig (Ficus carica L.) tree known for its tasty and nutritious fruits, is typically propagated by cutting. While previous studies have focused on the effects of different treatments and environmental conditions on fig cutting propagation, little attention has been paid to the specific role and association of biochemical properties in leaves, stem bark and fruit on the rooting process. OBJECTIVE: This research explores the complex relationship between 40 biochemical traits and the rooting ability of fig cuttings. To achieve this objective, various machine learning techniques were employed, such as a random forest model, feature importance analysis, linear regression, and principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS: The random forest model showed significant predictive ability with a classification accuracy of 100%, supported by a high kappa statistic. Feature importance analysis identified a* (a colorimetric parameter in fruit), fruit trans-ferulic acid and leaf total flavonoids as the most influential traits in determining the rooting ability of cuttings. The robustness of these findings is supported by the high R-squared value (0.9002) and low error metrics (MAE 0.7554 and MSE 0.6980) of the linear regression model built on these important traits. In parallel, PCA indicated that a*, leaf total flavonoids and fruit trans-ferulic acid were the dominant traits in samples with lower rooting percentage. CONCLUSIONS: These identified biomarkers can be effectively used by fig breeders and growers to select and introduce fig cultivars with improved rooting ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesuvium portulacastrum L., a perennial facultative halophyte, is extensively distributed across tropical and subtropical coastal regions. Its limited cold tolerance significantly impacts both the productivity and the geographical distribution of this species in higher-latitude areas. In this study, we employed RNA-Seq technology to delineate the transcriptomic alterations in Sesuvium plants exposed to low temperatures, thus advancing our comprehension of the molecular underpinnings of this physiological adaptation and root formation. Our findings demonstrated differential expression of 10,805, 16,389, and 10,503 genes in the low versus moderate temperature (LT vs. MT), moderate versus high temperature (MT vs. HT), and low versus high temperature (LT vs. HT) comparative analyses, respectively. Notably, the gene categories "structural molecule activity", "ribosome biogenesis", and "ribosome" were particularly enriched among the LT vs. HT-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs). When synthesizing the insights from these three comparative studies, the principal pathways associated with the cold response mechanism were identified as "carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms", "starch and sucrose metabolism", "plant hormone signal transduction", "glycolysis/gluconeogenesis", and "photosynthesis". In addition, we elucidated the involvement of auxin signaling pathways, adventitious root formation (ARF), lateral root formation (LRF), and novel genes associated with shoot system development in root formation. Subsequently, we constructed a network diagram to investigate the interplay between hormone levels and pivotal genes, thereby clarifying the regulatory pathways of plant root formation under low-temperature stress and isolating key genes instrumental in root development. This study has provided critical insights into the molecular mechanisms that facilitate the adaptation to cold stress and root formation in S. portulacastrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A. Shoots of Gladiolus hybridus on masal MS medium; B. Shoots of Rosa damascena multiplied on MS medium containing 2.5 µM BAP. Rotted shoots of C. Gladiolus hybridus and D. Rosa damascena on MS medium supplemented with 2.5 µM IBA. [Display omitted] • IBA and putrescine both induced rooting individually in miroshoots of rosa damascena and gladiolus hybridus, and their synergistic effect was also observed. • Inhibition of diamine oxidase by l -aminoguanidine inhibited rooting in microshoots, which suggests the role of putrescine oxidation products in root induction, or the observed inhibition of rooting could be due to the accumulation of free putrescine. • When the endogenous synthesis of spermidine and spermine was blocked by methylglyoxal(bis) guanylhydrazone; the exogenous spermine application only induced rooting in microshoots, indicating its essential role in root induction. The effect of indole-3-butyric (IBA) acid and polyamines was investigated on in vitro rooting of microshoots of Rosa damascena Mill. (difficult-to-root) and Gladiolus hybridus Hort. (easy-to-root) plants. Both IBA and putrescine (PUT) individually induced rooting and showed a synergistic effect in the rooting of microshoots of both plant species. Maximum rooting of microshoots (%) was observed on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS medium) supplemented with 2.5 μM IBA and 100 μM PUT. The incorporation of methylglyoxal(bis) guanylhydrazone (MGBG: a competitive inhibitor of s-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase and is known to block spermidine and spermine synthesis) completely inhibited the rooting of microshoots of both plant species. Similarly, the incorporation of l -aminoguanidine (AG: an inhibitor of diamine oxidase) also inhibited the adventitious rooting of microshoots of both species, indicating the role of the oxidation product of PUT in rooting. Rooting was not observed in either species when a medium containing MGBG was supplemented with spermidine. In contrast, when spermine was incorporated in a MS medium with MGBG, the rooting was achieved in both species, thus establishing spermine's clear role in the rooting of microshoots. An increase in peroxidase activity was observed during IBA and PUT-induced rooting. The performance of plants rooted on a medium containing 2.5 μM IBA was significantly better than those rooted on a medium containing 2.5 μM IBA and 100 μM PUT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research in Agricultural Sciences is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Micropropagation of fig is playing an interesting role in the rapid multiplication of varieties with important characters and the regeneration of virus-free plants. FMD (Fig Mosaic Disease) is the viral disorder the most spread all over the world and considered as a serious problem for healthy fig plant propagation and high fig production. During the last four decades, many efficient protocols have been established for in vitro large-scale propagation of female figs and caprifigs for plant material sanitation. Successful micropropagation of figs using meristematic tissues (nodal segments or apical buds) is dependant to several external and internal factors including in vitro conditions (media components essentially) and ex vitro (genotype and physiological state, etc.). Specific requirements during all steps of plant regeneration, such as the initiation of in vitro cultures, shoot multiplication, plantlet rooting and acclimatization are summarized in this review. The efficacy of meristem and tip culture in the eradication of viruses from fig vitroplants is also reported. New approaches for the improvement of shoot multiplication and fig vitroplant quality (bioreactors, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, etc.) and the genetic stability and conformity of micropropagated plantlets are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malus 'Baiyun' (registration no. 20210210), a new crabapple cultivar, was registered in 2021 by the Nanjing Forestry Unversity. However, the difficult rooting has greatly limited the production of high-quality M. 'Baiyun' in industrialization development. There is thus a pressing need to develop an organogenesis protocol for the in vitro propagation of M. 'Baiyun' to alleviate a shortage of high-quality M. 'Baiyun' seedlings. The results showed that choosing the apical bud in mid-March was an excellent explant material. To promote proliferation, the highest proliferation (6.27) of apical shoots was cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L−1 6-benzylaminopurine(6-BA) + 0.05 mg·L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Subsequently, a 100% rooting rate, average number of roots per shoot of 6.2 and maximum length of roots of 4.96 cm were obtained on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/2 MS) medium with the application of 0.5 mg·L−1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 0.6 mg·L−1 NAA + 0.7 mg·L−1 IBA. Additionally, thick and lateral roots were obtained with 0.6 mg·L−1 NAA + 0.7 mg·L−1 IBA. Our study is the first to establish an effective organogenesis protocol for new crabapple cultivars using stem segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was done in Molecular Biology and Plant Tissue Culture labs at the research center, College of Science, Duhok University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, from August 2021 to September 2023. Shoot tips were used as an explanation in this study. Optimal sterilization was achieved when 70% (v/v) ethanol was used for 2 minutes, then explants were soaked in 2.5% (v/v) of NaOCl for 20 minutes. The better medium for initiation was MS supplied with 1.0 mgL-1 BA + 0.05 mgL-1 of NAA, which increased shoot number to (2.60), BA at 2.0 mgL-1 + NAA at 0.5 mgL-1 gave (2.60) number of nodes. At the multiplication stage, a combination of BA at 6.0 mgL-1 + NAA at 1.0 mgL-1 produced the best numbers (2.50) shoots/ explant, the highest number (2.06) of nodes produced on (MS) medium contained both BA at 2.0 mgL-1 + NAA at 2.0 mgL-1. However, there was no significant difference between MS and WPM media regarding multiplication rate. In vitro, roots were developed when WPM contained 0.5 mgL-1 IBA. An autoclaved mixture of peat moss and loam at a ratio (1:0.5) (v: v) was used for plant acclimatization with an 80- 85 % survival rate. Twenty-four SRAP primers were used to test the uniformity and stability of micro-propagated plants. No polymorphism was found, indicating the genetic stability of micro-propagated plants.

The aim of the research is to determine the effects of different rooting contents [control (water), plant growth regulator-rooting hormone (H1: 0.25 g l-1, H2: 0.50 g l-1 and H3: 1.0 g l-1), cinnamon powder (T) and Aloe vera gel (AV)] and two different planting times on the rooting of leaf cuttings prepared from the stock mother plants of wild Prometheum sempervivoides (Fisch. ex Bieb.) H. Ohba taxon. Observations and measurements of vitality rate (%), number of rooted cuttings (NR), number of callusing cuttings (NC), maximum root length (MRL), rooting rate (%) and rooting scale (1-5) were made on cuttings whose rooting was completed. The results were evaluated statistically. The most positive rooting effect was determined in the H3 application, which is the highest dose of the commercial rooting hormone tested in the study. Cinnamon powder application was determined as a more effective natural extract for rooting leaf cuttings of P. sempervivoides when compared to Aloe vera gel application. At the end of our study, in which the effects of different planting times were also examined, it was determined that planting the leaf cuttings of P. sempervivoides as soon as they were taken from the stock mother plant had a positive effect on rooting. The very good quality roots were observed in H1 (0 h), H2 (0 h), H3 (0 h) and H3 (24 h) applications. These applications can be recommended for rooting the leaf cuttings of P. sempervivoides succulent plant. It was also concluded that P. sempervivoides can be reproduced by vegetative propagation method using leaf cuttings.

In this study, the effects of various light treatments, growth regulators and culture media (agar-solidified and liquid) on in vitro propagation of Alternanthera reineckii Briq. Were evaluated. In in vitro experiments were used red, blue, and white LEDs alone and various combinations of red and blue LEDs. Different levels of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin (KIN), ranging from 0.25 mg/L to 1 mg/L, were introduced into the solid and liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium. In solid culture, the highest number of shoots per explant (16.67 shoots/explant) was observed when utilizing a proportion of 1:2 red/blue LEDs in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BAP. On the other hand, in the liquid culture, 15.13 shoots/explant were obtained with 1 mg/L BAP under a 2:1 red/blue LEDs configuration. During the experiments involving KIN, 10.42 shoots/explant were observed in the solid culture conditions with 1 mg/L of KIN under a lighting configuration of 1:2 red/blue LEDs. On the other hand, a total of 10.62 shoots/explant was attained in the liquid MS medium with 0.50 mg/L of KIN under a lighting configuration of 2:1 red/blue LEDs. As a result, LED lights were found to be better than fluorescent lights for multiple propagations of A. reineckii. Moreover, higher shoot numbers and longer shoots were achieved with red and blue LED light combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene trees inferred from molecular sequence alignments are typically unrooted, and determining the most credible rooting edge is a classical problem in computational biology. One approach to solve this problem is unrooted reconciliation, where the rooting edge is postulated based on the split of the root from a given species tree. In this paper, we propose a novel variant of the gene tree rooting problem, where the gene tree root is inferred using a phylogenetic network of the species present in the gene tree. To obtain the best rooting, unrooted reconciliation can be applied, where the unrooted gene tree is jointly reconciled with a set of splits inferred from the network. However, the exponential size of the set induced by display trees of the network makes this approach computationally prohibitive. To address this, we propose a broader and easier-to-control set of splits based on the structural properties of the network. We then derive exact mathematical formulas for the rooting problem and propose two general rooting algorithms to handle cases where the input network does not meet the initial requirements. Our experimental study based on simulated gene trees and networks demonstrates that our algorithms infer gene tree rootings correctly or with a small error in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effect of different concentrations of BA and Kin on callus formation and plant regeneration of Haworthiopsis viscosa and Haworthia truncata var. truncate. • The effect of different concentrations of IBA and NAA on seedlings rooting. • Seedling compatibility was affected by different substrates This study was conducted to optimize the in vitro culture of Haworthiopsis viscosa and Haworthia truncata var. truncate. The full and half concentration of Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg (B 5) after the disinfection of the explants was used to determine the suitable medium culture. The effect of the different concentrations of 6-benzyl aminopurine (BA) and Kinetin (Kin) (0, 1, 2, 3 and 6 mg/L) was investigated on the percentage of regeneration, callus formation and the number of seedlings regenerated. The different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L) were used to investigate the seedlings rooting. Finally, the cocopeat + perlite, the sand +perlite and the vermicolit +perlite substrates were studied to determine the suitable substrate for compatibility. The results show that the use of MS culture medium at complete concentration was more successful than the other treatments and increased the regeneration and seedling percentage in both species. Also, the use of BA at a concentration of 1 mg/L (H. truncata var. truncate) and at a concentration of 3 mg/L (H. viscosa) increased the percentage of regeneration and the number of regenerated seedlings significantly and the regenerated seedlings had a very good quality. The rooting of seedlings in both studied species was the highest at 1 mg/L IBA. The use of NAA in the culture medium produced roots that stuck together and were fragile in some cases, which was not suitable for the compatibility. By comparing different substrates, it was found that the use of cocopeat + perlite increased the seedling compatibility percentage to more than 95% in both species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of N6-benzyladenine (BAP) seed preconditioning and seedling-derived explants on in vitro plant regeneration potential in soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merrill.). The findings showed that seed preconditioning with 2.55 mg/L BAP prior to germination significantly influenced seedling establishment and the development of shoots, shoot elongation, and rooting on MS media supplemented with BAP and TDZ, compared to the negative (MS-NC) and positive (MS-NP) controls. The results also showed significant differences based on the genotypes, with Dundee recording 91.0% germination over a minimum of 5 days, compared to 74.2% with Peking, followed by 87.5% and 80.0% overall shoot induction frequency in these genotypes, respectively. Regenerated shoots were successfully elongated on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP plus 0.6 mg/L GA3 and rooted on hormone-free medium, for 3‒4 weeks, and then hardened in the acclimatization growth room under elevated light levels. Overall, this study revealed that BAP preconditioning of seeds enhances the frequency of bud initiation and shoot proliferation, mostly in whole-seedling and cotyledonary node explants subcultured on MS-E and MS-A media supplemented with BAP in combination with TDZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aim to explore the critical theoretical and conceptual aspects associated with the term "intertextuality," a modern literary technique that enables authors to achieve prominence in global literature. It is widely acknowledged that every literary or artistic work is rooted in and derives from preceding texts, forming intertextual relationships and connections. We have selected "Ha and the Journeys of Ishtar" by Algerian writer Ezzedine Jalawji as our primary text, noted for its rich intertextuality encompassing religious, literary, historical, and heritage dimensions, and its integration of various literary genres within the novelistic form. This technique is prominently displayed in his contemporary Algerian narratives, which oscillate between traditional roots and modern experimental forms. Our research attempts to trace and explore its characteristics, interpret its meanings, decode its symbols, highlight its aesthetic elements, and examine its multifaceted functions in these novels. Key questions we seek to address include: _ To what extent has Ezzedine Jalawji utilized the technique of intertextuality in his works? _ How has he employed this technique to achieve genre openness and ascend in the realm of narrative experimentation on a global scale? _ Has Ezzedine Jalawji successfully achieved global recognition through this technique? _ Do the subtitles serve the narrative content's theme, or is it vice versa, or are both merely experimental? Our research paper endeavors to answer these questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lythrum salicaria L., commonly referred to as Purple Loosestrife, is a medicinal plant that has been valued for its therapeutic properties for centuries. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of using activated charcoal on establishing the in vitro propagation of L. Salicaria L. In this study, shoot explants (1.5 cm) were excised from buds that were 30 days old with a sterile scalpel blade and then cultured on full-strength MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of activated charcoal to multiply and increase the length of shoots. Additionally, to investigate the in vitro rooting response, shoot tip explants were cut from elongated shoots and cultured on an MS medium containing different concentrations of NAA with or without activated charcoal with three replicates in each experiment. MS medium with 0.5 g/L activated charcoal had the highest mean shoot length (7.1 cm ± 0.15) and mean number of shoots per explant (2.4±0.11). The results show that 0.5 mg/L NAA and 0.2 g/L activated charcoal provide the best response for rooting. The improved protocol can be utilized to grow roots in micro shoots of L. salicaria, which is an important stage in the micro propagation of L. salicaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sesuvium portulacastrum L. is a perennial halophyte, and most studies have focused on its salt tolerance, while there is limited literature on its temperature adaptability. In this study, we conducted experiments to investigate the impact of varying temperatures (15, 18, 21, 24, 27 °C) on the physiological and biochemical responses of S. portulacastrum. The results showed that the appearance features such as leaf number, relative growth of stem segments and root length were significantly higher in the group of 24 and 27 °C that of the group from 15 to 21 °C (P < 0.05). The root activity was positively correlated with temperature. Regarding the chlorophyll content within photosynthetic pigments, as follows: 27 °C > 24 °C > 21 °C > 18 °C ≥ 15 °C for chlorophyll a, and 27 °C ≥ 24 °C > 21 °C > 18 °C ≥ 15 °C for total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, SOD and APX, was significantly higher in the 15 °C group than in the 27 °C group, registering approximately 2.5-fold and 3.5-fold increases, respectively. The accumulation of total soluble sugars was significantly higher in the 15 and 18 °C groups compared to 24 and 27 °C groups. The proline concentration in the plants grown in the 15 °C group was significantly higher (2.77 ± 0.18 mg/g) than in the 24 and 27 °C groups, approximately 4-fold that of these two groups. In summary, when the stem segments of S. portulacastrum are subjected to stress at 15 °C, the process of photosynthesis is initially inhibited. Concurrently, self-protective mechanisms are activated, including the enhancement of the antioxidant system and osmoregulatory substances. As the stress duration prolongs, especially at 15 and 18 °C, root development is hindered, which consequently leads to delayed plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the rapid growth of the Cannabis industry, developing practices for producing young plants with limited genetic variation and efficient growth is crucial to achieving reliable and successful cultivation results. This study presents a multi-faceted experiment series analyzing propagation techniques for evaluating proficiency in the growth and development of Cannabis vegetative cuttings. This research encompasses various (1) soilless propagation methods including aeroponics, horticultural (phenolic) foam, and rockwool; (2) transplant timings; (3) aeroponic spray intervals; and (4) aeroponic reservoir nutrient concentrations, to elucidate their impact on rooting and growth parameters amongst two Cannabis cultivars. Aeroponics was as effective as, and in some cases more effective than, soilless propagation media for root development and plant growth. In aeroponic systems, continuous spray intervals, compared to intermittent, result in a better promotion of root initiation and plant growth. Moreover, raised nutrient concentrations in aeroponic propagation demonstrated greater rooting and growth. The effects of experimental treatment were dependent on the cultivar and sampling day. These findings offer valuable insights into how various propagation techniques and growth parameters can be tailored to enhance the production of vegetative cuttings. These results hold critical implications for cultivators intending to achieve premium harvests through efficient propagule methods and optimization strategies in the competitive Cannabis industry. Ultimately, our findings suggest that aeroponic propagation, compared to alternative soilless methods, is a rapid and efficient process for cultivating vegetative cuttings of Cannabis and offers sustainable advantages in resource conservation and preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rooting, defined as a spectator's demonstrative encouragement of a contestant's effort, ideally has the morally positive aspects of benevolent concern and helpfulness but in practice strains against reasonable standards of conduct by being rude, excessively biased, exploitative, fanatical, and superstitious. Rooting may activate an atavistic, morally cogent sense of fighting for one's group that is at odds with the universalism of civilized morality. The 'merely play' excuse can cut both ways, deflecting moral objections but also removing moral credit from rooting. Although rooting is often not humane, humane rooting can occur and is supported by humane commentary by sports participants, broadcasters, and journalists. Humane rooting supports the premise of benevolence theories (Mengzi, Hutcheson) that morally ideal benevolence has a foothold in an innate general benevolence – seen in this area especially in benevolence toward efforts. Being partisan, excited, and demonstrative, rooters cannot perfectly embody 'universal calm benevolence', but they can consciously minimize the inhumane aspects of rooting and achieve a more fully prosocial satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lavenders include some 28 species of evergreen aromatic shrubs and subshrubs belonging to the mint family, the Lamiaceae. They occur mainly around the Mediterranean and their flowers range from pink to purple and white. It is known that Lavandula angustifolia Mill. is an unpretentious decorative and essential oil crop that is widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Therefore, the planting material of this crop is in great demand in Ukraine. Cultivated varieties of lavender are very different for vegetative reproduction. A promising path is the testing for new effective and environmentally friendly rooting stimulants. The experiments were conducted in the Horticulture Laboratory of the Khortytsiа National Academy. The study tested the influence of aqueous solutions of a complex of amino acids, polypeptides, amino sugars, hexuronic acids, and microelements called “Bioglobin”, a complex of inorganic compounds containing (nitrogen – 4.7%, phosphorus – 3.4%, potassium – 4.6%, iron – 1.6%, zinc – 1.6%) and organic compounds (alginate acid, betaine, polysaccharides, vitamin complex of groups B, C, D) called “Ferti Root”, a complex of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (C14–C28), polysaccharides, 15 amino acids, analogs of cytokinin and auxin nature phytohormones called “Emistim S”, a complex of 2.6-dimethylpyridine-1-oxide with α-phenylacetic acid called “Charkor”, disodium salt of 2-(quinolin-4-ylthio) succinic acid on the rooting and development of varieties "Stepova", "Vdala", "Sineva" one-year woodcuttings. The indicators were evaluated in comparison with the control without processing the cuttings before planting, and with the use of (4-(indol-3-yl) butyric acid) called “Kornevin”. Mother plants are 2–3 years old. The experiment was repeated three times, 30 cuttings each. Woodсuttings were planted in open-door ground at early October. In May, the number of rooted cuttings, as well as the number and length of roots was counted. It was found that two preparations had the maximum positive effect on the cuttings rooting: disodium salt of 2-(quinolin-4-ylthio) succinic acid at a concentration of 5 mg/L and “Ferti Root”. Consequently, the rooting percentage increased by 18–20% in all researched varieties compared to the control. The length and number of new formed roots in these experimental versions exceeded the control indicators by 1.5–2.0 times. Other researched preparations did not show a positive effect on the rooting cuttings indicators.

We have explored the effectiveness of using light-correcting covering materials for greenhouse structures when rooting the cuttings of various ornamental forms and varieties of the northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.). Two types of shelters have been tested: the modified spunbond at a density of 30 g/m2 with a photoluminescent phosphor integrated into its structure at a concentration of 0.8 % and the unmodified spunbond at the same density. Europeum-doped yttrium oxysulfide (Y2O2SEu) has been chosen as a photoluminescent phosphor. We have analyzed 11 varieties and forms of Thuja occidentalis L.: Rheingold, Mr. Bowling Ball, Woodwardii, Tiny Tim, Golden Smaragd, Mirjam, Golden Globe, Danica, Sunkist, Smaragd and Brabant. The response of the indicators of callusogenesis and rhizogenesis to the influence of a transformed light flux has been tested. A positive effect of the use of photoluminescent phosphors in rooting the stem cuttings of the northern white-cedar has been established. An increase in the indicators of regenerative ability and post-regenerative development of the root systems and the aboveground parts of the cuttings has been recorded, such as: the activity of callusogenesis, the number of adventitious roots formed, the length of the leading root, the total length of the root system, the height of the aboveground part and the diameter of the root collar. Callusogenesis has increased from 67.59 ± 2.05 % in the check to 76.81 ± 1.61 % when having integrated the photoluminescent phosphor. The number of adventitious roots formed has increased from 9.64 ± 0.43 to 11.44 ± 0.34 pcs., correspondingly. The total length of the root systems has increased from 64.56 ± 3.70 to 75.52 ± 2.77 cm, correspondingly. One-way analysis of variance confirmed the significance of the differences between the tested forms and varieties in each of the shelter options for most of the tested indicators. Two-way analysis of variance has revealed a significant effect of the positive impact of photoluminescent phosphors on callusogenesis, adventitious root formation, post-regenerative development of the root systems and the aboveground parts of the cuttings.

The purpose of the study was to establish the optimal type of cuttings for the technology of root propagation of Viburnum opulus. The cuttings were harvested from native Viburnum opulus mother plants under the conditions of the nebulizing installation of the winter garden of the «Podillia» botanical garden of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. According to the research results, it was established that the rooting and further development of rooted green Viburnum opulus cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety depends on the type of cutting. Analyzing the influence of the type of cutting on the rooting of cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety in the investigated time of cutting, it should be noted the high rooting of cuttings in the variant with three nodes. A gradual decrease in the number of nodes led to a significant decrease in the rooting of green cuttings. Green cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety harvested during the period of mass flowering from the basal part of the shoot with three nodes were characterized by significantly higher rooting, number and length of the root system compared to cuttings harvested from the medial and apical parts. Green cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety harvested during the period of intensive growth of shoots from the medial part of the shoot with three nodes were characterized by significantly higher rooting, number and length of the root system compared to cuttings harvested from the basal and apical parts. Green cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety harvested during the period of slow growth of shoots from the apical part of the shoot with three nodes were characterized by significantly higher rooting, number and length of the root system compared to cuttings harvested from the basal and medial parts.

Yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) is valuable edible specie with economic significance in China. Passion fruit faces yield losses due to viral diseases. This study used tissue culture of nodal shoot segments to propagate virus-free plants. Surface-sterilized nodal shoot segments were used and shoots were initiated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA) (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mg L−1). Multiple shoots were initiated (5.2 ± 1.09 shoots/explant) with a 6-BA concentration of 2.0 mg L−1. Sub-culturing of these multiple shoots on MS medium augmented with 2.0 mg L−1 6-BA and 0.2 mg L−1 IAA was successful in vitro with maximum numbers of shoots (6.6 ± 1.17) within four weeks of incubation. These regenerated shoots were assayed for presence of passion fruit woodiness virus (PWV) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); only virus-free shoots were used for further propagation. Root formation was very good in each indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and (IAA) at a concentration of 0.6 mg L−1 with a maximum number of roots (7.2 ±1.30). Rooted plantlets were gradually acclimatized in a greenhouse and successfully established in soil. Thus, virus-free plants can be successfully regenerated directly from nodal shoot segments.

While remote sensing has provided extensive insights into the global terrestrial water, carbon, and energy cycles, space‐based retrievals remain limited in observing the belowground influence of the full soil moisture (SM) profile on ecosystem function. We show that this gap can be addressed when coupling 70 m resolution ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station retrievals of land surface temperature (LST) with in‐situ SM profile measurements. These data sets together reveal that ecosystem water use decreases with depth with 93% of sites showing significant LST coupling with SM shallower than 20 cm while 34% of sites have interactions with SM deeper than 50 cm. Furthermore, the median depth of peak ecosystem water use is estimated to be 10 cm, though forests have more common peak interactions with deeper soil layers (50–100 cm) in 37% of cases. High spatial resolution remote sensing coupled with field‐level data can thus elucidate the role of belowground processes on land surface behavior. Plain Language Summary: Belowground processes, like how roots use soil water for transpiration and how soil water is used for soil evaporation, remain as large uncertainties in the Earth system. This is because these belowground processes are difficult to widely observe and thus tend to only be studied at sparsely located field sites. We address these limitations here by simultaneously using high resolution (70 m scale) remote sensing measurements of land surface temperature (LST), which integrates ecosystem soil and vegetation behavior and water use, and ground networks of soil moisture (SM) measurements between 5 and 100 cm. We find that the relationship between LST and SM at different soil depths shows how ecosystems use moisture across the soil profile. Across vegetation types, our analysis suggests most water use originates from upper soil layers where soil evaporation occurs and where roots presumably preferentially draw water under nominal climatic conditions. Grassland sites tend to have a greater preference for use of moisture in upper soil layers than for forested sites, which show an increase in deeper water use below 50 cm. We therefore demonstrate that such methods can reveal how ecosystems respond to SM across the rootzone and across a range of globally available sites. Key Points: High resolution satellite retrievals of land surface temperature can reveal ecosystem water use when coupled with soil moisture (SM) networksAcross vegetation types, evaporation tends to mainly use water from the upper soil layers with a decrease of SM use with depthGrassland sites tend to have more frequent ecosystem water use of upper layer SM than forested sites [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to establish the optimal type of cuttings for the technology of root propagation of Viburnum opulus. The cuttings were harvested from native Viburnum opulus mother plants under the conditions of the nebulizing installation of the winter garden of the Podillia botanical garden of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. According to the research results, it was established that the rooting and further development of rooted green Viburnum opulus cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety depends on the type of cutting. Analyzing the influence of the type of cutting on the rooting of cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety in the investigated time of cutting, it should be noted the high rooting of cuttings in the variant with three nodes. A gradual decrease in the number of nodes led to a significant decrease in the rooting of green cuttings. Green cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety harvested during the period of mass flowering from the basal part of the shoot with three nodes were characterized by significantly higher rooting, number and length of the root system compared to cuttings harvested from the medial and apical parts. Green cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety harvested during the period of intensive growth of shoots from the medial part of the shoot with three nodes were characterized by significantly higher rooting, number and length of the root system compared to cuttings harvested from the basal and apical parts. Green cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety harvested during the period of slow growth of shoots from the apical part of the shoot with three nodes were characterized by significantly higher rooting, number and length of the root system compared to cuttings harvested from the basal and medial parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study; within the scope of propagation of tea plant with hardwood cuttings, which is one of the vegetative propagation methods, the aim is to investigate the effects of 3 different Indole-3-Butyric Acid hormone doses and the presence of 2 different leaves on rooting on hardwood cuttings taken from annual shoots during the rest period. Hardwood cuttings have the opportunity to be supplied in a wider period during the compared to other cuttings types. For this purpose, hardwood cuttings taken from the tea orchards in Pazar district of Rize province were used. Control and three different doses of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (3000, 4000, 5000 ppm) were applied to hardwood cuttings, and also two different hardwood cuttings with half leaves and full leaves were applied. The study was carried out in a greenhouse with perlite environment concrete pads without bottom heating. The study was planned as three replications according to the factorial experimental design in randomized. The best results in hardwood cuttings were obtained from the application of 3000 ppm Indole-3-Butyric Acid hormone cuttings. The highest rooting rate was 70% and 66.6%, respectively, in the application of 3000 ppm Indole-3-Butyric Acid in whole and half-leaf cuttings; the lowest was found to be 48.3% in half leaf 5000 ppm Indole-3-Butyric Acid application. Considering all the results, it was concluded that the full-leaf hardwood cuttings applied with 3000 ppm dose of Indole-3-Butyric Acid hormone on rooting and root development of tea hardwood cuttings gave the best results and this application can be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronilla viminalis Salisb. is a fodder leguminous plant from the Canary Islands and Northwestern Africa with adaptation to drought. Its conservation status is critical. Its low germination capacity and intense loss of viability of the seeds over time complicate its conservation, limiting its long-term maintenance in germplasm banks and hampering its potential use as a resilient fodder crop. Therefore, in this work, two alternative propagation methods have been addressed. The first was based on facilitating seed germination under aseptic conditions, supplementing the media with gibberellic acid (GA3). The latter consisted of creating a micropropagation method from nodal segments and testing different media and pretreatments with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The quantity and quality of the roots were assessed, and the plant acclimation rate was measured. The results showed that the optimum concentration of GA3 for germination, up to 98%, was 250 PPM. The experiments showed that using IAA in the micropropagation media is critical for in vitro rooting in this species. A hormonal pretreatment with IAA significantly improved the rooting efficiency compared to supplementing it into the culture media. One hundred percent of acclimated plants survived the process. These new protocols will help conserve the species and explore its possibilities as fodder crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

يحتوي المستخلص المائي لنبات Salix spp على العديد من المركبات التي قد تعمل كعوامل تعزيز الجذور في العقل. alba . هي شجرة متساقطة الأوراق، والمواد الكيميائية النباتية والهرمونات في الأشجار المتساقطة تختلف على مدار العام، لذلك في هذه الدراسة تم جمع الأفروع alba .. بعمر سنة وسنتين في الخامس عشر من كل شهر في عام 2022، واستخلاصها في 2% إيثانول بمعدل 9 جم التر ووضعها في حمام مائي بدرجة حرارة 35، ثم مستخدم الى الافلام التوت العليق الأشوكي لمدة 1.5 ساعة. أوضحت النتائج أن أعلى نسبة تجذير (66.66%) تم الحصول عليها في العقل المغمورة بمستخلص الافروع الصفصاف المجمعة بموعد 15 كانون الثاني لم تختلف معنوياً عن العقل المقارنة، لكنها كانت مختلفة عن العقل المغمورة في مستخلص الأفروع الصفصاف والتي تم جمعها في 15 أب وتشرين الأول بنسبة (33.33%). كانت غالبية سمات الخضرى والجذرى الأخرى عالية في العقل المغمورة في مستخلص الافروع الصفصاف التي تم جمعها في 15 ديسمبر. تحتوي الأفروع الصفصاف التي تم جمعها في 15 كانون الثاني على أقل إجمالي للفينولات (51.4) ميكروجرام / مل) وإجمالي الفلافونويدات (29.07) ميكروجرام / مل). علاوة على ذلك، تم تسجيل أعلى إجمالي للفينولات (57) ميكروجرام مل 492.61 ميكروجرام (مل)، و 365.17 ميكروجرام / مل) في الافروع الصفصاف التي تم جمعها في 15 ايار، وكان إجمالي مركبات الفلافونويد أعلى مستوى 44.96) ميكروجرام / مل) في الافروع الصفصاف التي تم جمعها في 15 نيسان بشكل عام، بناء على نسبة التجذير، ينصح بجمع لافروع الصفصاف في 15 كانون الثاني وشباط لاستخراجها وتطبيقها على. الافلام التوت العليق الشوكي [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, because of the slow growth and conventional propagation methods are not sufficient to meet the marketable needs of Sansevieria trifasciata, it is possible to use rooting stimulators for propagation. This study investigated the effects of IBA concentrations and culture media on some morpho-physiological parameters in Sansevieria trifasciata. Treatments included cultivar (black gold and compact), IBA (0, 100 and 200 mg.l-1), and culture medium (perlite and sand). Morphophysiological traits, including callus size, number of roots, number of shoots, stem length, stem diameter, number of leaves, FW and DW, and relative water content, etc. were measured 8 months. Increasing the concentration of IBA stimulated the reactions of black gold to FW and DW of shoots, callus size, number of leaves, and increasing the DW of roots, but in compact varieties, increasing the concentration of IBA resulted in a decrease in root initiation time and number of leaves. IBA reduced the decay of the cuttings (100 mg.l-1 in the compact green and 200 mg.l-1 in the black). Increasing the concentration of IBA for treating cuttings caused an increase in the number of roots and root length of compact green and black gold cuttings. Sansevieria trifasciata had diverse responses to different concentrations of IBA and culture media throughout propagation. IBA at 200 mg.l-1 had an encouraging effect on the propagation of Sansevieria trifasciata. The results revealed that increasing the concentration of IBA increased the root number and root length in the cuttings of compact and black gold. Introduction Sansevieria trifasciata is a perennial plant from the liliaceae family, which originates from tropical and semi-tropical regions of the world. Sansevieria trifasciata variateis are one of the most popular ornamental indoor plants due to having types with striped leaves. Today, due to the slow growth and conventional propagation methods are not sufficient to meet the marketable needs of Sansevieria trifasciata, it is possible to use agent of rooting stimulator for multiplication. This study aimed to investigate the effects of indole butyric acid concentrations as a plant growth regulator and culture media on some morphophysiology parameters in Sansevieria trifasciata cuttings. Materials and Methods This research included 3 factors, cultivar (black gold and compact), indole butyric acid plant growth regulator (0, 100 and 200 mg.l-1) and culture medium (perlite and sand). This research, which was conducted in the greenhouse of with controlled conditions of 25°C, 70% humidity and 10,000 lux of light. The end cutting was immersed in the solution of indole butyric acid immediately which was prepared in three concentrations of 0, 100 and 200 mg/l for 10 seconds to initiation root. Subsequently, cutting were placed on a site sterilized by 70% alcohol in the lab condition for two days to callus initiation of wound surface. Morphological parameters include callus size, rooting time, number of roots, length of the root, length of the longest root, time of bud initiation, number of shoots, stem length, stem diameter, root rot rate, number of leaves, callus size, fresh weight of root and shoot, dry weight of root and shoot were measured. Physiological traits including relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content, organ biomass percentage were investigated 8 months after cultivation. The experiment was adjusting in as factorial arrangements in a completely randomized design. Each treatment consisted of three replicates for statistical purposes. All the results were statistically analyzed using the SAS program. Means of three replicates were subjected to one-way ANOVA. Duncan's Multiple Range Test was also used to compare the mean values and determine the significance of statistical differences in treatments. Results and Discussion It was found that the effects of the variety were obvious in response to the culture medium and different concentrations of indole butyric acid. The results of effect of the hormone on the recorded traits revealed that increasing the concentration of indole butyric acid had in the cuttings stimulating reactions of black gold to fresh and dry weight of shoots, callus size, number of leaves and increasing the dry weight of roots, but in compact green variety, increasing the hormone affected a decrease in root initiation time, root biomass and number of leaves. Based on the results, the treatment of cuttings by indole butyric acid reduced the decay of the cuttings (100 mg.l-1 in the compact green and 200 mg.l-1 in the black variety) and their survival plants. The results of this research also indicated that increasing the concentration of indole butyric acid for the treatment of cuttings grown in substrates such as sand and perlite caused an increase in the number of roots and root length of compact green and black gold cuttings. Conclusions Sansevieria trifasciata variety had diverse response to different concentrations of the indole butyric acid and type of culture media in throughout propagation. 200 mg.l-1 of indole butyric acid hormone had an encouraging result on the propagation of Sansevieria trifasciata cuttings. The uppermost percentage of cuttings rooting was related to the Sansevieria trifasciata black gold. The perlite substrate was the best media for propagation compact and black gold variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an essential crop with increasing importance for food supply and as raw material for industrial processing. The crop is vegetatively propagated through stem cuttings taken at the end of the growing cycle and its low multiplication rate and the high cost of stem transportation are detrimental to the increasing demand for high-quality cassava planting materials. Rapid multiplication of vegetative propagules of crops comprises tissue culture (TC) and semi-autotroph hydroponics (SAH) that provide cost-effective propagation of plant materials; however, they contrast the need for specific infrastructure, special media and substrates, and trained personnel. Traditional methods such as TC and SAH have shown promise in efficient plant material propagation. Nonetheless, these techniques necessitate specific infrastructure, specialized media and substrates, as well as trained personnel. Moreover, losses during the intermediate nursery and adaptation stages limit the overall effectiveness of these methods. Building upon an earlier report from Embrapa Brazil, which utilized mature buds from cassava for rapid propagation, we present a modified protocol that simplifies the process for wider adoption. Our method involves excising single nodes with attached leaves from immature (green) cassava stems at 2 months after planting (MAP). These nodes are then germinated in pure water, eliminating the need for specific growth substrates and additional treatments. After the initial phase, the rooted sprouts are transferred into soil within 1–8 weeks. The protocol demonstrates a high turnover rate at minimal costs. Due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and robustness, this method holds significant promise as an efficient means of producing cassava planting materials to meet diverse agricultural needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant Sesuvium portulacastrum L., commonly referred to as sea purslane, is a perennial halophytic species with significant potential for development in marine ecological restoration. However, its growth is limited in high-latitude regions with lower temperatures due to its subtropical nature. Furthermore, literature on its cold tolerance is scarce. This study, therefore, focused on sea purslane plants naturally overwintering in Ningbo (29°77'N), investigating their morphological, histological, rooting, and physiological responses to low temperatures (7 °C, 11 °C, 15 °C, and 19 °C). The findings indicated an escalation in cold damage severity with decreasing temperatures. At 7 °C, the plants failed to root and subsequently perished. In contrast, at 11 °C, root systems developed, while at 15 °C and 19 °C, the plants exhibited robust growth, outperforming the 11 °C group in terms of leaf number and root length significantly (P < 0.05). Histological analyses showed a marked reduction in leaf thickness under cold stress (P < 0.05), with disorganized leaf structure observed in the 7 °C group, whereas it remained stable at higher temperatures. No root primordia were evident in the vascular cambium of the 7 and 11 °C groups, in contrast to the 15 and 19 °C groups. Total chlorophyll content decreased with temperature, following the order: 19 °C > 15 °C > 11 °C > 7 °C. Notably, ascorbic acid levels were significantly higher in the 7 and 11 °C groups than in the 15 and 19 °C groups. Additionally, the proline concentration in the 7 °C group was approximately fourfold higher than in the 19 °C group. Activities of antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase—were significantly elevated in the 7 and 11 °C groups compared to the 15 and 19 °C groups. Moreover, the malondialdehyde content in the 7 °C group (36.63 ± 1.75 nmol/g) was significantly higher, about 5.5 and 9.6 times, compared to the 15 °C and 19 °C groups, respectively. In summary, 7 °C is a critical threshold for sea purslane stem segments; below this temperature, cellular homeostasis is disrupted, leading to an excessive accumulation of lipid peroxides and subsequent death due to an inability to neutralize excess reactive oxygen species. At 11 °C, although photosynthesis is impaired, self-protective mechanisms such as enhanced antioxidative systems and osmoregulation are activated. However, root development is compromised, resulting in stunted growth. These results contribute to expanding the geographic distribution of sea purslane and provide a theoretical basis for its ecological restoration in high-latitude mariculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tilia amurensis is an economically valuable broadleaf tree species in Northeast China. The production of highquality T. amurensis varieties at commercial scales has been greatly limited by the low germination rates. There is thus a pressing need to develop an organogenesis protocol for in vitro propagation of T. amurensis to alleviate a shortage of high-quality T. amurensis seedlings. Here, we established a rapid in vitro propagation system for T. amurensis from mature zygotic embryos and analyzed the effects of plant growth regulators and culture media in different stages. We found that Woody plant medium (WPM) was the optimal primary culture medium for mature zygotic embryos. The highest callus induction percentage (68.76%) and number of axillary buds induced (3.2) were obtained in WPM + 0.89 µmol/L 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) + 0.46 µmol/L kinetin (KT) + 0.25 µmol/L indole-3-butryic acid (IBA) + 1.44 µmol/L gibberellin A3 (GA3). The multiple shoot bud development achieved the highest percentage (83.32%) in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) + 2.22 µmol/L 6-BA + 0.25 µmol/L IBA + 1.44 µmol/L GA3. The rooting percentage (96.70%) was highest in 1/2 MS medium + 1.48 µmol/L IBA. The survival percentage of transplanting plantlets was 82.22% in soil:vermiculite:perlite (5:3:1). Our study is the first to establish an effective organogenesis protocol for T. amurensis using mature zygotic embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinidia chinensis Planch. and A. deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson are the botanical names for the two main closely related kiwifruit species that are cultivated worldwide [1]. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nation, kiwifruit is produced on 268,788 hectares of land worldwide, yielding 4,348,011 metric tonnes of fruit per year. China is the world's top producer, followed by Italy, New Zealand, Chile, and Greece, with a cumulative valuation of 2,907,580 thousand US dollars for export (http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC). Several research using nutrient medium and other inorganic treatments on softwood cuttings for micro-propagation techniques have shown promising outcomes [2,3]. Several agricultural and horticultural crops have demonstrated significantly improved crop growth, quality, and reproduction when treated with seaweed extracts [4]. It is possible to utilise seaweed extracts to encourage cuttings from perennial fruit species, such as kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), to root and flourish. Absence of a growth regulator permitted by organic methods is one of the main obstacles in kiwifruit production. Hardwood cuttings are the most popular technique of clonally reproducing kiwifruit, and the cuttings' ability to root depends on the application of synthetic auxins, which is not allowed in organic agriculture. Therefore, alternative biostimulants have been used to promote the rooting of kiwifruit cuttings in this study. For six hours, the cuttings in this investigation were submerged in base dipping solutions containing 1, 5, 10, and 50 % of G Sap (Gracilaria edulis), K Sap (Kappaphycus alvarezii), AN (Ascophyllum nodosum), EM (Ecklonia maxima), HA (Humic acid), and control (water). After that, for a period of six months, the treatments of G Sap, K Sap, AN, EM, HA, and control were applied (at the rate of 50 ml of solutions) to the potted cuttings at intervals of fifteen days. The dataset provided the data of the rooting percent in all the kiwifruit cultivars, namely ‘Monty’, ‘Abott’, ‘Hayward’, ‘Allison’ and ‘Bruno’ (P ≤ 0.01), shoot and root growth parameters including leaf number per cutting, number of roots per cutting, number of branches, plant height, shoot diameter, root length, root diameter and root weight with the application of seaweed extracts. Also data of pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoids), metabolites (total carbohydrates and soluble phenols) and electrolyte leakage were collected after the treatments. Data of four root promoting candidate genes (GH3-3, LBD16, LBD29 and LRP1) were also described which indicated the influence of the biostimulants on the cuttings. The application of seaweed extracts resulted in a positive increase in all shoot and root growth parameters, including the number of leaves per cutting, the number of roots per cutting, the number of branches, plant height, shoot diameter, root length, root diameter, and root weight (P ≤ 0.05). In comparison to the control cuttings, the seaweed extract-treated cuttings showed significantly greater levels of pigments (such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids), metabolites (such as total carbohydrates and soluble phenols), and reduced electrolyte leakage. Various treatments (1, 5 and 10% solutions of G Sap, K Sap, AN, EM, HA and control) gave positive impact on nutrient parameters of kiwifruit cultivar ‘Hayward’. Moreover, the relative positive expressions of root inducing genes (GH3-3, LBD16, LBD29 and LRP1) was observed in leaves and roots of cultivar ‘Hayward’ by qRT-PCR after treatment with G Sap, K Sap, AN, EM, HA @ 10 % and control. Thus, it can be said that seaweed extract and humic acid are good substitutes for synthetic hormones in encouraging kiwifruit cuttings to root and flourish.

This article explores the impact of different soil compositions on the rooting of dragon fruit cuttings. The study found that adding organic matter, such as vermicompost, increased the number of roots, root length, and root volume of the cuttings. The treatment with red soil and vermicompost showed the best results in terms of root growth and survival percentage. These findings are consistent with previous studies on dragon fruit and other plant cuttings. The study concludes that a soil composition of Red Soil: Vermicompost in a ratio of 2:1:1 resulted in significant and improved root growth performance. This research provides valuable information for individuals interested in propagating and cultivating dragon fruit. [Extracted from the article]

This study was carried out during 2021-2022, in the Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan RegionIraq, to find out the effects of cutting time (T1: Mid-Nov., T2: Mid-Dec., T3: Mid-Jan., and T4: Mid-Feb.), cutting length (L1: 10 cm and L2: 20 cm), and their interactions on rooting and some growth parameters of blackberry Rubus fruticosus L. hardwood cuttings. The local blackberry cuttings were transplanted in a low tunnel greenhouse at Zarrayen, Sulaymaniyah governorate. Plastic pots of 28 cm radius x 26 cm height, containing a substrate (peat moss: perlite: builder’s sand with a 1:1:1 v/v ratio) were used, and 6 cuttings were planted as a replicate out of three replicates. The experimental design was laid out in a factorial complete randomized design (CRD), the data were subjected to the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the means were separated by Duncan’s multiple range test (P≤0.05). After 90 days, the results showed that T1 was significantly superior in rooting (95.83%), shoot dry weight (2.03 g), shoot length (24.68 cm), and average leaf area (2.22 cm²). L2 cuttings recorded the highest significant values of rooting (96.87%), shoot dry weight (1.83 g), root dry weight (0.56 g), shoot length (25.49 cm), number of lateral branches per cutting (18.52), and average leaf area (2.19 cm2 ). The interaction (T1+L2) was significantly superior in rooting (98.61%), shoot dry weight (3.02 g), shoot length (28.41 cm), root length (51.04 cm), and average leaf area (2.47 cm²). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effects of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) extracts concentrations on callus induction and rye (Secale cereale L.) embryo regeneration and growth of rye seedlings in both greenhouse and in-vitro conditions. Immature rye embryos were used as explants for generating callus, and water extracts of alfalfa and bermudagrass were added to the environment with a concentration of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 %. This extract was also used in the regeneration period. The use of 25 and 30 % alfalfa extracts stopped callus induction and its components. The application of bermudagrass extract with a concentration of 30 %, reduced rye callus induction to 50 %. Alfalfa extract concentrations of 20 and 25 %, respectively caused a reduction of 35 and 75 % in callus fresh weight in comparison with the control conditions. Applying 25 and 30 % concentrations of bermudagrass extract led to a reduction of 68 and 80 % respectively. Alfalfa extracts with 15, 20 and 25 % concentrations caused reductions of 40, 63 and 69 % in rooting. The 30 % concentration of M. sativa extract stopped rooting in rye callus. Concentrations of 15, 20, 25 and 30 % caused reductions of 31, 50, 55 and 81 % in the shooting of rye callus, respectively. The results indicate that alfalfa extract had greater effect on rooting, and the bermudagrass extracts had greater effect on shooting. The analysis of the results shows that Alfalfa and bermudagrass extracts have a strong allelopathic effect, which can be used in the production of herbicides of natural origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immortelle grass (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don), which spreads in the Southern Marmara and Aegean regions, can be grown in arid and semi-arid regions. In addition, due to its rich essential oil and secondary metabolite content, it has an important place in modern medicine and cosmetics, including traditional treatment methods. Although the propagation of plants by shoot regeneration in vitro has been achieved in many plant species, studies on tissue culture in immortelle grass are limited. This study aims to optimize the tissue culture study in immortelle grass and provide a basis for the next in vitro, molecular, and secondary metabolite studies. In addition, it promotes the plant by optimizing the healthy and disease-free seedling production method for cultural agriculture in the region. Three different (15%, 25%, and 35%) NaOCl concentrations were tested for 10 and 20 minutes during the sterilization phase of the explants. The most successful result was obtained in the medium containing 35% NaOCl for 10 minutes. Sterilized explants were transferred to MS and Gamborg B5 nutrient media containing BAP, GA, and NAA plant growth regulators for shoot regeneration. The best regeneration in explants was obtained in MS medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, 1 mg L-1 GA, and 0.2 mg L-1 NAA. No growth was observed in trials containing Gamborg B5, and vitrification and darkening occurred in the explants. After four weeks, the shoots reaching a length of 3 cm were taken into MS and ½MS medium containing 0 MS, 0.5 mg L-1 IBA, 1 mg L-1 IBA, 1.5 mg L-1, and 2 mg L-1 IBA as a rooting medium. 100% rooting was observed in all prepared media within four weeks. As a result of micropropagation studies, the rooted plants were transferred to the acclimatization stage within three months and then moved to the pots in the greenhouse and to the field one month later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a comparative analysis between urban and rural areas concerning the magnitude or intensity with which the constructs are related to expected quality-perceived quality-perceived value as influencing aspects in the level of satisfaction and citizen loyalty in three dimensions: Territorial planning and roads; provision of municipal services and environmental management. This research used the PLS software applying the ACSI model in the 5-hypothesis approach. A questionnaire was delivered to a sample population of 428 citizens in the rural area of Tenguel and 521 citizens in the urban area of Tarqui in the city of Guayaquil. The statistical result shows significant differences in citizen perception between urban and rural populations about the quality of public services, which determines satisfaction and loyalty in choosing the place of residence. Through a multi-group analysis, the main differences in the perception of the quality of services between rural citizens and urban citizens have been identified. These findings are essential for public policy design to improve the territory's satisfaction, well-being, and people's sense of belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muscari neglectum is a widespread plant species that grows in various areas of the Mediterranean region in the wild. The species has a high potential for use as cut flowers, outdoor or indoor ornamental or garden plants. It is also used as a food, and forage plant on limited scales in rural areas. There is a lack of commercial production protocols for M. neglectum. The development of a fast and efficient protocol for commercial production, may contribute to the economy of Türkiye and improve local people's quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to develop safe in vitro vegetative propagation techniques using 2, 3, 4, and 5 bulb scale explants on MS medium using 1 mg BAP L-1 + 0.00, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80, 1.00,1.20 mg NAA L-1. Any number of bulb scale explants obtained from freshly harvested bulbs were not suitable for micropropagation and developed necrosis. However, any number of bulb scales obtained from 6 weeks of waiting for bulbs did not show the problem. A regeneration percentage of 13.33 to 100% was noted on 2-scale explants. Additionally, 100% callus formation was observed on these scales using MS medium containing 1 mg BAP L-1 + 0.8, 1.0, and 1.20 mg NAA L-1 (3 combinations). In addition, 1.93 bulblets with a diameter of 0.97 cm (the largest) were observed on MS medium containing 1 mg BAP L-1 + 0.4 mg NAA L-1. Although, 3, 4, and 5 bulb scale explants induced bulblets in variable numbers, the rate of bulblet induction was not at par with bulblet induction on 2 scale explants. The largest bulblets developed on 2-scale explants were rooted on ½ × MS medium containing 0.5 mg NAA L-1. The results obtained for micropropagation of M. neglectum species are of great importance for the commercial production of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]