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Copyright of Rozwój Regionalny & Polityka Regionalna is the property of Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza (IH UAM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Niektóre teorie rozwoju regionalnego (np. nowa geografia ekonomiczna) sugerują istnienie pozytywnego związku między statusem stołecznym miasta a dynamiką jego rozwoju gospodarczego i ludnościowego. Wśród czynników wyjaśniających tę relację wymienia się dostępność dóbr stołecznych, a także popyt generowany przez instytucje publiczne. Większość studiów empirycznych w literaturze międzynarodowej koncentruje się jednak na stolicach państw oraz podmiotów federacji. Na podstawie danych empirycznych i analizy dotychczasowej literatury artykuł porównuje wpływ reform przeprowadzonych w 1975 i 1999 r. na rozwój miast zyskujących lub tracących funkcję stolicy województwa w Polsce. Wskazuje na różnice we wpływie wywołanym przez obie reformy i stara się wyjaśnić czynniki decydujące o tych różnicach.

THE MODEL OF SUBJECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES: POLITICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS The development policy of the cities is analyzed and studied mainly with the help of concepts typical of geography, spatial economy and sociology. The article proposes to look at this issue through the prism of political science. The epistemology of the concept of political subjectivity, the theory of rational choice, the new institutionalism and system analysis will be used. Based on the conclusions from the theoretical part, the authors distinguish four criteria for the political analysis of the position of cities in Poland. They are: the criterion of resources and interests, the criterion of efficiency, the criterion of relations, and the criterion of coordination. Those criteria relate to, i.a. activities of political authorities in relation to cities, the influence they have on implementation of functions assigned to them, as well as the way in which the role of cities in the state’s political system changes. Based on the analysis of the four criteria, it is possible to determine whether cities are to a greater extent subjects or objects of activities of the central center of political power in the state. Using a schematic matrix of city development models proposed by the author, it is then possible to determine whether, in political terms, we are dealing with a subjective development of cities in Poland.

The development policy of the cities is analyzed and studied mainly with the help of concepts typical of geography, spatial economy and sociology. The article proposes to look at this issue through the prism of political science. The epistemology of the concept of political subjectivity, the theory of rational choice, the new institutionalism and system analysis will be used. Based on the conclusions from the theoretical part, the authors distinguish four criteria for the political analysis of the position of cities in Poland. They are: the criterion of resources and interests, the criterion of efficiency, the criterion of relations, and the criterion of coordination. Those criteria relate to, i.a. activities of political authorities in relation to cities, the influence they have on implementation of functions assigned to them, as well as the way in which the role of cities in the state’s political system changes. Based on the analysis of the four criteria, it is possible to determine whether cities are to a greater extent subjects or objects of activities of the central center of political power in the state. Using a schematic matrix of city development models proposed by the author, it is then possible to determine whether, in political terms, we are dealing with a subjective development of cities in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Space & Form / Przestrzeń i FORMA is the property of West Pomeranian University of Technology, Department of Architecture & Urban Planning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Housing Environment / Środowisko Mieszkaniowe is the property of Chair of Housing Environment, Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Miejskie is the property of University of Opole / Uniwersytet Opolski and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The multidimensionality of urban space in light of the new economy seems complex. The aim of this research was to introduce the meaning of both ideas and emphasise their importance for urban development. The subject of the research were case studies of two European cities, Rotterdam (the Netherlands) and Wroclaw (Poland). The research methods were the literature review, benchmarking, and case study, which help to understand and explain the analysed problem and confront it with the case studies. It is essential to note that the same solutions may not be suitable for every case. However, there are some urban policies and local governmental decisions that would be valuable good practices, which could solve challenges difficult for other urban units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to present the concept of sustainable urban mobility and to situate it in the context of European urban policy. The analysis covers the issue of shaping sustainable urban transport. Particular attention is paid to characterising the differences between the issues of the new mobility culture and the classic approach to transport development policy. Examples of the implementation of sustainable mobility solutions in selected western European countries are discussed. However, an in-depth qualitative analysis focused on large Polish urban centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Miejskie is the property of University of Opole / Uniwersytet Opolski and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Regionalne i Lokalne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Celem artykułu jest wskazanie, w jaki sposób pandemia SARS-CoV-2 może determinować kluczowe kierunki polityki przestrzennej miast w Polsce. Przeanalizowano: wytyczne związane z medycznym punktem widzenia (w zakresie priorytetów polityki zdrowotnej) oraz główne tezy międzynarodowej dyskusji naukowej na temat zmian miejskich polityk przestrzennych. Na podstawie powyższej analizy, a także wskazanych aktualnych rozwiązań planistycznych w Polsce zostały opracowane rekomendacje dotyczące kierunkowych zagadnień polityki przestrzennej miast. W artykule określono, w jakim zakresie w polskich realiach jest możliwa realizacja poszczególnych postulatów. Opracowane w taki sposób rekomendacje zachowają wymiar uniwersalny - możliwy do odniesienia do większości dokumentów rozwojowych i przestrzennych polskich miast (w szczególności strategii rozwoju oraz studiów uwarunkowań i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego). Istotnym wkładem autorów artykułu będzie również próba interdyscyplinarnego ujęcia perspektywy medycznej i urbanistycznej oraz przełożenie jej na konkretne postulaty.

The aim of this paper is to indicate how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic may determine the key directions of urban spatial policy in Poland. Therefore, the following aspects have been analyzed: the guidelines arising from the medical point of view (in terms of health policy priorities) and the key theses of the international scientific discussion on changes in urban spatial policies. Based on the above analysis as well as on the indicated current possibilities of planning solutions in Poland, recommendations will be developed on the directional issues of urban spatial policy. The paper will determine to what extent individual postulates can be implemented in the Polish reality. Recommendations developed in this way will reflect a universal dimension – making it possible to refer to the majority of development and spatial documents of Polish cities (in particular development strategies and studies of spatial development conditions and directions). An important contribution of the paper will also be an attempt to take an interdisciplinary approach to the medical and urban planning perspective and translate it into concrete postulates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Koncepcja resilience staje się jednym z najpopularniejszych podejść we współczesnej nauce, co wynika z nieprzewidywalności współczesnego świata VUCA. Nie inaczej jest w nauce o miastach. Miasto sprężyste obecnie przechodzi drogę od konceptu stricte akademickiego do realnego podejścia w politykach publicznych. Celem artykułu jest opis koncepcji miasta sprężystego. Celami szczegółowymi tekstu są: (1) identyfikacja definicji miasta sprężystego według najczęściej cytowanych autorów, (2) przedstawienie głównych sposobów rozumienia koncepcji, (3) porównanie sprężystości z koncepcjami zrównoważonego rozwoju oraz konkurencyjności, (4) wskazanie czynników sprężystości w odniesieniu do rozwoju miast, (5) analiza występowania koncepcji sprężystości we współczesnych politykach miejskich. Wykorzystywaną metodą jest przegląd literatury naukowej, rekomendacji instytucji międzynarodowych oraz dokumentów strategicznych. W artykule udowodniono, że sprężystość dynamicznie zyskuje na popularności, zarówno wśród badań naukowych, jak i dokumentów strategicznych. Wadą omawianej koncepcji jest duże rozmycie pojęciowe, które uniemożliwia skuteczne prowadzenie badań porównawczych i tworzenie generalnych rekomendacji.

Copyright of Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society / Prace Komisji Geografii Przemyslu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego is the property of Press of Pedagogical University of Cracow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Celem artykułu jest określenie poziomu rozwoju zrównoważonego miast metropolitalnych w Polsce w ramach trzech podstawowych wymiarów tego zjawiska. W analizie uwzględniono wymiar społeczny (w tym instytucjonalny), gospodarczy i środowiskowo-przestrzenny. Zastosowano metodę taksonomiczną, pozwalającą na porządkowanie badanych jednostek terytorialnych w sposób zhierarchizowany. Określono poziomy ich rozwoju w poszczególnych wymiarach z uwzględnieniem struktury cech, które je opisują. Zidentyfikowanie struktury cech pozwala na określenie, w jakiej odległości od idealnej struktury tych cech są badane miasta. Badania przeprowadzono w ujęciu dynamicznym, analizując cztery wybrane okresy czasowe (2002, 2007, 2015 i 2019 r.). Badania pokazały, że każde z badanych miast cechuje duże zróżnicowanie struktury opisujących je cech oraz duże podobieństwo w zakresie osiąganych poziomów rozwoju.

W artykule omówiono dotychczas mało znaną na gruncie polskim metodę Urban Futures, pozwalającą m.in. na ocenę prężności rozwiązań na rzecz rozwoju miast. Z jednej strony szczegółowo przedstawiono w nim procedurę postępowania, a z drugiej – krytycznie oceniono możliwości jej zastosowania. Było to możliwe dzięki praktycznemu testowaniu podczas warsztatów zrealizowanych w ramach projektu badawczego, finansowanego ze środków Unii Europejskiej. Metoda jest dosyć pracochłonna, mniej zalecana do dużych jednostek osadniczych i bardzo złożonych inicjatyw, a w pewnych warunkach ujawnić się może także jej nadmierny subiektywizm. Z drugiej strony jednak oferuje ona realne wsparcie dla planistów, poszerzając ich horyzonty analityczne, co jest szczególnie istotne w kwestii niepewności odnośnie przyszłego stanu zasobów przyrodniczych oraz trajektorii rozwoju społeczeństwa i gospodarki.

Contemporary cities differ in many structural and functional respects. Each of them has its own unique endogenous conditions and various external conditions. For the authors, the starting point was to discuss the common characteristic features and main problems that contemporary cities face. The main aim of the article was to investigate potential regularities between problems/ features of the cities and the implemented city development concepts. To this end, the theoretical concepts of development used by urban centres were analysed and the examples of those implemented. Contemporary cities pursue their goals based on the guidelines resulting, among others, from the following concepts: smart city, green city, accessible city, compact city, resilient city, creative city, 15-minute city. The methods used for the research were literature review and case studies. The analysed cases confirmed the belief that the municipal authorities must identify and firmly decide which of the existing problems in the urban space have the greatest destructive effect on them. As an element that binds all the concepts of development, a common goal should be indicated i.e. the optimisation of the quality of life of residents. The added value of the paper relates to capturing the relation between the development concepts used by cities and their features/identified problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proper understanding and interpreting oncoming phenomena and processes seems to be a very important asset in building competitive advantage, not only in business but also in territorial units such as cities. Predicting future trends is especially important because most of the global population tend to live in cities. The aim of this paper was to present the concept of megatrends and to evaluate endogenic factors (social, economic and environmental) that can be crucial for forecasting (development process management). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Progress. Journal of Young Researchers is the property of University of Gdansk / Uniwersytet Gdanskim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents an analysis of changes in the level of development taking place in 913 of Poland's urban gminas (local-authority areas), in relation to their locations as regards the country's transport corridors. To achieve the objectives set, use was made of a database with the results of two assessments (for 2004-2014 and 2008-2018) - carried out to monitor the development situation of towns and cities in Poland, and with a view to relevant regional policy being pursued (Śleszyński, 2017; Śleszyński et al., 2017). The two indicators (in fact indices) used were the synthetic development index (SWR) relating to the status at a given point in time, and the development distance index (WDR) encapsulating change over time. The SWR was based on 14 sub-indicators (demographic old age, migration balance, population education, schooling level, income poverty, social activity, accessibility of services, general level of economic development, advanced entrepreneurship, local-government wealth, population wealth and investments, unemployment rate, spatial accessibility and level of urbanisation). In contrast, the WDR was compiled by reference to 7 sub-indices (change in the registered population, population forecast, change in numbers unemployed, change in own to gmina budgets, change in the numbers of accommodation places, change in the number of registered businesses and change in numbers of seats of large companies). Values for these synthetic indicators noted for given years were then set against location in respect of Poland's main express routes (at a node or junction, at a location along a corridor, or at a location beyond a corridor) and its urban centres (in this way identifying centres - be they towns and cities - within agglomerations or considered peripheral). The routes taken account of were freeways, expressways, and dual carriageways providing for faster traffic. Cities with the lowest SWR values were shown to be those located between corridors. Moreover, centres within agglomerations always reported higher values for the development indices than did other centres (e.g. in Central Pomerania, Masuria and Warmia, the Sudetes Mountains and the southern part of Lubelskie Voivodeship). At the same time, a status as located in an agglomeration is seen to be more important than a status as located along a transport corridor. Basically speaking, in the case of the WDR indicator, the increased importance of development functions in all categories of centre was more marked where locations were in hubs or along transport corridors. In the case of population changes, a faster rate of growth is expected in gminas in nodal locations in particular. In turn, both supra-regional and regional centres will lose out (i.e. depopulate), with the location in relation to the main transport corridors mattering little in this respect. Only in the case of the smallest peripheral towns is a location along a route expected to halve the rate of population decline. To that cautious extent, transport location (understood as siting along the corridor of a freeway or expressway) may be considered to exert an effect in inhibiting present and near-future depopulation. Beyond that, these results are able to point to a positive influence of a location along a main transport route in Poland, with this however denoting a growing developmental gap (i.e. increased disparities) between urban centres (large or small) that are within agglomerations, as opposed to their peripheral counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Space & Form / Przestrzeń i FORMA is the property of West Pomeranian University of Technology, Department of Architecture & Urban Planning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artykuł koncentruje się na funkcjonowaniu budżetu obywatelskiego w Polsce, którego popularność jako narzędzia współpracy władz samorządowych z mieszkańcami stale rośnie. Uwzględniono rolę mieszkańców w realizowaniu tego budżetu, a także jego wpływ na pobudzanie aktywności i świadomości społecznej w sprawy lokalne. Poddano dyskusji prawne, organizacyjne, ekonomiczne i społeczne skutki wprowadzenia budżetu obywatelskiego w życie. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie pojęcia partycypacji obywatelskiej oraz opisanie modelu budżetu obywatelskiego i procesu jego ewaluacji. Podjęto również próbę zaprezentowania stanu rozwoju budżetów obywatelskich w Polsce. Skomentowano proces ich wdrażania i dylematy z tym związane.

The main purpose of the research was to present gentrification as a diverse phenomenon that cannot be explicitly qualified as negative or positive. In order to illustrate the problem, literature studies were carried out regarding urban regeneration, urban revitalization, gentrification and urban development. Then a case study was presented indicating two extremely different examples. The Walnut Hills Estate in Cincinnati in the United States, was the first to be described. The second example is Sayingmen, which used to be a settlement in Beijing. Due to the controversial decision of the authorities, it was demolished. A discovery resulting from this analysis was to show the diametrically different approach to city management, the perception of civil rights and the scope of competences of local authorities. The case study presented in the article can help institutions related to the development and participatory spatial planning to create urban policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject literature provides knowledge about various contemporary concepts of urban development, emphasizing a variety of goals and priorities of this process. Although sustainability should be a key objective of development policy, the methods of achieving it seem to be diverse. As a result, there are many theories describing development processes on a local scale, but there are no scientific attempts to summarise them or to comprehensively evaluate them. In the presented article such an attempt was initiated - the evolution of the concept of sustainable development in the context of transformation of the role of man in socio-economic and political processes from homo-oeconomicus to homo cooperativus was outlined and the assumptions of contemporary concepts of urban development (smart city, eco city and compact city) were identified and evaluated in terms of their cohesion and implementation of sustainable development principles. On this basis, a conceptual framework for an inclusive urban development model was defined, considering their key values in a synergic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific evidence of climate change has never been more profound. Activists around the world now demand climate action from global leaders on almost a daily basis. Yet, decision makers are not in a rush to deal with the climate emergency. The present article looks at the politics of climate change through the lens of decision-making under uncertainty to understand whether uncertainty and risk can explain the lack of decisive action on the part of the global leadership and posits that the politics of climate change reflect the climate system itself: complex, multi-layered, driven by many inter-related elements and diverse in its manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Space-Society-Economy is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ostatni kryzys gospodarczy, który miał negatywny wpływ na większość krajów europejskich odcisnął swoje głębokie piętno również na procesie rozwoju Litwy. Oddziaływanie kryzysu było jednak dość zróżnicowane przestrzennie, a poszczególne układy lokalne ucierpiały w różnym stopniu. Branże gospodarcze najsilniej dotknięte kryzysem są skoncentrowane w obszarach metropolitalnych, co oznaczało najpoważniejszy regres gospodarek dużych miast. W artykule autorzy pytają przede wszystkim o to, w jakim stopniu ucierpiała gospodarka Wilna. Z uwagi na to, że poszczególne sektory i obszary miasta ucierpiały na skutek kryzysu nierównomiernie, jego wpływ na przestrzeń miejską jest mozaikowy. Głównym celem podjętej analizy była ocena tego, jak w obliczu kryzysu zachował się sektor budowlany oraz rynek mieszkaniowy. Artykuł przedstawia te zjawiska w kontekście rozwoju całego regionu miejskiego Wilna, a zatem w ujęciu znacznie wykraczającym poza granice administracyjne miasta. Odporność na gospodarcze trudności jest bowiem pochodną reakcji zarówno gospodarki miasta, jak i jego regionalnego otoczenia lub zaplecza. Proces przekształcania obszarów wiejskiej w region miejski w otoczeniu dużego miasta ma charter ciągły i zależy od sytuacji miasta, kraju i globalnej. Skłania to podjęcia próby oceny dalszego rozwoju regionu miejskiego Wilna.

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

W artykule przedstawione zostało rozmieszczenie największych zakładów zbrojeniowych w Europie, a także specyfika ich zagospodarowania przestrzennego. Celem jest znalezienie różnic i podobieństw między zakładami w tej branży. Biorąc pod uwagę specyfikę każdego z nich, podjęto próbę odnalezienia cech wspólnych. Analiza dokonana została poprzez porównanie zdjęć satelitarnych przedstawiających rozmieszczenie poszczególnych elementów danych kompleksów. Ze względu na ograniczenie objętościowe do analizy wybrane zostały cztery największe zakłady działające w poszczególnych gałęziach branży: stoczniowej, lotniczej, pancerno-zmechanizowanej oraz strzeleckiej. Wyniki odzwierciedlają współczesną rolę przemysłu zbrojeniowego w kształtowaniu układów przestrzennych miast, w których działają te zakłady. Temu poświęcono ostatnią część artykułu. Wynikające wnioski, uwagi, konkluzje przedstawiono w zakończeniu. Zawierają one również porównanie z największymi polskimi kompleksami zbrojeniowymi, dużo mniejszymi w stosunku do największych firm w Europie. Pozwoliło to na stwierdzenie, czy rozwój polskich ośrodków zbrojeniowych jest, czy też nie, blokowany poprzez uwarunkowania geograficzne i przestrzenne

The paper discusses the problems connected with effects of revitalization. The authors concentrate on the differences resulting from ways as well as used base to carry out process of revitalization. The aim of the paper is assessment of the revitalized place carried out without analysis based on historical function of that place. To this end the authors used one of Wroclaw district conducted the desk research and field research. The authors used the method of observation and case studies. As a result, it can be said that revitalization process should be carried out with maintaining the historical function and the needs of inhabitants of revitalized places. The authors also refer to another example of revitalization process and compare it in the context of used ways and effects. According to the conducted research it can be said that the process of revitalization result from both legal principles and form awareness of local authorities in the context of quality of live and inhabitant needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, jakie czynniki warunkują możliwość instrumentalnego wykorzystania kultury dla rozwoju miast. Autorka opiera się na badaniach empirycznych (przeprowadzonych w 41 miastach), których podstawą jest teoria wartości kultury Johna Holdena. Według założeń teoretycznych ogólna wartość generowana przez podmioty działające w sektorze kultury, istotna z punktu widzenia różnych grup interesariuszy, jest wypadkową trzech następujących komponentów: wartości instytucjonalnej, instrumentalnej oraz integralnej. Badania wskazały, że o możliwości wykorzystania zjawisk kultury w rozwoju miast współdecydują trzy obszary: zasoby materialne i niematerialne, polityka kulturalna i kapitał kreatywny. Największym problemem dla możliwości wykorzystania kultury jest zaś brak dialogu i dążenia do konsensusu w programowanej polityce kulturalnej.

Artykuł podejmuje próbę oceny wpływu inwestycji, realizowanych przy współudziale unijnych środków polityki spójności w okresie programowania 2004–2006, na konkurencyjność dużych polskich miast. W tym celu w jego pierwszej części podjęto próbę zdefiniowania zagadnienia konkurencyjności miasta i regionu, by następnie w oparciu o nie zaproponować dobór wskaźników, które wykorzystano w dalszych analizach ilościowych. Zastosowano w nich różne metody oceny współzależności konkurencyjności miast i nakładów polityki spójności, co umożliwiło triangulacje otrzymanych wyników. Na tej podstawie przedstawiono szereg hipotetycznych relacji przyczynowo-skutkowych między interwencją publiczną a pozycją konkurencyjną badanych miast. Do ich dalszej weryfikacji wykorzystano jakościowe studia przypadku (zob. Raport EUROREG 2010 oraz artykuły Marka Kozaka i Andrzeja Miszczuka w niniejszym wydaniu specjalnym kwartalnika).

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Handel Wewnêtrzny is the property of Institute for Market, Consumption & Business Cycles Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A CHANCE FOR THE POOR OR FOR THE RICH? THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAND ANNEXED TO TOWNS IN THE PRE-INDUSTRIAL ERA. EXEMPLIFIED WITH GDAŃSK The issue of developing peripheral areas of towns is rarely researched. The example of Gdańsk shows that annexing such areas usually required adjusting them to habitation, since they were often marshlands that had to be dried and raised, or they had old fortifications that had to be levelled. In the 2nd half of the 14th c. the level of the ground next to the Motława was raised and new streets were delineated along the river. The area was inhabited by artisans whose trade required access to water or who worked for the port. There are, however, data that suggest that richer citizens also invested there by buying large plots and then dividing them into smaller ones to be rented out. Adjusting land for habitation was largely the responsibility of those who took over the building plots. Due to difficult natural conditions rents for new plots in such areas were not high. Thus, the new inhabitants were usually poor; they built their houses and outbuildings of cheap materials, making them light constructions fitted to the unstable ground. In spite of that, new buildings were often damaged soon because of the settling of the damp soil. Their inhabitants were not able to cover the costs of frequent renovations and restructuring, and soon started to appeal to the municipal authorities for reducing rents. In some quarters (e.g. the Lower Town) they managed to obtain a reduction by ¼. Other problems faced by new inhabitants were periodical flooding with sewage, caused by the inefficient disposal system, and difficulties with water supply. Apart from the poor, for whom a rented plot was a chance of improving their living conditions, the ground was also interesting for the rich, who built tenement houses with flats to let. Others, especially at the turn of the 19th c., bought larger plots to build elegant residences, which created enclaves of luxury among the surrounding poverty.

Copyright of Studia Regionalne i Lokalne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is scant information on the spatial differentiation of the standard of living in cities. This work has therefore attempted to analyze the spatial differentiation of the standard of living of the populations of towns in a dynamic approach, on the basis of the data from the years 2002-2011. Including time in the spatial differentiation of the standard of living enabled to select the towns in which the improvement in the standard of living is observable, the towns with the steady standard and those in which the standard of living is deteriorating, thanks to the possibility of using the methods of time series analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeglad Socjologiczny is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)