3,018 results on '"runoff model"'
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2. DYNAMICS OF FOREST VEGETATION DESTRUCTIONS IN THE MINERALS EXTRACTION AREA OF THE NORTHERN COPPER ZINC MINE IN THE SVERDLOVSK REGION
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A. E. Kvashnina, F. K. Vozmitel, and V. A. Khamedov
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remote sensing ,satellite image interpretation ,hydrological analysis ,runoff model ,forest vegetation destruction ,ore mine ,Forestry ,SD1-669.5 - Abstract
Based on the Earth remote sensing data, the authors assessed the dynamics of forest vegetation area destructed under the impact of uncontrolled underspoil runoff from the Northern copper zinc mine in the northern Sverdlovsk Region. Interpretation of a series of satellite images for the period from 2009 to 2022 revealed an exponential increase in the destroyed forest vegetation area. The researchers designed a runoff digital model, which confirmed the correlation of vegetation destruction foci with specific landforms. more...
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- 2023
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3. DYNAMICS OF FOREST VEGETATION DESTRUCTIOS IN THE AREA ADJAICENT TO THE COPPER MINE IN THE SVERDLOVSK REGION
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A. E. Kvashnina, F. K. Vozmitel, and V. A. Khamedov
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remote sensing ,spatial hydrology analysis ,runoff model ,forest vegetation destruction ,copper mine ,Forestry ,SD1-669.5 - Abstract
The study represents spatial and temporal analysis of the consequences of water pollution leading to vegetation destruction, caused by uncontrolled underspoil drain from a copper mine in the north of the Sverdlovsk region, based on GIS methods and satellite remote sensing data. Based on a 1:25 000 topography map DEM with filled sinks we built a flow accumulation model a watershed map. Examining the satellite imagery of the area dated from 2009 to 2023 we have noticed a distinct pattern of the vegetation destruction along the riverbeds located in the affected watersheds. Our ground observations and drone images have confirmed that the dead forest plots are located in the areas of flow accumulation, in the terrain depressions. The total area of forests affected by the uncontrolled underspoil drain from the copper mine gradually grows and has reaches 1140 ha. more...
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- 2023
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4. Rainfall characteristics and magnitude control the volume of shallow and deep-seated landslides: Inferences from analyses using a simple runoff model.
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Sato, Tadamichi and Shuin, Yasuhiro
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RUNOFF , *RUNOFF models , *RAINFALL , *LANDSLIDES , *SOIL moisture , *WATER use - Abstract
Landslide volume plays a pivotal role in controlling landslide movement and potential damage. Although rainfall is widely recognized as one of the most important factors underlying landslide occurrence worldwide, its impact on landslide volume has been investigated only for individual landslide types. In this study, we show that rainfall characteristics and magnitude control the volume produced by both shallow and deep-seated landslides. A total of ten shallow and deep-seated landslides in Japan were compiled with volume, occurrence time, and rainfall data. Rainfall characteristics that triggered landslides were identified using the Soil Water Index and the three-layer tank model, which is a simple runoff model, and magnitude was quantified based on lag time. A strong positive correlation was found between lag time and landslide volume, indicating that landslide volume increases with increasing magnitude of rainfall to induce landslides. This study is the first attempt to suggest a relationship between rainfall magnitude and the volume produced by shallow and deep-seated landslides systematically and will promote the development of landslide risk management strategies. • Rainfall indices determined rainfall characteristics inducing two landslide types. • The lag time was proposed to indicate the magnitude of rainfall characteristics. • The volumes of shallow and deep-seated landslides increased with longer lag times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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5. 黄土高原生物结皮对 SCS・CN 模型初损率的影响.
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谷康民, 赵允格, 高丽倩, 杨 凯, 孙 会, and 雅丽
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Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...
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- 2021
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6. Comprehensive Flood Risk Assessment for Wastewater Treatment Plants under Extreme Storm Events: A Case Study for New York City, United States.
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Sun, Qing, Nazari, Rouzbeh, Karimi, Maryam, Rabbani Fahad, MD Golam, and Peters, Robert W.
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FLOOD risk ,SEWAGE disposal plants ,STORM surges ,FLOOD damage ,SEA level ,FLOODS - Abstract
Featured Application: This research was designed to understand the effects of fine scale sub-basin generation technique to assess the risk of flooding for wastewater treatment plants in New York City. The article identifies the total risk of flooding from multiple sources including extreme weather events, climate change, and high intensity rainfall. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the City of New York, United States, are particularly vulnerable to frequent extreme weather events, including storm surges, high-intensity rainfall, and sea level rise, and are also affected by the cascade of these events. The complex structural configuration of WWTPs requires very fine-scale flood risk assessment, which current research has not pursued. We propose a robust technique to quantify the risk of inundations for the fourteen WWPTs through an automated sub-basin creation tool; 889 sub-basins were generated and merged with high-resolution building footprint data to create a comprehensive database for flood inundation analysis. The inundation depths and extents for the WWTPs and flood-prone regions were identified from hydrodynamic modeling of storm surge and sea level rise. The economic damage due to flooding for the WWTPs was also quantified using the HAZUS-MH model. Results indicated that the storm surges from various categories of hurricanes have the dominant impacts on flood depths around WWTPs, followed by high-intensity rainfall. Sea level rise was shown to have a relatively minor impact on flood depths. Results from economic damage analysis showed that the WWTPs are subjected to damage ranging from USD 60,000 to 720,000, depending on the size of the WWTP and the extremity of storm surge. The method of analyzing the inundation status of the research object through the sub-basin enables more accurate data to be obtained when calculating the runoff. It allows for a clearer view of the inundation status of the WWTPs when combined with the actual buildings. Using this database, predicting flood conditions of any extreme event or a cascade of extreme events can be conducted quickly and accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2021
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7. Artificial Neural Networks Modeling of a Karstic Watershed in Mount Lebanon
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Allam, Antoine, Najem, Wajdi, LaMoreaux, James, Series editor, Renard, Philippe, editor, and Bertrand, Catherine, editor
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- 2017
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8. Calibration of seasonal transfer equation (Z-R) by data of Doppler weather radar, rainfall gauging station and genetic algorithm method in the Abolabbas watershed (in southwest of Iran).
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Adib, Arash, Sofla, Masoud Soori Damirchi, Mirzaei, Seyed Yahya, Shoushtari, Mohammad Mahmoudian, and Liaghat, Ali
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DOPPLER radar ,RAIN gauges ,RADAR meteorology ,STANDARD deviations ,GENETIC algorithms ,WATERSHEDS ,TRANSFER functions ,EQUATIONS - Abstract
The observed radar reflectivity (Z) converts to rainfall intensity (R) by a transfer function. In the first stage, for calibration of collected data (with time step 15 minutes) by weather radar and determination of the best relation between Z and R, it applied a genetic algorithm (GA) to minimize the amount of root mean square error (RMSE). Although Z = 166R² (the transfer function in the Khuzestan province of Iran) is an appropriate equation, the GA method distinguished that Z = 110R
1.8 (from February to May) and Z = 126R² (for other months) are the optimum transfer functions for the Abolabbas watershed in Iran. The mean of RMSE of optimum transfer equations is 0.59 mm/hr in the calibration stage and 0.85 mm/hr in the verification stage. In the second stage, the Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS model) used four types of precipitation data (extracted rainfall data from radar and the optimum transfer equations, Z = 166R², Z= 200R1.6 and extracted rainfall data from rainfall gauging stations). The calibrated rainfall data by the optimum transfer equations can produce flood hydrographs in which their accuracy is similar to the accuracy of generated flood hydrographs by collected rainfall data of rainfall gauging stations. The mean of RMSE is 0.65 cubic metres per second and the mean or R² is 0.89 for optimum transfer equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2021
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9. Real-Time Flow Forecasting in a Watershed Using Rainfall Forecasting Model and Updating Model.
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Shirisha, P., Reddy, K. Venkata, and Pratap, Deva
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WATERSHEDS ,RAINFALL ,CROP management ,WATER supply ,STATISTICAL correlation - Abstract
Watershed is the basic unit for studying different hydrologic processes. Flow forecasting in a watershed is dependent upon the rainfall. The effect of erroneous rainfall prediction is a source of uncertainty in flow forecasting. In this study, a model is proposed to improve the flow forecasting on real-time basis. The proposed model has three components (1) Adaptive Grey Rainfall Forecasting Model, (2) Rainfall-Runoff Model and (3) Fuzzy Updating Model. The proposed forecasting model is tested for lead periods of 1 to 3 h with hourly rainfall and discharge data. In this study, four different cases using combination of three models are discussed and the results are compared. The study has been carried out on three Indian watersheds namely Banha, Harsul and Khadakohol. The performance of the model is measured using Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (E), Correlation Coefficient (r), Error of Peak Discharge (EQ
peak ) and Error of Time to Peak (ETpeak ). It is observed that the case with integration of all three models performed good with a forecasting efficiency of E = 0.950, 0.861, 0.564; and r = 0.991, 0.972, 0.897 for lead-1, 2, 3 respectively for Banha watershed. For Harsul watershed, E = 0.898, 0.704, 0.367; and r = 0.985, 0.949, 0.834 for lead-1, 2, 3 respectively. For Khadakohol watershed, E = 0.968, 0.932, 0.787; and r = 0.994, 0.987, 0.951 for lead-1, 2, 3 respectively. EQpeak is less than 10% for lead-1 for most of the events and increased slightly for lead-2 and lead-3. ETpeak is 0 h for all lead periods of the three watersheds. The proposed model is useful for farmers in planning and monitoring of water resources for crop management and helps in taking necessary actions during heavy rains and floods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2019
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10. Estimating runoff from pan-Arctic drainage basins for 2002–2019 using an improved runoff-storage relationship.
- Author
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Yi, Shuang, Saemian, Peyman, Sneeuw, Nico, and Tourian, Mohammad J.
- Subjects
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MEASUREMENT of runoff , *RUNOFF , *RUNOFF models , *OCEAN circulation , *DATA warehousing , *WATERSHEDS - Abstract
The Arctic is undergoing dramatic climate and environmental changes. The long-term alterations in river discharges from the boreal catchments, which serve as vital links between the ocean and land, are having a profound impact on various environmental factors, particularly ocean circulation and sea-ice content. However, comprehensive and continuous monitoring of Arctic river discharge at seasonal or higher temporal resolutions remains challenging. In this study, we propose a new approach to estimate runoff by generating monthly runoff time series at the basin scale. Our method is based on changes in water storage observed by the gravimetric satellites Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its follow-on mission since 2002. The method utilizes an empirical runoff-storage (R-S) relationship, offering simplicity and low computational burden while maintaining good accuracy in estimating runoff. To validate our method, we utilize in-situ runoff measurements from the seven largest boreal drainage basins spanning the period from 2002 to 2019, encompassing a total of 18 years. We divide these 18 years of observations into two phases: a training phase (8 years) and a testing phase (10 years). The results indicate that the R-S method established during the training phase yields monthly Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values ranging from 0.65 to 0.92 when compared to in-situ runoff measurements. Moreover, the method demonstrates a consistent performance in estimating runoff during the testing phase (monthly NSE: 0.67–0.84). With the exception of the Ob and Mackenzie basins, which exhibit distinct climatic conditions and hydrological networks, the R-S models are interchangeable across basins. This makes it suitable for both temporal and spatial extrapolation to fill data gaps, provided that accurate water and snow storage data are available. All in all, our method enables the reconstruction of monthly surface runoff across the entire boreal basins between 2002 and 2019. The results indicate an average annual runoff of 3200 ± 160 Gt over the study area of 1.58 × 107 km2. To evaluate the accuracy of our estimates, we compare the total runoff estimates obtained using the R-S method with those from 12 model estimates. Our estimates exhibit the highest correlation with available in-situ runoff measurements and yield monthly NSE values >0.57 for five out of the twelve model estimates. This study presents a convenient method to address the urgent need for comprehensive, continuous, and monthly temporal resolution of runoff estimates throughout the entire boreal region. • A runoff model for boreal basins based on gravimetric observations is proposed. • The model is comprehensively tested and shows high stability and reliability. • The modeling parameters are interchangeable for most boreal basins. • Our estimate of total runoff from the boreal basins is 3200 ± 160 Gt per year. • Compared to in-situ measurements, our model outperforms 12 model estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2023
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11. Uncertainty on a Short-Term Flood Forecast with Rainfall-Runoff Model
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Kardhana, Hadi, Mano, Akira, Zhang, Changkuan, and Tang, Hongwu
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- 2009
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12. Application of Soil and Water Assessment Tool for Runoff Modeling of Karam River Basin in Madhya Pradesh
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Manaswi, C.M. and Thawait, A.K
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- 2014
13. Revised universal soil loss equation-based runoff model for the potential soil loss estimation in Wadi Soubella Watershed, Northeast of Algeria
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Blissag Bilal and Kessar Cherif
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Hydrology ,geography ,Watershed ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Arid ,Runoff model ,Universal Soil Loss Equation ,Soil water ,Erosion ,Environmental science ,Computers in Earth Sciences ,Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Surface runoff ,Wadi ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Loss and degradation of soil due to water erosion is among the most well-known types of worldwide land disturbance, specifically in arid and semi-arid areas. The complexity of the erosion study breaks the problem of comprehensively understanding all the factors that significantly affect this process. Water erosion is triggered when the retention capacity of soils is less than the amount of rainfall, which promotes surface runoff. The latter, under unfavourable environmental conditions, becomes the principal cause of water erosion. This study aims to use the geographic information system and remote sensing techniques to assesses and evaluate the soil losses under semi-arid climate conditions using the revised universal soil loss equation model (RUSLE) in comparison to a new approach based on surface erosive runoff (RUSLErunoff). The study zone is Wadi Soubella Watershed, NE of Algeria which, extends on 185 km2 in the East part of the Hodna basin. The results show that the Wadi Soubella Watershed is affected by low to moderate and rarely by high soil losses, with various rates between 0 to 100 t km−2 year−1 and rarely reaching 300 t km−2 year−1. The most affected areas with intense erosion pressure occur in the foothills of the mountains (Djbel Mouanich, Ras Tenndar, Kef el Assa and Djebel Soubella) and the bare land degraded areas. The relationship analysis (slope–erosion) using the RUSLErunoff model showed that soils subject to steep slopes and high vegetation cover (forest) are more vulnerable than other land-use classes, showing the effect of the surface erosive runoff. The root mean square error between the observed values according to the two models show that low slope class and the steep slope class show that RMSE is higher than the RMSE in mid-class slope with (54 t km−2 year−1 and 130 t km−2 year−1) and (13.54 t km−2 year−1 and 14.47 km−2 year−1), respectively. The comparison between the two models showed a satisfactory power regression with R2 = 0.49 and r = 0.7. In deduction, the relationship from the integration of surface erosive runoff as a factor for the soil loss estimation in the Wadi Soubella Watershed is exponential. The protective behaviour of forest cover is shown more clearly by the RUSLErunoff model than the RUSLE model. more...
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- 2021
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14. Topological Kriging of Runoff
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Skøien, J. O., Blöschl, G., Soares, Amílcar, editor, Pereira, Maria João, editor, and Dimitrakopoulos, Roussos, editor
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- 2008
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15. IDENTIFYING SUITABLE SITES FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING USING RUNOFF MODEL (SCS-CN), REMOTE SENSING AND GIS BASED FUZZY ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (FAHP) IN KENITRA PROVINCE, NW MOROCCO
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Mohamed Aghad, Mohamed Manaouch, Mohamed Sadiki, Jamal Al Karkouri, and Mohcine Batchi
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Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process ,Remote sensing (archaeology) ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Environmental science ,Computers in Earth Sciences ,Water resource management ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Rainwater harvesting ,Runoff model - Published
- 2021
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16. Sensitivity analysis of a simplified precipitation-runoff model to estimate water availability in Southern Portuguese watersheds
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Maria M. Portela, Manuel Oliveira, Tiago Martins, and Teresa E. Leitão
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Hydrology ,QE1-996.5 ,Environmental Engineering ,Geology ,Aquifer recharge ,Daily sequential soil-water budget ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Surface runoff ,Runoff model ,Geophysics ,BALSEQ ,Hydrological modelling ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
The water availability estimation in large regions is a relevant procedure to define broad water resources management policies but may prove difficult due to the lack of data and uncertainty to related regional hydrological and hydrogeological characterization. BALSEQ, a daily sequential water budget model, was applied in a set of twenty-two watersheds in southern Portugal, aiming to understand the possible relations between the model parameters and watershed characteristics that may allow assembling calibration functions for non-monitored watersheds. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by comparing BALSEQ results with measured surface flow, focusing specifically on the fraction of the potential maximum retention (φ) and the maximum amount of water available in the soil for evapotranspiration (AGUT) parameters and the underlying hydrogeological conceptual model that ultimately controls the surface-groundwater interactions. The overall results did not allow to identify clear relations that permit extrapolation to other regions without data as the sensitivity analysis procedures returned similar results for wide intervals of parameters for the majority of watersheds. The results confirmed that the groundwater discharge is an important component for the total measured surface flow and that the φ parameter should not be overlooked when calculating direct runoff. Poor adjustments between the model results and measured flow were observed in watersheds with a low Surface flow – Rainfall ratio. more...
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- 2021
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17. Study of climate change effects on hydrological processes in Siminehroud and Zarrinehroud watersheds northwest of Iran
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Hasan Ahmadi, Parvaneh Mahmudi, Ata Amini, Majid Hosseini, and Baharak Motamedvaziri
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Hydrology ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Soil and Water Assessment Tool ,Crop yield ,Climate change ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Runoff model ,Water balance ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Climate model ,Surface runoff ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Downscaling - Abstract
This study sets out to simulate various hydrological responses to climate change. The semi-distributed hydrologic model of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, SWAT, was used to simulate different parts of the hydrological cycles. The comprehensive assessment of the effect of climate change on runoff, crop yield, and water balance in Siminehroud and Zarrinehroud watersheds is the novelty of this research. The simulation period was from 1988 to 2014. The runoff model was calibrated using the plant parameters, and the initial crop yield was used to calibrate the model. During the calibration and validation periods, the statistical measures, namely NS and R2, were obtained as 0.69 and 0.82, respectively. Using the multisite statistical downscaling of the LARS-WG climate model, we introduced the future climatic conditions as inputs to the model based on two optimistic (RCP2.6) and pessimistic (RCP8.5) scenarios. The most significant changes in the runoff in the upcoming period, was in June, reduced by 4.2 m3s−1, and in May, increased by 4.8 m3s−1 in the optimistic scenario. In the RCP8.5 pessimistic scenario, the most significant runoff change was observed in June and October. The results indicated that these changes would lead to a decrease in the main crops across the region. more...
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- 2021
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18. Is the existing methods sustainable? A hybrid approach to flood risk mapping.
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Nkeki FN, Bello EI, and Agbaje IG
- Abstract
The hydraulic and integrated modeling approaches appear to stand out in the sequence of flood risk models that have been presented because of their predictive accuracy. The former has a high probability of under predicting and the latter has a high tendency to over-predict. This study proposed a methodological approach that combines the hydraulic and integrated models using analytical hierarchical raster fusion techniques to strengthen the weaknesses of the individual models. This study seeks to undertake a flood inundation model, a runoff model, and raster fusion models using GIS and HEC-RAS rain-on-grid methods to map flood risk in the Ona river basin of Ibadan city. •A hydraulic model was used to identify flood depth and inundation areas along a major stream channel, which was then extracted, rasterized, resampled, and reclassified to a spatial resolution of 5 m.•Several raster datasets (indicators) were created from land use, elevation, soil, and geological data layers using advanced GIS techniques.•AHP assisted raster data fusion model was used to combine all of the raster indicators into a single consolidated hybrid flood raster layer that revealed flood risk areas by magnitude., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).) more...
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- 2023
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19. Evaluating the Effect of Land Cover, Seasonality and Delineation Method on Runoff at the Watershed Scale
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Katherine Clancy
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Hydrology ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Storm ,Vegetation ,Land cover ,Runoff curve number ,Drainage ,Seasonality ,medicine.disease ,Surface runoff ,Runoff model - Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if runoff estimates from the curve number model were affected by seasons for different land covers. Eighteen watersheds with varying land covers were delineated using three methods. The delineation methods differ in how internal drainage is evaluated. Runoff estimates from storms for spring, summer, and fall were compared to observed runoff from USGS gaging station data. Errors (difference between estimate runoff and observed runoff) were found to be highest for fall by 3% for all the two delineation methods which do not consider internal drainage. Watersheds were categorized by their dominant land cover (agriculture, forest, or urban). Seasonal differences were found to be significant for certain land covers. The greatest differences between observed and estimated data were found in agriculture and urban especially spring versus fall for all delineations. Forest land cover was found to have no seasonal difference for all three delineation methods. The research suggests that this work contributes to the growing body of research suggesting that vegetative seasonal differences have a greater impact on runoff than is accounted for in the runoff model. more...
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- 2021
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20. An Approach of Travel Time of Flood Peaks and Runoff Model towards Low Impact Development
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Riza Inanda Siregar, Ivan Indrawan, and Nursyamsi Nursyamsi
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Return period ,Hydrology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Flood myth ,Stormwater ,Environmental science ,Drainage ,Low-impact development ,Surface runoff ,Channel (geography) ,Runoff model - Abstract
The most crucial point for the planning of the city should be considered flooding conditions. In manipulating the length of the channel, of course also manages the direction of the stream, so that the size of the catchment area in the area will be different. The characteristics of surface runoff of urban drainage systems are essential to determine the effects of runoff reduction towards Low Impact Development (LID). In this study, to make modelling of stormwater runoff characteristics in a city can be analysed by using the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM). This research is to explain the method of approaching travel time of flood peaks and runoff in a drainage network system that needs a rainfall-runoff model, EPA SWMM model that shown flood peak in the return period 5-yr and 10-yr, and need representatives to the graph of travel time and runoff. The result shows that the channel only accommodates return period of flood 5-yr, not the 10-yr. The drainage network system consists of minor drainage and major drainage (river) that can be simulated to reduce the runoff. The approach influenced by the direction of flow and the roughness. These parameters are the vital point to manage the travel time of peak floods. The, by redesign and update the capacity of the channel can reduce the overflow over the nodes (junctions). more...
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- 2020
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21. Sensitivity Analysis of Physically-Based Rainfall / Runoff Models
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Maksimovic, C., Marsalek, Jiri, editor, Maksimovic, Cedo, editor, Zeman, Evzen, editor, and Price, Roland, editor
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- 1998
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22. Runoff Analysis by the Quasi Channel Network Model in the Toyohira River Basin
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Saga, H., Nishimura, T., Fujita, M., Singh, Vijay P., editor, Hipel, Keith W., editor, McLeod, A. Ian, editor, and Panu, U. S., editor
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- 1994
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23. Stochastic Response of Storage Function Model for Flood Runoff
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Fujita, M., Shinohara, N., Nakao, T., Kudo, M., Singh, V. P., editor, and Hipel, Keith W., editor
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- 1994
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24. Long-term forest monitoring unravels constant mortality rise in European forests
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Mathias Neumann, Jan-Peter George, Tanja Sanders, Carmelo Cammalleri, Mait Lang, and Jürgen Vogt
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Geography ,Anomaly (natural sciences) ,Mortality rate ,Crown (botany) ,Biodiversity ,Physical geography ,Tree species ,Water content ,Term (time) ,Runoff model - Abstract
⍰European forests are an important source for timber production, human welfare, income, protection and biodiversity. During the last two decades, Europe has experienced a number of droughts which were exceptionally within the last 500 years both in terms of duration and intensity and these droughts seem to left remarkable imprints in the mortality dynamics of European forests. However, systematic observations on tree decline with emphasis on single species together with high-resolution drought data has been scarce so far so that deeper insights into mortality dynamics and drought occurrence is still limiting our understanding at continental scale.⍰Here we make use of the ICP Forest crown defoliation dataset, permitting us to retrospectively monitor tree mortality for four major conifers, two major broadleaves as well as a pooled dataset of nearly all minor tree species in Europe. In total, we analysed more than 3 million observations gathered during the last 25 years and employed a high-resolution drought index which is able to assess soil moisture anomaly based on a hydrological water-balance and runoff model every ten days globally. ⍰We found significant overall and species-specific increasing trends in mortality rates accompanied by decreasing soil moisture. A generalized linear model identified previous-year soil moisture anomaly as the most important driver of mortality patterns in European forests. Significant interactions appeared between previous-year soil moisture and stand water regime in conifers, strongly suggesting that conifers growing at productive sites are more vulnerable under drought.⍰We conclude that mortality patterns in European forests are currently reaching a concerning upward trend which could be further accelerated by global change-type droughts.Key messageForest mortality has significantly increased over the last 25 years and remained above the long-term mean since 2012. more...
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- 2021
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25. Catchment-scale modeling of riverine species diversity using hydrological simulation: application to tests of species-genetic diversity correlation.
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Nukazawa, Kei, Kazama, So, and Watanabe, Kozo
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HYDROLOGIC cycle ,GEOSPATIAL data ,FLOW velocity ,WATER depth ,HABITAT suitability index models - Abstract
Species distribution models were developed to predict the spatial patterns of the species diversity and the genetic diversity of stream organisms using a distributed hydrological model. We derived annual metrics of water depth and flow velocity in rivers using a hydrological model covering an entire catchment in northeastern Japan. We acquired geospatial data throughout the catchment and the presence records of six taxa within the part of the catchment. Subsequently we derived habitat suitability indices (HSIs) for these taxa using a frequency analysis or the maximum-entropy approach (MaxEnt) to predict three metrics of species diversity. The Shannon-Wiener's diversity index based on MaxEnt (Shannon_MaxE) most effectively represented empirical taxon richness. Subsequently, by comparing Shannon_MaxE and empirical genetic diversity for the four species of stream insects, we evaluated species-genetic diversity correlations (SGDCs). Of the four species, only one caddisfly species ( Hydropsyche orientalis) displayed significant positive SGDCs. The result reflects the broad habitat range of this taxon throughout the catchment and its poor dispersal ability, whereas the other three species lacked SGDCs and displayed either a strong dispersal potential ( Stenopsyche marmorata and Ephemera japonica) or a narrower habitat range within upstream domains ( Hydropsyche albicephala). Finally, we estimated the spatial distribution of genetic diversity of H. orientalis populations based on the calculated Shannon_MaxE using the positive SGDC. This framework is promising for projecting future biodiversity in the context of anthropogenic perturbations such as climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2017
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26. Integration von Modellen in ein Geographisches Informationssystem
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Flacke, Werner, Brauer, W., editor, Hälker, M., editor, and Jaeschke, A., editor
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- 1991
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27. Effects of Hillslope Trenching on Surface Water Infiltration in Subalpine Forested Catchments
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Carlos E. Ramos-Scharrón and Matthew C. LaFevor
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Hydrology ,Science ,fungi ,conservation ,Hydrograph ,Oceanography ,complex mixtures ,Rainwater harvesting ,Runoff model ,Infiltration (hydrology) ,water harvesting ,runoff mitigation ,Earthworks ,Trench ,infiltration excess overland flow ,mountain protected areas ,Environmental science ,Surface runoff ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Surface water ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Concerns over freshwater scarcity for agriculture, ecosystems, and human consumption are driving the construction of infiltration trenches in many mountain protected areas. This study examines the effectiveness of infiltration trenches in a subalpine forested catchment in central Mexico, where public and private organizations have been constructing trenches for ~60 years. We rely on empirical data to develop rainfall-runoff models for two scenarios: a baseline (no trenches) and a trenched scenario. Field measurements of infiltration capacities in forested and trenched soils (n = 56) and two years of meteorological data are integrated into a semi-distributed runoff model of 28 trenched sub-catchments. Sensitivity analysis and hydrographs are used to evaluate differences in total runoff and infiltration between the two scenarios. Multiple logistic regression is used to evaluate the effects of environmental and management variables on the likelihood of runoff response and trench overtopping. The findings show that soil infiltration capacity and rainfall intensity are primary drivers of runoff and trench overtopping. However, trenches provided only a 1.2% increase in total infiltration over the two-year period. This marginal benefit is discussed in relation to the potential adverse environmental impacts of trench construction. Overall, our study finds that as a means of runoff harvesting in these forested catchments, trenches provide negligible infiltration benefits. As a result, this study cautions against further construction of infiltration trenches in forested catchments without careful ex ante assessment of rainfall-runoff relationships. The results of this study have important implications for forest water management in Mexico and elsewhere, where similar earthworks are employed to enhance runoff harvesting and surface water infiltration. more...
- Published
- 2021
28. Impact of Groundwater Abstraction on Hydrological Responses during Extreme Drought Periods in the Boryeong Dam Catchment, Korea
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Sang Hyun Park, Hyeon-Jun Kim, and Choelhee Jang
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Boryeong Dam ,Irrigation ,Watershed ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,0207 environmental engineering ,Drainage basin ,02 engineering and technology ,drought ,Aquatic Science ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,irrigation ,groundwater ,Water cycle ,020701 environmental engineering ,TD201-500 ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Hydrology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,CAT ,Hydraulic engineering ,Runoff model ,Environmental science ,Surface runoff ,TC1-978 ,Surface water ,Groundwater ,runoff simulation - Abstract
Groundwater withdrawal results in a significant depletion of groundwater storage due to the frequency and intensity of droughts and increasing irrigation demands. To ensure the sustainable use of groundwater resources, it is necessary to accurately simulate the groundwater behavior of catchments using a surface–groundwater integrated runoff model. Most of the existing catchment runoff models have been applied to surface water management, thus, integrated runoff analysis studies that consider the interaction between surface water and groundwater are required. Due to the intensive agricultural sector in Korea and the position of rice as the staple in the Korean diet, more than 50% of groundwater abstraction is used for irrigation. Therefore, it is very important to understand the hydrological interrelationships between agricultural areas and the entire watershed. This study aimed to compare and analyze the groundwater levels in the mountainous areas and paddy field areas in the Boryeong Dam catchment through a surface–groundwater integrated runoff simulation using the Catchment Hydrologic Cycle Assessment Tool model, and to compare the hydrological responses in wet years (2010–2012) and dry years (2014–2016). The maximum difference in the monthly groundwater level in the dry years compared to the wet years was 1.07 m at the forest catchment and 0.37 m at the paddy catchment. These results indicate that the impact of drought on the groundwater level of paddy catchments is not significant compared to the forest catchments, however, drought slows the recovery of the groundwater level before the rainy season, thereby limiting the agricultural groundwater use in the catchment. more...
- Published
- 2021
29. Urban Flood Depth Estimate With a New Calibrated Curve Number Runoff Prediction Model
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Ming Fai Chow, Lloyd Ling, and Zulkifli Yusop
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rainfall-runoff model ,Hydrology ,curve number ,General Computer Science ,Flood myth ,0207 environmental engineering ,General Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Runoff curve number ,01 natural sciences ,Bootstrap ,Runoff model ,Environmental science ,General Materials Science ,lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,Drainage ,020701 environmental engineering ,Surface runoff ,Soil conservation ,lcsh:TK1-9971 ,Ponding ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Urban runoff - Abstract
The 1954 Soil Conservation Services (SCS) runoff predictive model was adopted in engineering designs throughout the world. However, its runoff prediction reliability was under scrutiny by recent studies. The conventional curve number (CN) selection methodology is often very subjective and lacks scientific justification while nested soil group catchments complicate the issue with the risk of inappropriate curve number selection which produces unreliable runoff results. The SCS CN model was statistically invalid ( $\alpha = 0.01$ level) and over predicted runoff volume as much as 21% at the Sungai Kerayong catchment in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Blind adoption of the model will commit a type II error. As such, this study presented a new method to calibrate and formulate an urban runoff model with inferential statistics and residual modelling technique to correct the runoff prediction results from the SCS CN model with a corrected equation. The new model out-performed the Asymptotic runoff model and SCS CN runoff model with low predictive model bias, reduced sum of squared errors by 32% and achieved high Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency value of 0.96. The derived urban curve number is 98.0 with 99% confidence interval ranging from 97.8 to 99.5 for Sungai Kerayong catchment. Twenty-five storms generated almost 29 million $m^{3}$ runoff (11,548 Olympic size swimming pools) from the Sungai Kerayong catchment in this study. 75%-94% of the rain water became runoff from those storms and lost through the catchment, without efficient drainage infrastructure in place, the averaged flood depth reached 6.5 cm while the actual flood depth will be deeper at the flood ponding area near to the catchment outlet. more...
- Published
- 2020
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30. TOPMELT 1.0: a topography-based distribution function approach to snowmelt simulation for hydrological modelling at basin scale
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M. Zaramella, M. Borga, D. Zoccatelli, and L. Carturan
- Subjects
lcsh:Geology ,Scale (ratio) ,Snowmelt ,Distributed element model ,Hydrological modelling ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,Environmental science ,Spatial variability ,Snowpack ,Snow ,Atmospheric sciences ,Runoff model ,Physics::Geophysics - Abstract
Enhanced temperature-index distributed models for snowpack simulation, incorporating air temperature and a term for clear sky potential solar radiation, are increasingly used to simulate the spatial variability of the snow water equivalent. This paper presents a new snowpack model (termed TOPMELT) which integrates an enhanced temperature-index model into the ICHYMOD semi-distributed basin-scale hydrological model by exploiting a statistical representation of the distribution of clear sky potential solar radiation. This is obtained by discretizing the full spatial distribution of clear sky potential solar radiation into a number of radiation classes. The computation required to generate a spatially distributed water equivalent reduces to a single calculation for each radiation class. This turns into a potentially significant advantage when parameter sensitivity and uncertainty estimation procedures are carried out. The radiation index may be also averaged in time over given time periods. Thus, the model resembles a classical temperature-index model when only one radiation class for each elevation band and a temporal aggregation of 1 year is used, whereas it approximates a fully distributed model by increasing the number of the radiation classes and decreasing the temporal aggregation. TOPMELT is integrated within the semi-distributed ICHYMOD model and is applied at an hourly time step over the Aurino Basin (also known as the Ahr River) at San Giorgio (San Giorgio Aurino), a 614 km2 catchment in the Upper Adige River basin (eastern Alps, Italy) to examine the sensitivity of the snowpack and runoff model results to the spatial and temporal aggregation of the radiation fluxes. It is shown that the spatial simulation of the snow water equivalent is strongly affected by the aggregation scales. However, limited degradation of the snow simulations is achieved when using 10 radiation classes and 4 weeks as spatial and temporal aggregation scales respectively. Results highlight that the effects of space–time aggregation of the solar radiation patterns on the runoff response are scale dependent. They are minimal at the scale of the whole Aurino Basin, while considerable impact is seen at a basin scale of 5 km2. more...
- Published
- 2019
31. Multicriteria assessment framework of flood events simulated with vertically mixed runoff model in semiarid catchments in the middle Yellow River
- Author
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Yan Zhou, Binquan Li, Fu Yupeng, Li Dayang, and Zhongmin Liang
- Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350 ,Flood warning ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Flood myth ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Flooding (psychology) ,Flood forecasting ,lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,lcsh:TD1-1066 ,020801 environmental engineering ,Runoff model ,lcsh:Geology ,Catchment hydrology ,lcsh:G ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,MIKE SHE ,lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,Water resource management ,Surface runoff ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Flood forecasting in semiarid regions is always poor, and a single-criterion assessment provides limited information for decision making. Here, we propose a multicriteria assessment framework called flood classification–reliability assessment (FCRA) that combines the absolute relative error, flow classification and uncertainty interval estimated by the hydrologic uncertainty processor (HUP) to assess the most striking feature of an event-based flood: the peak flow. A total of 100 flood events in four catchments of the middle reaches of the Yellow River are modeled with hydrological models over the period of 1983–2009. The vertically mixed runoff model (VMM) is compared with one physically based model, the MIKE SHE model (originating from the Système Hydrologique Européen program), and two conceptual models, the Xinanjiang model (XAJ) and the Shanbei model (SBM). Our results show that the VMM has a better flood estimation performance than the other models, and the FCRA framework can provide reasonable flood classification and reliability assessment information, which may help decision makers improve their diagnostic abilities in the early flood warning process. more...
- Published
- 2019
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32. Dynamics of Measured and Simulated Dissolved Phosphorus in Runoff from Winter‐Applied Dairy Manure
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Krishnapuram G. Karthikeyan, Laura Ward Good, Peter A. Vadas, Francisco J. Arriaga, Melanie N. Stock, and Zachariah P. Zopp
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Environmental Engineering ,Rain ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,01 natural sciences ,Soil ,Water Movements ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Hydrology ,Agriculture ,Phosphorus ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Snow ,Pollution ,Manure ,Runoff model ,Tillage ,Snowmelt ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Surface runoff - Abstract
Agricultural P loss from fields is an issue due to water quality degradation. Better information is needed on the P loss in runoff from dairy manure applied in winter and the ability to reliably simulate P loss by computer models. We monitored P in runoff during two winters from chisel-tilled and no-till field plots that had liquid dairy manure applied in December or January. Runoff total P was dominated by nondissolved forms when soils were bare and unfrozen. Runoff from snow-covered, frozen soils had much less sediment and sediment-related P, and much more dissolved P. Transport of manure solids was greatest when manure was applied on top of snow and runoff shortly after application was caused by snowmelt. Dissolved P concentrations in runoff were greater when manure was applied on top of snow because manure liquid remained in the snowpack and allowed more P to be available for loss. Dissolved runoff P also increased as the amount of rain or snowmelt that became runoff (runoff ratio) increased. The SurPhos manure P runoff model reliably simulated these processes to provide realistic predictions of dissolved P in runoff from surface manure. Overall, for liquid dairy manure applied in winter, dissolved P concentrations in runoff can be decreased if manure is applied onto bare, unfrozen soil, or if runoff ratio can be reduced, perhaps through greater soil surface roughness from fall tillage. Both management approaches will allow more manure P to infiltrate into soil and less move in runoff. SurPhos is a tool that can reliably evaluate P loss for different management and policy scenarios for winter manure application. more...
- Published
- 2019
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33. Development of geomorphic response runoff model for June month for small watersheds
- Author
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Sandip Nikam
- Subjects
Hydrology ,Environmental science ,Runoff model - Published
- 2019
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34. Prediction on Water Levels in a Wet Pond for a Drainage System Using an Artificial Neural Network Model
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排水解析モデル ,排水施設 ,水位予測 ,Low land ,人工ニューラルネットワークモデル ,Drainage facility ,Runoff model ,低平地 ,Water level prediction ,Artificial neural network model - Abstract
Owing to global climate change, crop plantation-kind changes, and expensive costs on the operation for drainage- facilities in low-land crop fields, the managers for the drainage facilities (e.g., pump stations) have to consider efficient and flexible operations. Real-time numerical predictions on water level and flow at a monitoring point may contribute to the optimized operation of the drainage system for flood controls. Our study performed the development of a real- time prediction system on water level and discharge at a pumping station during heavy rainfall events using an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The system was applied to an actual paddy field, whose area is 179 ha, including a drainage pump that is connected to a river, and a pond that stabilizes water level. The rainfall events were provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The ANN model requires numerous data sets, usually observed in the filed, but our observed data were insufficient. Instead, we extended the rainfall data by including the artificial two-year and ten-year probability rainfall events because of the creation of heavy rainfall-event data. We ran a runoff model to generate discharges and water levels based on the artificial rainfall. The input data for the ANN model consisted of rainfall, water levels, and discharges. The output consisted of water levels and discharges. After the ANN-model machine learning, the model provided reasonable predictions of water levels within 10% error against the runoff model results in 30 minutes and two hours using the k-fold cross validation. We performed a new test about shorter machine-learning data, in which the 10-year probability rainfall event was excluded. The ANN-model prediction was approximately 10% reduction at the maximum peak for two hours behind, compared with the original ANN-model prediction., 近年の温暖化の影響や農作物の作付け変更への対応,また,排水施設の運転コストを抑制するために,効率的・柔軟 的な排水施設の運用が必要である。とくに洪水時において,モニタリング地点の水位や流れをリアルタイムで予測でき れば,排水システムの最適な運用が実現できる。本研究の目的は,人工ニューラルネットワーク(ANN)モデルを利用して,豪雨時の排水機場遊水池へ流れ込む流量とその水位をリアルタイムで予測可能なシステムを構築することである。このシステムは,179 haの面積を有し,排水機場,水位調整を行う遊水池を持つ水田地域に適用された。ANN モデルへの入力は,降雨量・水位・ポンプ排水量である。不十分な学習データを補うために,気象庁アメダスからの降雨データを基にして,2年と 10年確率降雨イベントを含む人工降雨データを生成し,水位・流量データは,この降雨データを入力値として計算された排水解析モデルの出力結果を利用した。ANN モデルの出力は水位・流量である。10回の交差検証法を用いて ANN モデルの水位予測の検証を行い,30分と 2時間後の水位予測は 10%以内のエラーが得られた。また,10年確率降雨イベントについて,その学習の有無の比較では,2時間後の最大水位の予測は約 10%の差異が見られた。 more...
- Published
- 2019
35. Comprehensive Flood Risk Assessment for Wastewater Treatment Plants under Extreme Storm Events: A Case Study for New York City, United States
- Author
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Qing Sun, Rouzbeh Nazari, Robert W. Peters, Maryam Karimi, and Golam Rabbani Fahad
- Subjects
Technology ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,QH301-705.5 ,QC1-999 ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Storm surge ,high-intensity rainfall ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Extreme weather ,storm surge ,General Materials Science ,Biology (General) ,NOAA ,Instrumentation ,QD1-999 ,wastewater treatment plant ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,Hydrology ,SLOSH ,Flood myth ,sub-basins ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,Physics ,Flooding (psychology) ,runoff model ,General Engineering ,Storm ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,020801 environmental engineering ,Computer Science Applications ,Runoff model ,HAZUS-MH ,Chemistry ,Flood risk assessment ,sea level rise ,Environmental science ,TA1-2040 ,Surface runoff - Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the City of New York, United States, are particularly vulnerable to frequent extreme weather events, including storm surges, high-intensity rainfall, and sea level rise, and are also affected by the cascade of these events. The complex structural configuration of WWTPs requires very fine-scale flood risk assessment, which current research has not pursued. We propose a robust technique to quantify the risk of inundations for the fourteen WWPTs through an automated sub-basin creation tool, 889 sub-basins were generated and merged with high-resolution building footprint data to create a comprehensive database for flood inundation analysis. The inundation depths and extents for the WWTPs and flood-prone regions were identified from hydrodynamic modeling of storm surge and sea level rise. The economic damage due to flooding for the WWTPs was also quantified using the HAZUS-MH model. Results indicated that the storm surges from various categories of hurricanes have the dominant impacts on flood depths around WWTPs, followed by high-intensity rainfall. Sea level rise was shown to have a relatively minor impact on flood depths. Results from economic damage analysis showed that the WWTPs are subjected to damage ranging from USD 60,000 to 720,000, depending on the size of the WWTP and the extremity of storm surge. The method of analyzing the inundation status of the research object through the sub-basin enables more accurate data to be obtained when calculating the runoff. It allows for a clearer view of the inundation status of the WWTPs when combined with the actual buildings. Using this database, predicting flood conditions of any extreme event or a cascade of extreme events can be conducted quickly and accurately. more...
- Published
- 2021
36. A New Generation Numerical Modelling Tool for Hydrological Simulation
- Author
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Lyu Guomin, Hao Sijia, Liu Changjun, Wang Wen-chuan, Ma Qiang, and Zhai Xiaoyan
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Software ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Distributed computing ,Flood forecasting ,Modular programming ,Software development ,Hydroinformatics ,business ,Visualization ,Runoff model ,Computer technology - Abstract
With the development of hydroinformatics and computer technology, a new generation of hydrological modeling software is required to satisfy the users' demands for simulation accuracy and to comply with the progress of big data analysis and intelligent technology. This paper has proposed an Object and Modular-based Hydrological Modeling System (OMHMS) applied for the new generation modular software for hydrological simulation. This software was based on functionally flexible module library and SQLite lightweight database. The core of this model is the spatiotemporal variable-source mixed runoff model which enables parallel computation of models in space, time and subprocess. To reach the objectives including modularization, parameterization, intelligence, visualization and automation, the model has been applied in many small watersheds in China with favorable results. In particular, the model has been integrated into the flood system of Henan Province and run for many years for flood forecasting. The model shown high-level of applicability to be implemented in the small watershed of China with or without sufficient observation. more...
- Published
- 2021
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37. Toward creating simpler hydrological models: A LASSO subset selection approach.
- Author
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Bardsley, W.E., Vetrova, V., and Liu, S.
- Subjects
- *
HYDROLOGY , *NONLINEAR systems , *GROUNDWATER , *MATHEMATICAL models , *LINEAR programming , *ALGORITHMS - Abstract
A formalised means of simplifying hydrological models concurrent with calibration is proposed for use when nonlinear models can be initially formulated as over-parameterised constrained absolute deviation regressions of nonlinear expressions. This provides a flexible modelling framework for approximation of nonlinear situations, while allowing the models to be amenable to algorithmic simplification. The degree of simplification is controlled by a user-specified forcing parameter λ. That is, an original over-parameterised linear model is reduced to a simpler working model which is no more complex than required for a given application. The degree of simplification is a compromise between two factors. With weak simplification most parameters will remain, risking calibration overfitting. On the other hand, a high degree of simplification generates inflexible models. The linear LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) is utilised for the simplification process because of its ability to deal with linear constraints in the over-parameterised initial model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2015
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38. A stochastic approach to modelling and understanding hillslope runoff connectivity dynamics.
- Author
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Janzen, Daryl and McDonnell, Jeffrey J.
- Subjects
- *
RUNOFF , *HYDROLOGIC cycle , *HYDROLOGY , *WATERLOGGING (Soils) , *SOIL moisture , *STOCHASTIC processes - Abstract
Runoff generation at the hillslope scale is an important component of the hydrological cycle. Recent work has shown that a common hillslope runoff response mechanism is driven by connectivity of saturated patches in the subsurface (via filling and spilling) to a threshold initiation of lateral flow at the hillslope base. Here, we show that directed percolation theory is able to represent this key runoff process including the details of dynamical flowpath development and filling and spilling processes at the soil-bedrock interface. We then use the directed percolation model to investigate how changes in slope angle, soil depth, and subsurface microtopography influence stormflow response. We map the evolving subsurface flow network under different hillslope classes and compare them to the natural system response. Our results suggest that the natural system sheds water more efficiently than randomly generated systems providing some insights into key hydrogeomorphic controls on water shedding in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2015
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39. Urban flood numerical simulation: Research, methods and future perspectives.
- Author
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Luo, Pingping, Luo, Manting, Li, Fengyue, Qi, Xiaogang, Huo, Aidi, Wang, Zhenhong, He, Bin, Takara, Kaoru, Nover, Daniel, and Wang, Yihe
- Subjects
- *
FLOOD warning systems , *FINITE volume method , *COMPUTER simulation , *FLOODS , *PARALLEL programming , *URBAN growth - Abstract
Urban flooding has become an increasingly frequent and fatal natural hazard and numerical modeling techniques play a vital role in its prediction and management. We review urban flood numerical simulations by systematically summarizing the calculation methods of surface runoff, drainage systems, and coupled models. Following the review, accuracy and computational efficiency are found to be the two key areas hindering the quality improvement of urban flood models, so an investigation of the key trends in the improvement of model accuracy and computational efficiency is conducted. It is found that the 1D-2D coupling model, finite volume method, unstructured meshing method, and hybrid parallel computing applications are the most effective strategies. Furthermore, the complex coupling of models and the lack of validation data are still crucial challenges in the development of urban flood modeling. This result can be used as a guideline for hydrologists in choosing the proper method of urban flood numerical simulation according to the task. • The methods and applicability of urban flood numerical simulation are summarized to provide support for related research. • We propose that the urban flood model can be improved in two aspects: accuracy and calculation speed model. • The future development of urban flood numerical simulation tends to be modular with a complex coupling model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
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40. Hydrologic Model for Runoff Simulation of the Kyzyl-Suu River
- Author
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Sagynbek Zh. Orunbaev, Zheenbek E. Kulenbekov, and A. Zh. Zhumabaev
- Subjects
Hydrology ,River watershed ,Evapotranspiration ,River runoff ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,Structural basin ,Surface runoff ,Runoff model - Abstract
Kyzyl-Suu River’s runoff model was simulated using Mike Hydro Basin software; CROPWAT software was used in order to calculate evapotranspiration rates. The precipitation and temperature were gathered from the weather stations located in the study area, Daroot-Korgon and Sary-Tash villages, Kyrgyzstan. As a result, the mean river runoff level of summer 2016 is noticeably lower compared to 2015 and 2017. It is because of the low level of precipitation. Relative high river runoff rates in summer 2017 are due to lower evapotranspiration rates and higher amount of precipitation. First time in Kyzyl-Suu River watershed, Kyrgyzstan, the hydrologic model for runoff simulation of the Kyzyl-Suu River was carried. more...
- Published
- 2021
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41. Identifying Suitable Sites for Rainwater Harvesting Structures Using Runoff Model (SCS-CN), Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Upper Kangsabati Watershed, West Bengal, India
- Author
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Subodh Chandra Pal, Manoranjan Ghosh, and Asish Saha
- Subjects
Hydrology ,Water resources ,Watershed management ,Watershed ,Environmental science ,Groundwater recharge ,Runoff curve number ,Surface runoff ,Rainwater harvesting ,Runoff model - Abstract
The Upper Kangsabati Watershed (UKW) is a drought-prone region where the scarcity of water risk has been leading to the serious potential human problems. To mitigate this water scarcity threat, watershed management in the forms of construction of rainwater harvesting (RWH) structures to trap the rainfall and unused surface runoff has become the main priorities. Watershed has been chosen as one of the principal planning units for water resources management in a sustainable way. The rainfall induced runoff always play vital role of the availability of surface, sub-surface and groundwater recharge within a particular watershed. The aims of our present research work are (a) to estimate the surface rainfall-runoff using Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) analysis and geospatial (GIS) technology, and (b) to identifying favorable sites for collection of rainwater using guiding principles given by Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) in conjunction with overlay analysis of weighted parameters in GIS platform of UKW. The different environmental parameters i.e. land use land cover (LULC), soil classes (texture), geomorphic, lineament, weathering profile, slope, hydrologic soil group (HSG),rainfall, runoff depth, and stream orders have used to analysis surface runoff and delineating different RWH structures of UKW. However, it has noticed that the deepness of average annual runoff is 979.45 mm and runoff volume is 280.85 m3. Being a part of the Chhotanagpur plateau, the study area is covered with hard rock terrain and having undulating rugged topography; thus, average annual runoff depth is significantly high. In addition, total thirty-three check dams, twenty-eight minor irrigation tanks, and eleven percolation tanks locations have identified for sustainable rainwater harvesting structures. Hence, this study will help planners to conserve the water, land and other natural resources of UKW. more...
- Published
- 2021
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42. Stochastic response of runoff model to mutually dependent rainfall input
- Author
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Masaru Kaido, Gaku Tanaka, and Mutsuhiro Fujita
- Subjects
Hydrology ,Environmental science ,Runoff model - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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43. Watershed runoff modeling through a multi-time scale approach by multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD)
- Author
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Hanyu Zhang, Wei Jiao, Q.J. Liu, Lin Liu, Kai Li, and Lizhi Wang
- Subjects
China ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Mode (statistics) ,Soil science ,General Medicine ,Annual cycle ,Pollution ,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ,Runoff model ,Evapotranspiration ,Linear regression ,Multivariate Analysis ,Water Resources ,Environmental Chemistry ,Time series ,Surface runoff ,Mathematics - Abstract
Accurate runoff modeling has an important role in water resource management. Attributable to the effects of climate variability and vegetation dynamics, runoff time series is nonstationary, resulting in the difficulty of runoff modeling. Detecting the temporal features of runoff and its potential influencing factors can help to increase the modeling accuracy. Selecting the Yihe watershed in the rocky mountainous area of northern China as a case study, multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD) was adopted to analyze the time scales of the monthly runoff and its influencing factors, i.e., precipitation (P), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and potential evapotranspiration (PE). Using the MEMD technique, the original monthly runoff and its influencing factors were decomposed into six orthogonal and bandlimited functions, i.e., intrinsic mode functions (IMF1-6) and one residue, respectively. Each IMF is a counterpart of the simple harmonic function and represents a simple but general oscillatory mode in the original time series data. The results of the IMF contribution rate showed that the annual cycle had the most important role in runoff, P, NDVI, T and PE change. The contribution of quarterly oscillation was the largest contribution for the month RH variability. The monotonic residue showed that the predominant trends of runoff, P, NDVI, T, RH, and PE were decreasing from 2006 to 2015. Stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) was chosen to simulate the runoff IMFs and residue. The modeling results using the IMFs and residue of the potential influencing factors as input variables (R2 ranges from 0.53 to 1.0) were better than those using the original time series of influencing factors as input variables (R2 ranges from 0.17 to 0.6). By summing all the modeled IMFs and residues, the monthly runoff model was obtained, which increased the R2 value by 24.2% compared with the SMLR model using the original time series of influencing factors as input. The results indicated that MEMD was efficient for improving the accuracy of nonstationary runoff modeling. more...
- Published
- 2020
44. Development of Integrated Land Simulator
- Author
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Tomoko Nitta, Takashi Arakawa, Misako Hatono, Akira Takeshima, and Kei Yoshimura
- Subjects
General-purpose coupler ,Energy and water cycle ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Floodplain ,Computer science ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Development (topology) ,Benchmark (surveying) ,Earth system modeling ,Simulation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Hydrogeology ,Climate simulation ,Flood myth ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ,Land model ,020801 environmental engineering ,Runoff model ,lcsh:Geology ,Multiple data ,lcsh:G ,Scalability ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences - Abstract
Accurate simulations of land processes are crucial for many purposes, such as climate simulation, weather, flood, and drought prediction, and climate change impact assessment studies. In this paper, we present a new land simulator called the Integrated Land Simulator (ILS). The ILS consists of multiple models that represent processes related to land (hereafter, referred to as “land models”). They are coupled by a general-purpose coupler, Jcup, and executed using the Multiple Program Multiple Data approach. Currently, ILS includes a physical land surface model, the Minimal Advanced Treatments of Surface Interaction and Runoff model, and a hydrodynamic model, the Catchment-based Macro-scale Floodplain model, and the inclusion of additional land models is planned. We conducted several test simulations to evaluate the computational speed and scalability and the basic physical performance of the ILS. The results will become a benchmark for further development. more...
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- 2020
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45. Application of Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) for Flood Assessment; Case Study of Kelani River Basin, Sri Lanka
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R. D. Singh, S. Rajkumar, and S. K. Mishra
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Hydrology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Flood myth ,Flooding (psychology) ,Drainage basin ,Environmental science ,Hydrograph ,Storm ,Structural basin ,HEC-HMS ,Runoff model - Abstract
Kelani River Basin in Sri Lanka experiences frequent flooding resulting in loss of lives and properties in this basin. Keeping this in view, a study is taken up for Flood Assessment in Kelani River Basin, Sri Lanka up to Hanwella gauging site using HEC-Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) tool. In the study, various available options of HEC-HMS have been considered for evaluation using various goodness of fit criteria, such as NashSutcliffe model efficiency (NSE), Percent Error in Peak, and Percent Error in Time to Peak and Percent error in Discharge Volume (Volume Deviation (Dv)). The Basin model has been selected considering the Kelani river basin up to Hanwella gauging site as a single basin for simulation of flood hydrographs and, in eteorological model, the Gaged weight option, of HEC-HMS, is considered for rainfall analysis. For the transform model or direct runoff model, Clark UH, SCS UH and Snyder UH models are considered. The calibration (manual and automatic) and validation of model parameters are carried out using hourly rainfall-runoff data of the five storm events observed during the monsoon seasons of the years 2017, 2016, 2014 and 2012. The Arc Map-ArcGIS and HEC-GeoHMS have also been used to process the different types of spatial data required as input for the HEC-HMS model application. It is found that the Clark model is the best-suited model for flood assessment of Kelani River Basin. The calibrated and validated Clark model can be very much useful for water managers and decision-makers to adopt structural and non-structural measures to minimize the losses due to frequent occurrence of floods in Kelani River Basin. more...
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- 2020
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46. APPLICATION OF THE «CLIMATE-RUNOFF» MODEL TO THE ASSESSMENT OF THE DANUBE RIVER BASIN WATER RESOURCES IN THE XXI CENTURY ACCORDING TO THE CLIMATE SCENARIOS (A1B)
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Y.V. Bozhok and N. S. Loboda
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Water resources ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Drainage basin ,Environmental science ,Water resource management ,Runoff model - Abstract
The results of calculations of possible state of water resources within The Danube River in the XXI century were shown. This estimation was based on the model «climate-runoff», developed in Odessa State Environmental University. As the input to model data of climate scenario A1B (model REMO) were used. Average long-term annual flow values using meteorological data (air temperature and precipitation) from the scenario for different climatic periods of XXI century were calculated. 32 points (grid nodes) which were uniformly distributed over the catchment area of The Danube River were studied. Projection of changes in water resources was given by comparing the calculation results in the past (before 1989) and in the future (1990-2030, 2031-2070, 2071-2100). The major trends in climatic factors of the flow formation and water resources were established. It is shown that the climatic conditions in the XXI century on the Danube River catchment is unfavorable for the formation of runoff. The positive component of the water balance (precipitation) remains unchanged and the negative component (evaporation) increases. Isolines of norms of climatic annual flow within the whole basin were constructed. It is established that by 2030 a significant reduction of water resources will not occur; during the 2031-2070 diminution will be 17,9%; during the 2071-2100 – 22,0%. Thus, in the XXI century, changes in the water resources of the Danube will not be destructive and irreversible. more...
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- 2020
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47. Conceptual runoff model for small catchments in the crystalline border mountains of Styria, as developed from isotopic investigations of single hydrological events
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D. Rank and W. Papesch
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Hydrology ,Geology ,Runoff model - Published
- 2020
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48. Hydrological Image Building Using Curve Number and Prediction and Evaluation of Runoff through Convolution Neural Network
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Chul Min Song
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Watershed ,lcsh:Hydraulic engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Mean squared error ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Computer Science::Neural and Evolutionary Computation ,0207 environmental engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Aquatic Science ,Runoff curve number ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Convolutional neural network ,hydrological image ,convolution neural network ,symbols.namesake ,lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,lcsh:TC1-978 ,020701 environmental engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Mathematics ,lcsh:TD201-500 ,curve number ,Artificial neural network ,business.industry ,Pattern recognition ,Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient ,Runoff model ,symbols ,runoff prediction ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Surface runoff - Abstract
This study developed a runoff model using a convolution neural network (CNN), which had previously only been used for classification problems, to get away from artificial neural networks (ANNs) that have been extensively used for the development of runoff models, and to secure diversity and demonstrate the suitability of the model. For this model&rsquo, s input data, photographs typically used in the CNN model could not be used, due to the nature of the study, hydrological images reflecting effects such as watershed conditions and rainfall were required, which posed further difficulties. To address this, the method of a generating hydrological image using the curve number (CN) published by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) was suggested in this study, and the hydrological images using CN were found to be sufficient as input data for the CNN model. Furthermore, this study was able to present a new application for the CN, which had been used only for estimating runoff. The model was trained and generalized stably overall, and R2, which indicates the relationship between the actual and predicted values, was relatively high at 0.82. The Pearson correlation coefficient, Nash&ndash, Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and root mean square error (RMSE), were 0.87, 0.60, and 16.20 m3/s, respectively, demonstrating a good overall model prediction performance. more...
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- 2020
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49. Adaptive flood control operation of the Xin’an Reservoir in future precipitation extremes under climate change
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Jianwei Yan, Xinsheng Bian, Wei Shi, Chaojun Sun, Yihan Zhao, Chenlu Zhou, Yu Zhang, Xiaohua Zhu, and Xin Wen
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Hydrology ,Return period ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Flood myth ,Drainage basin ,Climate change ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Runoff model ,Flood control ,Generalized extreme value distribution ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
In this study, a generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution–based statistical model has been developed and proposed to simulate historical and future precipitation extremes in the Xin’an River basin, and the vertical mixed runoff model was driven by future precipitation extremes to simulate the hydrological response to extreme flood events. An adaptive flood control operation model has been established and solved using genetic algorithm in order to ensure the safety of dam and downstream areas under precipitation extremes. In view of the precipitation events for the period 1951–2017, the monthly extreme precipitation events are expected to rise in the period 2020–2100 by 10.4%, 11.0%, and 11.4% at a 10-, 20-, and 50-year return period, respectively. After optimal regulation, the maximum release is reduced by 60.8%, 43.6%, and 42.7%, while the average reservoir water level is reduced by 0.13 m, 0.14 m, and 0.11 m in extreme flood events with a 10-, 20-, and 50-year return period, respectively. In conclusion, the adaptive flood control operation can ensure the safety of dam and downstream areas and mitigate possible impacts of extreme flood events under climate change. more...
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- 2020
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50. Flood zones detection using a runoff model built on Hexagonal shape based cellular automata
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Souhaib Douass and M'hamed Ait Kbir
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FOS: Computer and information sciences ,Geographic information system ,Flood myth ,Computer science ,Water flow ,business.industry ,Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases (nlin.CG) ,General Engineering ,FOS: Physical sciences ,computer.software_genre ,Statistics - Computation ,Cellular automaton ,Visualization ,Runoff model ,Modeling and simulation ,Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science (cs.CE) ,Geolocation ,Data mining ,business ,Computer Science - Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science ,computer ,Nonlinear Sciences - Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases ,Computation (stat.CO) - Abstract
This article presents a 3D geographic information systems (GIS) modeling and simulation of water flow in a landscape defined by a digital terrain model, provided by some available geolocation APIs. The proposed approach uses a cellular automata based algorithm to calculate water flow dynamic. The methodology was tested on a case study area of 27kmx19km located in Tangier, north of Morocco. In fact, we aim to detect flood zones in order to prevent problems related to space occupation in urban and rural regions. Some indices can be deduced from the stream shape using Cellular Automata (CA) based approach that can reduce the complexity related to space structures with multiple changes. A spatiotemporal simulation of the runoff process is provided using 3D visualization that we can pair with geographical information system tools (GIS). The 3D GIS modeling approach that was developed for the analyses of flood zones detection using a runoff model based on cellular automata was comprised of three main steps: Input (collection of data), calculation (CA tool) and visualization (3D simulation)., 7 pages, 19 figures, Published with International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) more...
- Published
- 2020
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