1. Cytokine storm in the pathophysiology of COVID-19: Possible functional disturbances of miRNAs
- Author
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Seyed Shahabeddin Mortazavi-Jahromi, Abbas Mirshafiey, and Mona Aslani
- Subjects
RhoB, Ras homolog gene family member B ,M-CSF, Macrophage CSF ,PPP2CA, Protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit alpha ,RNA pol, RNA polymerase ,medicine.medical_treatment ,IRF, IFN regulatory factor ,v-miRNA, Viral miRNA ,DCs, Dendritic cells ,MyD88, Myeloid differentiation factor 88 ,ISGs, IFN-stimulated genes ,TLRs, Toll-like receptors ,AT1R, Ang II receptor type 1 ,KCNQ1OT1, KCNQ1 overlapping transcript 1 ,CYLD, Cylindromatosis ,IFNs-I, Type I IFNs ,TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha ,cPLA2, Cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 ,LPS, Lipopolysaccharide ,Th cells, T helper cells ,LPLs, Lysophospholipids ,NLRP3, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 ,siRNAs, Small interfering RNAs ,CNS, Central nervous system ,pri-miRNAs, Primary miRNAs ,MDA5, Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 ,ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase ,MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ,BBB, Blood-brain barrier ,OxPLs, Oxidized phospholipids ,MODS, Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome ,mPGES-1, Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 ,RNAi, RNA interference ,ADAM17, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 ,AGO, Argonaute ,CRISPR, Cas13 family of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ,DAMPs, Damage-associated molecular patterns ,circRNAs, Circular RNAs ,CD, Cluster of differentiation ,JAK, Janus kinase ,TNFR, TNF receptor ,Cytokine Release Syndrome ,TRIM27, Tripartite motif-containing protein 27 ,gp130, Glycoprotein 130 ,MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase ,2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus ,CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand ,SOCS3, Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 ,Immunology ,COX, Cyclooxygenase ,Sry, Sex-determining region Y ,Article ,S protein, Spike protein ,microRNA ,Humans ,K, Lysine ,CSF, Colony-stimulating factor ,RGMB-AS1, RGMB antisense RNA 1 ,TIMP-I, Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases-I ,S100A9, S100 calcium-binding protein A9 ,Pharmacology ,SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ,NOXs, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases ,CHD, Coronary heart disease ,STAT, Signal transducer and activator of transcription ,Virus Internalization ,medicine.disease ,Viral replication ,NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ,miRNAs-based therapy ,TBK1, TANK-binding kinase 1 ,ORF, Open reading frame ,SOFA, Sequential organ failure assessment score ,lncRNAs, Long non-coding RNAs ,CatB/L, Cathepsin B/L ,sIL-6R, Soluble IL-6R ,ROS, Reactive oxygen species ,EAE, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ,RBCs, Red blood cells ,MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase ,PBMCs, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells ,N protein, Nucleocapsid protein ,Ig, Immunoglobulin ,Cytokine storm ,Bioinformatics ,Virus Replication ,3'-UTR, 3'-untranslated region ,H3, Histone 3 ,AGEs, Advanced glycation end products ,Renin-Angiotensin System ,XPO5, Exportin-5 ,G-CSF, Granulocyte CSF ,CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand ,DIC, Disseminated intravascular coagulation ,Immunology and Allergy ,IL, Interleukin ,PG, Prostaglandin ,RAS, Renin-Angiotensin system ,Amp, Amplifier ,MCs, Mast cells ,COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019 ,HSP, Heat shock protein ,AA, Arachidonic acid ,ASOs, Antisense oligonucleotides ,IFN, Interferon ,mRNA, Messenger RNA ,ICU, Intensive care unit ,Cytokine ,RAGE, Receptor for advanced glycation end products ,mIL-6R, Membrane IL-6 receptor ,FOXO3, Forkhead box O3 ,miRNAs ,LTs, Leukotrienes ,miRISC, MicroRNA-induced silencing complex ,IκB-ζ, Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B zeta ,Signal transduction ,me3, Trimethylation ,M protein, Membrane protein ,APJ, Apelin receptor ,AP-1, Activator protein 1 ,TMPRSS2, Transmembrane serine protease 2 ,PRR, Pattern recognition receptor ,GM-CSF, Granulocyte-macrophage CSF ,RIG-I, Retinoic acid-inducible gene I ,E protein, Envelope protein ,Biology ,hsa, Homo sapiens ,TXs, Thromboxanes ,LOXs, Lipoxygenases ,Virus ,ER, Endoplasmic reticulum ,ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome ,Gene regulators ,medicine ,me2, Dimethylation ,Animals ,PKCα, Protein kinase C alpha ,pre-miRNAs, Precursor miRNAs ,DMVs, Double membrane vesicles ,ceRNAs, Competing endogenous RNAs ,nsp, Non-structural protein ,Competing endogenous RNA ,SARS-CoV-2 ,ALI, Acute lung injury ,PaO2/FiO2, Pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional inspired oxygen concentration ,COVID-19 ,ACE, Angiotensin-converting enzyme ,ANRIL, Antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus ,miRNAs, MicroRNAs ,MEG3, Maternally expressed gene 3 ,Review article ,MicroRNAs ,DMD, Dense matted deposits ,TAB, Transforming growth factor β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1)-binding protein ,HMGB1, High mobility group box protein 1 ,Ang, Angiotensin - Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, as the causative agent of COVID-19, is an enveloped positives-sense single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Beta-CoVs sub-family. A sophisticated hyper-inflammatory reaction named cytokine storm is occurred in patients with severe/critical COVID-19, following an imbalance in immune-inflammatory processes and inhibition of antiviral responses by SARS-CoV-2, which leads to pulmonary failure, ARDS, and death. The miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs with an average length of 22 nucleotides which play various roles as one of the main modulators of genes expression and maintenance of immune system homeostasis. Recent evidence has shown that Homo sapiens (hsa)-miRNAs have the potential to work in three pivotal areas including targeting the virus genome, regulating the inflammatory signaling pathways, and reinforcing the production/signaling of IFNs-I. However, it seems that several SARS-CoV-2-induced interfering agents such as viral (v)-miRNAs, cytokine content, competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), etc. preclude efficient function of hsa-miRNAs in severe/critical COVID-19. This subsequently leads to increased virus replication, intense inflammatory processes, and secondary complications development. In this review article, we provide an overview of hsa-miRNAs roles in viral genome targeting, inflammatory pathways modulation, and IFNs responses amplification in severe/critical COVID-19 accompanied by probable interventional factors and their function. Identification and monitoring of these interventional elements can help us in designing the miRNAs-based therapy for the reduction of complications/mortality rate in patients with severe/critical forms of the disease.
- Published
- 2021