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This study was aimed to prepared new polymeric coverings reinforced by the naturally occurring pigment anthocyanins and investigate their biological efficacy when combined with certain drugs against specific kinds of microbe’s pathogens. FT-IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to identify the active groups of the anthocyanin pigment, which were situated the functional groups of anthocyanin in contrast to crystalline compounds, X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination also revealed the production of irregularly constituted compounds. Furthermore, all derivative compounds were had high inhibitory activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, as well as against the fungus Candida albicans in different concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Salbutamol, a short-acting β2-agonist used in asthma treatment, is available in multiple formulations, including inhalers, nebulizers, oral tablets, and intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous routes. Each formulation exhibits distinct pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles, influencing therapeutic outcomes and adverse effects. Although asthma management predominantly relies on inhaled salbutamol, understanding how these formulations interact with patient-specific characteristics could improve personalized medicine approaches, potentially uncovering the therapeutic benefits of alternative formulations for an individual patient. Herein, this study aims to analyze how covariates—such as age, weight, gender, body surface area (BSA), cytochrome P450 (CYP) expression, race, and health status—affect the therapeutic regime of orally administered salbutamol using population PK (popPK) modeling. The final model is intended as a tool to support the selection of optimal formulation and dosage regimen based on individual patient profiles. Methods: A dataset of 40 virtual patients derived from a physiologically based PK (PBPK) model of oral salbutamol was included in the popPK model. Results: A two-compartment model with first-order elimination and absorption, with a transit compartment, best described the plasma concentration–time profile following a 4 mg dose. Relationships were identified between gender and mean transit time (Mtt) and clearance (Cl), as well as the effects of weight and BSA on the volume of distribution of the central compartment (V1) and Cl, and a significant impact of health status on Cl. Conclusions: Despite current contraindications for oral salbutamol, our findings suggest that certain individuals, particularly children, may benefit from oral treatment over inhalation. We also identified individual characteristics associated with increased salbutamol toxicity risk, indicating the need for dose adjustment or alternative administration. This study further highlights the potential of popPK modeling in personalized therapy through a fully in silico approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Salbutamol is the most preferred and widely used drug for treating bronchial asthma and bronchospasm. Its abuse has however been reported amongst users. Most of the side effects reports on salbutamol are clinical based such as headache, tremor, weakness etc. This study, therefore, investigated the sub-acute effect of oral salbutamol on the general morphology of the cerebellum and hippocampus of adult Wistar rats. Method and Material: Twenty adult Male Wistar rats (125 -- 224g) were divided into four groups of five rats each. The control (distilled water); the 20mg/kg salbutamol, the 30mg/kg salbutamol, and the 40mg/kg salbutamol groups. Drugs were administered orally for 21 days. The body weight of each animal was monitored throughout the experiment. On day 22, animals were euthanized, brains excised, fixed in 10% buffered formal-saline, cerebelli and hippocampi were identified and processed with Haematoxylin and Eosin staining techniques. Data were analysed by ANOVA at p≤0.05 level of significance using SPSS and results presented as mean ± SEM Results: Results showed that the animals that received 30mg/kg and 40mg/kg salbutamol had significant weight loss. The cerebellum of the 40mg/kg group showed eroded granule cell layer. Hippocampus also revealed pyknotic cells in the pyramidal cell layers at 30mg/kg and 40mg/kg. Conclusions: This study showed that salbutamol at relatively higher doses caused significant weight loss; degeneration of cerebellum granule cells, which might affect motor coordination; and pyknosis of hippocampal pyramidal cells which may affect learning and memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The combination of aminophylline and salbutamol is frequently used in clinical practice in the treatment of obstructive lung diseases. While the side effects (including arrhythmias) of the individual bronchodilator drugs were well described previously, the side effects of combined treatment are almost unknown. We aimed to study the arrhythmogenic potential of combined aminophylline and salbutamol treatment in vitro. For this purpose, we used the established atomic force microscopy (AFM) model coupled with cardiac organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CMs). We focused on the chronotropic, inotropic, and arrhythmogenic effects of salbutamol alone and aminophylline and salbutamol combined treatment. We used a method based on heart rate/beat rate variability (HRV/BRV) analysis to detect arrhythmic events in the hPSC-CM based AFM recordings. Salbutamol and aminophylline had a synergistic chronotropic and inotropic effect compared to the effects of monotherapy. Our main finding was that salbutamol reduced the arrhythmogenic effect of aminophylline, most likely mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase activated by beta-2 adrenergic receptors. These findings were replicated and confirmed using hPSC-CM derived from two cell lines (CCTL4 and CCTL12). Data suggest that salbutamol as an add-on therapy may not only deliver a bronchodilator effect but also increase the cardiovascular safety of aminophylline, as salbutamol reduces its arrhythmogenic potential.

ABSTRACT Salbutamol is a short‐acting and selective beta‐2 adrenergic agonist. Inhaled (IH) administration of salbutamol is widely used to control lower respiratory tract disease in horses. Here, we estimated the pharmacokinetic parameters of salbutamol after a single intravenous (IV) or IH administration in six horses, and we statistically analysed the detection times with various dosing regimens. Plasma and urine concentrations of salbutamol were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and data were modelled by using a nonlinear mixed effect model followed by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). With IH salbutamol, the maximum plasma concentration was 0.12 ± 0.06 ng/mL at 0.29 ± 0.17 h after administration. Typical values were, for clearance, 1.53 L/kg/h; distribution volume at steady state, 5.43 L/kg; terminal half‐life, 6.06 h; IH bioavailability, 19.0%; and urine to plasma ratio, 2057. Statistically estimated 95th percentile detection times in the urine at levels below the international screening limit (0.5 ng/mL) proposed by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities, as simulated in 5000 horses by MCS, were 44 h after 1.6 μg/kg q 24 and 54 h after 1.6 μg/kg q 4 h over a 3‐day IH administration period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of aminophylline and salbutamol is frequently used in clinical practice in the treatment of obstructive lung diseases. While the side effects (including arrhythmias) of the individual bronchodilator drugs were well described previously, the side effects of combined treatment are almost unknown. We aimed to study the arrhythmogenic potential of combined aminophylline and salbutamol treatment in vitro. For this purpose, we used the established atomic force microscopy (AFM) model coupled with cardiac organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CMs). We focused on the chronotropic, inotropic, and arrhythmogenic effects of salbutamol alone and aminophylline and salbutamol combined treatment. We used a method based on heart rate/beat rate variability (HRV/BRV) analysis to detect arrhythmic events in the hPSC-CM based AFM recordings. Salbutamol and aminophylline had a synergistic chronotropic and inotropic effect compared to the effects of monotherapy. Our main finding was that salbutamol reduced the arrhythmogenic effect of aminophylline, most likely mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase activated by beta-2 adrenergic receptors. These findings were replicated and confirmed using hPSC-CM derived from two cell lines (CCTL4 and CCTL12). Data suggest that salbutamol as an add-on therapy may not only deliver a bronchodilator effect but also increase the cardiovascular safety of aminophylline, as salbutamol reduces its arrhythmogenic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives Spirometric glycopyrronium responsiveness, a new advent, needs to be examined at in terms of degree and frequency in different obstructive-airway diseases diagnosed in real world practise. Methods Serial and willing symptomatic affected individuals of suspected airway disease underwent a pragmatic post-consultation spirometry-protocol on the same day with salbutamol followed by glycopyrronium bromide. The diagnosis of asthma (FEV1-reversibility ≥ 200 ml + 12%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (FEV1/FVC<0.7 and FEV1-reversibility <200 ml and/or 12%), and 'unclassified' (neither asthma nor COPD) were determined on post-salbutamol changes. The performances of the two classes of bronchodilators were compared on FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEV1, and FEF-25-75 while the relative frequency of significant responsiveness for salbutamol (≥200 ml) and glycopyrronium (≥100 ml) were noted. Results Fifteen hundred and eighty study participants consisting of asthma (n=329; 21%), COPD (n=641; 40%), and 'unclassified' (n=610; 39%) were included. Both salbutamol and glycopyrronium had demonstrated improvement across the spirometric parameters. The salbutamol responsiveness was statistically significant in all but COPD in terms of absolute values of FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF25-75 and the glycopyrronium responsiveness was significant in all plus COPD in FVC, FEV1, and FEF25-75 values. While all the asthmatics, 9.83 per cent of 'unclassified' study participants, and none of the COPD affected individuals had significant FEV1 responsiveness to salbutamol, the glycopyrronium responsiveness for the three conditions were 38.3, 40.25 and 24.26 per cent, respectively. The combined reversibility for asthma, COPD, and unclassified were 401.5±173.9, 119.5±109.3, and 158.7±136.3 ml, respectively. Interpretation & conclusions Spirometry with serial salbutamol and glycopyrronium responsiveness may prove helpful in identifying syndromic diagnosis and choosing the bronchodilator treatment of airway diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study examined the duration of bronchodilation induced by nebulized glycopyrronium bromide (GB) and compared its effectiveness and incidence of any side effects with the combination of salbutamol and ipratropium bromide (SI) in critically ill mechanically ventilated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Patients and methods: This prospective, observational study was conducted in mechanically ventilated adult patients of COPD (18-75 years). Data of two groups of patients were collected for 12 hours each for three consecutive days after the nebulization - Group I: those who received 25 ng of GB, and Group II: those who received 1.25 mg of levo-salbutamol and 500 ng of ipratropium by nebulization. Results: A significantly higher number of patients in group II had copious secretions. The mean static compliance was comparable at all time intervals, whereas the mean airway pressure was significantly lower in group II from 15 minutes to 4 hours post-nebulization. In group I, the onset of bronchodilation was 30 minutes on days 1 and 3, and 60 minutes on day 2, whereas, in group II, it was 60 minutes on days 1 and 2 and 30 minutes on day 3. In group I, bronchodilation was 10 hours on day 1 and 12 hours each on days 2 and 3, whereas in group II, bronchodilation was 4 hours on day 1 and 6 hours each on day 2 and 3. Conclusion: Compared with SI, GB nebulization resulted in lesser respiratory secretions, a longer duration of action in terms of lowered airway resistance, and no adverse effects like hypertension, tachycardia, or desiccation of respiratory secretions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Activation of β2 adrenergic receptors reduces cutaneous mechanical pain thresholds in rats. While β2 adrenergic receptor activation may contribute to mechanisms that underlie temporomandibular joint pain, its effect on masticatory muscle pain sensitivity is uncertain. Objectives: The current study sought to determine the extent to which β adrenergic receptors are expressed by masticatory muscle afferent fibres, and to assess the effect of local activation of these receptors on the mechanical sensitivity of masticatory muscle afferent fibres in rats. Methods: Trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate the rat (n = 12) masseter muscle and lower lip were identified by tissue injection of fluorescent dyes and were then stained with antibodies against β1 or β2 adrenergic receptors. Extracellular recordings from 60 trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate the masticatory muscle were undertaken in a second group of anaesthetised rats of both sexes (n = 37) to assess afferent mechanical activation thresholds. Thresholds were assessed before and after injection of the β adrenergic receptor agonists into masticatory muscle. Results: β1 and β2 adrenergic receptor expression was greater in labial skin than in masticatory muscle ganglion neurons (p <.05, one‐way ANOVA, Holm–Sidak test). There was a higher expression of β2 adrenergic receptors in masticatory muscle ganglion neurons in males than in females. The mixed β agonist isoproterenol increased afferent mechanical activation threshold in male but not female rats (p <.05, Mann–Whitney test). In male rats, salbutamol, a β2 selective agonist, also increased afferent mechanical activation threshold but hydralazine, a vasodilator, did not (p <.05, Mann–Whitney test). Conclusion: Activation of β2 adrenergic receptors decreases the mechanical sensitivity of masticatory muscle afferent fibres in a sex‐related manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Salbutamol is a popular drug used in respiratory diseases. With the increasing prevalence of the use of this substance for therapeutic purposes and its availability on the market, the frequency of its use for other purposes has also risen due to its effects outside the respiratory system. The aim of the study was to investigate the medico-legal aspects of salbutamol. Material and methods. Medical literature databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched. The search was carried out in accordance with the specified purpose of the keyword research using Boolean operators. Analysis of the literature. In sports, the use of salbutamol is strictly regulated by anti-doping regulations. Recreational substance abuse and accidental overdoses, mainly among children and the elderly, are also important. Rare cases of suicide attempts associated with the use of salbutamol have also been reported. Conclusion. Salbutamol overdoses are usually not life threatening. However, one should remember about the possibility of accidental overdose, especially among the elderly and children taking the drug chronically. Currently, the use of salbutamol for recreational purposes is rare. In sports, the status of salbutamol use, especially among athletes who do not require its use for therapeutic reasons, is still a controversial issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to examine the existence of broncho-obstruction of the airways in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as changes in resistance values in this part of the bronchial tree after inhalation of salbutamol.

To study the changes in dynamic compliance (C dyn), ventilation/perfusion (V ˙ / Q ˙) mismatch and haemodynamic variables in hypoxaemic anaesthetized horses whose PaO 2 increased following salbutamol inhalation. Retrospective, clinical, cohort study. A group of 73 client-owned horses treated with salbutamol when PaO 2 <100 mmHg (13.3 kPa) during anaesthesia. Horses were divided into two groups: responders (R), where PaO 2 after salbutamol ≥1.2 PaO 2 before treatment (i.e. ≥20% increase), and non-responders (NR), where PaO 2 after salbutamol <1.2 PaO 2 before treatment. Demographic data and intraoperative variables before treatment were compared between R and NR. C dyn , arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide difference [P(a-E´)CO 2 ], estimated ratio of dead space to tidal volume (est.V D /V T), estimated shunt fraction (F-shunt), heart rate, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressure and dobutamine requirements were compared before and after treatment within R and NR. For each variable, the difference (Δ) between values pre- and posttreatment was calculated and compared between groups R and NR. Numerical data were compared using univariate or bivariate analysis and categorical data were compared using chi-square test; p < 0.05. Of the 73 horses 50 were classified as R while 23 horses were classified as NR. There was no statistical difference between R and NR for demographic data or initial intraoperative variables except for body weight [R: 531 (170–715) kg, NR: 540 (420–914) kg]. While salbutamol did not alter C dyn in either group, it significantly decreased P(a-E´)CO 2 , est.V D /V T and F-shunt in R only. ΔP(a-E´)CO 2 , Δest.V D /V T and ΔF-shunt were significantly greater in R (−17.8%, −19.0% and −24.1%, respectively) than in NR (11.5%, 6.6% and −0.3%, respectively). In hypoxaemic anaesthetized horses responding to inhaled salbutamol by a ≥1.2 increase in PaO 2 no change in C dyn was detected, but indicators of V ˙ / Q ˙ mismatch improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the efficacy of inhaled salbutamol with salmeterol for the treatment of arterial hypoxaemia in anaesthetized horses. Prospective, randomized, clinical study. A total of 108 client-owned horses (American Society of Anesthesiologists status I–V) anaesthetized for elective and emergency procedures. Horses were premedicated with acepromazine [intramuscularly 0.1 mg kg–1 or intravenously (IV) 0.05 mg kg–1] and xylazine (0.6 mg kg–1 IV). Midazolam (0.06 mg kg–1 IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg–1 IV) were combined to induce anaesthesia, and isoflurane in oxygen/air mixture (inspired oxygen fraction 0.7) was used for maintenance of anaesthesia. Mechanical ventilation was initiated without delay using the following ventilator settings: tidal volume 10 mL kg–1, respiratory rate 8 breaths minute–1, inspiratory-to-expiratory time ratio 1:2, no positive end-expiratory pressure. If arterial blood gas analysis revealed PaO 2 < 100 mmHg (13.3 kPa), the administration of either inhaled salbutamol (2 μg kg–1) or salmeterol (0.5 μg kg–1) was randomly assigned Blood gas analysis was repeated 15 and 30 minutes after treatment. The intervention was considered successful when PaO 2 after treatment ≥ 1.2 × PaO 2 before treatment (i.e. ≥20% increase). PaO 2 at 15 and 30 minutes was compared between groups using Mann–Whitney U test; p < 0.05 was considered significant. Of the 108 horses, 60 were administered salbutamol, 65% and 60% responded successfully at 15 and 30 minutes, increasing their initial PaO 2 by 38% and 44%, respectively. The other 48 horses were administered salmeterol, 35% responded successfully at 15 and 30 minutes, increasing their initial PaO 2 by 3% and 4%, respectively. PaO 2 was significantly higher after salbutamol than after salmeterol at 15 and 30 minutes. Using the described protocol, inhaled salbutamol was more effective than salmeterol in improving PaO 2 in anaesthetized horses with value < 100 mmHg (13.3 kPa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 2.5 and 1.25 mg nebulized salbutamol on Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN) compared with placebo. Methods: We conducted a triple-blind, phase II/III parallel randomized controlled trial in two university-affiliated hospitals with neonatal intensive care units. Newborns with a confirmed diagnosis of TTN, with gestational age >35 weeks and gestational weight >2 kg were included. Cases of asphyxia, meconium aspiration syndrome, and persistent pulmonary hypertension were excluded. Ninety eligible patients were randomly allocated in three intervention groups (2.5 mg salbutamol, 1.25 mg salbutamol, and placebo), and a single-dose nebulized product was prescribed 6 hours after the birth. Safety outcomes included postintervention tachycardia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, and changes in blood pressure. To evaluate the efficacy, the duration of postintervention tachypnea, TTN clinical score, and clinical and paraclinical respiratory indices were assessed. Parents, Outcome assessors, and data analyzer were blind to the intervention. Results: There was no adverse reaction, including tachycardia, hypokalemia, and jitteriness. Both groups of salbutamol recipients showed significant improvement regarding respiratory rate, TTN clinical score, and oxygenation indices compared with the placebo (p-values <0.001). Nonstatistically significant higher hospital stay was observed in the placebo group. Single 2.5 mg salbutamol nebulization showed a little better outcome than the dose of 1.25 mg, although we could not find statistical superiority. Conclusion: The newly applied single high dose of 2.5 mg nebulized salbutamol is safe in treating TTN and leads to notable faster improvement of respiratory status without any considerable adverse reaction. Registry code: IRCT20190328043133N1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interindividual variability, influenced by patient-specific factors including age, weight, gender, race, and genetics, among others, contributes to variations in therapeutic response. Population pharmacokinetic (popPK) modeling is an essential tool for pinpointing measurable factors affecting dose-concentration relationships and tailoring dosage regimens to individual patients. Herein, we developed a popPK model for salbutamol, a short-acting β2-agonist (SABA) used in asthma treatment, to identify key patient characteristics that influence treatment response. To do so, synthetic data from physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models was employed, followed by an external validation using real patient data derived from an equivalent study. Thirty-two virtual patients were included in this study. A two-compartment model, with first-order absorption (no delay), and linear elimination best fitted our data, according to diagnostic plots and selection criteria. External validation demonstrated a strong agreement between individual predicted and observed values. The incorporation of covariates into the basic structural model identified a significant impact of age on clearance (Cl) and intercompartmental clearance (Q); gender on Cl and the constant rate of absorption (ka); race on Cl; and weight on Cl in the volume of distribution of the peripheral compartment (V2). This study addresses critical challenges in popPK modeling, particularly data scarcity, incompleteness, and homogeneity, in traditional clinical trials, by leveraging synthetic data from PBPK modeling. Significant associations between individual characteristics and salbutamol's PK parameters, here uncovered, highlight the importance of personalized therapeutic regimens for optimal treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5q-Spinal muscular atrophy (5q-SMA) is one of the most common neuromuscular diseases due to homozygous mutations in the SMN1 gene. This leads to a loss of function of the SMN1 gene, which in the end determines lower motor neuron degeneration. Since the generation of the first mouse models of SMA neuropathology, a complex degenerative involvement of the neuromuscular junction and peripheral axons of motor nerves, alongside lower motor neurons, has been described. The involvement of the neuromuscular junction in determining disease symptoms offers a possible parallel therapeutic target. This narrative review aims at providing an overview of the current knowledge about the pathogenesis and significance of neuromuscular junction dysfunction in SMA, circulating biomarkers, outcome measures and available or developing therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salbutamol, which has nontoxic properties, was effectively extracted from expired Farcolin and was evaluated as an inhibitor against carbon steel (CSt) dissolution in 1.0 M HCl solution. Some technologies were applied to determine the inhibition efficacy of Salbutamol such as weight loss (WL), potentiodynamic polarization (PP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, FTIR, 1HNMR, and mass spectroscopy were used to clarify the structure of Salbutamol. The findings indicate that CSt can profit significantly from the recycling of Farcolin medicine and that Salbutamol may be extracted and employed as a CSt corrosion inhibitor. The efficiency of the inhibition improved with an increase in the dosage of salbutamol, polarization resistance and lowering corrosion current density, WL, and temperature. It’s reached 89.65% at a dose of 200 ppm using the EIS technology. The inhibition impact of Salbutamol was interpreted due to its spontaneous adsorption on the CSt/electrolyte interface, in accordance with Langmuir isotherm. Salbutamol was classified as a mixed inhibitor. In addition, how temperature affects the corrosion rate is considered by calculating and discussing some thermodynamic parameters.

Abstract Background Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are among the most challenging differential diagnoses in the neuromuscular domain, consisting of diverse genotypes and phenotypes. A mutation in the Docking Protein 7 (Dok-7) is a common cause of CMS. DOK7 CMS requires different treatment than other CMS types. Regarding DOK7’s special considerations and challenges ahead of neurologists, we describe seven DOK7 patients and evaluate their response to treatment. Methods The authors visited these patients in the neuromuscular clinics of Tehran and Kerman Universities of Medical Sciences Hospitals. They diagnosed these patients based on clinical findings and neurophysiological studies, which Whole Exome Sequencing confirmed. For each patient, we tried unique medications and recorded the clinical response. Results The symptoms started from birth to as late as the age of 33, with the mean age of onset being 12.5. Common symptoms were: Limb-girdle weakness in 6, fluctuating symptoms in 5, ptosis in 4, bifacial weakness in 3, reduced extraocular movement in 3, bulbar symptoms in 2 and dyspnea in 2 3-Hz RNS was decremental in 5 out of 6 patients. Salbutamol was the most effective. c.1124_1127dupTGCC is the most common variant; three patients had this variant. Conclusion We strongly recommend that neurologists consider CMS in patients with these symptoms and a similar familial history. We recommend prescribing salbutamol as the first-choice treatment option for DOK7 patients.

Introduction: Salbutamol is a moderately selective beta-2-adrenergic agonist. Various side effects can occur because of beta-1 and beta-2 receptor activation. Due to the large volume of distribution, it is not considered dialyzable. Case Presentation: A patient with salbutamol intoxication, which developed as a result of a medical error in a patient with sepsis, Down syndrome, and liver cirrhosis, is presented. Initial treatment was partially successful and antibiotic adjustments were made. After his respiratory failure worsened, the patient needed non-invasive ventilation, and previously undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was suspected. He was prescribed intravenous methylprednisolone but accidently received 5 mg of salbutamol (albuterol), which led to immediate severe arrhythmic tachycardia with hemodynamic collapse. After unsuccessful cardioversion and treatment with landiolol infusion, salvage hemodialysis was commenced to decrease suspectedly highly elevated serum salbutamol levels. After 30 min, sinus rhythm with normocardia was observed. After the hemodialysis termination, no rebound tachycardia was noted, but due to severe septic shock, the hypotension was ongoing and vasoactive medications were adjusted. However, the measured levels of plasma salbutamol and data from literature do not support the view that hemodialysis was the cause of the described improvement: the total amount of the drug cleared was very small (2.8% of total dose). Conclusion: Our results confirm a large volume of salbutamol distribution; the measured levels are within observed therapeutic levels; and the measured half-life time during hemodialysis (3.1 h) is comparable to observed half-life times in therapeutic settings. The observed favorable clinical benefit associated with dialysis may be fortuitous, highlighting potential bias toward positive clinical outcomes and unproven (“salvage”) therapies.

Aim. Effectiveness and safety of levosalbutamol metered dose inhaler (MDI) in comparison with placebo and salbutamol. Materials and methods. In this multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, 3-period crossover study, all asthma patients (n=91) received levosalbutamol (90 mcg), salbutamol (180 mcg), and placebo using standard MDI. Pulmonary function testing – forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) – was performed 45 and 15 minutes before and 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes after dosing. The primary efficacy endpoint was the baseline-corrected area under FEV1 curve from 0 to 6 hours (AUC(0–6h)). Secondary endpoints were the baseline adjusted FEV1 and FVC peak values, as well as the onset of drug action. Results. The FEV1 AUC0–6 hours analysis confirmed similar bronchodilatory levosalbutamol and salbutamol effect (p=0.595), significantly improved compared with placebo (p0.001). The peak values of FEV1 and FVC after levosalbutamol or salbutamol dosing were similar (p=0.643) and significantly higher compared with placebo group (p0.001). The active therapy effect was observed 5 minutes after dosing and throughout the entire observation period up to 6 hours, however, there was some tendency towards a longer duration of action of levosalbutamol compared to salbutamol. Levosalbutamol was well tolerated by patients; after levosalbutamol dosing twiсе fewer adverse reactions were observed compared to salbutamol. Conclusion. Levosalbutamol at a 90-mcg dose showed efficacy similar to that of salbutamol at a dose of 180 mcg, assosiated with a good safety profile.

In comparison to the worldwide burden of asthma, although India contributes to 13% of the total asthma prevalence, it has a threefold higher mortality rate and more than twofold higher DALYs, indicating a substantial gap in asthma diagnosis and treatment. Asthma causes significant suffering, affecting people’s quality of life and draining the country’s resources; therefore, we must devise ways and means to fill these gaps. The most successful and cost-efficient strategy to battle asthma is to form strong partnerships between patients, the general public, the government, the pharmaceutical industry and non-governmental organisations. This necessitates a comprehensive approach that involves raising awareness, developing universally applicable recommendations, increasing access to high-quality asthma care, and other measures. The purpose of this article was to review the existing scenario of asthma management in India and the factors that contribute to it and devise unique and all-encompassing strategies to fill these gaps.

Background: Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are among the most challenging differential diagnoses in the neuromuscular domain, consisting of diverse genotypes and phenotypes. A mutation in the Docking Protein 7 (Dok-7) is a common cause of CMS. DOK7 CMS requires different treatment than other CMS types. Regarding DOK7's special considerations and challenges ahead of neurologists, we describe seven DOK7 patients and evaluate their response to treatment. Methods: The authors visited these patients in the neuromuscular clinics of Tehran and Kerman Universities of Medical Sciences Hospitals. They diagnosed these patients based on clinical findings and neurophysiological studies, which Whole Exome Sequencing confirmed. For each patient, we tried unique medications and recorded the clinical response. Results: The symptoms started from birth to as late as the age of 33, with the mean age of onset being 12.5. Common symptoms were: Limb-girdle weakness in 6, fluctuating symptoms in 5, ptosis in 4, bifacial weakness in 3, reduced extraocular movement in 3, bulbar symptoms in 2 and dyspnea in 2 3-Hz RNS was decremental in 5 out of 6 patients. Salbutamol was the most effective. c.1124_1127dupTGCC is the most common variant; three patients had this variant. Conclusion: We strongly recommend that neurologists consider CMS in patients with these symptoms and a similar familial history. We recommend prescribing salbutamol as the first-choice treatment option for DOK7 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the case of a 27-year-old female patient with idiopathic congenital complete heart block who does not consent to the implantation of a cardiac pacemaker but was referred by her primary care physician for cardiological evaluation. The conduction disturbance was recognized at the age of 6 and was asymptomatic. The professional disqualification from pacemaker implantation included a detailed history of a patient's symptoms, an echocardiographic assessment of the heart, exercise testing and ECG Holter monitoring. The aid of salbutamol administered orally was also useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the surface roughness and friction of different orthodontic archwires after exposure to salbutamol sulphate inhalation, an anti‐asthmatic medication. Methods: Orthodontic archwires (stainless‐steel [StSt], nickel‐titanium [NiTi], beta‐titanium [β‐Ti], and copper‐NiTi [Cu‐NiTi]) were equally divided into two groups. The exposed groups were subjected to 20 mg salbutamol sulphate for 21 days and kept in artificial saliva. The control groups were only kept in artificial saliva. Surface changes were visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The average surface roughness (Ra) was evaluated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and friction resistance forces were assessed using a universal testing machine. Statistical analyses were performed using t‐tests and ANOVA followed by post hoc tests. Results: Salbutamol sulphate did not change the surface roughness of StSt and NiTi archwires (p >.05). However, the change in the surfaces of β‐Ti and Cu‐NiTi archwires was significant (p <.001). The frictional forces of exposed StSt, NiTi, and Cu‐NiTi archwires did not change (p >.05). However, the frictional forces of β‐Ti archwires increased significantly after exposure to salbutamol sulphate (p =.021). Brushing with fluoride after exposure to salbutamol sulphate increased the frictional forces of β‐Ti only (p =.002). Conclusions: Salbutamol sulphate inhalation significantly affected the surface texture of β‐Ti and Cu‐NiTi orthodontic archwires and increased the friction of β‐Ti archwires. These deteriorating effects were not detected on the surface of StSt and NiTi archwires. Therefore, we suggest that β‐Ti and copper titanium archwires should be used cautiously in individuals under salbutamol sulphate inhalation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the response between different doses of nebulized magnesium sulphate along with Salbutamol in children between two to 12 years of age with status asthmaticus. Methods: This single blinded, randomized clinical trial was carried out at the Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan during October 2021 to September 2022. A total of 104 children aged between 2-12 years, with the diagnosis of asthma having "Pediatric Rapid Assessment Measure (PRAM)" score>4 and with reactive airways were included. Children either received three back-to-back nebulization with salbutamol solution only (n=50) or salbutamol and MgSO4 with three different doses (250mg, 500mg or 750mg) after every 20 minutes for 60 minutes. The PRAM score was used as an assessment tool to clinically score asthma. Results: In a total of 104 children, 53 (51.0%) were girls. The mean age was 5.25±2.86 years. No statistically significant difference was found in PRAM scores at baseline (p=0.448) and at 20-minutes (p=0.072) but significant differences were observed at 40-minutes (p=0.009), 60-minutes (p=0.011), 120-minutes (p=0.010), 6-hours (=0.034), 12-hours (p=0.018), 18-hours (p=0.033) and at 24-hours (p=0.029). The reduction in PRAM scores from baseline to 24-hours following treatment among Salbutamol, Salbutamol+ MgSo4 250mg, Salbutamol+ MgSo4 500mg and Salbutamol+ MgSo4 750mg group were 6.53±1.09, 7.22±1.09, 6.85±1.43 and 7.57±1.06 respectively (p=0.007). Conclusion: While children with status asthmaticus managed using salbutamol, with or without nebulized MgSO4, showed improved clinical outcomes, combining salbutamol with higher dosages of nebulized MgSO4 resulted in even greater clinical improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In comparison to the worldwide burden of asthma, although India contributes to 13% of the total asthma prevalence, it has a threefold higher mortality rate and more than twofold higher DALYs, indicating a substantial gap in asthma diagnosis and treatment. Asthma causes significant suffering, affecting people's quality of life and draining the country's resources; therefore, we must devise ways and means to fill these gaps. The most successful and cost-efficient strategy to battle asthma is to form strong partnerships between patients, the general public, the government, the pharmaceutical industry and non-governmental organisations. This necessitates a comprehensive approach that involves raising awareness, developing universally applicable recommendations, increasing access to high-quality asthma care, and other measures. The purpose of this article was to review the existing scenario of asthma management in India and the factors that contribute to it and devise unique and all-encompassing strategies to fill these gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition which poses a significant global health burden, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. There's growing interest in exploring alternative methods, like medicinal plants, which are crucial for novel drug development opportunities. The aim of the study is to conduct an in-silico investigation on the bioactive compounds present in some medicinal plants traditionally used for treating asthma. The research employed computational software like Maestro 12.8 running on the Windows 10 operating system. Ligand preparation consisted of acquiring SDF format files from the PubChem database and employing the ligprep panel within Maestro 12.8. For protein preparation, protein structures were downloaded from the RCSB directory, and the protein preparation wizard was utilized, followed by receptor grid generation to delineate active sites for docking. Molecular docking procedures were carried out using HTVS, while ADMET predictions were conducted using integrated, in-silico models such as the Swiss ADME online server to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties of the test compounds.A phytoconstituent from Adansonia digitata had higher binding affinity than standard salbutamol against beta-2 receptor, 5 surpassed isobutyl lmethyxanthine (IBMX) against phosphodiesterase (PDE) protein target, while 6 neared fluticasone furoate against glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein target. 8 phytoconstituents from Allium sativum showed similar affinity to salbutamol against beta-2 receptor, 13 surpassed IBMX against PDE, and 20 approached fluticasone furoate against GR. 10 phytoconstituents from Cynodon dactylon had comparable affinity to salbutamol against beta-2 receptor, 7 to IBMX against PDE, and 7 to fluticasone furoate against GR. 11 phytoconstituents from Casuarina equisetifolia had comparable affinity to salbutamol against beta-2 receptor, 7 surpassed IBMX against PDE, and 12 approached fluticasone furoate against GR. Five phytoconstituents from Euphorbia hirta had similar affinity to salbutamol against beta-2 receptor, 21 surpassed IBMX against PDE, and 11 approached fluticasone furoate against GR, all selected for further screening. ADMET analysis showed favorable pharmacokinetics and toxicity, with post-docking analysis revealing ligand-receptor interactions. These findings underscore the potential of plantderived compounds as candidates for asthma management, warranting further investigation and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The static charge on the plastic body of spacers attracts drug aerosols, reducing the drug available for inhalation from plastic spacers. Some instructions exist to decrease the electric charge on plastic spacers, such as priming them with salbutamol (20 puffs) before use. This study investigates whether priming plastic spacer devices with this method can improve the bronchodilator test result. This study included children with stable mild to moderate asthma. All subjects underwent two pulmonary function tests to evaluate their bronchodilator response on separate days at 24-48 hours intervals. On each day, spirometry was performed at the baseline and 15 min after inhalation of four puffs of salbutamol (100 μg/puff) through either a primed or a new spacer. The change in forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) after inhaling salbutamol was the primary outcome measure. When the patients used a new spacer, the mean baseline FEV1 (% predicted) and FEV1/FVC (forced vital capacity) were 89.56±11.95 and 86.17±6.87, respectively. However, the mean increase in FEV1 from the baseline was 10.87±8.99 in this group. On the other hand, with the primed spacer, the respective mean baseline FEV1 and FEV1/FVC values were 89.41±12.14 and 85.49±6.76, while it increased by 12.1±11.01 after salbutamol inhalation. There were no significant differences between the techniques regarding the variation in FEV1 before and after bronchodilator use via a new spacer or primed spacer. Priming new plastic spacers with 20 puffs of salbutamol did not cause additional bronchodilation in asthmatic children, suggesting this practice is inefficient in clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bromhexine (BR), guaiafenesin (GUF) and salbutamol (SAL) are formulated as Ventocough syrup® (with and without sugar), labeled to contain propyl paraben and sodium benzoate as inactive ingredients. They are used to make coughing more productive and easier. A crucial element and a major issue in the pharmaceutical industry is the control of organic related impurities to obtain safe and effective treatment. Guaiacol (GUL) is reported to be GUF related impurity that was proved to be extremely toxic (toxic rating class 5), and its use should be banned. In this work, In-Silico study and ADMET estimation were conducted to predict GUL pharmacokinetic properties and its toxicity profile. Additionally, two chromatographic methods were conducted to analyze the studied components along with GUF impurity in the presence of the labeled dosage form excipients. The In-Silico study assured that GUL has oral rat acute toxicity and it is considered to be skin sensitizer. On the other hand, the developed TLC- densitometeric method depended on using a mobile phase mixture of hexane: methylene chloride: triethylamine (5.0:6.0:0.3, by volume) as a developing system. UV-Scanning was performed immediately at 275 nm for SAL, GUF and GUL, while scanning at 310 nm was used for scanning BR. Linearity was established in the ranges of 0.25–4.0, 0.25–4.0, 0.5–8.0 and 0.1–1.6 µg/band for BR, SAL, GUF and GUL, respectively. In the developed HPLC method, separation was performed on X-Bridge® C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using a solvent mixture of 0.05M disodium hydrogen phosphate pH 3 with aqueous phosphoric acid: methanol (containing 0.3%, v/v triethylamine) (40:60, v/v). Detection was done at 225 nm and separation was achieved within 10 min. Linearity was proved in the range of 2–50 µg/mL for the proposed drugs. Validation of the developed methods was done and all the calculated parameters were within the acceptable limits recommended by ICH guidelines. After that, methods were used to examine the potency of the selected marketed dosage forms and concentrations of all drugs were within the acceptable limits. Additionally, complete separation between the studied drugs and the additives were observed. The developed methods can be used during routine quality control analysis of the proposed drugs when the required issues concern on sensitivity, selectivity and analysis time. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Purpose Salbutamol has been used to alleviate bronchospasm in airway disease for decades, while its potential risks have not been systematically investigated yet. The risk of any potential adverse events (AEs) in patients treated with salbutamol was assessed through systematic review and meta‐analysis. Methods A systematic search of the literature was conducted, using EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane library, until 3 April 2023. Once the AE incidence was evaluated, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible for review. The endpoints included the incidence of total AEs, severe AEs, treatment discontinuation and specific AEs. The pooled AEs incidence was analysed via random‐effects model in a single‐arm meta‐analysis. A subgroup study was carried out to examine whether the pooled incidence of AE differed by indications or formulations. Results Of the 8912 studies that were identified, 58 RCTs met the inclusion criteria and involved 12 961 participants. The analysis showed the pooled incidences of total AEs, severe AEs and treatment discontinuation in patients treated with salbutamol were 34%, 2% and 3%, respectively. Subgroup analysis indicated that premature labour users and intravenous salbutamol users were more likely associated with total AEs. The most frequently observed specific AEs were palpitations or tachycardia. Conclusion This meta‐analysis indicated that salbutamol was associated with a very common risk of palpitations or tachycardia. Clinical vigilance and research efforts are needed to optimize the safe use of salbutamol.

In the specialized literature, there are few cases of inhaled salbutamol intoxication, being the most used bronchodilator in children’s asthma. We describe the situation of a 15-year-old teenager who inhaled salbutamol, in the context of an asthma attack, with each episode of coughing. At admission, the patient was conscious with a serious general state, afebrile, conscious, psychomotor agitation, tachycardic (heart rate=140/bpm), precordial pain, polypnea, dyspnea, with respiratory effort, hemodynamically stable, blood pressure=130/77 mmHg. Investigations showed hyperglycemia and hypokalemia. After the treatment, the evolution was favorable.

Abstract A positive response in reversibility testing is widely used to diagnose patients with airway limitations. However, despite its simple procedure, it doesn’t accurately reflect the exact airway irreversibility. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a bronchodilation reversibility test using salbutamol and fluticasone/salmeterol combination in obese non-smoker subjects. The study included patients without a history of obstructive lung disease or bronchodilators. A sub-classification of patients based on body mass index (BMI) was carried out into normal ( 0.05). The magnitude of bronchodilation, as identified by spirometry, following fluticasone/salmeterol was higher in all participants, with a significant increase in obese subjects with a p-value of 0.013, 0.002, and 0.035 for FEV1, FEV1% predicted, and FEV1/FVC, respectively. Fluticasone/salmeterol combination increases FEV1, FEV1% of predicted, and FEV1/FVC ratio than the conventional test using salbutamol inhaler, and it can be a potential candidate for assessment of airway obstruction using reversibility test, especially among the obese population.

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease which is also one of the major health problems in the world. Uncontrolled asthma symptoms will exacerbate asthma, which is the biggest cause of the patient into the ER. Salbutamol is a bronchodilator that belonged to the short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA), which is an obligatory choice in the management of asthma exacerbations. Unlike the aminophylline group in Indonesia which is still often used widely and rarely appear in the side effects of its use. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of nebulized salbutamol versus intravenous aminophylline for reduction in asthma symptoms, improvement in lung function, and a long hospital stay. The study involved 57 adults asthma exacerbation patients without complication who received treatment in the ER, were studied by using quasi-experimental methods in this study cost-effectiveness analysis to compare intravenous aminophylline (n:27) versus nebulized salbutamol (n:30) therapy to determine the most cost-effective. Intravenous aminophylline therapy was more cost-effective than nebulized salbutamol in reducing the symptoms of asthma and PEF value improvement. Clinical outcome of the length of hospital stay outcome both had the same effective, and cost analysis results showed intravenous aminophylline (US$5.38) cheaper than nebulized salbutamol (US$5.71). intravenous aminophylline was more effective in reducing asthma symptoms than nebulized salbutamol (Pvalue=0.001). Meanwhile, the average decrease in lung function intravenous aminophylline than nebulized salbutamol, although not significantly different (Pvalue=0.507). Aminophylline therapy was more cost-effective in reducing asthma symptoms and improvement in lung function compared nebulized salbutamol in exacerbations asthma patients. But cost-effectiveness researchers need to measure substance abuse outcomes in terms of Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALY), as this will make their findings more relevant to the development of treatment policy.

Cardiovascular toxicity includes damage to the heart resulting from inflammation, oxidative stress, and toxin-induced abnormalities in electrophysiology, and muscle damage. The current study set out to investigate the potential cardioprotective properties of lycopene (LCP) and grape seed extract (GSE) as potential novel therapies to counteract the cardiotoxicity caused by salbutamol. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis were used to achieve this. Male albino rats weighing between (150_180g b.wt) were randomly divided into six sets, each containing seven rats. Group I received saline and kept as a control group. Group II was given oral administration of salbutamol (65 mg/kg b.wt.) for 2 consecutive days. Group lll received oral dose of LCP (1 mg/kg b.wt.) for three weeks. Group IV was given oral dose of GSE (100 mg/kg b.wt.) for three weeks. Group V was pretreated orally with LCP for three weeks followed by salbutamol oral administration (65 mg/kg b.wt.) for two consecutive doses. Group VI was pretreated orally with GSE (100 mg/kg b.wt.) for three weeks followed by salbutamol oral administration (65 mg/kg b.wt.) for two consecutive doses. All treatments were administered once daily by oral route using gastric tube. Results revealed that salbutamol induced cardiac damage manifested by congestion of myocardial blood vessels, intermuscular hemorrhages, endocardial degenerative changes, microcalcification and subendocardial congestion and hemorrhage, focal cardiomyocytes hyalinization with nuclear peripheralization and pyknosis and individual cellular apoptosis. In comparison with salbutamol group, pre-treatment of rats with GSE demonstrated a moderate ameliorative effect comparable to that of LCP pretreated group; however the residual tissue changes are little bit worse. Immunohistochemistry results supported the histopathological investigations. In conclusion, pre-administration of GSE and LCP provide potential cardioprotective effects by reducing salbutamol-induced cardiac damage linked to alterations in histopathology and immunohistochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the effects of inhaled salbutamol on the cardiac electrical system in children. The study found that salbutamol inhalation led to changes in heart rate and certain electrocardiogram parameters, indicating a potential increased risk of arrhythmias. The study emphasizes the need for cautious use of high doses of salbutamol in children with asthma. The researchers also found that salbutamol can affect the T wave axis in the heart, increasing the risk of cardiac re-entry and arrhythmias. It is important to note that these findings may not apply to all populations and further research is needed. [Extracted from the article]

Endometriosis is an immune chronic inflammatory disease, and there are currently no more effective drugs for treating endometriosis due to its unknown etiology. Salbutamol is a β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonist commonly used to treat asthma by selectively activating β2 receptors on airway smooth muscle and leukocytes, exerting bronchial dilation and synergistic anti-inflammatory effects. In recent years, β2AR agonists have been used in endometriosis studies, and we speculate that salbutamol may have a therapeutic effect on endometriosis. The purpose of this research was to explore the therapeutic effect of salbutamol on endometriosis mice. The mouse endometriosis model was established and treated with different doses of salbutamol. Endometrial lesions were harvested for pathological diagnosis, immunohistochemistry (IHC), Masson staining, and toluidine blue analysis. We found that the number and size of endometriotic lesions were all significantly decreased after 3 weeks of treatment with different doses of salbutamol on endometriosis model mice (P < 0.05). After Salbutamol treatment, the amount of mast cells (toluidine blue) and macrophages (F4/80) in the lesions as well as the expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-ɑ, platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGFB), CD31, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, Masson staining, BCL2, TUBB3, substance P (SP), and nerve growth factor (NGF) were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). These results suggested that salbutamol could effectively treat endometriosis in mice by reducing immune inflammatory cells and factors, angiogenesis, and fibrosis, increasing apoptosis of endometriotic lesions, and decreasing neurogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes a simple, highly sensitive, and cost-effective electrochemical determination of salbutamol (SBT) at a disposable pencil graphite electrode modified with Nafion/functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite material (Nf/f-MWCNTs/PGE). The electrochemical response of SBT at this modified electrode was investigated by both differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The voltammetric measurements confirmed that the combination of f-MWCNTs with Nafion shows remarkable electrocatalytic activity on the oxidation of SBT due to a synergistic effect of Nafion via electrostatic interaction and f-MWCNTs via excellent conductivity and large specific surface area. Differential pulse voltammetry results show that the composite electrode gives two linear ranges of 0.10–17.5 µM and 17.5–100 µM with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.027 µM SBT. Moreover, the studies of some potential interferants show that there is no significant interference in the determination of SBT. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to determine SBT in tube- and syrup-type pharmaceutical formulations, animal feed, and beef meat samples, and acceptable results were obtained with high accuracy and precision. Moreover, the proposed sensor displays good intra-day and inter-day precisions for the voltammetric determination of SBT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bromhexine (BR), guaiafenesin (GUF) and salbutamol (SAL) are formulated as Ventocough syrup® (with and without sugar), labeled to contain propyl paraben and sodium benzoate as inactive ingredients. They are used to make coughing more productive and easier. A crucial element and a major issue in the pharmaceutical industry is the control of organic related impurities to obtain safe and effective treatment. Guaiacol (GUL) is reported to be GUF related impurity that was proved to be extremely toxic (toxic rating class 5), and its use should be banned. In this work, In-Silico study and ADMET estimation were conducted to predict GUL pharmacokinetic properties and its toxicity profile. Additionally, two chromatographic methods were conducted to analyze the studied components along with GUF impurity in the presence of the labeled dosage form excipients. The In-Silico study assured that GUL has oral rat acute toxicity and it is considered to be skin sensitizer. On the other hand, the developed TLC- densitometeric method depended on using a mobile phase mixture of hexane: methylene chloride: triethylamine (5.0:6.0:0.3, by volume) as a developing system. UV-Scanning was performed immediately at 275 nm for SAL, GUF and GUL, while scanning at 310 nm was used for scanning BR. Linearity was established in the ranges of 0.25–4.0, 0.25–4.0, 0.5–8.0 and 0.1–1.6 µg/band for BR, SAL, GUF and GUL, respectively. In the developed HPLC method, separation was performed on X-Bridge® C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using a solvent mixture of 0.05M disodium hydrogen phosphate pH 3 with aqueous phosphoric acid: methanol (containing 0.3%, v/v triethylamine) (40:60, v/v). Detection was done at 225 nm and separation was achieved within 10 min. Linearity was proved in the range of 2–50 µg/mL for the proposed drugs. Validation of the developed methods was done and all the calculated parameters were within the acceptable limits recommended by ICH guidelines. After that, methods were used to examine the potency of the selected marketed dosage forms and concentrations of all drugs were within the acceptable limits. Additionally, complete separation between the studied drugs and the additives were observed. The developed methods can be used during routine quality control analysis of the proposed drugs when the required issues concern on sensitivity, selectivity and analysis time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean water quality is dependent on the absence or complete removal of polar ionic micropollutant molecules and their associated products from the water. Utilizing copper Isonicotinate metal–organic frameworks ([Cu (INA)-MOF) a modified copper-based magnetic composite metal–organic framework ([Cu (INA)2]-MOF@Fe3O4) is mechanically synthesized under environmentally friendly conditions, and an adsorptive removal of salbutamol in water was successfully achieved in both synthesized materials. Characterization toward the materials has been carried out using X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, field emission scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Our synthesized ([Cu (INA)2]-MOF@Fe3O4 used as an adsorbent in water showed enhanced performance in the removal of the model salbutamol within a shorter contact time (40 min) with the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models providing the most accurate statistical descriptions of the process's kinetics and isotherms, respectively, while thermodynamic studies indicated that the process was endothermic, spontaneous, and the material demonstrated very good reusability and regeneration with a very good percentage recovery even after the fifth cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salbutamol, which has nontoxic properties, was effectively extracted from expired Farcolin and was evaluated as an inhibitor against carbon steel (CSt) dissolution in 1.0 M HCl solution. Some technologies were applied to determine the inhibition efficacy of Salbutamol such as weight loss (WL), potentiodynamic polarization (PP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, FTIR, 1HNMR, and mass spectroscopy were used to clarify the structure of Salbutamol. The findings indicate that CSt can profit significantly from the recycling of Farcolin medicine and that Salbutamol may be extracted and employed as a CSt corrosion inhibitor. The efficiency of the inhibition improved with an increase in the dosage of salbutamol, polarization resistance and lowering corrosion current density, WL, and temperature. It's reached 89.65% at a dose of 200 ppm using the EIS technology. The inhibition impact of Salbutamol was interpreted due to its spontaneous adsorption on the CSt/electrolyte interface, in accordance with Langmuir isotherm. Salbutamol was classified as a mixed inhibitor. In addition, how temperature affects the corrosion rate is considered by calculating and discussing some thermodynamic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Salbutamol is a moderately selective beta-2-adrenergic agonist. Various side effects can occur because of beta-1 and beta-2 receptor activation. Due to the large volume of distribution, it is not considered dialyzable. Case Presentation: A patient with salbutamol intoxication, which developed as a result of a medical error in a patient with sepsis, Down syndrome, and liver cirrhosis, is presented. Initial treatment was partially successful and antibiotic adjustments were made. After his respiratory failure worsened, the patient needed non-invasive ventilation, and previously undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was suspected. He was prescribed intravenous methylprednisolone but accidently received 5 mg of salbutamol (albuterol), which led to immediate severe arrhythmic tachycardia with hemodynamic collapse. After unsuccessful cardioversion and treatment with landiolol infusion, salvage hemodialysis was commenced to decrease suspectedly highly elevated serum salbutamol levels. After 30 min, sinus rhythm with normocardia was observed. After the hemodialysis termination, no rebound tachycardia was noted, but due to severe septic shock, the hypotension was ongoing and vasoactive medications were adjusted. However, the measured levels of plasma salbutamol and data from literature do not support the view that hemodialysis was the cause of the described improvement: the total amount of the drug cleared was very small (2.8% of total dose). Conclusion: Our results confirm a large volume of salbutamol distribution; the measured levels are within observed therapeutic levels; and the measured half-life time during hemodialysis (3.1 h) is comparable to observed half-life times in therapeutic settings. The observed favorable clinical benefit associated with dialysis may be fortuitous, highlighting potential bias toward positive clinical outcomes and unproven ("salvage") therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major cause of deaths all over the world. The high level of blood cholesterol and oxidative stress are major risk factors for heart diseases. The phytotherapeutics have attracted attention as potential agents for preventing and treating oxidative stress associated diseases. The objective of present study was to evaluate the synergetic cardio-protective and antilipidemic potential of medicinal plants viz. Coriandrum sativum, Piper nigrum and Cactus grandiflorus. Cardio-protective and anti-lipidemic potential of herbal mixture was evaluated against salbutamol induced cardiotoxicity in rabbits. For this purpose, rabbits were divided into six groups as normal control, salbutamol control, curative and standard drug curative. Results Salbutamol significantly (p

Background: The recommended delivery mode for bronchodilators in bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) testing remains controversial. Objective: To compare the efficacy of salbutamol administration using a nebulizer versus a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) with spacer in BDR testing. Design: A retrospective study. Methods: This study examined the data of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who completed BDR testing between 1 December 2021 and 30 June 2022, at Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. After administering 400 μg of salbutamol through an MDI with spacer or 2.5 mg using a nebulizer, the changes in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were analyzed in patients with moderate-to-very severe spirometric abnormalities [pre-bronchodilator FEV1 percentage predicted values (FEV1%pred) ⩽59%]. Significant responsiveness was assessed as >12% and >200 mL improvement in FEV1 and/or FVC or >10% increase in FEV1%pred or FVC percentage predicted values (FVC%pred) from pre- to post-bronchodilator administration. Results: Of the enrolled 894 patients, 83.2% were male (median age, 63 years). After propensity score matching, 240 pairs of patients were selected. The increment in FEV1 and increased FEV1 relative to the predicted value (ΔFEV1%pred) were significantly higher in patients <65 years and those with severe spirometric abnormalities in the nebulization group than patients in the MDI group (all p < 0.05). Compared with MDI with spacer, patients who used nebulization had a 30 mL greater increase in ΔFEV1 (95% CI: 0.01–0.05, p = 0.004) and a 1.09% greater increase in ΔFEV1%pred (95% CI: 0.303–1.896, p = 0.007) from baseline. According to the > 12% and >200 mL increase criterion, the significant BDR rate with nebulization was 1.67 times higher than that with an MDI with spacer (OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.13–2.47, p = 0.009). Conclusion: Salbutamol delivered using a nebulizer may be preferable to an MDI with spacer in certain circumstances. Nebulization has the potential to increase responsiveness to salbutamol in BDR testing. Plain language summary: Nebulization versus metered-dose inhaler and spacer in bronchodilator responsiveness testing Bronchodilator responsiveness testing is commonly undertaken as an important part of spirometry testing to determine the degree of volume and airflow improvement after bronchodilator administration. BDR testing results may affect patients' diagnosis and treatment. This study compared the effects of two delivery models (a metered dose inhaler (MDI) with spacer and nebulization) on responsiveness to bronchodilators and the results of bronchodilator responsiveness testing among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We found that the increment in forced expiratory volume in one second were significantly higher in patients aged <65 years and in those with severe spirometric abnormalities in the nebulization group than in those in the MDI group. The study provides evidence that salbutamol delivered by a nebulizer is preferable to an MDI with spacer in patients <65 years and in those with severe spirometric abnormalities and could increase positive responsiveness to bronchodilators. The study will assist in clinical decision-making by selecting the appropriate dosing regimen for different patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]