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The current study summarizes and analyzes new challenges to the sanitary protection of the Russian Federation related to the dynamics of the epidemiological situation in the countries of the world and trends in the structure of international passenger traffic.The aim is to improve approaches to reducing the risks of importation of dangerous infectious diseases based on development of additional criteria for dynamic assessment of epidemiological disadvantage in foreign countries and individualization of risk determination in relation to all in-coming flights.Materials and methods. The present-day epidemiological situation was analyzed using data from reports and periodicals of WHO, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministries of Health of the countries and scientific publications. Information on the structure of passenger traffic is provided according to the portal of the Unified Interagency Information and Statistical System (pre-pandemic period – 2018, first half of the year 2023). Statistics on transport communication was obtained from the public reports of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation and the Federal Air Transport Agency for 2022 and the first half of the year 2023. Information on the results of the sanitary-quarantine control (SQC) is presented according to the data logged in the automated information system “Perimeter”.Results and discussion. Taking into account the analyzed data in regard to the new threats to the system of sanitary protection of the territory of the Russian Federation, infections in the list of infectious diseases, requiring sanitary protection measures, should be differentiated into two categories based on the criteria of significance for implementation of SQC. A set of criteria, including retrospective analysis of morbidity, the presence of persistent conditions of stable circulation of the pathogen and the possibility of transmission from person to person in case of introduction into the territory of the Russian Federation, has been put forward for the most relevant medium-term assessment of the risk of importation. In addition, the increasing threats and challenges to sanitary protection dictate the need to use advanced information technologies within the framework of sanitary-quarantine control.

The risk of importation of infectious diseases is an urgent threat to sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, both at the level of individual countries and interstate associations, and globally. The territory of any country has a backdrop of hazards; therefore, the aim of the work was a comprehensive assessment of risk of infectious disease importation onto the territory of Russia for early and effective response to emerging biological threats. Materials and methods. We used information on the structure of passenger traffic and the number of persons arriving in Russia according to the portal of the Unified Interagency Information and Statistics System. The data on the incidence of infectious diseases which require measures on sanitary protection of the territory of Russia is provided according to the official regional websites of WHO, regional Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Ministries of Health of the respective countries. The risk of importation of infectious diseases was estimated in points in compliance with an original methodology developed with the participation of the authors. Results and discussion. We have determined the structure of the passenger traffic across the borders of Russia and the most relevant infectious diseases that pose a risk of importation, as well as the countries, from where the importation of infections is most likely to occur. It is outlined that importation of dengue fever and cholera from the Southeast Asian region, dengue from the Western Pacific region, cholera and malaria from the Eastern Mediterranean region, cholera, malaria and dengue from the American and African regions is most probable.

Using a succession of monographic notes, the present study reconstitutes the image of the social/ sanitary protection institutions in Cluj, during the interwar period, founded and supported by the women's societies. The oldest such an institution, dating from the second half of the 19th century, was "Maria Valeria" Orphanage under the patronage of the homonymous society. The most numerous were the day nurseries supported by the Israelite, Reformed, Roman Catholic, Greek-Catholic, and Unitarian women's societies. These provided care and education for needy children for the time their parents were at work. Besides these, the Israelite and Reformed nursing homes for old ladies also worked. The Unitarian establishment and "Grințescu" House worked for needy young schoolgirls and students; the needy young girls who came in the town were assisted by the station mission and the employment office of the Romanian University Women's Association from Cluj. The establishments for sanitary protec-tion were supported by the Association for the Protection of Mother and Infant from Cluj and the "Principele Mircea" society, Cluj branch. The Charity Fund of "Principesa Elena", Cluj branch, and "Caritatea" Society used to send the needy children and young men to spend their holidays in sanatoriums/ camps organized under their patronage. There are results which reveal the fact that the women in Cluj mainly dedicated their work, through their societies, to needy women and their children, as they understood the social responsibility as their own duty to voluntary contribute to a better society. There were founded exemplary establishments to protect ethnic and religious communities, but charity frequently ignored such limits. To continuously support those establishments, the women organized events, campaigns, and collections, generating a voluntary redistribution of welfare to the deprived persons. On the whole, the study spotlights the women's contribution to the actions of the civil society in the interwar period, related to the social/ sanitary assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The events of 2019-2020 have drawn attention to the threats that can be caused by uncontrolled outbreaks of poorly researched viral or infectious diseases. Sanitary (sanitary and epidemiologic) legislation is of certain importance in countering the epidemic. Its shortcomings are now evident, and significant improvements will be made in the near future at both national and international levels. Changes in the approach to space activities and their commercialization will soon lead to the regular impact (return) of objects of extraterrestrial origin or objects which have been in direct contact with them to the Earth. The issue of protection against possible entry of unexplored mass diseases of extraterrestrial origin into the planet remains unfaced. It is our hypothesis that such entry, particularly of viruses, is not excluded and could pose a significant threat to humanity. We develop proposals to establish a legal and regulatory framework to counter and overcome these threats. These proposals should be considered in modernizing the International Health Regulations and other health legislation.

Threat of SARS importation and dissemination at the territory of Magadanskaya Province is conditioned first of all by wide international relations with countries of SouthEast Asia carried out through airport and sea trade port. In this connection large organizing and practical activities on the basis of «A complex plan on sanitary protection of Magadanskaya Province territory from importation and dissemination of quarantine and other especially dangerous infections» are realized. All concerned Departments and Services took part in realization of the preventive measures. The developed and realized complex of anti-epidemic and preventive measures allowed to create obstacles to SARS importation on the territory of Magadanskaya Province.

Analysis of measures for preventing the delivery and spreading of «atypical pneumonia» in Krasnoyarsk region is presented. Effect of counteracting with this infectious disease of the executive authority organs, State Surveillance service, public health and other interested institutions is emphasized. Further preventing measures against «atypical pneumonia» are determined.

The existing programs and plans of sanitary protection of territories and municipalities of Russian Federation are directed to prevention of importation and dissemination of quarantine and other known infectious diseases. Modern organizing-methodical papers of Ministry of Public Health of Russian Federation include both nosological and syndromic approaches to resolution of this problem. SARS epidemic situation in the world with an active focus at Asian-Pacific Ocean Region has tested the Russian sanitary protection system at Far Eastern Region. Data on organization and realization of the measures at the period of SARS epidemic troubles in the world are analyzed. The experience of State Surveillance Centers at water and air transport in Far Eastern Region in co-operation with all transport process participants to prevent importation and dissemination of early unknown especially dangerous infection (SARS) is summarized.

Materials concerning the sanitary protection of the territory of Sakha (Yakutia) from «atypical pneumonia» (SARS) delivery during the epidemic complication in the world are presented in the article. The activity of the region on preventing of SARS delivery by taking of legal and normative documents is shown. Mobilization capacity of the organs and institutions for expanding the measures in case of SARS delivery is reflected, the algorithm of operations is developed.

The events of 2019-2020 have drawn attention to the threats that can be caused by uncontrolled outbreaks of poorly researched viral or infectious diseases. Sanitary (sanitary and epidemiologic) legislation is of certain importance in countering the epidemic. Its shortcomings are now evident, and significant improvements will be made in the near future at both national and international levels. Changes in the approach to space activities and their commercialization will soon lead to the regular impact (return) of objects of extraterrestrial origin or objects which have been in direct contact with them to the Earth. The issue of protection against possible entry of unexplored mass diseases of extraterrestrial origin into the planet remains unfaced. It is our hypothesis that such entry, particularly of viruses, is not excluded and could pose a significant threat to humanity. We develop proposals to establish a legal and regulatory framework to counter and overcome these threats. These proposals should be considered in modernizing the International Health Regulations and other health legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suggested and substantiated is the integrated algorithm for diagnostics of dangerous infectious diseases that require measures on sanitary protection of territories using clinical, epidemiological and laboratory diagnostic standards. These standards are based on criteria for detection of suspected, probable and confirmed cases, with consideration for clinical manifestations, epidemiological anamnesis and laboratory analysis results. Distinguished and described are two stages for diagnosis of new infectious diseases that represent an emergency in the sphere of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.

Implementation of G8 Summit resolutions (2006) in the sphere of infectious diseases control and completing of modernization of the Russian specialized anti-epidemic teams (SAET) of Rospotrebnazor anti-plague institutes, including their usage abroad, assume identification of the unified object of their purposeful activity. Emergency situation in the sphere of population sanitary and epidemiologic welfare was specified within the normative documents as the unified object of epidemiologic surveillance, sanitary protection, prevention and liquidation of emergency epidemic situations, biosafety provision in the course of International Health Regulations (2005) implementation in the territory of the Russian Federation. This definition is suggested as the object of SAET activity.

A differentiated approach to the organization of measures for sanitary protection of the territory, based on the analysis of the transport and. facility components of risk emergency situations in the field of sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population is proposed. The total evaluation of the external and. internal components of the risk emergency situations for each municipality of a region of the Russian Federation allows to determine type of readiness to conduct activities of the sanitary protection of the territory for a given area. The ranking of the region of the Russian Federation will contribute to the achievement of optimum readiness of the Institutions of Public Health and. sanitary-epidemiological surveillance at the level of municipalities to the occurrence of diseases, requiring measures of sanitary protection.

Introduction Menstrual cup is a device made up of silicon for menstrual hygiene. Despite its being safe, eco-friendly, cheap, and durable its non-acceptability may be due to higher adoption barriers. We conducted this study to assess the adaptability and efficacy of menstrual cups. Methods It was a descriptive longitudinal study, conducted in a tertiary care institute in eastern India. Women of 18-50 years of age, educated till secondary level were included in the study, to be conducted over three months. The quantitative response for the satisfaction with the menstrual cup was measured on a five-point Likert scale after each menstrual cycle. Side effects, the quantity of blood flow and frequency of cleaning the menstrual cup, and how many participants will continue to use it were also asked. Results After the third menstrual cycle, 68.9% of participants stated that they would continue the menstrual cup usage. The mean total satisfaction score improved from 5.4 (first cycle) to 12.6 (third cycle) (p<0.001). The majority (67%) had no side effects, 10% had irritation and leakage, and 13% had an unpleasant odor. Conclusions The study shows that menstrual cups are a better alternative. Adaptability increases gradually through proper counseling, peer support, and practice., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Singh et al.)

Learning about menstrual hygiene is a vital aspect of health education for adolescent girls. This study among 664 schoolgirls aged 14-18 in Mansoura, Egypt, asked about type of sanitary protection used, frequency of changing pads or cloths, means of disposal and bathing during menstruation. Girls were selected by cluster sampling technique in public secondary schools in urban and rural areas. Data were collected through an anonymous, self-administered, open-ended questionnaire during class time. The significant predictors of use of sanitary pads were availability of mass media at home, high and middle social class and urban residence. Use of sanitary pads may be increasing, but not among girls from rural and poor families, and other aspects of personal hygiene were generally found to be poor, such as not changing pads regularly or at night, and not bathing during menstruation. Lack of privacy was an important problem. Mass media were the main source of information about menstrual hygiene, followed by mothers, but a large majority of girls said they needed more information. Instruction in menstrual hygiene should be linked to an expanded programme of health education in schools. A supportive environment for menstrual hygiene has to be provided both at home and in school and sanitary pads made more affordable. L'hygiène menstruelle est un volet essentiel de l'éducation sanitaire des adolescentes. Cette étude a demandé à 664 étudiantes âgées de 14 à 18 ans de Mansoura, Égypte, le type de protection sanitaire qu'elles utilisaient, à quelle fréquence elles en changeaient, comment elles s'en débarrassaient et si elles se baignaient pendant leurs règles. Les filles, sélectionnées par échantillonnage par grappes dans des écoles secondaires publiques de zones rurales et urbaines, ont répondu en classe à un questionnaire anonyme, autogéré et à réponses ouvertes. Les facteurs prédisposant à l'utilisation de serviettes hygiéniques étaient l'accès aux médias à la maison, l'appartenance à une classe sociale élevé et moyenne et la résidence urbaine. L'utilisation de serviettes hygiéniques s'accroît peut-être, mais non dans les familles rurales et pauvres, et l'enquête a constaté d'autres manques, comme le fait de ne pas changer de serviette régulièrement, et de ne pas se baigner pendant les règles. Le manque d'intimité était aussi un problème important. Les médias représentaient les principales sources d'information sur l'hygiène menstruelle, suivis des mères, mais beaucoup de filles souhaitaient davantage de renseignements. Il faut lier les cours d'hygiène menstruelle à un programme scolaire élargi d'éducation sanitaire. L'environnement doit apporter un soutien en matière d'hygiène menstruelle à la maison et à l'école, et les serviettes hygiéniques doivent devenir plus abordables. El aprendizaje sobre la higiene menstrual es un aspecto vital de la educación en salud para las adolescentes. En este estudio realizado con 664 colegialas entre 14 y 18 años de edad, en Mansoura, Egipto, se preguntó acerca del tipo de protección sanitaria utilizada, la frecuencia con que se cambian las toallas, los medios de desecharlas y los baños durante la menstruación. Las niñas fueron seleccionadas por la técnica de muestreo por conglomerados, en escuelas secundarias públicas de zonas urbanas y rurales. Los datos se recolectaron por medio de un cuestionario anónimo, autoadministrado durante horas de clase. Los previsores importantes del uso de toallas sanitarias fueron: disponibilidad de los medios de comunicación en el hogar, clase social alta y media, y residencia urbana. El uso de toallas sanitarias posiblemente esté aumentando, pero no entre las niñas de familias rurales y pobres. Además, se encontraron deficiencias en otros aspectos de la higiene personal, como no cambiarse de toalla con regularidad o de noche, y no bañarse a diario durante la menstruación. La falta de privacidad fue un problema importante. Los medios de comunicación fueron la fuente principal de información sobre la higiene menstrual, seguidos de las madres, pero la gran mayoría de las niñas dijeron que necesitan más información. La enseñanza sobre la higiene menstrual debe vincularse a un programa ampliado de educación en salud en las escuelas. Se debe crear un ambiente de apoyo para la higiene menstrual tanto en el hogar como en la escuela, y las toallas sanitarias deben distribuirse a precios más asequibles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of wellhead protection areas it is a technique of aquifer protection broadly utilized in Cuba, so much for the sources of ground waters for public supply, like for those considered as minerals, however, they are many the causes that impact in the accuracy in its delimitation, therefore, to assume that the calculated areas coincide exactly, with those that in fact should be protected they cause a false sensation of security that can put in risk the health of the population and the own investment. In such a sense, a study has been elaborated in the aquifer Margarita, located in the north of the provincia Villa Clara that shows the limitations of the methods of delimitation of the wellhead protection areas used at the moment in Cuba, using as comparative method to the numeric models VisualModflow to consider occurs bigger precision. Are discussed the causes of the discrepancies in the obtained results and they intend modifications to the methods used in Cuba. The proposed modificacióneses improve in more than 30% the obtained results, what favors their application under the analyzed conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]