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A precise, simple, and accurate continuous flow injection technique was used for the instantaneous estimation of bromhexine hydrochloride (BH-HCl) in tablet dosage form. The chemical and physical parameters of the reaction of BH-HCl with tetraphenylborate to produce a yellowish-white precipitate were determined using an ISNAG fluorimeter analyzer and diverging light at 90°. The calibration curve for BH-HCl was linear with correlation coefficients of 0.9994 and linearity percentage r²% = 99.87 over a concentration range of 0.01-20 mmol/L, L.O.D = 0.3610 µg/125µL (0.007 mmol/L), and RSD% less than 0.3% for 3 and 13 mmol/L (five replicates). This approach was efficiently used to estimate the levels of BH-HCl in two distinct pharmaceutical companies. When the newly developed method was compared with the turbidimetric method using a t-test and standard addition, it was discovered that there had not been any significant difference between the two approaches at the 95% level of confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intrinsic vibration sensing of optical fiber measures the dynamic strain (i.e., vibration) along with the fiber by repeatedly emitting detection lasers at one end of the fiber, receiving scattered or transmitted light at the same or another end, and demodulating its changes. The sensing system takes the fiber as sensors and has the advantages of being flexible and straightforward to build, and being easy to operate and maintain. It can be used in harsh environments with fluid, high temperature, high pressure, or strong electromagnetic interference. As a result, it can significantly expand the monitorable area while also achieving relatively low-cost and long-term continuous monitoring. Furthermore, many redundant fiber resources already present in fiber optic cables of cities, intercity, and across oceans around the world. Utilizing these fiber optic resources can be quickly converted to vibration monitoring networks, significantly improving vibration monitoring capabilities in these areas.Today, a single instrument can achieve intensive distributed monitoring along with the nearly 100 kilometers fiber with meter-level intervals based on vibration sensing of scattered light. At the same time, sensing based on transmission light lacks distributed observation capability but can detect strong vibration along optical fibers tens of thousands of kilometers long. This paper describes the fundamental principles, application scenarios and prospects of these two types of fiber-optic vibration sensing.

Scattered light noise (or scattering) affects the sensitivity of gravitational wave detectors in their detection frequency band. The mitigation of such nonlinear and nonstationary noise can be carried out experimentally and employing data analysis techniques, e.g., applying adaptive algorithms to the data affected by noise. We present gwas , a fully automated pipeline based on the time-varying filter empirical mode decomposition (tvf-EMD) algorithm, to identify, characterize, and monitor objects inducing scattering to the gravitational wave detector’s output. The tvf-EMD algorithm is suitable for decomposing signals with time-dependent frequency, such as scattering. The pipeline application to LIGO Livingston data shows that most of the scattering noise present in the third observation run was due to the penultimate mass at the end of the X-arm of the detector (EXPUM), whose motion is excited in the 0.1 Hz to 0.3 Hz frequency range (so-called microseismic band). Furthermore, we show that the pipeline can perform daily analyses, and we test it on six days of LIGO Livingston data. These analyses allowed monitoring of the onset and time evolution of scattering due to the EXPUM in connection with the variability of microseismic band noise measured at the detector site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the Advanced Virgo upgrade for the O5 observation run in 2026, a more powerful laser and larger end mirrors in the Fabry–Perot cavities will be installed. The new optical configuration will increase the laser beam waist in the cryogenic trapping area close to the end towers. This could require enlarging the apertures in the vacuum pipe, now dictated by the presence of a baffle, in order to avoid beam clipping and noise due to coupling with baffle vibrations, potentially leading to a significant background to the gravitational-wave signals. This is a delicate operation that would require displacing the cryotrap and the end tower. In this study, we compute the expected back-scattering from the existing cryogenic trap baffle and compare it to the expected Virgo sensitivity in O5 to determine whether the existing hardware configuration constitutes a threat for the future performance of the detector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, scattered light measurement technology has developed into a common method for measuring roughness, form and waviness on precision machined surfaces. Meanwhile, the application for the material structure evaluation of electrolytically anodized surfaces has also been considered. In this context,we present a novel approach to layer thickness measurement of naturally anodised aluminium surfaces. Our approach is based on the reflection intensity of the light beam, which penetrates the oxide layer and is reflected back from the surface as well as from the layer base. In the approach, a model for estimating reflection intensity I from the absorption coefficient is employed. The methodology is tested by comparing results to a layer thickness evaluation using metallographic preparation. Based on the proposed approach, we are able to measure intervals of layer thicknesses on naturally anodized aluminium surfaces without contact.

Particle-processing industries, such as those for manufacturing pharmaceuticals, ceramics and polymers, require accurate and reliable monitoring and controlling techniques for particle-size distribution to stabilize product quality and maximize productivity. Imaging is a highly valuable monitoring technique because it can measure precise particle-size distributions by detecting particles individually and also can measure particle shape. However, detecting submicron particles or smaller is difficult due to the diffraction of light in the optics. We propose an imaging-based monitoring system that extends the detectable particle-size range towards the submicron level by combining particle-shade and scattered-light imaging. The system consists of newly developed optics and an analysis algorithm. We evaluated the accuracy of the proposed system using polystyrene standard spheres. [Display omitted] • Imaging-based particle sizing system for submicron particles • Particle-shade and scattered-light imaging were combined. • Analytical correction of particle's edge considering diffraction of light • Particle size estimation from intensity of small angle scattered light. • Accuracy of PSD estimation were evaluated using polystyrene spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Escaped scattered light from multi-blade and V-groove laser dumps was analyzed. • Increasing depth of beam incidence into dump helps to suppress stray light. • V-groove with small angle can better suppress the escape of scattered light. • An optimal spacing for dump to minimize the intensity of escaping scattered light. Laser dump is an essential optical component in Thomson scattering diagnostic. Both multi-blade and V-grooved dumps can increase the ability of absorbing laser energy by using multiple surfaces to reduce the energy density on the wall surface. Still, the wall edges of the dump easily produce scattered light. The distribution and intensity of scattered light escaping from these two dumps, as well as the distribution and intensity of scattered light on the wall, are analyzed by the theory and simulation. In which an optical-mechanical simulation model of the laser dump was built. The results indicate that increasing the depth of the laser beam incident into the dump can decrease the distribution of escaping scattered light for these two dumps. When both the half-angle of V-groove and the incidence angle of beam on the entrance surface take a small amount, the V-grooved dump has an advantage of weaker escaping scattered light intensity, while there is a problem of heat accumulation at the bottom. For a fixed laser beam diameter, there is an optimal spacing for the dump to minimize the intensity of escaping scattered light. Additionally, the intensity of escaping scattered light is affected by the surface properties of dump, with low surface specular reflection resulting in low intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the Advanced Virgo upgrade for the O5 observation run in 2026, a more powerful laser and larger end mirrors in the Fabry–Perot cavities will be installed. The new optical configuration will increase the laser beam waist in the cryogenic trapping area close to the end towers. This could require enlarging the apertures in the vacuum pipe, now dictated by the presence of a baffle, in order to avoid beam clipping and noise due to coupling with baffle vibrations, potentially leading to a significant background to the gravitational-wave signals. This is a delicate operation that would require displacing the cryotrap and the end tower. In this study, we compute the expected back-scattering from the existing cryogenic trap baffle and compare it to the expected Virgo sensitivity in O5 to determine whether the existing hardware configuration constitutes a threat for the future performance of the detector.

In recent years, scattered light measurement technology has developed into a common method for measuring roughness, form and waviness on precision machined surfaces. Meanwhile, the application for the material structure evaluation of electrolytically anodized surfaces has also been considered. In this context, we present a novel approach to layer thickness measurement of naturally anodised aluminium surfaces. Our approach is based on the reflection intensity of the light beam, which penetrates the oxide layer and is reflected back from the surface as well as from the layer base. In the approach, a model for estimating reflection intensity I from the absorption coefficient is employed. The methodology is tested by comparing results to a layer thickness evaluation using metallographic preparation. Based on the proposed approach, we are able to measure intervals of layer thicknesses on naturally anodized aluminium surfaces without contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imaging of scenes using light or other wave phenomena is subject to the diffraction limit. The spatial profile of a wave propagating between a scene and the imaging system is distorted by diffraction resulting in a loss of resolution that is proportional with traveled distance. We show here that it is possible to reconstruct sparse scenes from the temporal profile of the wave-front using only one spatial pixel or a spatial average. The temporal profile of the wave is not affected by diffraction yielding an imaging method that can in theory achieve wavelength scale resolution independent of distance from the scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Escherichia coli is often used for recombinant protein production. The expression of recombinant proteins negatively affects the microbial growth, thus, a balance between protein expression and biomass formation is preferable to reach high product- and space-time-yield. Already in screening experiments, suboptimal conditions causing too weak or too strong induction must be avoided. High-throughput screening devices such as the BioLector are often applied for screening experiments. The BioLector allows optical online monitoring of each well in a continuously orbitally shaken microtiter plate via scattered light and fluorescence measurements. This technique enables a fast identification of promising clones. However, to determine the expression performance of non-fluorescent products elaborated offline analysis is often required. Methods A mathematical method is developed to distinguish between cultures, which are insufficiently, optimally or too strongly induced. Therefore, just the temporal development of the scattered light intensity signal is investigated. It is found that discrimination between the different intensities of induction is possible via principal component analysis. By fitting an extended sigmoidal function to the trajectory of the scattered light over time, two characteristic parameters are found. These are used in an empirical model to predict the expression performance. Results The method was established for a wide range of culture conditions based on 625 E. coli cultures. Three E. coli host strains (Tuner(DE3), BL21(DE3), and BL21-Gold(DE3)) expressing either flavin-mononucleotide-based fluorescent protein (FbFP) or Cellulase celA2 were investigated. Cultures were conducted in two different types of microtiter plates (48- and 96-wells), in two online measurement devices at four temperatures (28 °C, 30 °C, 34 °C, and 37 °C). More than 95% of the predicted values are in agreement with the offline measured expression performances with a satisfying accuracy of ±30%. Conclusions The properties of cultures studied can be represented by only two characteristic parameters (slope at and time of the inflection point) received from fitting an extended sigmoidal function to the respective scattered light trajectory. Based on these two characteristic parameters, predictions of the standardized expression performance are possible and for a first screen elaborated offline analysis can be avoided. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work presenting a method for the general prediction of expression performance of E. coli based solely on the temporal development of scattered light signals.

Copyright of Technical Electrodynamics / Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika is the property of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Electrodynamics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A combined method of object visualization based on analytical and scalar perturbation functions and three-dimensional textures with the use of graphics processing units is proposed. To display the terrain and the change in levels of detail, the same method as that for color textures is applied, and vertex shaders are used in the case of scattered light. A method of real-time visualization of volumetric clouds is described. For this purpose, it is proposed to form three-dimensional textures by means of pre-processing of the cloud structure and volume-oriented visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This work investigates the structural and optical properties of SrAl 2 O 4 : 2%Mn2+ and BaAl 2 O 4 : 2%Mn2+ nano-phosphors. These nano-phosphors were synthesized by a conventional combustion method at 600 °C, using urea as a fuel. The effects of crystal lattice sites, hence the crystals field on the electronic transitions of Mn2+ have been investigated. The crystal structures, morphology, and photoluminescence properties of SrAl 2 O 4 : 2%Mn2+ and BaAl 2 O 4 : 2%Mn2+ nano-phosphors have been studied. The crystal structures, morphology, and photoluminescence studies were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometer, field emission scanning electron microscope (HRSEM), and photoluminescence (PL) spectrofluorometer respectively. XRD patterns confirmed the hexagonal and monoclinic structures of BaAl 2 O 4 and SrAl 2 O 4 respectively. The crystallites sizes were also averaged from XRD peaks in all samples using scherrer equation, and they were found to be at nano scale. SEM micrographs revealed irregular shaped particles both in SrAl 2 O 4 : 2%Mn2+ and BaAl 2 O 4 : 2%Mn2+ nano-phosphors. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the presence of Mn in BaAl 2 O 4 : 2%Mn2+ and SrAl 2 O 4 : 2%Mn2+ samples. Under 426 nm excitation, PL emission spectrum of SrAl 2 O 4 : 2%Mn2+ revealed a green emission peaking at 512 nm, together with a red emission at 650 nm, which collectively form a bright yellow emission. The 512 and 650 nm emissions are ascribed to the T 4 → A 6 (S 6) spin-forbidden transition of the Mn2+ ions residing in tetrahedral and octahedral sites of the SrAl 2 O 4 matrix respectively. Only a green emission peaking at 512 nm due to the T 4 → A 6 (S 6) transition of Mn2+ ions in the tetrahedral sites was observed on the PL emission spectrum of BaAl 2 O 4 : 2%Mn2+ phosphor after a 426 nm excitation. Highlights • A yellow emission from a SrAl 2 O 4 :Mn2+ phosphor was prepared. • Co-existence of both a green and red emission in SrAl 2 O 4 :Mn2+ phosphor. • An intense green emission from BaAl 2 O 4 :Mn2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first twenty years of operation of gravitational-wave interferometers have shown that these detectors are affected by physical disturbances from the surrounding environment. These are seismic, acoustic, or electromagnetic disturbances that are mainly produced by the experiment infrastructure itself. Ambient noise can limit the interferometer sensitivity or potentially generate transients of non-astrophysical origin. Between 1 April 2019 and 27 March 2020, the network of second generation interferometers—LIGO, Virgo and GEO—performed the third joined observing run, named O3, searching for gravitational signals from the deep universe. A thorough investigation has been done on each detector before and during data taking in order to optimize its sensitivity and duty cycle. In this paper, we first revisit typical sources of environmental noise and their coupling paths, and we then describe investigation methods and tools. Finally, we illustrate applications of these methods in the hunt for environmental noise at the Virgo interferometer during the O3 run and its preparation phase. In particular, we highlight investigation techniques that might be useful for the next observing runs and the future generation of terrestrial interferometers.

High temperatures, wind, and excessive sunlight can negatively impact yield and fruit quality in semi-arid apple production regions. Netting was originally designed for hail protection, but it can modify the light spectrum and affect fruit quality. Here, pearl, blue, and red photoselective netting (≈20% shading factor) was installed in 2015 over a commercial “Cameron Select® Honeycrisp” orchard. Our research objectives were to (1) describe the light quantity and quality under the colored nets compared to an uncovered control and (2) investigate the effect of Photoselective nets on “Honeycrisp” apple quality for two growing seasons. Light transmittance and scattering for each treatment were measured with a spectroradiometer, and samples for fruit quality analyses were collected at harvest. PAR (photosynthetic active radiation), UV, blue, red, and far-red light were lower underneath all netting treatments compared to an uncovered control. The scattered light was higher under the pearl net compared to other colors, while red and far-red light were lower under the blue net. For two consecutive years, trees grown under the photoselective nets intercepted more incoming light than the uncovered trees with no differences among the three colors. In both years, trees under red and blue nets had more sunburn-free (clean) apples than pearl and control. Red color development for fruit was lower when nets were used. Interestingly, bitter pit incidence was lower underneath red nets for both years. Other than red color development, “Honeycrisp” fruit quality was not appreciably affected by the use of netting. These results highlight the beneficial effect of nets in improving light quality in orchards and mitigating physiological disorders such as bitter pit in “Honeycrisp” apple.

Imaging of scenes using light or other wave phenomena is subject to the diffraction limit. The spatial profile of a wave propagating between a scene and the imaging system is distorted by diffraction resulting in a loss of resolution that is proportional with traveled distance. We show here that it is possible to reconstruct sparse scenes from the temporal profile of the wave-front using only one spatial pixel or a spatial average. The temporal profile of the wave is not affected by diffraction yielding an imaging method that can in theory achieve wavelength scale resolution independent of distance from the scene.

Background: The oxygen transfer rate (OTR) and the biomass concentration are two important parameters describing a microbial fermentation. It has been shown before that from the course of these parameters over time information on metabolic burden during heterologous protein production can be obtained. While online monitoring in large fermenters is ubiquitously established, it is still not a common practice in small‐scale cultures. Nevertheless, several techniques like the Respiration Activity MOnitoring System (RAMOS) device for online monitoring of the OTR in shake flasks and the BioLector device for measuring scattered light (ScL) representing biomass in microtiter plates have been developed. Results: A new microtiter plate‐based method is presented that reveals how online derived ScL signals can be transformed into signals that are proportional to the courses of OTR over time for Escherichia coli. The transformed signal is obtained by simply taking the first derivative of ScL (dScL/dt). The proportionality of both parameters is successfully validated for the strains E. coli BL21(DE3) and Tuner(DE3) expressing cellulases and the fluorescent protein FbFP, respectively. Relative amounts of produced heterologous proteins are predicted exclusively based on the course of the transformed ScL signal. A variety of induction conditions with varying inducer concentration and induction time were investigated with this method. Conclusion: The presented method based on ScL measurement allows for high‐throughput online determination of signals proportional to OTR courses. They enable the interpretation of physiological states and offer the possibility to predict the recombinant protein production in E. coli. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1543–1552, 2018 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technique based on the digital processing of recorded scattered light distribution enabling for the measurement of the birefringence profile in non-uniform anisotropic materials was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, most techniques for evaluating rough metal surfaces are based on tactile or confocal measurement procedures. However, these technologies have disadvantages in respect to measuring speeds, resistance to vibration, impact and dust. In this paper we present a novel surface measurement approach, which uses the scattering light technology. Our approach enhances the state-of-the-art scattering light-based surface measurement methodology in both the detector setup and evaluation of the raw intensity values acquired by the scattered light device. The main goal in optimizing the measurement setup is to capture scattering parameters for rough surfaces in a range greater than 10 mm based on an enlarged detector array. Regarding the evaluation, we propose a pattern recognition approach which maps the reflection intensity I back to material structures and the tenpoint mean roughness Rz, the golden standard in tactile roughness characterization. Based on this approach, we are able to classify rough surface deviations like stripes using a simple but robust thresholding. In order to demonstrate the generality of our approach, we evaluate our approach using two rather different materials, i.e. brushed stainless steel and anodized aluminium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SCRIPTUS MANET: Journal of Humanities & Arts is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Technisches Messen is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Escherichia coli is often used for recombinant protein production. The expression of recombinant proteins negatively affects the microbial growth, thus, a balance between protein expression and biomass formation is preferable to reach high product- and space-time-yield. Already in screening experiments, suboptimal conditions causing too weak or too strong induction must be avoided. High-throughput screening devices such as the BioLector are often applied for screening experiments. The BioLector allows optical online monitoring of each well in a continuously orbitally shaken microtiter plate via scattered light and fluorescence measurements. This technique enables a fast identification of promising clones. However, to determine the expression performance of non-fluorescent products elaborated offline analysis is often required. Methods: A mathematical method is developed to distinguish between cultures, which are insufficiently, optimally or too strongly induced. Therefore, just the temporal development of the scattered light intensity signal is investigated. It is found that discrimination between the different intensities of induction is possible via principal component analysis. By fitting an extended sigmoidal function to the trajectory of the scattered light over time, two characteristic parameters are found. These are used in an empirical model to predict the expression performance. Results: The method was established for a wide range of culture conditions based on 625 E. coli cultures. Three E. coli host strains (Tuner(DE3), BL21(DE3) and BL21-Gold(DE3)) expressing either flavin-mononucleotide-based fluorescent protein (FbFP) or Cellulase celA2 were investigated. Cultures were conducted in two different types of microtiter plates (48- and 96-wells), in two online measurement devices at four temperatures (28 °C, 30 °C, 34 °C, and 37 °C). More than 95% of the predicted values are in agreement with the offline measured expression performances with a satisfying accuracy of ±30%. Conclusions: The properties of cultures studied can be represented by only two characteristic parameters (slope at and time of the inflection point) received from fitting an extended sigmoidal function to the respective scattered light trajectory. Based on these two characteristic parameters, predictions of the standardized expression performance are possible and for a first screen elaborated offline analysis can be avoided. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work presenting a method for the general prediction of expression performance of E. coli based solely on the temporal development of scattered light signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calibration and verification of liquid and aerosol particle counters are described. Aerosol particle counters are calibrated using latex spheres of known size. Depending on the design of the counters, the light scattered by the particles is detected at different angles. It is shown that detection of the scattered light at an angle of 90° leads to large measurement errors if the refractive index of the detected particles is not specified a priori. When the scattered light is detected over the entire solid angle, the error is substantially reduced. The metrological characteristics of counters with different designs are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a noninvasive optical sensor system for monitoring cell growth in shaker flasks commonly used in biological laboratories. The system uses an open-source microprocessor board to monitor concentration of Escherichia coli host cells. To allow measurement for a range of filling degrees and shaker speeds, the backscattering angle is chosen to minimize interference from surface reflections and the measurement window is synchronized to the position of the shaker flask. A nonlinear calibration model of scattered light can predict offline optical density with a mean relative error of 5.2%, an accuracy which is comparable to the classical offline method and sufficient for biotechnology applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Absorbance measurements via transmitting light spectroscopy in microtiter plates are established for high throughput screening of biological systems. These measurements allow for the determination of important process parameters within a short time. However, absorbance determination via transmitted light measurements is not always feasible. As for carbon monoxide difference absorbance spectroscopy, used for concentration measurements of active P450 monooxygenases (P450s), security standards, and consistent gassing have to be addressed. In this study, a non-invasive online measuring principle for absorbance via scattered light is proposed. Based on optical fiber measurements, a decrease in scattered light signals at 450 nm wavelength of reflecting polymer particles is observed, and P450 concentrations are calculated. In this way, high throughput determination of P450 concentrations in a secure, gas-tight environment is realized. The designed method was successfully applied to concentration measurements and carbon monoxide (CO) saturation kinetics ranging from 0.3 to 5.0 μM P450 BM3 achieving a measurement accuracy of ±0.05 μM P450. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 929-933. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recycling of scattered light by metals has been emerging as a promising light-manipulation-capture strategy, but how to bring its potential into better play remains to be explored. Herein, we present that constructing dual metal/high-refractive-index dielectric interfaces within the SiO 2 core@TiO 2 shell-Pd satellite@TiO 2 shell effectively strengthens both the scattering efficiency of the dielectric SiO 2 support and electric field confinement. Consequently, the absorption of Pd toward near-field scattered light and the interfacial charge carrier separation are both enhanced. The synergy of these effects leads to boosted photoactivity toward the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone and the anaerobic reduction of proton for hydrogen evolution under visible-light irradiation as compared to the counterparts with a single metal/dielectric interface and dual metal/dielectric interfaces consisting of low-refractive-index dielectric component. Notably, the similar enhancements in both optical absorption and photoactivity can be achieved through the present dual metal/high-refractive-index dielectric interfaces engineering strategy for other metals, such as Pt nanoparticles. This work presents an instructive avenue to upgrade the optical response of metals and thus the photocatalytic performance by engineering metal/dielectric interfaces.

The recent advances in digital photoelasticity have made it possible to use it conveniently for the stress analysis of articles and components made of glass. Depending on the application, the retardation levels to be measured range from a few nanometres to several thousand nanometres, which necessitates different techniques and associated equipments. This paper reviews the recent advances in the photoelasticity of glass with a focus on the techniques/methods developed in the last decade. A brief introduction to the residual stress in glass is provided initially to bring out its tensorial nature. The subsequent sections are organised thematically rather than chronologically, for better readability and easy access of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]