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This article engages the philosophy of science of data, with a focus on the extent to which data are always already imbued with racializations. As Alexander Weheliye has argued, racializations are not to be reduced to race but rather is the sociopolitical process that hierarchizes and differentiates bodies producing the entangled by-products of race, gender, class, sexuality, and disability among other formations of difference. The article leans on black literary feminist Sylvia Wynter's work on science, blackness, and the human. In particular, the article works through her concepts of the cosmogonies of the human and the sociogenics of the fictively constructed models of Man. Cosmogonies, for Wynter, refer to the myths, narratives, and stories of the ontological origin of the human and the way in which this shapes the histor(icit)y of the human, including the later sociogenic formations of Western Man as the exclusive white, male, able-bodied, heterosexual rendering all other bodies as nonhuman. Wynter rejects cultural and biological explanations of race while still accounting for the ways in which the fabrications of race, as sociogenic, become ontogenic via the flesh. With her theories of power, inheritance, and the body, the article examines the ways in which data become haunted by sociopolitical relations of racialization. The article then points toward alternative futures by arguing for Wynter's proposed Autopoietic Turn/Overturn praxis of science to critically examine the sociogenic codes toward reconstituting the human.

This paper aimed to investigate how the diversity of scientific methods is represented in practical items of college entrance examinations from three science subjects in China. The study was conducted based on the theoretical framework derived from Brandon's Matrix consisting of four types of scientific methods. National Papers for comprehensive science examination in 2022 were selected as the analysis targets. The results revealed that the imbalanced representation of scientific methods existed in college entrance science examinations. The percentage of non-manipulative parameter measurement (NPM) was relatively high, while manipulative hypothesis testing (MHT) was presented in a limited capacity, indicating the practical items in China are less experimental. Furthermore, the distribution of the four types of scientific methods in practical items varied across the three science subjects. At the end of this paper, the implications of the findings and the suggestions for the further studies were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Scientific methods have evolved over the past three centuries, and modern trends are oriented toward evidence-based medical science. Humans, as researchers, no longer use primarily observational and descriptive methods to study the processes around them but rely on their participation and influence. In the case of health care professionals, practice-oriented paradigms require not only natural but also experimental research methods. At the core of nursing and midwifery is the care for the healthy and the ailing individuals, which requires in-depth knowledge in various medical and social-humanitarian disciplines. In line with technological and informational progress, the requirements for the type and quality of health care increase. The scientific methods used in nursing science are diverse and correspond to those of other medical fields - quantitative, qualitative and mixed. The founder of nursing research and one of the pioneers in medical quality science is Florence Nightingale. The road to building scientific research in nursing faced many challenges in the beginning but experienced a significant upsurge after the middle of the last century. The founders were the North American and English nurses and midwives and their associations. Gradually, the enthusiasm is transferred to European and Asian countries, which in recent years have proven a significant contribution to the development of nursing science and methodology. Research in the field of health care professionals has a dual significance. On the one hand, it is a mandatory step for the acquisition of new knowledge, skills and approaches in a theoretical aspect, and on the other, it has an evidential and educational role for practicing specialists. The current scientific and research activity in Bulgaria is a new phenomenon but with a positive development trend. Healthcare professionals are the main driving force behind supporting research and evidence-based practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How good a research scientist is ChatGPT? We systematically probed the capabilities of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 across four central components of the scientific process: as a Research Librarian, Research Ethicist, Data Generator, and Novel Data Predictor, using psychological science as a testing field. In Study 1 (Research Librarian), unlike human researchers, GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 hallucinated, authoritatively generating fictional references 36.0% and 5.4% of the time, respectively, although GPT-4 exhibited an evolving capacity to acknowledge its fictions. In Study 2 (Research Ethicist), GPT-4 (though not GPT-3.5) proved capable of detecting violations like p-hacking in fictional research protocols, correcting 88.6% of blatantly presented issues, and 72.6% of subtly presented issues. In Study 3 (Data Generator), both models consistently replicated patterns of cultural bias previously discovered in large language corpora, indicating that ChatGPT can simulate known results, an antecedent to usefulness for both data generation and skills like hypothesis generation. Contrastingly, in Study 4 (Novel Data Predictor), neither model was successful at predicting new results absent in their training data, and neither appeared to leverage substantially new information when predicting more vs. less novel outcomes. Together, these results suggest that GPT is a flawed but rapidly improving librarian, a decent research ethicist already, capable of data generation in simple domains with known characteristics but poor at predicting novel patterns of empirical data to aid future experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global economy is exposed to radical technical, technological, and managerial advances causing revolutionary changes in functioning of enterprises. Companies seem to have a growing demand for fusion-teams of workforces where different scientific fields are composed to ensure the complex but diversified analysis and solution of business problems. In striving for business success, firms are demanding a new, resolute attitude and mindset of their employees through which they are likely to address the ongoing challenges in a complex business context which is dedicated to Environmental, Social, and Governance requirements. The article attempts to reveal the Z generation' s opinion about the subtle relationship between science and business and it presents how the current undergraduate students – the future decision-makers – of Budapest Business University perceive or synthesize the presence of scientific results in the modus operandi of entrepreneurial life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tendencias: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas is the property of Universidad de Narino, Facultad de Ciencias Economics y Administrativas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Evaluating judicial performances is a crucial, albeit often underappreciated element of judicial governance, as it incentivizes judges' productivity and allows for meritocratic career advancement within the judiciary. At the same time, judicial performance evaluation remains a daunting task, plagued by different recurring issues. Alongside the controversial nature of judicial merit and conflicting expectations as to their ultimate goal, methods of judicial evaluation are often saddled with specific technological limitations, such as the risk of cognitive bias and data intelligibility. To overcome these shortcomings, it may be useful to start thinking of judicial performance in terms of other enterprises where merit is similarly hard to assess and measure objectively. A relevant example is the comparison with scholarly work, which resembles judicial activity in that both are goal-oriented enterprises where quality assessment proves somewhat elusive. Cognizant of the difficulties, however, researchers and academic institutions have long developed tools to overcome limitations. Associative thinking with scholarly research could thus yield positive ideas for innovating the assessment of judges' work, one prime example being the import of scholarly blind "peer" review processes to judicial performance evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bouhouth is the property of London Research & Consulting Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Amazon represents the world's greatest biodiversity and covers different countries in South America, including Brazil with the largest area. The interaction between the resident population of this area and its ecosystem is responsible for an intense exposure to venomous animals, which are considered an important health issue in the region. Therefore, the 1st International Symposium on Research in Venomous Animals, held from 2 May to 5 May 2023 in the city of Manaus in the state of Amazonas in Brazil, aimed to address animal envenomation aspects in the Brazilian Amazon and the exchange of ideas and knowledge between research groups from around the world. The event was attended by graduate students as well as renowned researchers from the Americas, Europe, and Asia. The event presented a multidisciplinary and translational approach in the area of toxinology, including themes such as clinical envenomation (clinical management, pathophysiology, and public policy strategies), preclinical studies, biological aspects of venomous animals' venoms (venom composition/variation and geographical distribution), interdisciplinary studies on health anthropology and economics, and bioprospecting aspects (toxins with therapeutic and/or technological potential). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Методы петрографии давно и успешно применяются в геологии для описания и классификации горных пород. Во второй половине XIX в. они были заимствованы исследователями для изучения глиняных изделий, с целью определения компонентного состава сырья и минералов, использованных в качестве отощителя, а также для установления степени их изменений в процессе декарбонизации. Кроме того, петрография позволяет изучать органические остатки в составе формовочной массы с целью определения температуры обжига изделия. Со временем данное направление переросло в отдельную дисциплину, получившую название керамической петрографии и ставшей, по сути, археологическим методом изучения артефактов из глины, сочетающим традиционные археологические (визуальный, морфологический, типологический и т.д.) и естественнонаучные приемы характеристики керамики. В статье рассматривается отечественная и зарубежная историография, посвященная петрографическому анализу, преимущественно, обожженных сосудов. Главный акцент делается на исследованиях, затрагивающих основные вехи развития самого метода, а также характеризующих опыт его применения при изучении керамики античной эпохи. В статье также затрагиваются проблемы современного состояния керамической петрографии в отечественной науке.

As a young discipline Computer Science suffers from a crisis of identity when trying to best approach research problems and conduct quality and rigorous scientific work. This is commonly handled by borrowing scientific methods from mature disciplines, such as Mathematics and Logic theories. However, whilst the object of investigation in Computer Science changes both the construction of theories describing it and the growing practical experience in its usage, accepted scientific methods do not respond well to interplaying with theoretical and practical approaches. Particularly, emergent interdisciplinary fields within Computer Science, such as Online Education, show no consensus in literature about well-defined methods to conduct systematic research, thus facing difficulties to deal with interdisciplinary research and methodological gaps. The ultimate goal of this study is to shed light on these difficulties whilst proposing methodological guidelines and good practices in order to foster sound research in the Online Education field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic science holds a special place in the line of sciences that „arm‟ criminal prosecution officers, prosecutors, experts and judges with effective methods and tools of establishing the truth in criminal cases. Appearing as a simple empirical field of knowledge, with the task of adapting the achievements of technical and natural sciences to the needs of the criminal trial, forensic science has traveled a long and difficult path of transformation into one of the most developed and requested legal sciences. Forensic science emerged and evolves as a science that, through its provisions, supports the activity of law enforcement bodies regarding the establishment of truth, the administration of justice and the prevention of crimes. The development of these provisions is the result of the research of two types of human activity - the activity of preparing, committing and concealing crimes and its antipode - the activity related to the discovery, investigation of criminal cases and their examination in court. Thereafter, forensic science studies the specific regularities that direct these types of activity, elaborating practical recommendations for the fight against criminality, by which it is understood the entire activity of criminal prosecution bodies, forensic examination institutions and courts of law in order to establish the truth in criminal trials. Through the study conducted, we attempt to highlight the character of forensic science, its role in the system of legal sciences and its current development trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the main problems of the scientometric area by the criteria for HEIs scientists carried out using the data mining methods. The main purpose of any research is to share achievements and accomplishments with society. However, each time a scientist publishes a he/she will be curious about how it’s being received. Introduction of a category or criteria is a basic component of evaluating any activity, in particular scientific, and allows the unbiased consideration of the activities for building a balanced segmental circle. This approach was chosen to build the Odesa National University of Technology (ONUT) sciencetometric system, which allows researchers to have a quick and easy tool for identifying how much and what type of attention a research output has received. The software was developed in the PyCharm and DataGrip development environment. As a result of the research, a web application was created that fully meets the requirements of Odesa National University of Technology Scientific and Technical Library. The analysis of the subject area is carried out. The database was designed and developed using PostgreSQL DBMS version 10. Software solutions for the tasks were developed in the Atom environment using the Python programming language and the Django framework. The results are methods and functions that organize the operation of the system and the interaction of the application server with the database server.

This article reports the findings of a qualitative study that aimed to explore the ideas of 22 preservice physics teachers regarding astronomy concepts both within and beyond the solar system, as well as their understanding of the Nature of Science in the context of astronomy. The study employed a combination of open-ended vignette tasks and ranking tasks, which were adapted from previous research. The results reveal that while the majority of the preservice teachers held appropriate conceptions of astronomy concepts, some of their ideas lacked depth and were superficial. Moreover, their understanding of the Nature of Science in the context of astronomy was found to be limited. This study highlights the importance of providing further education and training in this area, as well as the need to develop and test effective teaching strategies to enhance preservice teachers' and physics education students' understanding of astronomy concepts and the Nature of Science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the range of research approaches of domestic scientists to the study of socio-economic and political processes developing in Latin America and the Caribbean. The text fixes the change in theoretical paradigms that took place in the post-Soviet period, when new methods of scientific research for domestic social scientists came to replace the class Marxist-Leninist approach that did not stand the test of time: Positivism, structuralism, comparative studies, constructivism, systemic, invent and functional analysis. The peculiarity of the article is the chosen angle – priority attention to country studies, forming, according to the authors, the supporting structure of the entire building of modern Russian Latin American studies - social science, in a complex studying the problems of Latin America, comprehending the past and present of this large region. The theoretical, methodological and subject framework of the article is determined on the basis of priority selection by the authors of the most relevant, in their opinion, problems of modern Latin American studies. In other words, the article is not aimed at offering an exhaustive picture of domestic Latin American studies at the present stage, does not pretend to the indisputability of the opinions expressed and the truth in the last instance. The purpose of the authors is to broadcast their own, deeply subjective view of the subject of research, allowing to add new ideas and ac cents to its study, to focus on those problems of this. scientific directions, which until now have not received a sufficiently deep development. The study was based on the scientific publications of the staff of the Institute of Latin America of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2021.

Significant efforts are made to revive scientific thinking,to require coordination through the application of the holistic elements of al-Qur’ān's scientific thinking. Therefore, methods in the scientific research of the Qur’ān were adapted according to the times and the development of civilizations. Hence, the current scientific study of the Qur’ān focused on the historiography to see its overall development. This study discussed the concept of scientific thought of the Qur’ān and its importance to the I‘jāz of the Qur’ān. Additionaly, the scholars’ position in emphasizing the scientific study of the Qur’ān was also presented in this research. Moreover, the adopted method of analysis was library research, which examined the relevant written research materials. The analysis illustrated that the Qur’ānic scientific methodology included divine science based on the I‘jāz al-Ilāhī, social science based on the I‘jāz al-Tashrī‘ī,and natural science based on the I‘jāz al-‘Ilmī and the development history offered comparisons of thoughts, which emerged during the Islamic civilization. Such Qur’ānic scientific methodology has led/conducted a deeper understanding of the Qur’ān and brought its study/interpretations to the public. Thus, this study is significant for exhibiting the importance of deepening the conceptual connection developed in the Qur’ānic scientific study with its historical development. This is to enable the application of epistemological thinking through scientific thinking in fulfilling human needs and the universal universe carefully and harmoniously.

A significant issue in the teaching, learning and summative assessment of practical science is that the underpinning model of scientific methods is based on a fairly simplistic and linear account that does not represent how scientists actually do practical work. In this paper, we examine how science teachers in England and Wales view scientific methods included in teaching and summative assessment of practical science. Following on a survey of 51 secondary teachers' views, we focus on the outcomes of a professional development programme where science teachers were introduced to a framework called Brandon's Matrix that presents a diversity of scientific methods in the context of Project Calibrate. Through in-depth qualitative analysis, we investigated how three teachers engaged with this framework having taught it to their students. The findings illustrate that teachers conceptualise practical science as a mainly hands-on activity, while they express the need for the inclusion of more minds-on skills in the high-stakes assessment of practical science. In addition, the findings show that teachers are quite receptive to adapting new frameworks, such as Brandon's Matrix, for their teaching. Although the teachers did not see a significant departure of the assessment questions from the regular high-stakes tests taken at age 16, they did recognise that there was a valuable element of thinking skills embedded in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of indigenous knowledge (IK) in increasing food security. It questions whether IK can be regarded as inferior to increasing food security given that food scientists and technologists use scientific methods in increasing food security. The rationales for the examination stem from the notion that while IK has been recognised as one avenue for increasing food security, such knowledge is treated as inferior to modern measures or techniques. People who use IK are associated with poverty, backwardness and superstitions. Indigenous knowledge is often marginalised and given little attention in the mainstream studies, research and development institutions. Many professional experts tend to scoff or criticise such knowledge system, viewing them as nonsensical, superstitions, irrational and mythical. The article explores a theoretical research based on an extensive literature review for using IK in increasing food security and advances reasons why IK may or may not be regarded as inferior to increase food security. The theoretical research may be seen as a limitation in this topic, as an empirical research based on interview may have produced a better result. The article reveals that both modern technologies and IK play an important role in increasing food security. Following that IK as Intellectual Property (IP) is taking new significance in the search for answers to many of the world’s most vexing problems, the article proposes measures within Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in the form of patent and other approaches through which IK could be applied with other scientific methods to increase food security.

In this study, we focussed on designing and evaluating a learning tool for the research process in higher education. Mastering the research process seems to be a bottleneck within the academy. Therefore, there is a great need to offer students other ways to learn this skill in addition to books and lectures. The MethodViz tool supports ubiquitous aspects of the research process in their scientific works higher education students follow. Moreover, the tool facilitates and structures the process interactively. In this paper, we describe the creation process of the artefact and examine the characteristics and scope of MethodViz alongside the traits and ideas of design science research. The evaluation's results are encouraging and show that MethodViz has the potential to improve students' learning achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the main problems of the scientometric area by the criteria for HEIs scientists carried out using the data mining methods. The main purpose of any research is to share achievements and accomplishments with society. However, each time a scientist publishes a he/she will be curious about how it's being received. Introduction of a category or criteria is a basic component of evaluating any activity, in particular scientific, and allows the unbiased consideration of the activities for building a balanced segmental circle. This approach was chosen to build the Odesa National University of Technology (ONUT) sciencetometric system, which allows researchers to have a quick and easy tool for identifying how much and what type of attention a research output has received. The software was developed in the PyCharm and DataGrip development environment. As a result of the research, a web application was created that fully meets the requirements of Odesa National University of Technology Scientific and Technical Library. The analysis of the subject area is carried out. The database was designed and developed using PostgreSQL DBMS version 10. Software solutions for the tasks were developed in the Atom environment using the Python programming language and the Django framework. The results are methods and functions that organize the operation of the system and the interaction of the application server with the database server. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the findings of a qualitative study that aimed to explore the ideas of 22 preservice physics teachers regarding astronomy concepts both within and beyond the solar system, as well as their understanding of the Nature of Science in the context of astronomy. The study employed a combination of open-ended vignette tasks and ranking tasks, which were adapted from previous research. The results reveal that while the majority of the preservice teachers held appropriate conceptions of astronomy concepts, some of their ideas lacked depth and were superficial. Moreover, their understanding of the Nature of Science in the context of astronomy was found to be limited. This study highlights the importance of providing further education and training in this area, as well as the need to develop and test effective teaching strategies to enhance preservice teachers’ and physics education students’ understanding of astronomy concepts and the Nature of Science.

The conception of the founder of the Austrian School in his book on the philosophy of social sciences has been described by the supporters of this school as a total methodological individualism, upholding the absolute specificity of these sciences to those of nature, and as rejecting the use of mathematics in economics. On the contrary, we shall see that for Carl Menger the human individual was only the fundamental element of socio-economic structures, not reducible to it. Economic theory was to be inspired by the 'atomism' of natural sciences and determine the causes, effects, and laws of the studied phenomena, with the aim of predicting and controlling them. Empirical study had to unite with conceptual abstraction and mathematics in the degree determined by the simplicity or complexity of the field of research. These characteristics of C. Manger's conception, like others, make us assume an important (but unconfessed) influence of A. Comte's positivism. However, in order to prove it, we will try to restore his true philosophy of science, warped by the neo-positivism of the energeticist scientists and of the Vienna Circle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hochschullehre is the property of wbv Media GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the role of indigenous knowledge (IK) in increasing food security. It questions whether IK can be regarded as inferior to increasing food security given that food scientists and technologists use scientific methods in increasing food security. The rationales for the examination stem from the notion that while IK has been recognised as one avenue for increasing food security, such knowledge is treated as inferior to modern measures or techniques. People who use IK are associated with poverty, backwardness and superstitions. Indigenous knowledge is often marginalised and given little attention in the mainstream studies, research and development institutions. Many professional experts tend to scoff or criticise such knowledge system, viewing them as nonsensical, superstitions, irrational and mythical. The article explores a theoretical research based on an extensive literature review for using IK in increasing food security and advances reasons why IK may or may not be regarded as inferior to increase food security. The theoretical research may be seen as a limitation in this topic, as an empirical research based on interview may have produced a better result. The article reveals that both modern technologies and IK play an important role in increasing food security. Following that IK as Intellectual Property (IP) is taking new significance in the search for answers to many of the world's most vexing problems, the article proposes measures within Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in the form of patent and other approaches through which IK could be applied with other scientific methods to increase food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of epistemic aspects of science in science education continues to be a challenge for researchers and practitioners. The paper presents an empirical study investigating how epistemic framing of scientific methods can be incorporated in science teaching, learning and summative assessment, and what impact such framing has on student learning outcomes. The study was conducted with 969 secondary students taught by 152 teachers from a national sample in England. Teaching videos and summative assessments were framed by Brandon's Matrix, a theoretical framework derived from the work of a philosopher of science and focusing on the diversity of scientific methods ranging from hypothesis testing to non-manipulative parameter measurement. The findings are discussed, including (a) the students' views on the teaching videos and summative assessments, (b) the impact of the teaching videos on students' understanding of the epistemic aspects of scientific methods and (c) students' performance on summative assessments in the context of science topics covered in high-stakes examinations in England. The findings suggest that the students' understanding of scientific methods significantly improved after watching the videos. Furthermore, the students' performance on the summative assessment items indicated a high level of accuracy in responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science inquiry and modeling activities have been proved to heighten emotional situations; therefore, research about emotions should aim to identify which activities promote student engagement with Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics fields through multidimensional models that include emotional and cognitive engagement. This research is focused on science teachers’ need to carefully review their classroom instructions to ensure that students are provided with opportunities to develop appropriate understandings of acid/base models (and their concepts). To achieve this, we have implemented a short model-based inquiry acid-base instructional sequence in the context of a TV-spot about chewing gum. A descriptive, non-experimental quantitative methodology with a heuristic (emotional: self-report questionnaire; and cognitive: self-regulation questionnaire) has been used to analyze what Pre-Service Secondary Education Teachers from several Spanish universities recognize to have learned and felt in each activity. Differences regarding knowledge declared by the participants were identified in all the tasks from before to after carrying them out. Furthermore, the results seem to indicate that there are significant relationships between the knowledge and the emotions, being different depending on the skill involved. Significant correlations between emotions have been found. However, there were no significant correlations with either rejection and knowledge or with other emotions, which points to emotional engagement. Generally, no significant differences were identified between emotions and gender or universities, with some exceptions between genders in two tasks. Thus, the results led us to reflect on the instructional sequence implementation’s ability to bring awareness to the learning process and how it produces multidimensional engagements.

• Scientific methods should be grounded in the field where they are applied. • Biomedicine has not developed methodological sciences as much as other fields. • Data- and design-related aspects relevant in biomedical methods are reviewed. The protracted COVID 19 pandemic may indicate failures of scientific methodologies. Hoping to facilitate the evaluation and/or update of methods relevant in Biomedicine, several aspects of scientific processes are here explored. First, the background is reviewed. In particular, eight topics are analyzed: (i) the history of Higher Education models in reference to the pursuit of science and the type of student cognition pursued, (ii) whether explanatory or actionable knowledge is emphasized depending on the well- or ill-defined nature of problems, (iii) the role of complexity and dynamics, (iv) how differences between Biology and other fields influence methodologies, (v) whether theory, hypotheses or data drive scientific research, (vi) whether Biology is reducible to one or a few factors, (vii) the fact that data, to become actionable knowledge, require structuring, and (viii) the need of inter -/ trans -disciplinary knowledge integration. To illustrate how these topics interact, a second section describes four temporal stages of scientific methods: conceptualization , operationalization, validation and evaluation. They refer to the transition from abstract (non-measurable) concepts (such as 'health') to the selection of concrete (measurable) operations (such as 'quantification of ́anti-virus specific antibody titers'). Conceptualization is the process that selects concepts worth investigating, which continues as operationalization when data-producing variables viewed to reflect critical features of the concepts are chosen. Because the operations selected are not necessarily valid, informative, and may fail to solve problems, validations and evaluations are critical stages, which require inter/trans-disciplinary knowledge integration. It is suggested that data structuring can substantially improve scientific methodologies applicable in Biology, provided that other aspects here mentioned are also considered. The creation of independent bodies meant to evaluate biologically oriented scientific methods is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Do scientific theories and methods aim at the truth? • Do DNA and protein sequences determine biological functions? • Science needs philosophy and biology requires the study of processes. • The fallacy of rational vaccine design. • Both biological and human sciences are required for combatting the COVID-19 pandemic. This review discusses the philosophical foundations of what used to be called "the scientific method" and is nowadays often known as the scientific attitude. It used to be believed that scientific theories and methods aimed at the truth especially in the case of physics, chemistry and astronomy because these sciences were able to develop numerous scientific laws that made it possible to understand and predict many physical phenomena. The situation is different in the case of the biological sciences which deal with highly complex living organisms made up of huge numbers of constituents that undergo continuous dynamic processes; this leads to novel emergent properties in organisms that cannot be predicted because they are not present in the constituents before they have interacted with each other. This is one of the reasons why there are no universal scientific laws in biology. Furthermore, all scientific theories can only achieve a restricted level of predictive success because they remain valid only under the limited range of conditions that were used for establishing the theory' in the first place. Many theories that used to be accepted were subsequently shown to be false, demonstrating that scientific theories always remain tentative and can never be proven beyond and doubt. It is ironical that as scientists have finally accepted that approximate truths are perfectly adequate and that absolute truth is an illusion, a new irrational sociological phenomenon called Post-Truth conveyed by social media, the Internet and fake news has developed in the Western world that is convincing millions of people that truth simply does not exist. Misleading information is circulated with the intention to deceive and science denialism is promoted by denying the remarkable achievements of science and technology during the last centuries. Although the concept of intentional design is widely used to describe the methods that biologists use to make discoveries and inventions, it will be argued that the term is not appropriate for explaining the appearance of life on our planet nor for describing the scientific creativity of scientific investigators. The term rational for describing the development of new vaccines is also unjustified. Because the analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic requires contributions from biomedical and psycho-socioeconomic sciences, one scientific method alone would be insufficient for combatting the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science inquiry and modeling activities have been proved to heighten emotional situations; therefore, research about emotions should aim to identify which activities promote student engagement with Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics fields through multidimensional models that include emotional and cognitive engagement. This research is focused on science teachers' need to carefully review their classroom instructions to ensure that students are provided with opportunities to develop appropriate understandings of acid/base models (and their concepts). To achieve this, we have implemented a short model-based inquiry acid-base instructional sequence in the context of a TV-spot about chewing gum. A descriptive, non-experimental quantitative methodology with a heuristic (emotional: self-report questionnaire; and cognitive: self-regulation questionnaire) has been used to analyze what Pre-Service Secondary Education Teachers from several Spanish universities recognize to have learned and felt in each activity. Differences regarding knowledge declared by the participants were identified in all the tasks from before to after carrying them out. Furthermore, the results seem to indicate that there are significant relationships between the knowledge and the emotions, being different depending on the skill involved. Significant correlations between emotions have been found. However, there were no significant correlations with either rejection and knowledge or with other emotions, which points to emotional engagement. Generally, no significant differences were identified between emotions and gender or universities, with some exceptions between genders in two tasks. Thus, the results led us to reflect on the instructional sequence implementation's ability to bring awareness to the learning process and how it produces multidimensional engagements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition from communism to democracy produced major changes both in the situation of monuments in Romania and in the methodological process of conservationrestoration of cultural heritage assets. It was thus observed that, in addition to the traditional methods of conservation-restoration, modern investigative materials and techniques were introduced in this methodological process, as well as scientific methods for researching works of art. The purpose of these methods was to preserve the authenticity of cultural assets and to transmit heritage values in full integrity to future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim. Identification of the determinants that define political protest, as well as consideration of Russian political practice related to political manifestation based on the proposed methodology.Methodology. The article analyzes various methodological approaches that conceptualize political protest. In particular, the attributive qualities of the theories of relative deprivation, communicative behavior and resource mobilization, as well as the communicative concept are revealed. In addition, the analysis focuses on modern political actionism, which is inextricably linked with the virtualization and networking of public practices. Accordingly, the aspects that reveal the postmodern specifics of political protest are touched upon.Results. The main methodological approaches that interpret the phenomenon of political protest in connection with regime consolidation are defined. In the example of the Russian case, characterized by protest manifestation, its features are analyzed on the basis of the relevant methodology. The basic conclusion is that the present-day domestic protest practices are determined and developed according to imperatives and in line with a set of scientific approaches.Research implications. The results are mostly practical in nature, as they explain the motives and logic of the contemporary political protest development in Russia. The political elite can reconsider the political situation and take a set of measures aimed not so much at damping the protest, but at creating socio-economic conditions for the development of social strata (especially young people) and channeling political energy into a conventional channel.

This paper examines the ways in which knowledge about water has conventionally been generated by modern water scientists and illuminates how this approach leaves out the diverse “ways of knowing” water and how scientism creates a trap of concrete evidential certainty. Through the example of a failed conversation, it questions the basic epistemological underpinnings of understanding water in modern scientific inquiries—the means of knowing rivers, and how they conflict with feminist epistemologies and fail to account for the “knowledge others” and “others’ knowledge”. The paper concludes with observations on why we need new epistemologies of water in the Anthropocene.

Se propone un modelo de análisis del proceso de investigación basado en siete preguntas básicas: qué, en quiénes o en qué cosas, dónde, cuándo, cómo, para qué y por qué investigar. El propósito es reconstruir la lógica que rige la definición de un fenómeno delimitado conceptual y espacio-temporalmente como un objeto, y también de los modos, objetivos y propósitos de la investigación. Estas siete preguntas constituyen un sistema de problemas básicos que, según la hipótesis de la unidad del método, dan cuenta de la estructura de todo proceso de investigación. Se sostiene esa hipótesis desde una perspectiva dialéctica, destacando algunas de las tensiones fundamentales que atraviesan el proceso entre: conocimiento disponible y conocimiento a obtener; contenidos teóricos, abstractos, generales y contenidos empíricos, concretos, singulares; conceptos científicos y nociones de sentido común. Además, se destacan algunas derivaciones prácticas que pueden aportar a la enseñanza de la metodología, así como a la planificación y formulación de un proyecto, ejemplificado con un proyecto en el campo interdisciplinario de las Ciencias Sociales del Trabajo. A model of analysis about the research process as a whole is proposed based on seven basic questions: what, who or what things, where, when, how, for what purpose and why to investigate. The aim is to reconstruct the logic commanding the definition of a phenomenon individuated conceptually, spatiotemporally as an object of knowledge, and also the modes, objectives and purposes of an inquiry. These seven questions constitute a system of basic problems that, according to the hypothesis of a unified method, account for any research process. The said hypothesis is grounded on a dialectical perspective which highlights some of the fundamental tensions running through the process: available and attainable knowledge, theoretical, abstract and general contents as well as empirical, concrete and singular contents; scientific concepts and common sense. Moreoever, a number of practical consequences are highlighted which can contribute to the teaching of methodology, in addition to the planning and formulation of a research project. This is exemplified by an interdisciplinary research project in the Social Sciences of Labour.

Abstract: One of the features of the 2013 Curriculum is a scientific-based learning approach. The purpose of this study was to describe the understanding, implementation, and barriers of elementary school teachers towards a scientific approach. This research method is descriptive qualitative. Respondents were 50 teachers of SDN at Kecamatan Sukun Malang. Data were obtained through open questionnaire techniques and document Teachers' learning plan. The data are described and analyzed to get an overview of elementary school teacher's understanding of the scientific approach. The results show that the scientific approach can serve as a science process skill and a scientific method. Teachers at the SDN in Kecamatan Sukun Malang understand the scientific approach as a science process skill, not yet understanding the scientific approach as a scientific method. These results can be used as a reference to train elementary school teachers in implementing a scientific approach. Abstrak: Salah satu ciri Kurikulum 2013 adalah pembelajaran berbasis pendekatan saintifik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pemahaman, pelaksanaan, dan hambatan guru sekolah dasar terhadap pendekatan saintifik. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Responden sejumlah 50 guru SDN di Kecamatan Sukun Kota Malang. Data diperoleh melalui penyebaran angket terbuka dan dokumen rencana pembelajaran. Data yang diperoleh dideskrpsikan dan dianalisis sehingga didapatkan gambaran umum tentang pemahaman guru Sekolah Dasar terhadap pendekatan saintifik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan saintifik dapat berfungsi sebagai keterampilan proses sains dan metode ilmiah. Guru-guru Sekolah Dasar di Kecamatan Sukun Kota Malang memahami pendekatan saintifik sebagai keterampilan proses sains, belum memahami pendekatan saintifik sebagai metode ilmiah. Hasil penelitian dapat dijadikan referensi untuk melatih guru sekolah dasar dalam mengimplementasikan pendekatan saintifik.

This response replies to the previous papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims at comparing item characteristics of instruments for assessing the level of mastery in scientific method for elementary students as they were analyzed using Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). The two analyses are usually done separately, for difference object, in this moment it was analyzed simultaneously for the same issue, that up two know it has not be done yet. This to ensure weather or not both the models of item analysis get the same result. The tests were developed in two different types namely a true-false and multiple choice. The multiple choice test consists of items with two and three options. Sample students from grade 1 to 6 were chosen consist of 234 school classes. The item responses were analyzed using a Quest Program. Results of the analysis show that item difficulty indexes for CTT and IRT are identical such as easy items on CTT are also identified as easy items on IRT, or vice versa. Based on CTT analysis results, three-option items are more difficult than the two-option items while IRT analysis results show that the three-option and two-option have similar difficulty indexes. The item difficulty indexes analyzed by CTT and IRT shows similar patterns. This research may reveal further information on the characteristics of test items which can contribute to the test development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is related to the use of internet in the scientific research process. The number of online researches have rapidly increased depending on technological developments and widely used internet. Online researches have some advantage, such as spending time, financial situation. Selection bias, volunteer effect, and generalization of results are important disadvantages of online researches. The most problem is the selection of sample. Because internet sample is not representative of the general population, it has not external validity. This situation is stated as 'sampling error'. The basic principles for ethical problems are not determined. In this article, the advantages and disadvantages of online researches are reviewed. Because the sampling error is an important problem and not resolved yet, it is to say difficult that online researches are appropriate to scientific methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasingly strict word/character restrictions enforced by most scientific publications, we identified a need for a master document illustrating the “Scientific Methods” that may be applicable to the majority of observational and registry-based studies in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). The purpose of this study is to serve as a reference document that describes the data source, study endpoints and statistical analyses utilized most commonly in retrospective studies in HCT. To this end we compile, define and reference the methodology commonly used in HCT research. While it is recognized that the scientific methodology may periodically require updates due to the evolving landscape of transplant research, such as newer study endpoints and statistical methods, this manuscript describes frequently used methodologies.