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Copyright of Campus Virtuales is the property of Campus Virtuales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Professional Business Review (JPBReview) is the property of Open Access Publications LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Research in Teaching Turkish (IJRTT) is the property of International Journal of Research in Teaching Turkish (IJRTT) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University (AKU) Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Machine learning (ML) algorithms are showing a growing trend in helping the scientific communities across different disciplines and institutions to address large and diverse data problems. However, many available ML tools are programmatically demanding and computationally costly. The MLExchange project aims to build a collaborative platform equipped with enabling tools that allow scientists and facility users who do not have a profound ML background to use ML and computational resources in scientific discovery. At the high level, we are targeting a full user experience where managing and exchanging ML algorithms, workflows, and data are readily available through web applications. Since each component is an independent container, the whole platform or its individual service(s) can be easily deployed at servers of different scales, ranging from a personal device (laptop, smart phone, etc.) to high performance clusters (HPC) accessed (simultaneously) by many users. Thus, MLExchange renders flexible using scenarios-users could either access the services and resources from a remote server or run the whole platform or its individual service(s) within their local network.

PURPOSE To establish the scientific directions of lavender oil research and its therapeutic use. METHODS An analysis was made of the available methodological literature in the medical database PubMed related to Lavender oil. Known empirical therapeutic uses of lavender oil are Relaxation and stress relief. Lavender oil is known for its calming properties, which can help promote relaxation and reduce stress and anxiety; Pain relief: Lavender oil has analgesic properties, which means it can help relieve pain. Skincare: Lavender oil has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help soothe and heal minor skin irritations like acne, insect bites, and minor burns; Respiratory support: Digestive health: Lavender oil may also help support digestive health by reducing inflammation in the gut and promoting healthy digestion. RESULTS 501 scientific studies with Lavender oil were found in the medical database PubMed. This publication analyzes the directions of scientific studies. CONCLUSIONS Lavender oil is a popular essential oil that has been used for centuries for its therapeutic properties. A significant part of scientific research is aimed at proving empirically known therapeutic applications.

Introduction. The creation of new medicines and their introduction into production depends, in particular, on the organization of scientific research in pharmaceutical universities. The ability to fully utilize all the material, financial and human resources available to a university determines the possibility of effectively generating pharmaceutical innovations. This, in turn, is possible if there are methods of scientific analysis of the process of scientific activity of a university.Aim. Creation of methods for scientific analysis of the process of scientific activity of a university, allowing, on the basis of regularly collected information about the scientific activity of departments, to identify areas for improving the organization of scientific research.Materials and methods. The study used logical, analytical-synthetic research methods, modeling, and the method of expert assessments. The scientific reports of the Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy (PSFA) departments for 2019 were studied.Results and discussion. A model of the functioning of the scientific activities of a university has been developed using the example of PSFA, reflecting the degree of interaction of individual departments with each other. Original methods for assessing the effectiveness of individual departments were developed based on the ratio of material, financial, and human resources invested in the work of the departments, and the scientific and practical output obtained as a result of scientific activities.Conclusion. The created model for organizing the scientific activities of the university made it possible to identify departments as “generators” and “successors of scientific research”, as well as the phenomenon of imbalance or lack of interaction between departments. Original methods for assessing human resources and scientific output of the department have been created. To evaluate the work of the department, a rule was formulated for the balance between the resources invested in the work of the department and the scientific result obtained, as well as the balance between the scientific output itself, expressed in scientific publications, and the practical output, expressed in received patents, grants and implementation acts.

Copyright of Osmangazi Journal of Medicine / Osmangazi Tip Dergisi is the property of Eskisehir Osmangazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to Covid-19 pandemic, one of the biggest crises occurred in the field of education. The number of students whose educational activities were interrupted because of the pandemic is an indicator of the effects of the pandemic on education. However, when the studies in the literature are examined, they mostly focus on the field of health. Studies in the field of education are relatively limited and the studies or data are unstructured. As a matter of fact, it is important to structure the data in the world created by data; to understand how the process works, to discover opportunities and the patterns that make up the world, to predict what will happen in new situations. In this context, the purpose of this study is to determine which issues are examined in the field of education in Turkey and around the world in the Covid-19 pandemic. In accordance with this purpose, analyzes were made using text mining techniques on text-based data. As a result of the research, in the international literature, more in-depth and theoretical research is included in the context of education, while in the national literature, situation determination and superficial distance education studies have been carried out.

Copyright of Anatolian Journal of Language & Education (AJLE) / Anadolu Dil ve Eğitim Dergisi (ANADED) is the property of Anatolian Language, Culture & Education Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

PURPOSE To establish the scientific directions of lavender oil research and its therapeutic use. METHODS An analysis was made of the available methodological literature in the medical database PubMed related to Lavender oil. Known empirical therapeutic uses of lavender oil are Relaxation and stress relief. Lavender oil is known for its calming properties, which can help promote relaxation and reduce stress and anxiety; Pain relief: Lavender oil has analgesic properties, which means it can help relieve pain. Skincare: Lavender oil has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help soothe and heal minor skin irritations like acne, insect bites, and minor burns; Respiratory support: Digestive health: Lavender oil may also help support digestive health by reducing inflammation in the gut and promoting healthy digestion. RESULTS 501 scientific studies with Lavender oil were found in the medical database PubMed. This publication analyzes the directions of scientific studies. CONCLUSIONS Lavender oil is a popular essential oil that has been used for centuries for its therapeutic properties. A significant part of scientific research is aimed at proving empirically known therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ge-Conservación is the property of Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present research, meticulously constructed to scrutinize the studies related to language transfer in teaching Turkish as a foreign language from various perspectives, employed a qualitative research methodology. Data were gathered utilizing a document analysis technique, and the interpretation of the gathered data was conducted employing a descriptive analytical approach. The studies conducted on the effect of language transfer on teaching Turkish as a foreign language (TTAFL) were examined in terms of type, year, learning fields, language level, distribution by country, and how the transfer is discussed. It was found that 61.8% (f=81) of the scientific studies on the transfer in TTAFL are articles, 30.5% (f=40) are master's theses, 6.1% (f=8) are doctoral theses, and 1.5% (f=2) are academic papers. The first study on this subject was observed to have been conducted in 1998, the maximum number of studies (f=25) was carried out in 2019, and there has been a significant increase in interest in the subject since 2007. The maximum number of studies by nationality (f=29) was carried out on Syrians, followed by Afghani, Palestinian, Kazakh, Iraqi, and Bosnian students. 95 studies focused on the learning of writing, 35 on speaking, 18 on reading, 11 on listening, and seven on grammar. Six articles, two master's theses and a doctoral thesis, a total of nine studies, in which the language transfer was presented under different headings, were identified; and there was no classification in 122 studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diálogos Pedagógicos is the property of Universidad Catolica de Cordoba and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dusko Bjelica, PhD, a full professor at the University of Montenegro, has a large number of professional and scientific publications. The main aim of this paper was to search and list his special editions (books). We found the editions by searching his biography and reports on scientific research. There were a total of 65 issues, which we divided into monographs, textbooks and scientific studies. Of the total, 38 are monographs, 25 textbooks and two scientific studies, representing the fields of sports, especially football and sport training. In his books, Professor Bjelica was most concerned with the development of football in Montenegro, sports training, physical culture, but also notable Montenegrin athletes and complex sporting phenomena, such as the bouncing of sport balls and the accuracy of hitting the ball. These numbers, as well as the various topics within these fields, show the quality of the scholarly work of the author. The classification is also significant given the abundance of Professor Bjelica works; therefore, it will enable easier literature searches and better insight into the subject matter of the books.

The article shows the contribution of the Kazakh Research Institute of Forestry and Agroforestry (KazRIFA) to selection, seed-growing and gene pool conservation of tree species, the most detailed for Scots pine Рinus sylvestris L. and silver birch Betula pendula Roth, i. e. the main forest-forming and economically valuable species in Kazakhstan. The main scientific developments of a number of leading scientists of the Institute, starting from the moment of its organization. I.e.. for a 60-year period, are given. Systematic comprehensive researches on selection and seed production have been carried out in KazRIFA since 1961 after the establishment of the Laboratory of Selection, Seed production and Introduction. The results and stages of labor activity in KazRIFA of the following scientists are more fully reflected: Stanislav Aleksandrovich Petrov, Viktor Aleksandrovich Dragavtsev, Vladimir Ivanovich Mosin, Vladimir Vasil’evich Shul’ga, Alla Ivanovna Breusova, Anatoliy Matveevich Danchenko. The results of scientific research in the field of selection, seed production and gene pool conservation of forest species in the Republic of Kazakhstan have a scientific novelty, as evidenced by the received protection documents (author’s certificates for inventions, patents for selection achievements). A great scientific achievement is the varieties of Scots pine, selected both on the basis of decorativeness, and productivity and resistance to pests and diseases. Unique scientific objects for the regions of Kazakhstan (geographical cultures, test cultures, clone archives of plus trees, etc.) were laid, which served as the basis for creation a constant forest seed base and they are used for further scientific researches. Thus, a scientific and methodological base has been created for the further development of selection, seed production, variety production and gene pool conservation of woody plants in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

In this paper, the opinions of bioinformatics experts were sought to examine the knowledge semantic maps. The research question was whether the mapping of bioinformatics field articles could contribute to the reflection of knowledge map in this field; can knowledge within articles be demonstrated through a knowledge map? The research type was applied and analytical. Data collection was performed in two ways. First, the data were collected from scientific databases by using semantic search software and drawing knowledge maps by the software. Second, Delphi technique was used in two stages in order to obtain the opinion of experts regarding these knowledge semantic maps and co-concepts in bioinformatics field. In this method, first, the co-concepts map of the articles exported by Yewno and the knowledge semantics map were presented to the experts to get their viewpoints. By implementing the Delphi approach, the opinions of experts in examining the application of knowledge semantic maps resulted in the phonological analysis of articles in this field. The analysis results demonstrated that the knowledge map of bioinformatics studies dynamically developed over time. The continuous conduction flow of scientific studies in this field brought continuous changes to the knowledge of this field.

Helicteres genus, Malvaceae, has pantropical distribution, encompasses about 60 species, 31 of them found in Brazil. Species belonging to this genus are used for treatment of various diseases and aroused scientific interest in search for bioactive compounds present in these plants. In this context, this review aims to provide a complete and concise overview of scientific advances in phytochemical and pharmacological studies of these species and their use by folk medicine. The presented data were collected from scientific databases, ‘Web of Science’, ‘Scifinder’, ‘Pubmed’, ‘Sciencedirect’, and ‘Google Scholar’, using the keyword ‘Helicteres’. The species H. isora and H. angustifolia, found in Asia, are the most explored scientifically, whereas studies of species of this genus found in Americas are still rare, being possible to highlight studies carried out in Brazil with H. velutina and H. eichleri. About 149 compounds were isolated and characterized in the genus, being emphasized terpenoids, flavonoids and lignoids. These species have demonstrated various pharmacological properties in vitro and in vivo, incluinding insecticide, antidiabetic, antitumor and hepatoprotective activities. The presented data show the importance of studies carried out isolating bioactive compounds from this genus that may be used in several diseases’ treatment or/as prototypes to development of new drugs.

Copyright of Journal of Higher Education & Science / Yüksekögretim ve Bilim Dergisi is the property of Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The COVID-19 pandemic affected many areas of public life and industry. This also applies to research particularly that relies on scientific studies with test persons. In order to minimize the risk of infection, several aspects of experiment design including the setting might require alteration. An extensive review of the latest research involving the COVID-19 pandemic as a blueprint for dealing with other health situations has been conducted in order to develop a step-by-step approach to plan a study with regard to infection protection. As a result, a generic six-step concept was developed that is applicable for scientific studies in both stationary rooms and vehicles while being adaptable to the respective circumstances. The infection protection measures determined through research were implemented in the individual sub-steps from study planning to execution. They allow a step-by-step approach to prevent infections in scientific studies with different settings during a pandemic and in situations where increased hygiene measures are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zycie Weterynaryjne is the property of Polish National Veterinary Chamber and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Artuklu Akademi is the property of Artuklu Akademi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the opinions of bioinformatics experts were sought to examine the knowledge semantic maps. The research question was whether the mapping of bioinformatics field articles could contribute to the reflection of knowledge map in this field; can knowledge within articles be demonstrated through a knowledge map? The research type was applied and analytical. Data collection was performed in two ways. First, the data were collected from scientific databases by using semantic search software and drawing knowledge maps by the software. Second, Delphi technique was used in two stages in order to obtain the opinion of experts regarding these knowledge semantic maps and co-concepts in bioinformatics field. In this method, first, the co-concepts map of the articles exported by Yewno and the knowledge semantics map were presented to the experts to get their viewpoints. By implementing the Delphi approach, the opinions of experts in examining the application of knowledge semantic maps resulted in the phonological analysis of articles in this field. The analysis results demonstrated that the knowledge map of bioinformatics studies dynamically developed over time. The continuous conduction flow of scientific studies in this field brought continuous changes to the knowledge of this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to represent the infoecology of bioinformatics, with an emphasis on the topic of relationships between studies in order to provide a scientific framework for infoecological investigations in this field. It was conducted using the co-occurrence analysis of the topic keywords of studies available on the Web of Science (WoS) Database from Clarivate Analytics and using the social network analysis. The infoecology of the studies' topic relationships indicated that the topics of the studies were inter-related as information elements, also known as infocenoses, in the form of seven basic clusters in the infotope of the WoS. According to the centrality indexes, topics such as proteomics, microarray, MicroRNA, genomics, gene expression, computational biology, database, and data mining had the largest topic relationships. Moreover, as emerging information elements, LNCRNA, big data, differentially expressed genes, Osteosarcoma, next-generation sequencing, protein-RNA-SEQ, protein interaction network, high-throughput sequencing metagenomics, and ITRAQ were found to create new topic relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Kushta (calx) is a well-known dosage form of Unani medicine but has always been condemned by scientific fraternity and even some traditionalists because of certain issues associated with Kushta such as safety, lack of scientific data, adverse effects, and complicated method of preparation. Very few studies are carried out on Kushta in Unani medicine and no study has explored its mechanism of action on scientific basis that may be acceptable widely. Methodology: In this study, the review was done regarding the concept of Kushta in Unani medicine, and studies carried out so far along with a possible explanation of the effectiveness, classical method of preparation, superiority of Kushta over other dosage forms, challenges with use of Kushta, idea of use of herbs in making Kushta, and other issues. Literature on Kushta was collected from classical Unani books and papers published in various journals and analyzed. We found that very few scientific studies have been carried out on Kushta in Unani medicine and that too on certain set topics. Most studies are on physicochemical standardization of Kushta. Conclusion: Study revealed that the research carried out so far is not satisfactory. They are also of preliminary nature. Advance toxicological and pharmacological studies are required to generate strong evidences for wide acceptability, safety, and efficacy of Kushta.

The COVID-19 pandemic affected many areas of public life and industry. This also applies to research particularly that relies on scientific studies with test persons. In order to minimize the risk of infection, several aspects of experiment design including the setting might require alteration. An extensive review of the latest research involving the COVID-19 pandemic as a blueprint for dealing with other health situations has been conducted in order to develop a step-by-step approach to plan a study with regard to infection protection. As a result, a generic six-step concept was developed that is applicable for scientific studies in both stationary rooms and vehicles while being adaptable to the respective circumstances. The infection protection measures determined through research were implemented in the individual sub-steps from study planning to execution. They allow a step-by-step approach to prevent infections in scientific studies with different settings during a pandemic and in situations where increased hygiene measures are required.

The article presents a life story of a great French dermatologist and venereologist, one of the founders of the theory of syphilis Jean-Alfred Fournier (1832-1914). It provides data on the published works by Jean-Alfred Fournier, some of which earned him a doctoral degree. It also provides data on Fournier’s election as a member of the French Academy of Medicine in 1879 as well as on the founding of the French Society of Dermatology and Syphiligraphy by Fournier and other French dermatologists in 1889. The article defines the contribution made by Fournier to the development of venereology and practical medicine in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century.

Copyright of Science in Olympic Sports is the property of National University of Physical Education & Sport of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Basic Education College Magazine For Educational & Humanities Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Interdisciplinary Journal of Social Management / Revista Interdisciplinar de Gestão Social is the property of Revista Interdisciplinar de Gestao Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

GM crops are the most studied crops in history. Approximately 5% of the safety studies on them show adverse effects that are a cause for concern and tend to be featured in media reports. Although these reports are based on just a handful of GM events, they are used to cast doubt on all GM crops. Furthermore, they tend to come from just a few laboratories and are published in less important journals. Importantly, a close examination of these reports invariably shows methodological flaws that invalidate any conclusions of adverse effects. Twenty years after commercial cultivation of GM crops began, a bona fide report of an adverse health effect due to a commercialized modification in a crop has yet to be reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Four paintings of the 16th century, grouped in two diptychs,were found in 1949 in a church at Tavira (Portugal). Since then, a complex process took place, herein reconstituted, that led to the detection of older underlying paintings on all the four panels and to the removal of the paint layers in some areas that, in one of the works, involved the elimination of one third of the visible painting. In 1961, it was determined the integral removal of the 16th century paintings so that the oldest paintings, from the 15th century, would become visible. In spite of the recommendations in the literature available at that time, the situation does not seem to have been carefully discussed and was deeply conditioned by the ideology of the Estado Novo dictatorial regime. However, for unknown reasons, the complete removal of the pictorial layers was carried out only in two of the panel paintings, while in the other two the 16th century images were kept and the test areas that had been removed were reconstructed. Consequently, the group and its stylistic unity were destroyed by this intervention, which lasted until about 1964. Meanwhile, radiographs of the paintings were taken at three occasions (1950, 1955-1960 and 1995), but, unlike what was to be expected, the information provided differed each time.Two analyses of the wood support (about 1961 and 1995) also led to differing results.Therefore, this case also puts in evidence some limitations of the scientific studies of works of art and the need for precaution and critical mind in the interpretation of the obtained results.

The Chair of Internal Medicine №2 was founded in 1919 on the base of St. Nickolas Hospital in Rostov-on-Don. The founder of the Chair was professor A.I. Ignatovsky who emigrated from Russia the same year. The next chief of the chair was professor E.M. Kastanayan who made a great contribution in scientific studies of internal medicine. At different periods the chair was leaded by S.S. Mindlin, I.A. Grabenko, B.I. Vorobiev. At present time the chief of the chair is professor A.A. Kastanayan. The scientific studies of the department are dedicated to the diagnose and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Transparency in obtaining data for scientific analysis is crucial due to the large impact that the results of scientific studies may have in different areas of social life. The trust in the neutrality of a research is a key element in setting the terms of a working relationship between those who sponsored the study and the team who runs it. Thus, studies supported by the industry of food and beverages on the nutritional status of a population, or a study on the effect of a drug on a disease funded by a pharmaceutical company must explicitly deploy potential conflicts of interest and set limits to ensure an independent investigation. Less studied are potential conflicts of interest among government organizations and international cooperation agencies, since it is assumed that these agencies have a duty to ensure the welfare of the population. The aim of this work is to investigate about institutions that have defined a position on the independence of research and transparency of data. The Venezuelan case of the repeatedly recognition by the FAO to the Venezuelan government, even when the food and nutrition situation experienced by Venezuelans is far from deserving and international recognition is brought for discussion. It tries to put on the table for discussion the fact that relations between governments, international agencies and other institutions should be reviewed and updated to avoid potential conflicts of inter-institutional interest that may negatively affect the wellbeing of the population studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]