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With the development of marine economy, the exploitation of marine resources has gradually changed from single stereo exploitation to multi-layered stereo exploitation, and the intensity and density of exploitation have been increasing, so the marine ecological environment is facing great pressure. In order to alleviate the contradiction between the tension of sea use and the protection of ecological environment and improve the comprehensive benefits of sea use, it is urgent to explore the ecological, intensive, stereo and modern sea use mode. Therefore, the concept of "stereo intensive and ecological sea use" came into being. Through listing the typical cases of the stereo intensive and ecological sea use at home and abroad, the characteristics of sea use were summarized and the future application was discussed in this paper. The stereo, intensive and ecological sea use would bring about the adjustment and reform of the marine management system, which would help China to blaze a coordinated path of high-quality development and high-level protection of marine space in the future.

In the current Ukrainian regulatory process in the sphere of sea use management, the existing requirements for disclosure of information are being implemented formally, which is the pretext for creating corrupt interactions in the adoption of regulatory acts. The article is aimed at defining tools of the mechanism of information relations of the regulators in the sphere of sea use management and providing proposals as to establishment of a State information base for the maritime regions in Ukraine. The components of such a mechanism have been researched. The need to establish and develop a State information system that can develop the electronic information interaction among regulators in the sphere of sea use management has been proved. The integrated components of establishing the State information system «Unified environment for electronic regulation of the maritime regions» and the principles for its establishment have been defined, which will inform consumers and investors about the regulatory activities in Ukraine in the sphere of sea use management.

The application of licensing or permitting systems to sea areas is one of the most popular and effective regulatory approaches to sea area management worldwide. In 1993, China implemented a sea use fee (SUF) system, which has been gradually improved over time. China is one of the countries with the highest number of sea use activities and the most intensive sea area development. The SUF system is the most important economic tool to manage the waters, as well as to coordinate the relationship between resource allocation and marine environmental protection. In this context, the SUF is the charge for the license that a sea user is required to obtain for the right of exploiting sea areas from the state. This article focuses on the Chinese SUF system, which is based on area grading and use types. Moreover, policies and regulations related to the fee and use of SUF in the country are introduced, and an analysis of problems that have arisen in implementation of the SUF system is presented. Finally, a prediction on the future focus of the reform of the Chinese SUF system is outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island is a complex mosaic of human activities and environmental features and while spatial distributions of physical, chemical, and biological elements are well documented in the Bay, there are limited data on spatial distributions of human activities. In this study, human uses of coastal waters in the upper Narragansett Bay are examined using an approach for characterizing and analyzing fine scale spatial and temporal data on human activities. Shipboard transect surveys of active water activities were conducted in the upper Bay on 50 days during the summer months of 2006–2007. The composition and configuration of different vessel types (recreational motor, recreational sail, row boat, commercial fishing, industrial, service, and official) were analyzed, and the impacts of proposed changes in land use policies and wastewater treatment technologies were investigated. Results indicated that recreational boaters comprised almost two-thirds of the upper Bay''s users and used over one-half of the study area. Industrial activity was concentrated near Providence where RI''s main port is located, and there was an active commercial fishery in the southern portion of the study area. Conditions like increasing cloud cover, weekend days, and the July 4th holiday were related to increased recreational use, while the closure of an upper Bay beach to swimming was associated with fewer commercial fishing vessels and more official boats, recreational motor boats, and service vessels. Findings indicated that upper Bay waters near land converted from industrial zones to zones where residential housing or marinas are encouraged are likely to see a change in composition of vessels, with fewer industrial and official boats and more recreational motor boats, row boats, and service vessels. Enhanced wastewater treatment technologies and the resulting improvements in water quality are likely to make more waters in the upper Bay available to shellfish harvesting, spreading out existing fishing grounds and potential pressures on the ecosystem and on other users. By characterizing the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of human uses in the marine environment and analyzing how these uses relate to the complex human and natural systems in which they are embedded, this study and others like it can positively contribute to marine spatial planning and management efforts designed to achieve ecological, economic, and social objectives. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Increased development pressures on the marine environment and the potential for multiple use conflicts, arising as a result of the current expansion of offshore wind energy, fishing and aquaculture, dredging, mineral extraction, shipping, and the need to meet international and national commitments to biodiversity conservation, have led to increased interest in sea use planning with particular emphasis on marine spatial planning. Several European countries, on their own initiative or driven by the European Union''s Marine Strategy and Maritime Policy, the Bergen Declaration of the North Sea Conference, and the EU Recommendation on Integrated Coastal Zone Management, have taken global leadership in implementing marine spatial planning. Belgium, The Netherlands, and Germany in the North Sea, and the United Kingdom in the Irish Sea, have already completed preliminary sea use plans and zoning proposals for marine areas within their national jurisdictions. This paper discusses the nature and context of marine spatial planning, the international legal and policy framework, and the increasing need for marine spatial planning in Europe. In addition, the authors review briefly three marine spatial planning initiatives in the North Sea and conclude with some initial lessons learned from these experiences. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Marine spatial planning is often confronted with different types of hurdles that make the implementation of plans and strategies more difficult than scientists and planners—who have done most of the preparatory work—have foreseen. How does this situation come about? Is it due to the lack of interest or will of politicians? Are the technical proposals and plans too complex or too far from reality? Do they cost too much without comparable benefits? What can be done to avoid this? Based on recent experience within Belgium, some suggestions for more effective implementation of marine spatial plans are presented in this paper from a policy-making perspective. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: During the past 10 years, the evolution of marine spatial planning (MSP) and ocean zoning has become a crucial step in making ecosystem-based, sea use management a reality. The idea was initially stimulated by international and national interest in developing marine protected areas, e.g., the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. More recent attention has been placed on managing the multiple use of marine space, especially in areas where conflicts among users and the environment are already clear, e.g., in the North Sea. Even more recent concern has focused on the need to conserve nature, especially ecologically and biologically sensitive areas, in the context of multi-use planning of ocean space. Despite academic discussions and the fact that some countries already have started implementation, the scope of MSP has not been clearly defined. Terms such as integrated management, marine spatial management, and ocean zoning are all used inconsistently. This is one of the reasons why its importance is not more seriously reflected at the levels of policy and decision-making in most countries. This article attempts to deal with this problem. It describes why MSP is an essential step to achieve ecosystem-based sea use management, how it can be defined and what its core objectives are. The article concludes with an analysis of the use and achievements of MSP worldwide, with particular focus on new approaches in Europe. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The expansion of offshore activities and the increasing need to meet international and national commitments to biodiversity conservation have led to an enhanced interest in marine spatial planning (MSP) as a tool for sea use management. Several European countries, on their own initiative or driven by European legislation and policy, have taken global leadership in implementing MSP. This article will discuss the Belgian experiences with MSP. It will give a short historical overview based on legal developments and review the implementation process of a ‘Master Plan’ as a spatial management policy for the Belgian Part of the North Sea. Additionally, this article will reflect on the research that has been done in Belgium to apply a land-use planning approach to the marine environment. The MSP process in Belgium shows that a spatial approach to sea use management is possible despite the lack of a legal zoning framework. However, it concludes that a legal basis for MSP, in addition to the current permit system, would provide a more strategic and integrated framework for ecosystem-based, sea use management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]