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Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate potential differences in income-level for intake of the USDA protein sub-recommendations among adults. Methods: We surveyed a national sample of adults (N = 355). We evaluated protein using a modified version of a previously validated survey. We used the Dietary Guidelines for Americans to determine protein quality via protein sub-recommendations for meat, poultry and eggs, seafood, and nuts, seeds, and soy products. We assessed group differences (low-, medium-, and high-income adults) for self-reported servings of protein, and meeting (vs not-meeting) protein sub-recommendations using separate ANOVAs. Results: Higher-income adults consumed significantly more servings of meat, poultry and eggs, seafood, and nuts, seeds, and soy products, and were more likely to meet recommendations for all protein sub-groups. Whereas adults typically consume enough protein to meet minimal guidelines regardless of income, low-income adults are less likely to eat higher quality protein foods. Conclusion: Public health promotion and policy interventions should be considered to promote healthy protein options among low-income adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seafood is among the most important recommended foods due to its rich protein, mineral and fat content. In recent years, food has become an extremely important product in terms of maintenance due to increasing food demand and decreasing contractual production. In the current research, face-to-face questions were examined with 128 people living in Kütahya province and its central districts, and the answers given were evaluated with the Chi-square interval test. 76 women (59.4%) and 82 men (40.6%) that participated in this survey. According to the age analysis, 21.8% are under 21; 9.4% are between 21-30; 21.8% were between 31-40; 21.8% were between 41-50; 6.4% were between 51-60 and 18.8% were between 61-70. It was observed that there was a relationship between increasing income and fish meat consumption, and fish meat was preferred at a higher level of income. In addition, it has been an important data that young people in later periods consume more fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 500 years, Europe (excluding Russia) consumed over 2500 million tonnes of ocean biomass. This is based on detailed historical data that we provide for human consumption per capita which was stable from 1500 to 1899 and tripled in the twentieth century. In the last 300 years, cod and herring dominated human seafood consumption. Whaling for non-food uses peaked in the 1830s and declined as cetaceans became scarce. Seafood consumption increased rapidly after 1900, and by the late 1930s, annual marine consumption in Atlantic Europe reached 7 million tonnes of biomass, facilitated by the globalisation of whaling. Atlantic European consumption, including fishmeal for animal feed, peaked at more than 12 million tonnes annually in the 1970s, but declined thereafter. The marine footprint of Atlantic Europe was significant well before modern fisheries statistics commenced. Our findings can inform future assessments of ocean health and marine life's importance for human society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to examine the potential cardiovascular risk of climate-related declines in seafood consumption among First Nations in British Columbia by assessing the combined effects of reduced omega-3 fatty acids and mercury intake from seafood on the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in 2050 relative to 2009. The data were derived from the First Nations Food, Nutrition, and Environment Study. Seafood consumption among 369 randomly selected participants was estimated, and hair mercury concentrations were measured. Declines in seafood consumption were modelled based on previously projected climate change scenarios, and the associated changes in nutrients and contaminants were used to estimate the cardiovascular risk. Reduced seafood consumption was projected to increase the risk of MI by 4.5%–6.5% among older individuals (≥50 years), by 1.9%–2.6% in men, and by 1.3%–1.8% in women under lower and upper climate change scenarios, respectively. Reduced seafood consumption may have profound cardiovascular implications. Effective strategies are needed to promote sustainable seafood harvests and access to seafood for coastal First Nations.

The relationship between seafood consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is controversial, and studies have not considered competing risk events. Our study examined the association between a full range of seafood consumption and CVD incidence and mortality based on the Qingdao Diabetes Prevention Program. We followed up 5285 participants without CVD at baseline until December 31, 2021. CVD cases and deaths were identified through record linkage with the Qingdao CVD Surveillance System and the Qingdao Death Surveillance System, respectively. Information on seafood consumption was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. We used the Cox proportional hazard model and the competing risk model to evaluate the association between all types of seafood consumption and CVD incidence and mortality. During a median follow-up of 11.4 years, 122 CVD cases and 75 deaths occurred. After adjustment for potential confounders, compared with nonconsumers, seafood consumption of 300–500 and > 500 g/week was associated with a lower risk of CVD incidence [hazards ratio and 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.54 (0.29–0.99) and 0.49 (0.26–0.91), respectively]. However, seafood consumption of >500 g/week had a significantly lower risk of CVD mortality [subdistribution hazard ratio and 95 % CI: 0.40 (0.17–0.95)], but it was insignificant in other groups. Seafood consumption of 300–500 g/week and >500 g/week was associated with a lower CVD incidence and mortality. Our findings provide evidence of the recommendations of the 2022 Dietary Guidelines for Chinese residents and may guide the promotion of strategies for CVD prevention. • Individuals with seafood consumption of >500 g/week had a 60% lower risk of CVD mortality as compared with nonconsumers. • The competing risk model was employed to indicate more robust the association between seafood consumption and CVD mortality. • This study provides evidence of the recommendations of the 2022 Dietary Guidelines for Chinese residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The seafood consumption is recognised as beneficial for health and its consumption is recommended. But how to promote seafood consumption and maintain fisheries at a sustainable level, when many stocks are overexploited? A comprehensive literature review focused on publications from the last two decades was carried out in the electronic library databases, using combinations of the keywords, and the relevant references cited in these sources were carefully analysed. To face this challenge, the involvement of all is needed, and consumers should choose seafood products that are ecologically sustainable (from assessed and well‐managed stocks). These choices should include locally sourced, aquaculture, certified and eco‐labelled products. This review identifies creation of school meal programmes as a major step towards the implementation of important concepts such as healthy and sustainable food choices and hospitality providers as places to educate population about the seafood sustainability by developing menus with sustainable recipes. It is necessary to improve communication with consumers to raise their awareness of sustainable consumption, providing clear and objective messages. Only in this way will it be possible to meet the great challenge of the century and ensure that the production, processing and distribution of food is socially, economically and environmentally sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic chemicals from polluted seas can enter the human body through seafood consumption and cause health problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of selected heavy metals and trace elements among fishermen who frequently consumed seafood and controls who consumed seafood less frequently in four provinces on the shores of the Sea of Marmara, which is heavily polluted by industrial activities. Fourteen elements (antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, strontium, vanadium, and zinc) were analyzed in hair samples using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer method. Levels of arsenic (0.147 ± 0.067 µg/g vs. 0.129 ± 0.070 µg/g, p = 0.025), chromium (0.327 ± 0.096 µg/g vs. 0.269 ± 0.116 µg/g, p < 0.01), nickel (0.469 ± 0.339 µg/g vs. 0.403 ± 0.368 µg/g, p = 0.015), strontium (1.987 ± 1.241 µg/g vs. 1.468 ± 1.190 µg/g, p < 0.01), and zinc (103.3 ± 43.1 µg/g vs. 92.7 ± 37.4 µg/g, p = 0.047) were higher in the fisherman group than in the control group. No difference was found between the groups in terms of other elements. The findings suggest that heavy metal-trace element contamination in the Sea of Marmara may increase the exposure levels of individuals to some chemicals through seafood consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are global contaminants. Seafood consumption is a possible PFAS exposure route to humans while the isomer specific analysis has not been conducted. Methods: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were investigated in residents of Kyoto, Japan (n = 51). The relationship between plasma PFAS and seafood consumption biomarker, the ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid (EPA/AA) was examined by multiple regression analysis. Results: Linear PFOS concentrations showed a significant positive correlation with the EPA/AA ratio in plasma samples (β = 6.80, p = 0.0014). Linear PFHpS was marginally associated with EPA/AA ratio (β = 0.178, p = 0.0874). Branched PFOS isomers and PFHxS had no associations with EPA/AA ratios. Conclusion: Seafood intake may be a significant exposure pathway for PFAS, such as PFOS but the isomers differ.

Potential exposure to 14 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through seafood consumption was investigated in widely consumed seafood (Platycephalus indicus, Lethrinus nebulosus, and Penaeus semisulcatus) from the Persian Gulf. A total of 61 samples of fish and prawns were purchased from local fishers at Bushehr port (Persian Gulf, South-West of Iran) and were analyzed for PFAS compounds. In addition, potential factors influencing factor of PFAS bioaccumulation in fish and invertebrates such as age, sex, and habitat, were investigated. ƩPFAS concentrations were in the range of 2.3- 6.1 ng/g-d.w (mean = 3.9 ± 1.9) in studied species which are equal to 0.46–1.2 ng/g-w.w according to their conversion factor. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most abundant perfluorinated compound in studied organisms and tissues. The results of correlation analysis showed that the bioaccumulation of PFAS in aquatic organisms is significantly correlated to the length of the compound's carbon chain, the identity of anionic group, and organism's age, sex, and habitant. The risk assessment using hazard index calculation and Monte-Carlo simulation indicated that weekly consumption of prawn and fish fillets does not pose a health risk to adults but might threaten children's health. However, the risk posed by PFAS exposure via entire fish or fish liver intake is an important issue for wild marine mammals (i.e., dolphins). So, accurate and routine monitoring of PFAS in aquatic environments seems mandatory to preserve wildlife and human health in the Persian Gulf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore whether members of Generation Z have sensitivity and awareness about environmental issues related to seafood production and consumption, their beliefs on how to make more sustainable the future provisioning of seafood, their consumption frequency, and, finally, whether different profiles and groups of people could be detected. A survey was implemented with 778 Italian students attending secondary schools. Descriptive statistics, testing, and cluster analyses were applied. Results provide the sustainability profile of five groups, of which three are aligned with SDGs 12 and 14, but the other groups, comprising almost half of the sample, are insensitive, unaware, or irresolute about the sustainability of seafood production and consumption. Overall, people's environmental consciousness does not appear to be strongly related to the frequency of consumption of sustainable seafood species. Regarding the solutions for improving the sustainability of future seafood production, young respondents underlined the catching and raising of novel, discarded, not exploited, or marginally exploited seafood species. People declared a high knowledge of the nutritional and safety implications of seafood. This study is one of the few that explore issues specifically related to the profiles of Generation Z and young people's approach toward sustainable seafood production and consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Seafood is a good source of essential fatty acids which has a presumably beneficial effect on developing embryos and fetuses, although it is also a source of contaminants. In this context, pregnant women are faced with conflicting reports on the risk and benefits of seafood consumption. This study aims to assess whether the consumption of seafood during pregnancy was associated with fetal growth in an inland city in China. Methods This study included 10,179 women who delivered a singleton live birth in Lanzhou, China. Seafood consumption was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Maternal data including birth outcomes and maternal complications information is extracted from the medical records. Associations between seafood consumption and fetal growth indicators were analyzed using multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression. Results There was a positive association between total seafood consumption and birth weight (β = 0.027, 95%CI:0.030–0.111) but no association concerning birth length or head circumference. Seafood consumption was associated with decreased risk of low birth weight (OR = 0.575, 95% CI: 0.480, 0.689). The frequency of seafood consumption during pregnancy showed a trend toward a positive association with low birth weight. Significantly reduced rates of low birth weight were found in women who consumed more than 75 g of seafood/week during pregnancy as compared to women with no or very low intakes (P for trend 0.021). A significant interaction was observed between pre-pregnancy BMI and seafood consumption on birth weight among underweight women, but not among overweight women. Gestational weight gain partially mediated the association between seafood consumption and birth weight. Conclusions Maternal seafood consumption was associated with decreased risk of low birth weight and increased birth weight. This association was mainly driven by freshwater fish and shellfish. These results further corroborate the present dietary recommendation to the Chinese Nutrition Society for pregnant women, especially those with underweight pre-pregnancy BMI and inadequate GWG. In addition, our findings provide implications for future interventions to improve seafood consumption among pregnant women to prevent low birth weight babies in the inland city in China.

A seasonal characterization of mercury (Hg) accumulation in three different estuaries along the Portuguese coast (i.e. Ria de Aveiro, Tagus estuary and Ria Formosa) was done. For that, it was evaluated: (1) Hg concentrations in abiotic (water) and biotic matrices (flora and fauna); (2) the risk of consumption of local seafood species (e.g. bivalves) to human health; and (3) the environmental risk to Hg exposure. During 1 year, water and biological samples were collected during low tide, in each system for Hg quantification. Our findings revealed that total Hg concentrations in surface waters were higher in Ria de Aveiro and Tagus estuary than in Ria Formosa. In Ria de Aveiro, a particular attention should be given in autumn periods, where Hg levels (≈ 100 µg L−1) were considered quite high according to European quality parameters. The same was observed for the Tagus estuary during spring time. Regarding macrofauna Hg levels, no clear seasonal trend was observed. Also, total Hg concentrations in edible species (< 0.5 µg. g−1 ww) represent no risk for consumption. However, considering the environmental risk, in Ria de Aveiro, there is a moderate risk (RQ > 0.1) in autumn periods, which can be a matter of concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seafood is a vital source of nutrition yet many consumers in the United States have been exposed to competing discourse about the industry's environmental impacts, influencing consumption habits. Generation Z, a generational cohort whose members value the sustainability of their purchasing decisions, may have unique opinions regarding sustainable seafood given their sustainability values. This qualitative study explored Generation Z undergraduate students' experiences with seafood and how they perceive the role of seafood in feeding people while sustaining the future natural environment. Data were collected using 11 focus groups in undergraduate classrooms. Researchers conducted an emergent thematic analysis and sufficient interrater reliability was established. Themes identified based on participants' experience with seafood included geographic location, experience fishing or with fishermen, and seafood and family, implying place attachment and family identity were intertwined with consumption behaviors. Themes identified based on participants' perception of seafood's role in feeding people included sustainability, regulations, limited seafood consumption, and limited knowledge, implying Generation Z's emerging status as the sustainability generation. Results indicate educators should focus on how sustainability can be emphasized in the classroom with clear actions undergraduate Generation Z students can take to improve sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Seafood is a good source of essential fatty acids which has a presumably beneficial effect on developing embryos and fetuses, although it is also a source of contaminants. In this context, pregnant women are faced with conflicting reports on the risk and benefits of seafood consumption. This study aims to assess whether the consumption of seafood during pregnancy was associated with fetal growth in an inland city in China. Methods: This study included 10,179 women who delivered a singleton live birth in Lanzhou, China. Seafood consumption was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Maternal data including birth outcomes and maternal complications information is extracted from the medical records. Associations between seafood consumption and fetal growth indicators were analyzed using multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression. Results: There was a positive association between total seafood consumption and birth weight (β = 0.027, 95%CI:0.030–0.111) but no association concerning birth length or head circumference. Seafood consumption was associated with decreased risk of low birth weight (OR = 0.575, 95% CI: 0.480, 0.689). The frequency of seafood consumption during pregnancy showed a trend toward a positive association with low birth weight. Significantly reduced rates of low birth weight were found in women who consumed more than 75 g of seafood/week during pregnancy as compared to women with no or very low intakes (P for trend 0.021). A significant interaction was observed between pre-pregnancy BMI and seafood consumption on birth weight among underweight women, but not among overweight women. Gestational weight gain partially mediated the association between seafood consumption and birth weight. Conclusions: Maternal seafood consumption was associated with decreased risk of low birth weight and increased birth weight. This association was mainly driven by freshwater fish and shellfish. These results further corroborate the present dietary recommendation to the Chinese Nutrition Society for pregnant women, especially those with underweight pre-pregnancy BMI and inadequate GWG. In addition, our findings provide implications for future interventions to improve seafood consumption among pregnant women to prevent low birth weight babies in the inland city in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey on shellfish consumption preferences was conducted in the Eastern Atlantic archipelago of Madeira. A total of 402 valid questionnaires were collected from locals older than 15 years old. Gender, age, highest education level, work status and salary were considered in the sample composition. Participants were inquired about frequency, amount and risks associated with consumption, as well as concerns regarding the freshness of seafood. Shellfish appears to be consumed less than once a week, and 79.1% of these consumers prefer limpets. GLM analysis showed that total salary amount was the demographic variable which most affects seafood consumption. The results indicated that the majority of the respondents consume limpets less than once a week, in an amount that varies between a quarter and a half dose. With regard to health concerns, most respondents are conscious of the importance of products’ freshness and approximately half of them are aware of the existence of risks associated with consumption. In general, the awareness about freshness and possible risks of consumption is dependent on the level of education. Limpets are preferably consumed during summer, both grilled and cooked, respectively. The present study provides preliminary information on shellfish consumption trend in the archipelago of Madeira. Raising the awareness of seafood consumers in line with a health surveillance network in preparation in Macaronesia could be an important tool for spreading information related to the risks associated to its consumption.

Toy production has been increasing over the last few decades to meet the growing demands for toys across the globe, which has inevitably worsened the problem of toy waste. Given the lack of modern waste disposal facilities, rural villagers in many developing countries often discard and incinerate toy waste in backyards or riverbanks, which may release the pollutants from toys (e.g., heavy metals), contaminate the surrounding areas, and eventually threaten the health of residents. As such, this study examined the impact of improper toy waste handling on the nearby aquaculture site by measuring the contamination level of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the sediment and seafood (crabs, shrimps, and fish). The health risk of heavy metals via seafood consumption was assessed in different groups of people (males, females, teenagers, and seniors). Results showed that the sediment and seafood at the aquaculture site were generally not contaminated with heavy metals (contamination factor and bioaccumulation factor <1). However, consuming the seafood cultured at this site, especially for crabs, could pose a health risk to humans due to As and Cd (hazard quotient > 1), irrespective of their age and gender. This risk could not be lowered by cooking, except As by boiling. Overall, we revealed that improper toy waste handling did not cause severe heavy metal pollution in the surrounding environment, but the consumption of contaminated seafood could still threaten human health. To safeguard public health, we propose that toy waste should be appropriately treated by the authorities concerned. In addition, consuming seafood with long culture periods (e.g., crabs) should be reduced to minimize the dietary intake of heavy metals and their associated health risk. [Display omitted] • Toy waste handling did not seriously contaminate the surroundings with heavy metals. • Cooking generally did not reduce the concentrations of heavy metals in seafood. • A large proportion of heavy metals in seafood could be absorbed in the human body. • Consumption of seafood cultured near toy waste handling sites could cause health risk. • The health risk was mainly driven by arsenic and cadmium in seafood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into U.S. catfish consumer behavior in the Southern USA, utilizing a comprehensive online survey encompassing 2,129 participants across ten states. Employing rigorous statistical analysis, including regression and multinomial logistic regression, the research dissects the intricate interplay of socio-economic variables, cultural influences, and personal preferences. Significant findings indicate a discernible shift in preferences towards fresh catfish, reflective of an evolving seafood consumption landscape. Noteworthy impacts of seafood branding, recipe information, and resealable packaging on consumer behavior further underscore the involvedness of decision-making. Crucially, socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, income, education, and occupation emerge as pivotal determinants of catfish consumption frequency, providing valuable insights for targeted marketing. Implications extend to policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers in aquaculture economics. Recommendations advocate for tailored marketing strategies that consider regional nuances, socio-demographic intricacies, and evolving consumer preferences. Integrating customized marketing, supply chain management, and pricing strategies is poised to address the diverse preferences of consumers across varied regions. • Using an online survey with 2,129 participants across 10 Southern USA states, the study employs advanced statistical methods. • Findings indicate a noticeable shift towards fresh catfish, reflecting changes in seafood consumption patterns. • Significant influence observed from seafood branding, recipe information, and resealable packaging on consumer behavior. • Factors like age, gender, income, education, and occupation are pivotal in determining catfish consumption frequency. • Implications include tailored marketing, pricing strategies, and approaches to meet diverse consumer preferences for policymakers and industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore whether members of Generation Z have sensitivity and awareness about environmental issues related to seafood production and consumption, their beliefs on how to make more sustainable the future provisioning of seafood, their consumption frequency, and, finally, whether different profiles and groups of people could be detected. A survey was implemented with 778 Italian students attending secondary schools. Descriptive statistics, testing, and cluster analyses were applied. Results provide the sustainability profile of five groups, of which three are aligned with SDGs 12 and 14, but the other groups, comprising almost half of the sample, are insensitive, unaware, or irresolute about the sustainability of seafood production and consumption. Overall, people’s environmental consciousness does not appear to be strongly related to the frequency of consumption of sustainable seafood species. Regarding the solutions for improving the sustainability of future seafood production, young respondents underlined the catching and raising of novel, discarded, not exploited, or marginally exploited seafood species. People declared a high knowledge of the nutritional and safety implications of seafood. This study is one of the few that explore issues specifically related to the profiles of Generation Z and young people’s approach toward sustainable seafood production and consumption.

Seafood and other aquatic food (blue food) are often advocated as sustainable protein sources crucial to meeting global food demand. Consumption choices allow citizens to take actions that reduce the environmental burden of food production and tackle the climate crisis. Here we used a high-resolution Spanish national-level dataset collected from 12,500 households between 1999 and 2021 as a study case to assess trends in blue food consumption concerning sources, types and stressors resulting from their production. By aggregating species groups according to source, we found an overall reduction in the consumption of most wild species. For farmed species, we found a pronounced increase in the consumption of carnivorous fish and an overall decrease in low trophic-level species consumption, such as bivalves. Using published studies, we estimated greenhouse gases, nitrogen, and phosphorus emissions to assess trends in environmental footprint. Low performance was associated with the consumption of high trophic-level species intensively farmed in distant regions, such as carnivorous fish, due to high stressor emissions related to their production and transport. Across all groups, consumption of locally farmed bivalves conduced to the lowest stressor emissions, providing an example of ‘net-zero' blue food. Our analysis identified historical trends in the environmental footprint of blue food consumption and consumers' choices that promote environmentally sustainable diets. It also highlights vast differences in the ecological footprint associated with the consumption of aquaculture-sourced protein. Based on our assessment, we recommend refocusing consumption patterns toward farmed species with small environmental footprints, such as locally produced low trophic-level species, and implementing policies that increase consumers' environmental awareness and minimize food production systems' footprints. Considering global blue food demand is predicted to nearly double by mid-century, consumers' choices can significantly impact sustainable production practices and mitigate climate change.

The increasing demand for seafood and the rapid depletion of our living marine resources have created a dynamic set of issues regarding the future viability of our world’s oceans and food security. Demand for seafood products have doubled in the last 30 years and models show consumption will increase will increase considerably by 2020. A majority of current commercial fisheries are fully exploited, reducing their capacity to expand and fill the growing gap between today’s supply and tomorrow’s demand. For this project, surveys were conducted to gain understanding of (1) consumer preferences for seafood; (2) purchasing behavior for seafood; (3) general consumer valuation for sustainable seafood; (4) knowledge of seafood related programs and (5) preference for an internet-based seafood resource guide. The second portion of the project created a website InFishWeTrust.com which is a comprehensive resource guide to increase awareness of issues that surround our current seafood market and provide general seafood consumers a guide on how, what, and where to eat and purchase more sustainable seafood products within San Diego County.

Seafood is a vital source of nutrition yet many consumers in the United States have been exposed to competing discourse about the industry’s environmental impacts, influencing consumption habits. Generation Z, a generational cohort whose members value the sustainability of their purchasing decisions, may have unique opinions regarding sustainable seafood given their sustainability values. This qualitative study explored Generation Z undergraduate students’ experiences with seafood and how they perceive the role of seafood in feeding people while sustaining the future natural environment. Data were collected using 11 focus groups in undergraduate classrooms. Researchers conducted an emergent thematic analysis and sufficient interrater reliability was established. Themes identified based on participants’ experience with seafood included geographic location, experience fishing or with fishermen, and seafood and family, implying place attachment and family identity were intertwined with consumption behaviors. Themes identified based on participants’ perception of seafood’s role in feeding people included sustainability, regulations, limited seafood consumption, and limited knowledge, implying Generation Z’s emerging status as the sustainability generation. Results indicate educators should focus on how sustainability can be emphasized in the classroom with clear actions undergraduate Generation Z students can take to improve sustainability.

The levels of 24 macro- and microelements in mussels were determined by the instrumental neutron activation analysis. The samples were collected during the period of 2013–2019 on three sites with different natural features in the Saldanha Bay area. The safety of mussel consumption was calculated using several different approaches: considering maximum permissible levels for seafood, maximum tolerable consumption rates, target hazard quotients and hazard indices. In general, the wild and farmed mussels demonstrated low levels of risk for human health during the entire studied period, except for intakes of such elements as Fe and Zn in several cases. Based on the applied approaches, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, As and I in wild mussels can pose possible health risks to potential consumers in several cases during 2013–2019. It was concluded that the safe level of weekly consumption rate should be less than 100 g/week per person, according to the highest calculated values of concentrations. Possible symptoms of deficiency and excess of elements and their levels and significance for human health are considered. The content of wild and farmed mussels from the Saldanha Bay is influenced by the seasonal natural and anthropogenic factors, including sea disturbance, coastal runoff, and harbor traffic. • The levels of 24 elements were determined in mussels by neutron activation analysis. • Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, As, I in wild mussels can pose possible health risks to consumers. • The safe level of weekly consumption rate should be less than 100 g/week per person. • The content of mussels is influenced by the seasonal factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human exposure to organic mercury (Hg) as methylmercury (MeHg) from seafood consumption is widely considered a health risk because pure methylmercury is extremely neurotoxic. In contrast, the clinical significance of Hg exposure from amalgam (AMG) dental restorations, the only other major nonoccupational source of Hg exposure, has long been debated. Here, we examined data from the two most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) on 14 181 subjects to assess the contributions of seafood consumption versus AMG to blood total mercury (THg), inorganic mercury (IHg), and methyl mercury (MeHg) and to urine creatinine corrected mercury (UTHg). All subjects were also classified as to their self-reported qualitative consumption of seafood (59% fish and 44% shellfish). Subjects with restorations were grouped into three groups (0) those without AMG (64.4%), (1) those with 1–5 dental AMG restorations (19.7%), (2) those with more than five AMG (16%). Seafood consumption increased total mercury in urine (UTHg) and total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) in blood, but unlike AMG, seafood did not increase blood inorganic mercury (IHg). Using stratified covariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (GLM) analyses revealed a strong correlation of blood (THg and IHg) and urine (UTHg) levels with the number of AMGs. In a subpopulation without fish consumption, having more than five AMG restorations raised blood THg (103%), IHg (221%), and urine UTHg (221%) over the group without AMG. The most striking difference was noted in classification by age: subjects under 6 years old with more than five AMG restorations had the highest blood IHg and urine UTHg among all age groups. Elevation of bivalent IHg on a large scale in children warrants urgent in-depth risk assessment with specific attention to genetic- and gender-associated vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used an index approach to calculate demand growth for seafood in 107 countries from 1984 to 2013. We used the results to calculate aggregate demand growth by income level, regionally, and globally. While seafood production has more than doubled since the mid-1980s, we showed that global demand for seafood has been higher than the global seafood supply. Demand growth for seafood varies across time, countries, regions, and income groups. The average annual seafood demand growth across countries varies between −6% and 7.5%. Global demand growth for seafood has steadily declined since the 1980s; a slowdown of demand in Asia is the main cause. South America and Africa had the highest demand growth from 2004 to 2013, while both North America and Oceania had negative demand growth in this period. High-income countries have had consistently low seafood demand growth from 1984 to 2013, while demand growth in all other income levels has been substantially larger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study underscores the crucial role of small-scale fisheries (SSF) in promoting sustainable fishing practices within the Mediterranean context, emphasizing the necessity to align fisheries commerce with local seafood consumption. SSF in the Mediterranean, particularly in the Balearic Islands, are vital for local communities, contributing significantly to fish catches, while being deeply intertwined with cultural heritage and traditional values. However, these fisheries face several threats, including resource depletion, management strategies favouring fleet reduction, and increase of seafood imports. Our research investigates the relationships between the local fishing sector and resident population, exploring perspectives on sustainability. We examine SSF activities and perceptions through face-to-face questionnaires in nine fishing ports and assess seafood consumption habits through phone questionnaires. The study reveals an aging fishing sector rooted in family traditions that face administrative hurdles in implementing strategies such as fish tourism and direct sales, but seeks to enhance local product consumption. Despite the traditional relevance of fish in the Mediterranean diet, our findings also show low consumption of fresh and local seafood due to consumer's limited knowledge on local species and related cooking methods and perceived high costs. However, the cultural importance of these products remains undiminished. To reinforce the cultural heritage of SSF and improve the future perspectives of the sector, we advocated for a multi-pronged approach, including raising consumers' awareness about local species, controlling local prices, and promoting certified products through a reduction in the administrative burden and by promoting the active involvement of SSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese seafood market has grown rapidly. China is a country covering a vast territory with diversified natural resources, the lifestyle and diet of residents in different regions are varied. This paper identifies differences in seafood consumption patterns across urban China, reasons behind consumer behaviors. Through face-to-face interviews, the authors used a multistage stratified cluster sampling procedure to survey 1201 households from six provinces or municipalities in China: Beijing, Shanghai, Xian, Nanchang, Shenyang, and Yinchuan. Ordered probit model and two-limit tobit model were estimated to investigate the determinants of household seafood consumption frequency and seafood expenditure share. The findings are that choices of seafood types are associated with regional economies. Considerable population in northeastern and western China consumes more fish than the population of the other regions. People living in economically developed regions, such as Beijing and Shanghai, consume more shrimp. Education and income also affect household seafood consumption frequency and expenditure share in total food cost. Geographic locations have strong influence on seafood consumption. Seafood is of great importance to coastal and lakeside areas, but it is less appealing to northeastern and western residents. People living in Shanghai and Nanchang eat seafood more frequently, have higher seafood expenditure share than people living in Xian; Health motive is a significant predictor of seafood consumption. Health-oriented people eat seafood more frequently than they eat terrestrial animals (such as bovine, ovine, pig, and poultry). These findings are useful for global seafood producers, marketers, and policy makers to improve their product perception, marketing strategies and promotion policies.

Consistent with preferences for other food products, consumers increasingly care about a range of search and credence seafood characteristics such as: environmental effects and product form. This study utilized a dataset obtained from an online survey, and a Multivariate Ordered Probit formulation to examine the impact of: demographic characteristics, lifestyle preferences, and seafood consumption frequency on preferences for selected seafood attributes. The findings indicate that the factors influencing consumer preferences differ across the attributes examined. Although some demographic variables have a statistically significant effect on consumers' preferences for seafood attributes other than price, their predictive power was limited regarding preferences for wild-caught, fresh seafood and the impact of sustainability on purchasing decisions. Furthermore, consumers who utilize direct marketing outlets have stronger preferences towards fresh and wild-caught seafood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seafood in the adolescent diet has many benefits, yet a number of adolescents do not consume the recommended levels. Despite this the consumption of seafood by younger consumers has received scant attention in the extant literature. Previous studies on adolescents' food‐related behaviour tend to focus on general choice mechanisms or perceptions of food and mainly relate to fruit and vegetable intake. The present study seeks to address this gap through investigating the impact of family upon the consumption of seafood by younger consumers through exploring adolescents' attitudes and behaviour in regard to eating seafood. Utilizing an exploratory qualitative methodology, seven focus groups of adolescents aged 13–19 years were conducted at two schools in South West England. Discussions covered a range of issues related to adolescent seafood consumption. The use of thematic content analysis found that the family, and parents in particular, exert high levels of influence over adolescents' consumption of seafood both at home and when dining out. The parent who does the shopping and cooking has the greatest role. Sibling preferences and dietary choices also influence whether seafood is served in the home. Of value to researchers and management are the insights gleaned into the influences on adolescents' attitudes towards and behaviour in regard to eating seafood. In particular, encouraging seafood consumption will rely upon interventions aimed at both parents and children and need to take into account adolescents' diet and lifestyle preferences, while also acknowledging the influence of peers and the school food environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European consumers prefer wild over farmed aquatic food and consider it healthier and tastier. Consumers are increasingly paying attention to sustainability and welfare of farmed fish. Such expectations might be met by organic certification, but this represents a cost for the producer. It is crucial to know consumer habits about farmed aquatic food consumption and willingness to pay for certification. Data about Italian consumers' preferences regarding farmed organic aquatic food were collected by an online questionnaire. A total of 8,657 answers were analyzed, patterns associated with demographics were investigated, and the degree of correlation among answers was calculated. The majority (75%) of family units buy less than 2 kg of farmed aquatic food per month, spending on average 20–50 €. About 40% never consume organic aquaculture products because of lack of knowledge, unavailability, and high price. Slightly over half (55%) of consumers, regardless of age, sex, and area, were willing to pay a premium price for organic-certified aquatic food, seen as antibiotic free, traceable, and sustainable. Organic food in general is well known, and distrust is the main reason that consumers avoid it, while organic aquatic food is still in its infancy, and lack of knowledge is associated with low consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goals of this pilot project were to determine the extent of the public health threat posed by pier anglers’ consumption of self-caught seafood containing domoic acid (DA), and to lay the foundation for further research, education and outreach to address the threat. Year 1 project objectives were to: 1) design, test and initiate an intercept survey of SCW anglers to identify and characterize their seafood consumption patterns; and 2) determine the concentrations of HAB toxins in the species targeted by SCW anglers, while monitoring ambient DA toxins and toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species in the SCW area and at a more open-water site. Year 2 project objectives were to: 1) determine whether a quantitative link exists between toxic phytoplankton in the water and DA contamination of commonly caught fish at the SCW; 2) determine the relationship between SCW anglers’ seafood consumption patterns and their socio-cultural and economic characteristics; 3) identify subpopulations of SCW anglers whose seafood consumption patterns put them at risk for exposure to DA; and 4) work with state agencies and other interested parties to determine how best to export these results to support their efforts to protect public health.

Humans under-consume fish, especially species high in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Food-based dietary guidelines are one means for nations to encourage the consumption of healthy, nutritious food. Here, associations between dietary omega-3 consumption and food-based dietary guidelines, gross domestic product, the ranked price of fish, and the proportions of marine fish available at a national level were assessed. Minor associations were found between consumption and variables, except for food-based dietary guidelines, where calling out seafood in FBDGs did not associate with greater consumption. This relationship was explored for consumers in the United States, and it was observed that the predominant seafood they ate, shrimp, resulted in little benefit for dietary omega-3 consumption. Seafood is listed under the protein category in the U.S. Dietary Guidelines, and aggregating seafood under this category may limit a more complete understanding of its nutrient benefits beyond protein.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency has reached pandemic levels affecting over one billion people worldwide. However, limited data is available on the prevalence and determinants of vitamin D status of Canadian Indigenous children and no study has been reported in Inuit children from Nunavik. Aim: Therefore, using data collected between 2006 and 2010, we aimed to investigate the prevalence and main determinants of insufficient serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s25(OH)D) concentrations in Inuit children attending childcare centres in Nunavik. Methods: This study included 245 Inuit children aged 11 to 54 months. s25(OH)D concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Dietary intakes were assessed using 24-hour recalls. Usual dietary intakes were estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. We used a multiple imputation technique to replace missing values when performing regression analysis. Results: Our findings revealed that 64.5% of children had a s25(OH)D concentration < 75 nmol/L, while 78.1% did not meet the estimated average requirement (EAR) for vitamin D. Vitamin D intake and fluid milk consumption were positively associated with s25(OH)D concentrations, while negative associations were observed with children' energy intake, non-alcoholic beverage consumption, body weight, breastfeeding duration and, biological/adoptive/foster parents' educational level. Conclusion: Vitamin D inadequacy was highly prevalent and closely aligned with levels observed over the years in non-Indigenous children. Breastfed children who do not receive vitamin D supplementation, overweight and obese children, and children with inadequate milk consumption were at high risk of vitamin D insufficiency. Eating vitamin D rich foods such as fluid milk and seafood along with vitamin D supplementation when needed are recommended., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are global contaminants. Seafood consumption is a possible PFAS exposure route to humans while the isomer specific analysis has not been conducted., Methods: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were investigated in residents of Kyoto, Japan (n = 51). The relationship between plasma PFAS and seafood consumption biomarker, the ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid (EPA/AA) was examined by multiple regression analysis., Results: Linear PFOS concentrations showed a significant positive correlation with the EPA/AA ratio in plasma samples (β = 6.80, p = 0.0014). Linear PFHpS was marginally associated with EPA/AA ratio (β = 0.178, p = 0.0874). Branched PFOS isomers and PFHxS had no associations with EPA/AA ratios., Conclusion: Seafood intake may be a significant exposure pathway for PFAS, such as PFOS but the isomers differ.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been characterized by wide variations in mortality across nations. Some of this variability may be explained by medical comorbidities such as obesity and depression, both of which are strongly correlated with dietary practices such as levels of sugar and seafood consumption. Methods: COVID-19 mortality indices for 156 countries were obtained from the Johns Hopkins University’s data aggregator. Correlations between these variables and (a) per capita consumption of sugar and seafood, and (b) country-wise prevalence of depression and obesity were examined. Results: Sugar consumption (r = 0.51, p < 0.001) and prevalence of obesity (r = 0.66, p < 0.001) and depression (r = 0.56, p < 0.001) were positively correlated with crude mortality rates, while seafood consumption was negatively correlated with the infection fatality rate (r = −0.28, p = 0.015). These effects were significant even after correcting for potential confounders. The associations with depression and obesity remained significant upon multivariate regression. Conclusions: Both obesity and depression, which are associated with inflammatory dysregulation, may be related to cross-national variations in COVID-19 mortality, while seafood consumption may be protective. These findings have implications in terms of protecting vulnerable individuals during the current pandemic.

This study examines the influence of product attributes and socio-economic, demographic, cultural, psychological, and market-related factors on "preferences" and "intention" of seafood consumers in Oman using the classical economic choice theory, the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and their hybrid form. Primary data were collected using questionnaires administered through online and face-to-face survey. A total of 906 responses were received from the online (N = 778), hypermarkets (N = 93), and fish market (N = 35) sources. Descriptive and empirical analyses were performed to the survey data. Findings from the preference model suggest that nationality, habit, freshness (perceived as quality), taste, household size, income, and education are significantly influencing the purchasing frequency of seafood. While consumer attitudes and control beliefs (i.e., facilitating conditions) are significant in the intention model, the hybrid model identifies additional significant variables such as past and current consumption behavior that influence consumers' intention of seafood purchase. The findings will enable seafood firms and the concerned authorities to formulate appropriate management and marketing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to statistically evaluate the presence of various contaminants in fish in the copper mining-impacted Morphou Bay. Multivariate data techniques were used to analyse the contamination in seasonally encountered fish. Principal component analysis was used to classify the contaminants with respect to factor loadings. Red mullet, a local deep feeder, was found to be affected at 66% of factor loadings in variance, with a linear correlation between arsenic (As) and copper (Cu). Agglomerative hierarchical clustering linked three similar clusters: (As, Cu, Se, Zn), (Cd, Cr, Hg), and (Ni, Pb) and we merged them in a dendrogram. The self-organising maps were developed by combining the artificial neural network analysis classified data with the sub-patterns, while considering the results of principal component and clustering analysis. The resultant maps effectively distinguished the correlations between the contaminants in the sampled fish. Based on the results, we suggest that human consumption of fish from the polluted area should only take place with caution and that the study be repeated using a more elaborate sampling strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe seafood consumption patterns in First Nations (FN) in British Columbia (BC) and examine lifestyle characteristics associated with seafood consumption; to identify the top ten most consumed seafood species and their contributions to EPA and DHA intake; and to estimate dietary exposure to methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene.Design: Dietary and lifestyle data from the First Nations Food Nutrition and Environment Study, a cross-sectional study of 1103 FN living in twenty-one communities across eight ecozones in BC, Canada, were analysed. Seafood consumption was estimated using a traditional FFQ. Seafood samples were analysed for contaminant contents.Results: Seafood consumption patterns varied significantly across BC ecozones reflecting geographical diversity of seafood species. The top ten most consumed species represented 64 % of total seafood consumption by weight and contributed 69 % to the total EPA+DHA intake. Mean EPA+DHA intake was 660·5 mg/d in males, 404·3 mg/d in females; and 28 % of FN met the Recommended Intake (RI) of 500 mg/d. Salmon was the most preferred species. Seafood consumption was associated with higher fruit and vegetable consumption, lower smoking rate and increased physical activity. Dietary exposure to selected contaminants from seafood was negligible.Conclusions: In FN in BC, seafood continues to be an essential part of the contemporary diet. Seafood contributed significantly to reaching the RI for EPA+DHA and was associated with a healthier lifestyle. Given numerous health benefits, seafood should be promoted in FN. Efforts towards sustainability of fishing should be directed to maintain and improve access to fisheries for FN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of cadmium and lead in edible tissue of Mytella charruana and Mugil curema from three coastal lagoons (Altata Ensenada del Pabellón, AEP; Urías, URI; and Teacapán, TEA) of Sinaloa (NW of Mexico) during an annual cycle, to compare maximum permissible levels (MPLs) of with legal limits of cadmium and lead, and to assess potential risk for consumers.Methods: Samples of charry mussel (M. charruana) and white mullet (M. curema) were collected every two months between July 2005 and July 2006 in three of the main lagoon systems in the state of Sinaloa (NW Mexico): Altata-Ensenada del Pabellón (AEP), Urías (URI) and Teacapán (TEA), which represent different pollution.Results: The range of mean levels in the studied lagoons were as follows: in M. charruana Cd 0.064 to 0.222 and Pb 0.206 to 0.482 μg g-1 ww, respectively and in M. curema Cd 0.003 to 0.018 and Pb 0.013 to 0.019 μg g-1 ww, respectively. Taking into account national and international regulations, the Cd and Pb levels detected in M. curema apparently do not pose a risk for human health. Nonetheless, for M. charruana the scenario is different, some levels of Cd in TEA surpassed maximum permissible levels (MPL’s) of European Commission (EC) and Codex regulations and on the other hand, Pb levels in AEP rather than URI surpassed MPLs of national and international regulations.Conclusion: Although some levels exceed legal limits, risks for human health are diluted because EDI - of Cd and Pb - via consumption of edible tissue of fish were far below the provisional permissible tolerable daily intake (PTDI) values established by FAO/WHO. However, this situation is different if we taking into account, different patterns of consumption in mussels, few EDI values exceed the established levels of PTDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthy development and nutritional sufficiency have long been linked to consumption of a well-balanced diet, especially in primary school age children. Seafood products have been identified as a key component of a healthy diet. The consumption habits of a balanced and sustainable diet in children needs to be examined while taking into account family and environmental factors which influence eating habit formation in young children. The family setting is the first place where children acquire examples and principles of their own eating habits. Therefore, this study explores the effects of family eating habits on seafood consumption habit formation in children. Seafood intake diaries, pictures of consumed meals, as well as in-depth interviews formed a pilot study which included four families. The collected results were thematically analyzed and underpinned by principles of the Theory of Planned Behavior, Stages of Change Model, and Social Cognitive Theory. The pilot study results revealed an array of attitudes and preferences, norms (e.g., religion and parental duty), perceived drivers (e.g., health benefits), and perceived barriers (e.g., affordability and availability) which influence the formation of sustainable eating habits in children. A range of strategies (internal and external) for assisting appropriate eating habit formation including consumption of sustainable seafood by children are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study compared blood plasma metals in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with those in unaffected children in Shenzhen (China). Factors associated with the metal bioaccumulation were further investigated. Thirty-four blood samples of children with ASD were collected in a local hospital (Shenzhen Children’s Hospital), while those of 38 unaffected children were from a local large public kindergarten, during March to April in 2016. Metal analysis was carried out by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The results showed that children with ASD had higher (P < 0.01, 0.05) Pb (ASD 31.9 μg/L, unaffected children 18.6 μg/L), Hg (3.83, and 1.09 μg/L), and Cd (0.70 and 0.26 μg/L) than unaffected children, while essential elements Zn (ASD 4552.0 μg/L, unaffected children 5118.6 μg/L), Se (61.7 and 90.6 μg/L), and Mn (13.5 and 21.4 μg/L) showed an opposite pattern. Moreover, the children exposed to passive smoking had higher (P < 0.05) Cd (passive smoking 1.08 μg/L; non-passive smoking 0.22 μg/L) than those without the exposure. Positive associations were found between levels of Hg or Pb and seafood consumption as well as body mass index (BMI). More future work is needed in order to clarify the association between metal exposure and ASD occurrence in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Prenatal mercury exposure has been related to reductions in anthropometry at birth. Levels of mercury have been reported as being relatively elevated in the Spanish population. Objective To investigate the relation between prenatal exposure to mercury and fetal growth. Methods Study subjects were pregnant women and their newborns (n:1867) participating in a population-based birth cohort study set up in four Spanish regions from the INMA Project. Biparietal diameter (BPD), femur length (FL), abdominal circumference (AC), and estimated fetal weight (EFW) were measured by ultrasounds at 12, 20, and 34 weeks of gestation. Size at and growth between these points were assessed by standard deviation (SD) scores adjusted for constitutional characteristics. Total mercury (T-Hg) was determined in cord blood. Associations were investigated by linear regression models, adjusted by sociodemographic, environmental, nutritional – including four seafood groups – and lifestyle-related variables in each sub-cohort. Final estimates were obtained using meta-analysis. Effect modification by sex, seafood intake and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 153 concentration was assessed. Results Geometric mean of cord blood T-Hg was 8.2 μg/L. All the estimates of the association between prenatal Hg and growth from 0 to 12 weeks showed reductions in SD-scores, which were only statistically significant for BPD. A doubling of cord blood T-Hg was associated with a 0.58% reduction in size of BPD at week 12 (95% confidence interval -CI-: − 1.10, − 0.07). Size at week 34 showed estimates suggestive of a small reduction in EFW, i.e., a doubling of T-Hg levels was associated with a reduction of 0.38% (95% CI: − 0.91, 0.15). An interaction between PCB153 and T-Hg was found, with statistically significant negative associations of T-Hg with AC and EFW in late pregnancy among participants with PCB153 below the median. Conclusions Exposure to mercury during pregnancy was associated with early reductions in BPD. Moreover, an antagonism with PCB 153 was observed with noteworthy reductions late in pregnancy in AC and EFW in the group with lower PCB153. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]