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International commercial arbitration belongs to international trade in service. Whether a country has the international obligation to admit foreign arbitration institutions depends on its specific commitments under GATS. Among various types of access of foreign arbitration institutions, the access of foreign arbitration institutions with independent legal status can make up for the shortcomings of other types of access of foreign arbitration institutions. The system adopted by the Dubai International Financial Center for the access of foreign arbitration institutions with independent legal status is the examination and approval system. Dubai International Financial Center cooperates with foreign arbitration institutions to establish independent arbitration institutions. The established arbitration institution should be non-governmental, and its arbitration rules should be compatible with the law, and its legal background should be similar to and legal culture of the host country. The legislation of China has many restrictions on access of foreign arbitration institutions, and it is necessary to improve China’s access of foreign arbitration institutions. China should adhere to the examination and approval system and principle of individuation with regard to access of foreign arbitration institutions with independent legal status, and it is necessary to combine China’s leading position and opening to the outside world. The established arbitration institution should be non-governmental, and its arbitration rules and legal background should be compatible with the law and legal culture of China. Free trade zones should be the place where the admitted arbitration institutions establish.

Çalışmamızınilkbölümünde,yabancıbirdevletintahkimyeriolarakbelirlendiğihallerde,tahkimetabibiruyuşmazlığındevletmahkemesinegötürülmesi vebunayapılanitirazlarüzerinemahkemeceyapılacakolanincelemeelealınmıştır.Davalı,esasailişkinaçılandavadatahkimitirazıileri sürebilirvedavacıdatahkimanlaşmasınıngeçersizolduğunuiddiaedebilir.Sözkonusuiddialarüzerine,önceliklemahkemenintahkimanlaşmasının geçerliliğihakkındayapacağıincelemeninkapsamınınbelirlenmesigerekmektedir.Buincelemeprimafaciedüzeyde,sadecemevcutbirtahkim anlaşmasınınbulunupbulunmadığınailişkinolabileceğigibi,mahkemetahkimanlaşmasınıngeçerliolupolmadığınıdetaylıbiçimdeinceleyerek karara dabağlayabilir.Yabancıbirdevletintahkimyeriolarakbelirlendiğihallerdeözellikarzedendurumlarvebuhususunincelemeninkapsamı üzerindekietkileriçalışmamızdaelealınmıştır.İkincibölümdeisemahkemenintahkimanlaşmasınıngeçerliliğiniinceleyipkararlaştıracağıhallerde incelemeninhangihukukagöreyapılacağıdeğerlendirilmiştir.Yabancıbirdevletintahkimyeriolarakbelirlendiğihallerde,tahkimanlaşmasının geçerliliğineuygulanacakhukukhususundaTürkhukukundaboşluksözkonusudur.Buboşluğunneşekildedoldurulabileceğineilişkinolarakdoktrindeilerisürülengörüşlereyerverilmiştir.&nbsp, Thescopeofthereviewheldbythecourtsincaseswhereadisputesubjecttoarbitrationisbroughtbeforeacourtarediscussed inthefirstpartofourstudy,bypayingparticularattentiontocaseswhereseatofarbitrationisinaforeigncountry.Inthecaseon the meritsofthedispute,therespondentcanraiseanarbitrationobjectionandtheclaimantcanassertthatthearbitrationagreementisinvalid. Subsequenttorelevantobjections,firstthescopeofthereviewheldbythecourtshouldbeidentified.Thereviewcanbeprimafacie, serving thepurposetodetermineifthereisanexistingarbitrationagreementorthecourtcanoptforabroadreviewanddeterminethe validityofthearbitrationagreement.Theimportanceofchoosingaforeignseatandtheeffectsofthischoiceonthescopeofthereview are discussedinourstudy. Incaseswherethecourtreviewsthevalidityofthearbitrationagreement,thelawapplicabletothearbitration agreementshouldbedeterminedandthisissueisdiscussedinthesecondpartofourstudy.Whentheseatofarbitrationisina foreign country,thereisagapinTurkishlawregardingthelawapplicabletothearbitrationagreement.Theopinionsputforwardinthedoctrineas to howtofillthisgapareevaluated.&nbsp

LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus International commercial arbitration remains a growing economy in the world today. People are now turning to arbitration to ensure adjudication by an expert and to ensure a confidential process where the parties involved can influence the outcome of the arbitrator’s decision. The process may not always be quicker and cheaper as it is presumed to be - nevertheless, its importance continues to grow especially in the international trade sphere. When South Africa emerged from the era of isolation in 1994, it was faced with the fact that many of its laws relevant for the purpose of international trade and investments were outdated and inadequate. An example is in the field of international commercial arbitration. This is a big problem in South Africa. Before a foreign party decides to do business in a country, one of the first questions that will be asked is: what provisions does the country provides for the resolution of international trade disputes. The present answer is not encouraging. The South African Arbitration Act (Arbitration Act or Act) was designed with domestic arbitration in mind and has no provisions at all expressly dealing with international commercial arbitration. The Act is at present characterised by excessive opportunities for parties to involve the court as a tactic to delay the arbitration process. The arbitral tribunals are recognised as having inadequate powers to conduct the arbitration proceedings. In fact, the Arbitration Act is widely perceived by those involved in international commercial arbitration as totally inadequate for the purpose of international commercial arbitration. Today, the standard of a country’s international commercial arbitration legislation is measured by the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration of 1985 (UNCITRAL Model Law). The UNCITRAL Model Law can be adopted by a country to regulate international commercial arbitration.6 Many countries choose to adopt the UNCITRAL Model Law, their reasons may vary but some can be traced to out-dated arbitration legislation that needs replacement. The South African Law Commission published the South African Law Commission (SALC) Report 1998 (SALC Report 1998), dealing with the possible application of the UNCITRAL Model Law to international commercial arbitration in South Africa. The SALC Report strongly supported the adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law, but with only a few adaptations, with a view to make the South African version user-friendly and attractive to foreign parties and lawyers.8 It recommended two arbitration regimes: an International Arbitration Act, dealing only with international commercial arbitration; and the Arbitration Act, dealing only with domestic commercial arbitration. Recently, the government approved the International Arbitration Bill, 2017 (Arbitration Bill or Bill). The central aim of the Bill is to make the UNCITRAL Model Law the corner stone of South Africa’s international commercial arbitration practice, and to make South Africa a regional hub for international commercial arbitration. Butler is of the opinion that the Arbitration Bill cannot make South Africa a preferred seat for international commercial arbitration. According to an international arbitration survey conducted by the Queen Mary University of London in 2016,10 there are a number of factors that influence the choice of seat of international commercial arbitration (legal and non-legal factors). These factors have been investigated in this study. After investigating the prerequisite to become a preferred seat for international commercial arbitration, South Africa’s legal position is compared with Mauritius’s legal position. It is concluded that Mauritius is a good example to follow. It is, however, important to keep in mind South Africa’s own background. A good example to follow from Mauritius is the separation of its domestic arbitration legislation from its international commercial arbitration legislation. This will bring about effectiveness and clarity for the users of the said legislation. It would be a good idea for South Africa to introduce the Arbitration Bill, and emulate Mauritius in improving its arbitration practice. Masters

Tato publikace se zabývá vymezením pojmu lex arbitri, jeho rolí ve fázi průběhu rozhodčího řízení a zejména jeho vlivem ve fázi uznání a výkonu rozhodčího nálezu. Publikace si klade dva cíle, z nichž dosažení prvního podmiňuje naplnění druhého. Prvním cílem publikace je vymezení pojmu lex arbitri, jeho identifikace pro případ konkrétního rozhodčího řízení a jeho role ve fázi průběhu rozhodčího řízení. Druhým cílem je pak zhodnocení působení lex arbitri ve fázi uznání a výkonu rozhodčího nálezu v jiném státě. This work deals with the concept of lex arbitri, its role during the arbitration proceedings and especially its influence on the phase of the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. This work has two goals. The first goal encompasses the definition of the concept of lex arbitri, the identification of lex arbitri of particular arbitration proceedings and the evaluation of the role of lex arbitri during the arbitration proceedings. The second goal of this work is to evaluate the effects of lex arbitri during the process of recognition and enforcement of the arbitral award in another state.