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Purpose: To understand how often couples return to ART centres for a second child. Methods: Retrospective monocentric cohort study including women who had a first live birth with IVF. The primary objective was to assess the rate of those returning for a second child within five years of the previous pregnancy. The secondary aim was to disentangle the determinants of this rate. Results: A total of 374 patients were included, of whom 188 returned (50%, 95% CI 45–55%). Among those who did not return (n = 186), four (2%) referred to another ART Center and 24 were unreachable. Of the 158 contacted subjects that did not refer for ART, 53 (34%, 95% CI 27–41%) conceived naturally, 57 (36%, 95% CI 29–44%) abandoned their intent of parenthood, and 48 (30%, 95% CI 24–38%) unsuccessfully attempted natural conception. These 48 women (13%) who expressed interest in a second child but did not undergo ART were compared to those seeking a second pregnancy through ART. Baseline characteristics were similar except for an older age (Median 36, IQR: 34–38 vs 34, IQR: 32–36, p = 0.001). Additionally, in terms of IVF cycle characteristics, women who did not return were more likely to achieve their first pregnancy with a fresh transfer rather than a frozen transfer (75% vs 59%, p = 0.05). They also had a higher number of retrieved oocytes (Median 10, IQR: 7–13 vs 9, IQR: 5–12) and less frequently cryopreserved embryos (27% vs 52%, p = 0.003). Conclusion: The proportion of couples who have conceived with ART and who are interested in having a second child is high. Our results underline the importance of paying more attention to the number of intended children, as this information could influence clinical management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The universal two-child policy in China did not lead to a significant increase in fertility, which results in many public debates. In this study, we examine to what extent a couple's desires for more children are associated with their behavior for having a second child, and whether there is a gender power imbalance in the realization process. Using the China Family Panel Studies data in 2014 and 2018, the findings suggest that the overall rate of having a second child is low after the policy relaxation. Compared to wives, husbands have greater power in the second-child realization, and this phenomenon is only salient in rural areas. Education, as an indicator of resources and a tool of empowerment, played a limited role in reversing the husband's dominance in fertility outcomes in rural areas. This study sheds light on domestic power relations and fertility realization in an era right after the policy relaxation in China and calls for policies to target the issues of how to raise fertility levels without sacrificing women's interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives To investigate the sleep quality of women pregnant with a second child and the influencing factors and provide a scientific basis for health care guidance to clinically improve the sleep quality of pregnant women. Methods A total of 162 women pregnant with a second child at a first-class tertiary hospital in Changsha from January to August 2018 were selected as the research subjects. General demographic characteristics were collected, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale was used to assess their sleep quality. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of the sleep quality of women pregnant with a second child. Results The PSQI score (except hypnotic drugs) and total score of pregnant women with second birth were higher than those of normal female population, and the difference was statistically significant (P

Yimin Cai,1,&ast; Zhoumin Shen,1,&ast; Bifang Zhou,2 Xiali Zheng,3 Yulian Li,2 Yuming Liu,3 Jiayu Yang,3 Nian Xie,4 Hongjiao Chen4 1Department of Nursing, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, 410005, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Interventional Vascular Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Nursing, Medical School, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Bifang Zhou, Department of Interventional Vascular Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), No. 61 of Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410005, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13755027990, Fax +86-0731-82278012, Email yul_2021@21cn.comObjective: To investigate the psychological status of women during their second pregnancy.Methods: A total of 162 women who were pregnant for the second time were selected as the research subjects. The general demographic data and pregnancy-related conditions of the subjects were investigated by a questionnaire developed for this study. The anxiety and depression of the subjects were evaluated with a self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and a self-rating depression scale (SDS).Results: The subjects scored themselves on the SAS and on the SDS. There was a statistically significant difference when comparing the scores and total scores with the domestic norm. Statistical data analysis was conducted using SPSS 19.0 software. The results of a multi-factor logistics regression analysis showed that four factors, namely a low age, low education level, low monthly household income and foetal sex expectations, were the main influencing factors for the occurrence of anxiety among women during their second pregnancies (p < 0.05). Three factors, namely a low education level, low monthly household income and a poor relationship between the husband and wife, were the main influencing factors for the occurrence of depression among the subjects (p < 0.05).Conclusion: During their second pregnancies, women have different degrees of anxiety and depression. Measures should be taken to intervene and guide women who develop these adverse emotions.Keywords: second child, psychological condition, anxiety, depression, influencing factors

Objectives: To investigate the sleep quality of women pregnant with a second child and the influencing factors and provide a scientific basis for health care guidance to clinically improve the sleep quality of pregnant women. Methods: A total of 162 women pregnant with a second child at a first-class tertiary hospital in Changsha from January to August 2018 were selected as the research subjects. General demographic characteristics were collected, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale was used to assess their sleep quality. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of the sleep quality of women pregnant with a second child. Results: The PSQI score (except hypnotic drugs) and total score of pregnant women with second birth were higher than those of normal female population, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed statistically significant differences in sleep quality among women pregnant with a second child of different ages, marital relationships, gender expectations, education levels, monthly family incomes, planned or unplanned pregnancy, and gestational weeks (P < 0.05). The results of the multi-factor analysis showed that the low education level (OR = 0.224, P = 0.001), low family monthly income (OR = 3.035, P = 0.014), expectation of gender (OR = 0.065, P = 0.038), and dissatisfaction with marital relationship (OR = 0.275, P = 0.001) were the primary risk factors of poor sleep quality of in women with second pregnant. Conclusions: The overall sleep quality of women pregnant with a second child is poor, and 37.65% have sleep quality problems. Low education levels, low family monthly incomes, fetal gender expectations, and poor relationship between husband and wife are the main factors affecting the sleep quality of women pregnant with a second child. Pregnant women with the above factors should pay attention to their sleep quality and take necessary measures for intervention and guidance to improve the level of health care during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The determinants of the intention to stop childbearing tend to differ over time and contexts. This allows the issue of families' childbearing intentions to continually remain on the research agenda. As societal context and temporal variability will matter for second childbearing intentions, this study aimed at uncovering the reasons behind the intentions to stop childbearing from one-child mothers' perspective., Method: A qualitative descriptive study in Isfahan City, Iran, was used to scrutinize reasons behind the unwillingness to have a second pregnancy. A purposeful sampling with maximum variation was used to select one-child mothers. Until reaching saturation, 48 semistructured interviews were conducted. A thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data., Results: Five themes and 19 subthemes emerged from the data analysis as structural attributes (economic, social and political conditions), parental attributes (parental (dis)agreements, childrearing troubles, having impatience and being at the inappropriate age for childbearing), husband attributes (having the intention to stop parenting, financially and emotionally nonsupportive and being busy by working), maternal attributes (health-related problems, adverse experience during former pregnancy, being employed, self-compassion, the fear of parity progression and being pessimistic) and child attributes (having a naughty child and having the physical or mental distress of the first child)., Conclusion: Overall, findings highlight the multifaceted nature of factors influencing second childbearing intentions. Structural reasons at macro level, intrafamily relationship, mothers' self-related factors and challenges of raising the first child all play distinct roles in discouraging mothers from a second child intention. Understanding these key reasons can help policymakers, researchers and individuals alike to comprehend the complexities involved in family planning and fertility decisions., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

With China's rapidly aging population, this paper constructs a policy model using overlapping generation (OLG) model and the computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling to analyze the second-child policy and delaying retirement policy. Our research findings suggest that considering the short-term effects, delaying the retirement age imposes a greater impact on the economy than the second-child policy. Its economic impact increases initially, but then decreases to a stable level showing a diminishing influence. In the long term, the second-child policy has greater ability to boost the economy than the delaying retirement age policy and its economic impact gets stronger. From an industrial output perspective, the two policies exert greater influence on agriculture, light industry, finance and service sector than on construction and heavy industries. From an industrial import and export perspective, the two policies have great influence on finance, electric power, and fossil energy more than they do on the agricultural sector. From a monetary perspective, the impacts are greater on household income followed by the government income and corporate income, respectively. The policies also make a bigger difference to fixed capital than to changes in deposits and loans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and PurposeAs the global fertility rate declines, China has issued two and three-child policies in the past 10 years. Therefore, this study serves to evaluate fertility intention rates and related factors in couples intending to have a second child and third child.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in mainland China from July to August 2021. Couples with one or two children were invited to participate in our study in order to collect information about more than one child fertility intention and the possibly related factors. Odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and adjusted for potential confounding factors.ResultsData was collected from a total of 1,026 couples. Among couples with one child, 130 (16.2%) couples had the intention to have a second child. Additionally, only 9.4% of couples with two children desired to have third child. The study revealed large differences in socioeconomic and personal factors between the two groups. For couples with intentions for a second-child, a female age >35 years (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 1.92), a first child's age range from 3 to 6 (aOR 3.12), annual child spending as a percentage of household income >30% (aOR 2.62), and children's educational barriers (aOR 1.55) were associated with lack of intent to have a second child. Similarly, among couples with two children, parents with family financial constraints (aOR 6.18) and children's educational barriers (aOR 4.93) are more likely to have lack of intent to have a third child. Here, we report that government policies encouraging fertility (aOR 0.04) can effectly promote couples to pursue a second or third child.ConclusionOverall, couples with one or two children in Shanghai had a low intention to give birth to a second or third child. In order to increase the birth rates, it is necessary to implement policies to reduce the burden of raising children and provide relief to parent's pressure of rearing a child with increased free time.

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the changes in quality of couples' relationships from pregnancy to postpartum in pregnant Italian women who conceived spontaneously and to analyze the differences in transition to motherhood with respect to birth of (a) first child, (b) second child, and (c) twins. Background: The transition to motherhood leads to several changes for parents and can significantly affect a couple's adaptation. The couple's adaptation to parenthood may depend on whether they are having a first child, a second child, or twins. Method: A total of 119 women (61 primiparous women with single pregnancy, 42 multiparous women with single pregnancy, and 16 primiparous women with twin pregnancy) completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale during the third trimester of pregnancy and 3 months after childbirth. To explore whether the three groups differed regarding the quality of the couple relationship during pregnancy, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted. Subsequently, a series of mixed 2 × 3 ANOVA with Time (pregnancy and postpartum) as the within factor and Group as the between factor for each dependent variable linked to the dimensions of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale was carried out to explore whether the quality of the couple relationship differed 3 months after childbirth. Results: Results highlighted that, during pregnancy, mothers expecting one child (both primiparas and multiparas) reported a higher level of couple relationship quality than did women expecting twins. However, after childbirth, mothers of twins reported significant improvements on some qualitative aspects of their couple relationship (Affective Expression), whereas the other mothers reported some worsening in the perceived couple relationship 3 months after the birth of the child, especially regarding global score, Dyadic Cohesion, and Affective Expression. Conclusion: In conclusion, birth preparation courses must pay attention not only to parenting transition but also to promoting involvement of both partners in household duties. Anticipating a fair division of household chores can allow partners to prepare for childbirth and limit the stress of the couple. Implications: The promotion of dyadic adjustment can reduce parenting stress and increase parents' well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the relationship between Chinese women's childhood family background and their fertility intentions, including their fertility intentions for a second child under the universal two-child policy, and the ideal fertility intentions under no birth restrictions. Data of participants extracted from the 2016 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey was adopted for analysis. Zero-inflated Poisson regression and multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine the predictors of women's intended number of children under different policy conditions. The number of siblings and parents' education prove to be significant predictors of female fertility intentions, even controlling for several characteristic variables. The instability of parental marriage shaped female fertility intentions remarkably and made them highly polarized under no conditional or institutional constrains. A cohort effect on female fertility intentions was also identified. Women with better socioeconomic status (SES) and born in families with better economic conditions showed relatively strong childbearing desires. Highlights: The number of siblings of Chinese women was positively and significantly associated with their intended number of children. Parents' education was negatively correlated to daughters' fertility intentions for a second child or more children. The instability of parental marriage shaped daughters' fertility intentions remarkably and made them highly polarized under no conditional or institutional constrains. The universal two-child policy is unlikely to pull China out of its low-fertility situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the effect of center group pregnancy care mode on the outcome of delivery in elderly pregnant parturient for a second child. Methods A total of 100 pregnant (over 35 years old) women for a second child who established Obstetrical Outpatient Card and underwent regular checkup in our First Affiliated Hospital from March 2018 to March 2019 were recruited in this study. They were randomly divided into experimental group (n=50) and control group (n=50). For the experimental group, the participants accepted not only the prenatal clinic consultation but also subject course of center group pregnancy care mode, while the participants in the control group were given the traditional pregnancy care mode. Natural delivery rate, cesarean section rate, episiotomy rate, forceps delivery rate, postpartum hemorrhage rate in 2 h after delivery, labor time, Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores, and patient's satisfaction were compared between the 2 groups. Results Eventually, a total of 100 pregnant women completed this clinical trial. The experimental group had significantly higher natural delivery rate and patient's satisfaction, obviously lower cesarean section rate and episiotomy rate, shorter durations for the first, second and third stage of labor and for total labor, decreased postpartum hemorrhage rate, and reduced SAS and SDS scores when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was seen in the Apgar score between the babies of the 2 groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The center group pregnancy care mode can reduce the cesarean section rate, episiotomy rate and postpartum hemorrhage rate, shorten time for stage of labor, attenuate the postpartum anxiety and depression, and improve natural childbirth rate and patient's satisfaction.

Copyright of Acta Paulista de Enfermagem is the property of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With China's termination of the longstanding one-child policy and its implementation of a universal two-child policy since 2016, it remains an open empirical question whether the Chinese, including more than 200 million rural-to-urban migrants, are willing to have a second child. Using the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey data, this study compares the intention of having a second child between urban local women and rural-to-urban migrant women in Chinese cities. We find significantly lower second-child fertility intentions among migrant women, despite their younger average age than local women. Employing the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition technique borrowed from labour economics, we reveal that education and son preference both play particularly prominent roles in explaining the lower second-child fertility intentions among rural migrants. First, more education is found to promote second-child fertility intentions in urban China. Rural migrants' fertility intentions are depressed by their lower educational levels. Second, in urban China, when the first child is a boy, a couple tends to have a lower intention to have a second child. This fertility-depressing effect of already having a son is particularly pronounced among rural migrants, and moreover, compared with urban locals, a higher percentage of rural migrants' first child is a son. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor mental health status among both pregnant and postpartum women is commonly reported worldwide. The associations between mental health outcomes and giving birth to the second child since the implementation of China's universal two-child policy have not been identified.Methods: A large-scale based mental health survey was conducted between March 2017 and December 2018 in Suzhou, China. The survey evaluated the symptoms of anxiety, hypomania, depression and poor sleep quality among both pregnant and postpartum women.Results: A total of 3113 questionnaires were collected, the prevalence of anxiety, hypomanic and depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality in our sample were 3.2% (95%CI: 2.6%-3.9%), 51.7% (95%CI: 49.9%-53.4%), 12.4% (95%CI: 11.3%-13.6%) and 37.8% (95%CI: 36.0%-39.5%), respectively. Logistic regression showed that giving birth to the second child was positively associated with women's age, and was negatively correlated with higher educational level and living in rented housing. Women with the second pregnancy or child were positively associated with anxiety symptoms in the whole sample (OR = 1.75, 95%CI: 1.11-2.75) and among prenatal women (OR = 2.11, 95%CI: 1.16-3.83), while it was inversely correlated with depressive symptoms among postpartum women (OR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.41-0.99).Conclusions: Women giving birth a second time were more prone to have anxiety symptoms among the prenatal women and the whole sample, and less likely to have depressive symptoms among the postpartum women. Efficacious measures and interventions are essential to improve maternal mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of the universal two‐child policy in late 2015, replacing the one‐child policy, signals a dramatic shift in China's fertility policy. The 2016 China Migrants Dynamic Survey provides a nationally representative dataset that enables us to reveal, for the first time, the socioeconomic correlates of fertility intentions of having a second child among China's large migrant population. Using a multilevel analytical framework, we find that male, younger, and more affluent migrants, those from minority ethnic groups, individuals migrating from rural areas, those whose first child is a girl, those at 5 years after having the first child, and migrants living in economically less developed cities are more likely to express the intention to have a second child. Moreover, our study establishes a correlation between home ownership and fertility intentions. Migrants who own their own home in the destination city express lower intentions to have a second child, compared with those who are renting. We suggest a proposition about this counterintuitive relationship between home ownership and lower fertility intentions: home ownership and childbearing compete for the limited financial resources of migrants who are socioeconomically disadvantaged in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to describe the fertility intentions of urban working women whose family planning has been limited to one child since the universal two-child policy was adopted and to explore factors associated with intentions to not have a second child. This is a cross-sectional study. This study was conducted among 703 urban working women with one child using a self-administered questionnaire from May to August 2016 in Hunan, China. Data were collected on the women's sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes towards having another child and fertility intentions. A descriptive analysis, chi-square test and logistics regression were used for data analysis. The ideal number of children among the urban working women was 2.03 ± 0.35. Fewer than half (32.4%) of working women with one child clearly intended to have another child. Not having another child was independently associated with family type, husband's age, age of the first child, attitude of the husband and parents-in-law, whether the parents-in-law provided economic support and the influence of friends. Participants showed lower second-child intentions with increasing age of the partner and first child (P value = 0.002, 0.026). Participants whose parents-in-law provided economic support were less likely to not want a second child than those whose parents-in-law did not provide economic support (P value = 0.037). Those with husbands and parents-in-law with supportive attitudes were less likely to not want another child (P value = 0.001, 0.022). Participants whose friends positively influenced them to have another child were less likely to intend to not have another child (P value = 0.000). There is no guarantee that the universal two-child policy will be enough to prompt an increase in fertility among urban working women with one child in Hunan Province. Supplementary measures are urgently needed to create a favourable environment for childbearing in China. • Urban working women with one child had low intentions for a second child in China after the universal two-child policy. • Negative attitudes towards having another child of family members decrease the intentions for a second child. • Supplementary measures are urgently needed to create a favourable environment for childbearing in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is a country with a unique history of gender traditions and birth-control regulations. Traditional gender role attitudes, closely related to son preference, exert entrenched influence on the fertility intentions and behaviours of women in China. In recent years, despite the fact that employment characteristics and educational attainment of women have caught up with men, China has witnessed a resurgence of patriarchal Confucian tradition. Gender relations in the private sphere are increasingly regulated by traditional gender norms. Considering the declining fertility in China and recent fertility policy adjustments, this paper analyses the varying effects of gender role attitudes on fertility intentions of women under different birth control policies, utilising data from 1,422 questionnaires conducted in 2015 in the Shaanxi Province in northwestern China and using the Multinomial Logistic Model. Our findings imply that the relationship between women's gender role attitudes and fertility intention differs between women affected by different birth control policies. We find that among married women with one child who are restricted to one child, the more egalitarian the gender role attitude, the more likely they intend to have a second child. Among married women who have had one child and are allowed to have two children, the more egalitarian the gender role attitude, the less likely they intend to have a second child. The results also indicate that traditional gender role attitudes and norms still play an important role in Chinese women's fertility intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mothers’ experiences with their firstborn child may be relevant for understanding the further growth of families. Dutch women (N = 795) reported on motherhood experiences during pregnancy and the first year. Direct effect models of mood symptoms, birth expectations, and child negative reactivity, and indirect effect models via parenting self-efficacy were tested to discriminate mothers who had, wanted, were undecided, and did not want a second child at a 2-year follow-up. Results indicated that mothers with two children had higher prenatal parenting self-efficacy and less postnatal trait anxiety compared with those who wanted a second child. There was no evidence for indirect effects of mood symptoms, birth expectations, or negative reactivity on having a second child via parenting self-efficacy. Also, mothers who did not want a second child had more unmet expectations regarding childbirth and, surprisingly, reported less child negative reactivity than other mothers. Implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Becoming the mother of a second child represents a singular and transformational period that demands a transition to new roles with repercussions in health and quality of life. However, the evidence portraying this transition in the current literature is scarce and sparse. Objective: mapping and describing the women's experience in becoming the mother of a second child. Review method: a scoping review was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Results: nine studies published between 1997 and 2013 have been identified, the participants and the time of data collection differ; none of which were carried out in Portugal. In one study women characterize this transition as a quest for a new balance and the remaining are related to gender and conjugality issues. Conclusion: the nine studies considered in the review were published over a period of 16 years, presenting some elements that characterize this transition. Further studies should be carried out to understand woman's perspectives in depth when they become mothers for the second time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined changes in coparenting after the birth of a second child. Mothers and fathers from 241 2-parent families reported on their spouses' coparenting cooperation and conflict with their firstborn children before (prenatal) and 4 months after the birth of a second child. Parents completed prenatal questionnaires on their gender-role attitudes, marital satisfaction, and firstborn children's temperamental characteristics. Parents also reported on their second-born infants' temperaments at 1 month of age. Coparenting conflict increased across the transition, and cooperation decreased. Couples in which fathers reported greater marital satisfaction were more cooperative 4 months after the second birth. Firstborns' difficult temperaments contributed to less cooperative coparenting by both parents. When mothers had more traditional gender-role beliefs, fathers engaged in more conflictual coparenting behavior, and when fathers had more traditional gender-role beliefs, mothers engaged in more conflictual coparenting behavior. Mothers, but not fathers, engaged in more coparenting conflict regarding the firstborn when both the firstborn and infant sibling had difficult temperaments. (PsycINFO Database Record [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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O nascimento do segundo filho é uma fase específica do ciclo vital familiar, que acarreta mudanças, especialmente para o primogênito. O presente artigo examina questões teóricas e estudos empíricos acerca das implicações emocionais da chegada de um irmão para o primogênito. Os estudos sugerem que este momento é especial tanto para a mãe, que precisa cuidar de dois filhos, quanto para o primogênito, que deixa de ser filho único e precisa compartilhar os cuidados maternos. A literatura que tem se dedicado ao impacto do nascimento de um segundo filho no primogênito apresenta resultados contraditórios: se, por um lado, aponta mais comportamentos regressivos, de dependência, do primogênito, por outro, indica maior independência. A literatura ainda considera os comportamentos regressivos como "negativos", enquanto os de independência como "positivos" e de crescimento. Torna-se fundamental identificar momentos de transição na família, passíveis de mudanças, a fim de ajudar os pais a compreenderem que a criança tem seu próprio ritmo de desenvolvimento rumo à independência e pode apresentar comportamentos mais regressivos nos momentos de transição.El nacimiento del segundo hijo se caracteriza por ser una etapa específica del ciclo vital familiar, generando cambios, en especial al primogénito. El presente artículo examina algunas cuestiones teóricas y estudios empíricos acerca de las repercusiones emocionales con la llegada de un hermano para el primogénito. Los resultados sugieren que ese momento es especial tanto para la madre, que necesita cuidar de la maternidad de sus dos hijos, cuanto para el niño que deja de ser su único hijo y necesita compartir los cuidados maternos. Específicamente cuanto al primogénito, la literatura presenta resultados contradictorios. Si, por un lado, apunta mayor dependencia, por otro lado, indica mayor independencia. La literatura aún considera los comportamientos regresivos como "negativos", en cuanto los de independencia como "positivos" y de crecimiento. Se torna fundamental identificar los puntos de transición en la familia, pasibles de cambios, con el objetivo de ayudar a los padres a comprender que el niño sigue su propio ritmo de desarrollo rumbo a su independencia, siendo, por tanto, posible que el niño venga a presentar comportamientos más regresivos.The birth of a second child is a specific phase of the family life cycle, which brings changes, especially for the firstborn. The present article examines some theoretical questions and empirical studies concerning the emotional implications of the birth of a second child for the firstborn. The studies suggest that this is a special moment both for mothers, who need to take care of two children, and for the firstborn who is no longer an only child and needs to share maternal care. The literature on the impact of the birth of a second child on the firstborn has presented contradictory results. If, on the one hand, it has highlighted the firstborn's greater dependence and regressive behaviours, on the other, it has indicated more independent behaviours. Moreover, the literature considers dependence behaviours as "negative", while independence behaviours are seen as "positive" and a sign of growth. It is fundamental to identify transition points in the family cycle, so as to help parents to understand that the child follows its own rhythm of development towards independence, and may present more regressive behaviours in moments of transition.

Parenthood has strong effects on people's life. Some of these effects are positive and some negative and may influence the decision of having other children after the first. Demographic research has only marginally addressed the relationship between subjective well-being and fertility, and even less attention has been reserved to investigate how the subjective experience of the first parenthood may influence the decision to have a second child. Performing log-logistic hazard models using HILDA panel data (2001-2012), changes in couples' objective life conditions and satisfaction within family and work domains after the first childbirth are related to the timing of the transition to the second parenthood. Results show that partners adopting traditional gender specialization in roles proceed quicker to the second child; however, experiencing dissatisfaction in reconciling, in the couple's relationship and in the work domain negatively affects mothers' probability of having a second child in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Familienforschung (ZzF) is the property of University of Bamberg Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the adjustment of China's fertility policy, the topic of women's fertility has attracted much attention. In particular, urban women face a difficult choice between family and work. This study analyzed the prevalence and determinants of second-child fertility intention among urban women in China and aimed to provide evidence for improving fertility rate measures. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using quantitative primary studies. We identified 16 cross-sectional studies that investigated a total of 24,979 urban women. The prevalence of second-child fertility intentions was 37%. A subgroup analysis revealed that the highest prevalence was observed between 2016 and 2017, and the lowest was observed in first-tier cities. Meta-analyses indicated that 18 factors were significantly associated with second-child fertility intentions, including demographic factors, fertility attitude, husbands, children, parents, or others. The findings of this study highlight the low second-child fertility intentions among urban women in China. Therefore, policymakers should consider various aspects, gradually optimizing fertility-supporting facilities, while encouraging fertility.

Background and Purpose: As the global fertility rate declines, China has issued two and three-child policies in the past 10 years. Therefore, this study serves to evaluate fertility intention rates and related factors in couples intending to have a second child and third child., Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in mainland China from July to August 2021. Couples with one or two children were invited to participate in our study in order to collect information about more than one child fertility intention and the possibly related factors. Odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and adjusted for potential confounding factors., Results: Data was collected from a total of 1,026 couples. Among couples with one child, 130 (16.2%) couples had the intention to have a second child. Additionally, only 9.4% of couples with two children desired to have third child. The study revealed large differences in socioeconomic and personal factors between the two groups. For couples with intentions for a second-child, a female age >35 years (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 1.92), a first child's age range from 3 to 6 (aOR 3.12), annual child spending as a percentage of household income >30% (aOR 2.62), and children's educational barriers (aOR 1.55) were associated with lack of intent to have a second child. Similarly, among couples with two children, parents with family financial constraints (aOR 6.18) and children's educational barriers (aOR 4.93) are more likely to have lack of intent to have a third child. Here, we report that government policies encouraging fertility (aOR 0.04) can effectly promote couples to pursue a second or third child., Conclusion: Overall, couples with one or two children in Shanghai had a low intention to give birth to a second or third child. In order to increase the birth rates, it is necessary to implement policies to reduce the burden of raising children and provide relief to parent's pressure of rearing a child with increased free time., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhu, Yan, Wang, Ji, Zhang and Zhang.)

Thanks to the use of household-level micro-data from the ‘Family and Social Subjects’ survey carried out by the Italian National Statistical Office in 2003, this paper aims at understanding the determinants of a woman's contrasting attitude towards her partner's positive intention for another child considering the bargaining process literature. The econometric analysis is based on sample selection models that allow the study of this issue considering the probability of recording a couple's disagreement on higher-order fertility. The analysis finds that when within the couple the female partner is more educated, she disagrees less with her partner's positive intention for a second child. If we deal with the job-related features, the probability that the female contrasts her partner's positive fertility intention is higher when she is unemployed, when she is employed but she experiences a lack of provision of child-care, and if she perceives that another child might jeopardize her career. The findings are coherent with the assumption that a higher consistency between the individual's and the couple's fertility intentions may be achieved; the presence of a rigid labour-market and the lack of public child-care provision and of public policies should contribute to explaining the problems in reconciling family and working life. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study investigated impressions and feelings of eight mothers who were interviewed concerning the relationship with their firstborn child during the pregnancy of their second child. Based on content analysis, the results indicated that the new pregnancy required a redefinition of mother's relationship with her firstborn child and of her maternal identity. Because mother was emotionally involved with the baby, as well as physical restrictions of the pregnancy, limitations of the interaction between the mother and her firstborn child during play and in daily care were reported. The results suggest the importance of the family's social network and, eventually, the necessity of intervention programs for families involved in the transition process of having a second child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total fertility rate in Italy is well below replacement level but most women still plan to have two children. This gap between expressed fertility plans and observed reproductive behaviour warrants examination. The authors assess the correspondence between fertility intentions of women with one child and subsequent behaviour at micro level and highlight which characteristics affect both the formation of positive fertility intentions and their realization in the short run. Their analysis relies on an ad hoc dataset built by linking the 2002 edition of the Sample Survey on Births (where fertility intentions were asked) and the live births recorded in the Population Register from 2002 to 2008. The results clearly show that the fertility plans of women with one child play a crucial role in determining their subsequent reproductive behaviour. They tested the hypothesis that socioeconomic status and women's housework burden affects both the intentions to have another child and their realization among women with one child. Their findings suggest that socioeconomic status affects not so much the formation of positive fertility intentions but rather their realization, while women's housework burden does not display significant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Population (00324663) is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The social, political and economic transformations experienced by the former Communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe since the beginning of the 1990s have resulted in rapid changes in demographic trends the consequences of which, with regard to marriage and fertility, are highly significant. The period since 1990 has witnessed far-reaching changes in the occurrence and timing of family life transitions among young adults in the Czech Republic. This study investigates the determinants of having a second child in Czech society during two distinctive political periods characterised by differing demographic behaviour. The study is set against the background of a society in which the most characteristic trend in reproductive patterns during the socialist era was a strong orientation towards the two-child family and where the ideal of a two-child family still persists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the final decade of the 20th century, reproductive behaviour in the Czech Republic underwent significant changes, which were manifested in, among other things, a decline in the birth rate. Views on the ideal number of children in a family have, conversely, remained consistent in the population over time, and the ideal of the two-child model has been repeatedly identified in sociological studies over the long term. Given the currently very low fertility rate and the continued postponement of childbirth to a later age, it is important to ask whether the proclaimed aspirations for a two-child family will be fulfilled and whether the tendency will be for women to actually have a second child. This article focuses on values associated with children and especially selected factors connected with the decision to have a second child, including an evaluation of the factors that women take into consideration when deciding to have more children. The analysis is based on data from the survey Men and Women in the Czech Republic: Life Courses and Inter-generational Relationships (GGS: Generations and Gender Survey), the first wave of which was conducted in the Czech Republic in 2005, and for the analysis focusing on a second child in the family selected generations of women were chosen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the factors influencing women's selection of the delivery method of their second child., Methods: A questionnaire survey was administered among 431 women in the age range of interest from January 2015 to January 2017, and the survey results were evaluated and analyzed statistically. The experts evaluating the questionnaire are professionals in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Heji Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College., Results: A total of 70.99% of subjects were 28-35 years old. Approximately 82.35% wished to undergo vaginal delivery, and the remaining 17.65% expressed to undergo cesarean delivery. The reasons for cesarean delivery included the following: fetal factors: worry about fetal health (33.33%), birth trauma (12.90%), and fetal macrosomia (38.17%); maternal factors: advanced age (36.56%), inability to bear uterine contraction pains (21.51%), worry about uracratia after vaginal delivery (10.75%), worry about perineum laceration (8.60%) and the impacts on sexual gratification after delivery (5.38%); social factors: faster delivery mode (54.84%), selection of birth time (27.96%), and better planning of maternity leave (17.20%)., Conclusion: Most women tend to undergo vaginal delivery. However, due to the influence of age, educational level and other factors, an increasing number of women prefer cesarean delivery. Medical institutions have the responsibility for providing overall and fair medical information to women of childbearing age to help them make informed choices regarding mode of delivery., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: None., (Copyright: © Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences.)

China's two-child policy, aimed at boosting the country's total fertility rate, has failed to achieve the desired outcomes. Previous studies on low fertility rates mainly used data obtained from demographic censuses, questionnaires, or interviews. These data-gathering methods are costly, entailing time delays and yielding limited information. User-generated content (UGC) provides an alternative data source. We propose a machine-human hybrid approach using UGC obtained from social media to assess users' intentions to have a second child. Our results showed that couples associate a second child with high economic costs mainly through negative impacts on the mothers' careers, with no concomitant economic benefits. A key motivation for having two children relates to the mental benefit of the joy in having children. However, raising a second child also entails considerable mental costs such as exhaustion and pressure. Couples largely seek help within their extended families, that is, their parents are major sources of child-rearing support. Therefore, the government should devise ways of reducing the negative impacts of having a second child on a woman's career and provide child-rearing support to help increase the fertility rate. Our proposed approach can also be used to elicit the reasons for low fertility rates in other countries., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

O presente estudo investigou as percepções maternas sobre as reações do filho primogênito à gestação do segundo filho. Participaram do estudo oito gestantes no último trimestre de gravidez do segundo filho e cujo primeiro filho estava em idade pré-escolar. A análise qualitativa do conteúdo das entrevistas revelou que o avanço da gestação e a proximidade do parto desencadearam ansiedade e ciúme nos primogênitos, concomitantemente a manifestações de alegria pela chegada do irmão. Todas as crianças apresentaram atitudes indicativas de ciúme, tais como medo de perder a atenção e o carinho da mãe, e sinais de agressividade dirigidos à barriga da gestante. Os resultados sugerem que a gestação do irmão constitui um evento marcante na vida dos primogênitos e ressaltam a importância do apoio parental nesse período.

O presente estudo investigou as impressões de oito mães, que responderam a uma entrevista sobre seu relacionamento com o primogênito durante a gestação do segundo filho. A partir de uma análise de conteúdo, os resultados revelaram que a nova gestação trouxe-lhes a necessidade de uma redefinição em sua identidade materna e em sua relação com o primogênito. Além de voltar-se emocionalmente para o bebê, as restrições físicas da gestação trouxeram limitações à interação mãe-primogênito, tanto em brincadeiras como nos cuidados diários. Destaca-se ainda o aumento no apoio fornecido pelo casal parental ao primogênito. Os resultados sugerem a importância da rede de apoio e de programas de intervenção para famílias envolvidas na transição para o nascimento do segundo filho.

O nascimento do segundo filho pode gerar um aumento na tensão familiar, pois traz a necessidade de reformulações nos papéis e regras do funcionamento familiar. O presente estudo investigou o impacto do nascimento do segundo filho nas relações familiares, especialmente quanto às mudanças na rede de apoio, relação conjugal, comportamentos do primogênito e relação genitores-primogênito. Participaram do estudo oito famílias, nas quais o segundo filho havia nascido no segundo ano de vida do primogênito. Os genitores foram entrevistados no 18º, 24º e 36º mês de vida do primogênito. Análise de conteúdo qualitativa revelou o esforço de cada membro das famílias para lidar com as ambigüidades dessa situação, pois ao mesmo tempo que o segundo filho é celebrado, ele também altera uma dinâmica familiar relativamente estável envolvendo a tríade pai-mãe-primogênito. Embora as mudanças tenham sido acompanhadas de ansiedade e instabilidade nas relações, os resultados destacam a capacidade adaptativa dos membros dessas famílias.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as expectativas e os sentimentos de gestantes de segundo filho em relação ao bebê. Participaram 25 mulheres, no último trimestre de gestação, com idades entre 28 e 43 anos. Todas residiam com o pai dos dois filhos, em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada, submetida à análise qualitativa de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram diferentes expectativas maternas quanto ao segundo filho, tanto em relação ao sexo e ao nome, como quanto às características emocionais e físicas, com destaque para as comparações com o primogênito. As mães grávidas do segundo bebê depararam com o desafio de acolher e aceitar o desconhecido. O significado do segundo filho para a mãe ainda precisa ser contemplado em estudos sobre o tema.