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Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. is a tree species that is presented as an alternative to replace endangered species of hardwood. The morphology and anatomy of the seedling of this species is the object of the present study. Seedlings at different stages of development were obtained in greenhouse and analyzed fresh and fixed in FAA (Formalin-Acetic-Alcohol) 50. The anatomical analysis was done by the freehand and microtome sections, according to standard techniques in plant anatomy. The seedling and/or tirodendro is cryptocotylar and hypogeal, has cataphylls, and presents eophylls and metaphylls simple with venation pinnate craspedodromous simple. The root is polyarch, the hypocotyl is very short, the cotyledons have an oily and starchy reserve, the epicotyl has stem structure, and eophylls and metaphylls are dorsiventral. The seedling may be classified in the Horsfieldia type/subtype.

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Smoke-water (SW), karrikinolide (KAR1) and vermicompost leachate (VCL) have been reported to possess gibberellic acid-like activity. The effects of these plant growth-promoting substances (PGPSs) on biochemical changes occurring during seed germination of Phaseolus vulgaris were assessed. Seeds were incubated/germinated under dark conditions in water (control) or with different concentrations of SW, KAR1, VCL and gibberellic acid (GA3) for 7 d. The maximum seedling fresh weight (1.863 g) was recorded for the SW (1:750 v/v) treatment. The longest seedling axes (9.9 cm) and the highest number of adventitious roots (16.3) were recorded for VCL-treated seedlings (1:10 and 1:5 v/v, respectively). Analysis of two important hydrolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase and alpha-amylase, showed maximum activity [1856 nkat mg− 1 and 3.225 mg min− 1(g FW)− 1, respectively] in the seeds incubated with 10− 8M KAR1. In all the treated seedlings, proline content was significantly reduced [43.67 μg (g FW)− 1; VCL (1:20 v/v)] in comparison to the control [87 μg (g FW)− 1] but there was an increase in amino acids with some concentrations of PGPSs. The tested PGPSs significantly influenced various biochemical parameters that play a significant role in seed germination and plant growth. This study indicates that PGPSs may act via stress-relieving biochemical pathways during seed germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]