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The tropical maize breeding for low-P tolerance and good performance under low-P stress environments can be achieved through selection based on root morphology traits at seedling stage. Here, we assessed the genotypic variation and genetic diversity of a panel of 151 tropical maize inbred lines for root and shoot seedling traits, investigated the relationship among traits and selected a set of promising inbred lines for low-P tolerance and performance. We evaluated the inbred lines at seedling stage in a greenhouse experiment under two conditions: applied P (AP) and non-applied P (NAP). A mixed model approach was used to estimate variance components and predict the genotypic values of each inbred line. The genetic diversity among inbred lines based on root and shoot traits was assessed, and correlations were estimated between tested traits under AP and NAP. Our panel of inbred lines showed huge genetic variability for all traits and presented large genetic diversity under both P conditions. Variance components due to the inbred line × P condition interaction were also highly significant (P < 0.01) for all traits. Root dry weight (RDW) was positively associated with stalk dimeter (SD), shoot dry weight (SDW) and root length, volume, and area under both P conditions. Also, the SD and SDW were associated with most root traits under AP. Based on low-P tolerance and performance indices, we selected a set of top 20 inbred lines to be used in our maize breeding program. We therefore concluded that there is a significant genetic diversity in the tropical maize inbred lines which have the genetic potential to be use in association mapping studies and also to develop improved low-P tolerant and P-efficient hybrids and maize breeding populations for low-P stress environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) can offer an alternative for staple food considering its tolerance to abiotic stresses and high seed quality. However, its cultivation in temperate regions has not been successful due to its photoperiod sensitivity and low seed yield. This study investigated the agronomical performance and quality traits of 48 accessions for cultivation in northern Europe. We conducted two-year field trials and phenotyped traits related to phenological development, plant architecture, yield components, seed quality, and disease resistance. The major determinants of seed yield in this study were days to flowering, days to maturity, thousand-kernel weight, and panicle density, while downy mildew susceptibility and stem lodging showed a negative correlation with seed yield. We developed a selection index to enable simultaneous selection based on different important agronomical traits. We evaluated the stability of different accessions over the two years of the experiment. Finally, we provided a list of 10 selected accessions that can be directly integrated and serve as new crossing parents in quinoa breeding programs for temperate regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of pumpkin breeding programs is to develop cultivars that meet the production, commercial quality, and nutritional value, considering several attributes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to select pumpkin genotypes with high fruit quality for future use in genetic breeding programs. Two production cycles were carried out. The evaluations included the determination of genetic parameters (the additive genetic variance, environmental variance between residual variances and individual phenotypic variance, accuracy of progeny selection, restricted heritability, coefficient of individual additive genetic variation, coefficient of genotypic variation between progenies, coefficient of residual variation, coefficient of relative variation, variance of the prediction error of the genotypic values of the progeny), the prediction of genetic gains, and the selection of genotypes with fruits of better physical and chemical quality attributes. The carotenoid and β-carotene contents of the pulp were distinguished by high values of additive genetic variance, residual variance and individual variance. Additionally, genetic gains were achieved for the main carotenoid compounds, as xanthophyll (68%), lycopene (58%) and β-carotene (49%). In the second production cycle, using the technique of Mulamba and Mock, a new ranking method was used to select the best genotypes. These genetic parameters, especially restricted heritability, indicate the potential for advancing new selection stages to develop pumpkin cultivars with superior qualities, including fruit length (0.976), skin thickness (0.951) and orange pigments, particularly β-carotene (0.894). Additionally, firmer fruits with high ascorbic acid content and a pulp hue angle representing an orange color were ranked among the best genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the diseases that affect passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims), fruit woodiness is considered the most economically important viral disease of the crop, causing great production losses worldwide. This study was developed to estimate the genetic parameters for resistance and agronomic performance, using the REML/BLUP (Restricted Maximum Likelihood/Best Unbiased Linear Prediction) procedure; and compare predicted genetic gains for resistance and agronomic traits, using five selection-index approaches, to determine the most appropriate method for reliably selecting superior genotypes for a new cycle of recurrent selection aimed at effectively increasing the concentration of favorable alleles in the population. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in a randomized block design consisting of 90 full-sib families (constituting the C0 population of recurrent selection), involving three replicates with three plants per plot. The following variables were evaluated: mean area under the disease progress curve, number of fruits per plant, total production per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, average fruit weight, pulp weight, mesocarp thickness, soluble solids content, and pulp yield. Simultaneous selection of superior genotypes was carried out by the selection index approach using the Mulamba and Mock rank-sum index; the additive index; the multiplicative index; the mean rank index adapted from Mulamba and Mock; and the combined selection index. The additive index was the most consistent for the combined selection of the 36 genotypes for the evaluated traits, especially resistance, showing that these genotypes have high genetic potential to form the next population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major drawback to the implementation of genomic selection in a breeding program lies in long-term decrease in additive genetic variance, which is a trade-off for rapid genetic improvement in short term. Balancing increase in genetic gain with retention of additive genetic variance necessitates careful optimization of this trade-off. In this study, we proposed an integrated index selection approach within the genomic inferred cross-selection (GCS) framework to maximize genetic gain across multiple traits. With this method, we identified optimal crosses that simultaneously maximize progeny performance and maintain genetic variance for multiple traits. Using a stochastic simulated recurrent breeding program over a 40-years period, we evaluated different GCS methods along with other factors, such as the number of parents, crosses, and progeny per cross, that influence genetic gain in a pulse crop breeding program. Across all breeding scenarios, the posterior mean variance consistently enhances genetic gain when compared to other methods, such as the usefulness criterion, optimal haploid value, mean genomic estimated breeding value, and mean index selection value of the superior parents. In addition, we provide a detailed strategy to optimize the number of parents, crosses, and progeny per cross that can potentially maximize short- and long-term genetic gain in a public breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing a trait-based breeding approach is crucial for developing diverse materials with various agronomic traits, emphasizing a common focus on achieving high grain yield, as seen in many breeding programs. Genotype evaluation based on yield × trait combinations is essential, with yield as the primary variable. Genotype by yield × traits biplot analysis was used in pearl millet to assess associations among yield-trait combinations, trait profiles, and superiority rankings. The Biplot analysis reveals prevalent positive associations among yield-trait combinations, implying that selecting multiple traits can augment grain yield productivity. Notably, ICMV 221 and Dhanashakti exhibit elevated levels of YLD×Fe and YLD×Zn, while SOSAT C88, EC C6, Raj 171, and CZIC 618 excel in combining grain yield with traits such as plant height (PH), panicle length (PL), and days to maturity (DM). Based on overall superiority in yieldtrait combinations, populations were ranked as follows: AIMP 92901 > ICMV 221 > SOSAT C88 > CZIC 618 > Raj 171 > ICMP 87307 > EC C6. This study demonstrates the practical utility of the genotype by yield × traits biplot approach for selecting pearl millet germplasm with diverse trait combinations, enhancing the breeding program’s effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between yield and yield components with morphological traits, and to leverage these relationships to select high-yielding cultivars under optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions at the flowering stage. Methods: To identify the correlations and relationships among different traits in bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated as sub-factors in a split-plot experiment with a completely randomized design and three replications under conditions of normal irrigation and moisture stress at the beginning of the flowering stage at the research greenhouse of Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University in the 2016-2017 crop season. Results: Under normal conditions, the number of seeds in a spike (0.89) and under stress conditions, the number of seeds in a spike (0.70) and the number of days from planting to 50% flowering (-0.60) were decisive and influential on the grain yield. The results of canonical correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between the pair of canonical variables obtained from spike traits with grain yield per plant and spike density under both normal and stress levels. Conclusion: Grain number per spike, spike length, 1000-grain weight, straw yield, spike and shoot density, flag leaf area, and the duration from planting to 50% flowering are the most critical components significantly impacting crop yield enhancement under optimal greenhouse irrigation conditions. Conversely, the critical determinants of grain yield enhancement included grain filling rate, grain filling period, number of days from planting to 50% flowering, root dry weight, straw yield, and grain number per spike when subjected to moisture stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, millets are small-seeded grasses cultivated for human consumption and livestock feed. They thrive in low rainfall regions, poor soil quality, and challenging terrains. Millets are a healthy food choice due to their high nutrient content, including proteins, soluble fiber, vitamins, and minerals such as copper, magnesium, phosphorus, and manganese. Compared to major cereals, millets are packed with antioxidants and essential amino acids. They have a low glycemic index (GI) due to their high complex carbohydrate content, which provides a healthier option than conventional wheat flour. Millets support a healthy gut microbiome, reduce constipation, and decrease excessive gas. Their soluble fiber helps lower "bad" cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis, and produces a gel in the stomach that alleviates ulcer conditions. Millets serve as nutrient-dense foods and are nutritionally assessed across six attributes: carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. In this review and comparative statistical evaluation of eight millets with Rice and Wheat, the overall ranking for all six nutritional attributes was derived using the Smith Selection Index. The top five ranked grains were Finger millet (first rank), Pearl millet (second rank), Wheat (third rank), Foxtail millet (fourth rank), and Kodo millet (fifth rank). First ranked Finger millet: Finger millet is superior to Rice and Wheat for protein quality, fiber quality, and mineral profile; superior to Rice for vitamin profile; and superior to Wheat for carbohydrate quality parameters. Additionally, Finger millet surpasses Foxtail millet, Sorghum, Little millet, Kodo millet, and Pearl millet in carbohydrate quality; Sorghum in protein quality; Kodo millet, Proso millet, Pearl millet, and Sorghum in fiber quality; and Sorghum in mineral profile. Second ranked Pearl millet: Pearl millet is superior to Rice and Wheat for protein and fiber quality, as well as for vitamin and mineral profiles. It also surpasses Wheat in carbohydrate quality parameters. Pearl millet is superior to all millets except Proso millet in protein quality; Sorghum in fiber quality; Kodo millet and Finger millet in fat quality; all millets in vitamin profile; and all except Finger millet in mineral profile. Third ranked Wheat: Wheat is superior to Finger millet, Sorghum, and Rice in protein quality; Sorghum and Rice in fiber quality; Rice, Pearl millet, Kodo millet, and Finger millet in fat quality; all millets except Pearl millet and Rice in vitamin profile; and all except Finger millet and Pearl millet in mineral profile. Fourth ranked Foxtail millet: Foxtail millet is superior to Sorghum, Proso millet, Kodo millet, Pearl millet, and Rice in carbohydrate quality parameters; Finger millet, Sorghum, Wheat, and Rice in protein quality; all millets, Rice, and Wheat in fiber quality; all except Barnyard millet in fat quality; Sorghum, Kodo millet, Little millet, and Rice in vitamin profile; and Little millet, Kodo millet, Sorghum, Proso millet, Barnyard millet, and Rice in mineral profile. Fifth ranked Kodo millet: Kodo millet is superior to Pearl millet and Rice in carbohydrate quality; all millets except Proso millet and Pearl millet, Rice, and Wheat in protein quality; Proso millet, Pearl millet, Sorghum, Rice, and Wheat in fiber quality; Finger millet in fat quality; Little millet, Proso millet, Barnyard millet, and Rice in vitamin profile; and Sorghum, Proso millet, Barnyard millet, and Rice in mineral profile. Tenth ranked Rice: Rice holds the lowest rank, indicating its inferiority to all millets and Wheat in overall nutritional attributes. However, Rice is superior to all millets and Wheat in carbohydrate quality parameters but inferior to all millets except Sorghum in protein quality; inferior to all millets and Wheat in fiber quality; inferior to all except Pearl millet, Kodo millet, and Finger millet in fat quality; all except Proso millet and Barnyard millet in vitamin profile; and inferior to all millets and Wheat in mineral profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to select rice genotypes based on agronomic traits and commercial grain quality. The study was carried out in the 2014/15 and 2015/16 harvests in eight growing environments, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Fourteen rice genotypes were sown in each environment. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The following agronomic traits were evaluated: number of days to flowering and grain yield as well as commercial grain quality traits: percentage of whole grains and percentage of chalky area in the grains. AMMI, GGE and MGIDI methodologies were used to select the best performing genotypes. Using the AMMI, GGE and MGDI methods, genotypes G9 and G1 performed close to the ideal ideotype for the number of days to grain flowering, yield and quality.

Utilizing a trait-based breeding approach is crucial for developing diverse materials with various agronomic traits, emphasizing a common focus on achieving high grain yield, as seen in many breeding programs. Genotype evaluation based on yield × trait combinations is essential, with yield as the primary variable. Genotype by yield × traits biplot analysis was used in pearl millet to assess associations among yield-trait combinations, trait profiles, and superiority rankings. The Biplot analysis reveals prevalent positive associations among yield-trait combinations, implying that selecting multiple traits can augment grain yield productivity. Notably, ICMV 221 and Dhanashakti exhibit elevated levels of YLD×Fe and YLD×Zn, while SOSAT C88, EC C6, Raj 171, and CZIC 618 excel in combining grain yield with traits such as plant height (PH), panicle length (PL), and days to maturity (DM). Based on overall superiority in yield-trait combinations, populations were ranked as follows: AIMP 92901 > ICMV 221 > SOSAT C88 > CZIC 618 > Raj 171 > ICMP 87307 > EC C6. This study demonstrates the practical utility of the genotype by yield × traits biplot approach for selecting pearl millet germplasm with diverse trait combinations, enhancing the breeding program’s effectiveness.

Abstract The major drawback to the implementation of genomic selection in a breeding program lies in long-term decrease in additive genetic variance, which is a trade-off for rapid genetic improvement in short term. Balancing increase in genetic gain with retention of additive genetic variance necessitates careful optimization of this trade-off. In this study, we proposed an integrated index selection approach within the genomic inferred cross-selection (GCS) framework to maximize genetic gain across multiple traits. With this method, we identified optimal crosses that simultaneously maximize progeny performance and maintain genetic variance for multiple traits. Using a stochastic simulated recurrent breeding program over a 40-years period, we evaluated different GCS methods along with other factors, such as the number of parents, crosses, and progeny per cross, that influence genetic gain in a pulse crop breeding program. Across all breeding scenarios, the posterior mean variance consistently enhances genetic gain when compared to other methods, such as the usefulness criterion, optimal haploid value, mean genomic estimated breeding value, and mean index selection value of the superior parents. In addition, we provide a detailed strategy to optimize the number of parents, crosses, and progeny per cross that can potentially maximize short- and long-term genetic gain in a public breeding program.

The study was carried out to estimate the extent of genetic variability and genetic parameters for yield and yield attributes along with principal components for 112 rice genotypes to determine selection criteria. Genetic variability parameters showed that the phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the respective genotypic coefficient of variation and heritability is high for most of the characters. High heritability with high genetic advance as per cent of mean and moderate heritability with high genetic advance as per cent mean observed for the traits indicates the heritability to be of additive nature and selection is effective for improvement of yield in the present breeding material. The principal component analysis revealed a total of five principal components during both seasons based on eigenvalues of more than 1 accounting for 74.76% and 72.80%, respectively. Coordinate 1 is comprised of 12 genotypes with the positive value of the first and second principal components common between seasons. Nine genotypes were plotted in coordinate 2 (negative values of PC1 and positive values of PC2) and were strongly associated with important yield attributing traits viz., 1000-grain weight, grain width and decorticated grain weight. The selection criterion TH + TGW + GW + YPP had high genetic advance and relative efficiency in both kharif, (sown at the beginning of the first rains during the advent of the south-west monsoon) 2022 and rabi, (sown at the end of the monsoon or the beginning of the winter) 2022–2023. The genotypes MTU 3626, Koshikari, CR 401 and SV 81C were identified based on index scores as better-ranked genotypes in both seasons. Therefore, by understanding the traits that are most important for rice yields and other desirable characteristics, one can develop more effective breeding strategies to identify the potential genotypes with desirable characteristics for crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to evaluate variability among 50 diverse genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for yield attributes and biotic factor like spot blotch during 2018-19 rabi season. Observations were recorded for morpho-phenetic traits, physiological parameter and disease observations of spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem) was done at four crop growth stages viz. 85 DAS, 92 DAS, 99 DAS and 106 DAS. The mean value of chlorophyll index (CI) indicated gradual decline of CI with advancement in growth stages. Highest value of AUCIDC was shown by ESWYT-50 (128.33), while the lowest value was exhibited by ESWYT-25 (22.75). Mean value of disease severity in the different growth stages indicated gradual increase in disease severity along with advancement in growth stages. Correlation study among AUDPC, AUCIDC along with three morpho-phenotypic traits revealed significant and positive correlation between AUDPC and AUCIDC. The D2 analysis distributed 50 wheat genotypes into six clusters. The genotypes having lower selection index values were ESWYT-36, ESWYT-40, ESWYT-22, ESWYT-35, ESWYT-18, ESWYT-10, and ESWYT-1, which were also distributed in different divergent clusters as per D2 analysis. Thus, they could be used as spot blotch resistant genotypes with early flowering type along with high yield. All the traits exhibited low PCV and GCV values indicating the presence of common parents in the ancestry of the wheat genotypes.

Abstract Common bean provides diet rich in vitamins, fiber, minerals, and protein, which could contribute into food security of needy populations in many countries. Developing genotypes that associate favorable agronomic and grain quality traits in the common bean crop could increase the chances of adopting new cultivars black bean. In this context, the present study aimed at selection of superior black bean lines using multi-variate indexes, Smith-Hazel-index, and genotype by yield*trait biplot analysis. These trials were conducted in Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ, in 2020 and 2021. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with 28 treatments and three replications. The experimental unit consisted of four rows 4.0 m long, spaced at 0.50 m apart, with a sowing density of 15 seeds per meter. The two central rows were used for the evaluations. The selection of superior genotypes was conducted using the multiple trait stability index (MTSI), multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI), multi-trait index based on factor analysis and genotype-ideotype distance (FAI-BLUP), Smith-Hazel index, and Genotype by Yield*Trait Biplot (GYT). The multivariate indexes efficiently selected the best black bean genotypes, presenting desirable selection gains for most traits. The use of multivariate indexes and GYT enable the selection of early genotypes with higher grain yields. These lines G9, G13, G17, G23, and G27 were selected based on their performance for multiple traits closest to the ideotype and could be recommended as new varieties.

Almost all pineapple crops in Brazil are grown using the cultivar Perola. This scenario can be changed through the development of new cultivars with better fruit quality and resistance. The novel approach of the present study was to select pineapple clones that combine both resistance to fusariosis and characteristics related to plant and fruit quality as alternatives to the traditional cultivar Perola. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to estimate genetic parameters and select clones through the REML/BLUP methodology, based on morpho-agronomic characteristics and resistance to fusariosis. Thus, a selection index was used for quantitative characteristics and, later, for qualitative characteristics, such as fruit quality, presence or absence of leaf spines, and resistance to fusariosis. Significant differences were found for most variables, denoting genetic variability among the evaluated clones. Fruit weight with and without crown and D-leaf length presented the highest heritability estimates (above 50%); however, fruit length, mean fruit diameter, soluble solids, titratable acidity, plant height, and number of active leaves presented the lowest heritability estimates due to greater residual variances. Characteristics related to plant and fruit development are strongly affected by the environment and may result in phenotypic changes. Dominance variance was higher than additive variance, which enables the obtaining of heterosis through vegetative propagation. Eleven out of the 20 superior selected clones presented absence of leaf spines and multiple crowns, higher fruit weight and soluble solids content, and desirable fruit shape and pulp color; seven of them showed resistance to fusariosis, making them suitable for final testing for release as new cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of the source's genetic characteristics and their use in restoration projects is essential to maintaining restoration survival, mainly in tropical forests. Considering that genetics should be examined in forest restoration projects, analyses with phenotypic characters are more practical to implement in forest nurseries. Genipa americana L. is an essential species in producing seedlings for restoration purposes. This study aimed to select G. americana seed trees for seed collection in an area of the Atlantic Forest through the genetic divergence study in fruit, seeds, and seedlings. The study was conducted in the Saltinho Biological Reserve in Tamandaré - PE, Brazil. The ripe fruit of 11 G. americana seed trees were collected. The physical and physicochemical characterization of the fruit, biometric characterization of the seeds, and seed emergence analysis were performed. The Selegen REML/BLUP software, model 81, was used for genetic analyses, and the cluster analysis was performed by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method. A seed tree selection index was also used. The effects of the seed tree determination coefficients were low because there was considerable interaction between the sites where each one was inserted. It is possible to state that each variable contributes to explaining the genetic dissimilarity between the seed trees. Seed trees 1, 4, and 6 had the best average ranks for most of the variables analyzed concerning genotypes. The Saltinho Biological Reserve proved to be a good source of genetic and reproductive material for the species G. americana for forest restoration purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Previously, a lexicon and protocol for quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) was established for the Uganda sweetpotato breeding program. The implication of QDA scores for priority sensory attributes on consumer preference should be determined to interpret results efficiently and make decisions effectively. The present study aimed to develop a gender‐responsive decision tree to obtain an overall sweetpotato eating quality score to facilitate demand‐led targeted breeding selection. It focused on Kamuli and Hoima districts (Uganda) and uses pre‐lease advanced clones ('NKB3', 'NKB105', 'NKB135', 'D11' and 'D20'), released varieties ('NASPOT 8' and 'NAROSPOT 1') and landraces ('Muwulu‐Aduduma', 'Umbrella'). RESULTS: Including boiled sweetpotato sensory characteristics, namely mealy, sweet taste, sweetpotato smell, firm and not fibrous, in breeding design would benefit end‐users, especially women given their role in varietal selection, food preparation and marketing. 'D20', 'NASPOT 8' and 'NAROSPOT 1' were most liked in both districts. 'NKB3' and 'D11' were the least liked in Hoima, whereas 'Muwulu‐Aduduma' was the least liked in Kamuli. There was a positive correlation between color and overall liking (r2 = 0.8) and consumers liked the color (average rating ≥ 6 on a nine‐point hedonic scale) of all genotypes. Threshold values (average rating on 11‐point scales) for consumer acceptability were identified (sweet taste = 6, sweetpotato aroma and flavor = 6, firmness = 3, and mealiness = 4). A regression decision tree tool was created to calculate an eating quality selection index when screening lines in breeding programs using the values. CONCLUSION: Decision trees that include consumer needs and gender considerations would facilitate demand‐led breeding and make varietal selection in sweetpotato breeding programs more effective. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Boiled yam key quality attributes typical for West African consumers are that it is crumbly, easy to break and has a sweet taste. New yam varieties are being developed but high‐ or medium‐throughput tools to assess the required quality traits and their range of acceptance are limited. This study assessed the acceptance thresholds of these quality attributes and established predictive models for screening yam varieties that meet the required consumer preferences. RESULTS: Overall liking was associated with sweet taste, crumbliness and easiness to break (r‐values 0.502, 0.291 and −0.087, respectively). These parameters and selected biophysical parameters highly discriminated the boiled yam varieties. Crumbly texture and easiness to break were well predicted by penetration force and dry matter, whereas sweet taste were well predicted by dry matter and sugar intensity. A high crumbliness and sweet taste are preferred (sensory scores above 6.19 and 6.22 for crumbly and sweet taste, respectively, on a 10 cm unstructured line scale), while a too high easiness to break is disliked (sensory scores ranging from 4.72 to 7.62). Desirable biophysical targets were between 5.1 and 7.1 N for penetration force, dry matter around 39% and sugar intensity below 3.62 g 100 g−1. Some improved varieties fulfilled the acceptable thresholds, and screening was improved through deviation from the optimum. CONCLUSION: Acceptance thresholds and deviation from optimum for boiled yam assessed through the instrumental measurements are promising tools for yam breeders. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to study different economic selection indices to increase body weight in Markhoz goat breed. Body weight (BW) at different ages (birth, weaning, 6-month and 9-month) were categorized as several two- and three-traits selection indices. Genetic parameters were estimated with MTGSAM using the Bayesian statistical method. Selection index analyzes were done using SelAction software. The results of comparing three-trait indices showed that highest total economic gain resuled from I9 which was US$4.86. The total economic response for two-trait index belonged to I4 which was US$3.94 and higher than 5 others. The highest direct genetic gain from three-trait indices was predicted for 9-month weight in I8 and I9 indices to be about 0.63 kg. In addition, the highest direct genetic improvement resulting from two-trait indices was also predicted for the 9-month weight in the I3 to be 0.66 kg. Moreover, the selection and performance criteria revealed decrease in phenotypic variance, heritability, and genetic correlation of traits. These changes differed in alternative selection schemes, which influenced by the initial population parameters, selection intensity, direct or indirect selection, and the number of traits included in the selection index. In conclusion, to maximize the total economic gain, two selection indices I9 and I4 can be suggested for the current condition of the Markhoz goat population. However, to preserve the phenotypic/genetic variance of traits, it is necessary to focus on strategies such as selection intensity, economic coefficients, indirect selection, and increasing the number of traits in selection indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tropical maize breeding for low-P tolerance and good performance under low-P stress environments can be achieved through selection based on root morphology traits at seedling stage. Here, we assessed the genotypic variation and genetic diversity of a panel of 151 tropical maize inbred lines for root and shoot seedling traits, investigated the relationship among traits and selected a set of promising inbred lines for low-P tolerance and performance. We evaluated the inbred lines at seedling stage in a greenhouse experiment under two conditions: applied P (AP) and non-applied P (NAP). A mixed model approach was used to estimate variance components and predict the genotypic values of each inbred line. The genetic diversity among inbred lines based on root and shoot traits was assessed, and correlations were estimated between tested traits under AP and NAP. Our panel of inbred lines showed huge genetic variability for all traits and presented large genetic diversity under both P conditions. Variance components due to the inbred line × P condition interaction were also highly significant (P < 0.01) for all traits. Root dry weight (RDW) was positively associated with stalk dimeter (SD), shoot dry weight (SDW) and root length, volume, and area under both P conditions. Also, the SD and SDW were associated with most root traits under AP. Based on low-P tolerance and performance indices, we selected a set of top 20 inbred lines to be used in our maize breeding program. We therefore concluded that there is a significant genetic diversity in the tropical maize inbred lines which have the genetic potential to be use in association mapping studies and also to develop improved low-P tolerant and P-efficient hybrids and maize breeding populations for low-P stress environments.

A new term, the occupancy rate (OR) of the ancestors of a breed, defined as the proportion of autosomal genomic information inherited from a common ancestor, has been proposed. The associations between the ORs of three paternal ancestors (Tajiri, Kedaka, and Fujiyoshi) of Japanese Black cattle (JBK) and carcass traits of the progeny of sire candidates were analyzed using data from the field progeny test conducted by the Livestock Improvement Association of Japan. The results suggest that further Kedaka OR accumulation will positively affect beef marbling score (BMS) and carcass weight (CW) and further Fujiyoshi OR accumulation will positively affect BMS. Thus, the optimal range that intersects the Fujiyoshi and Kedaka proportions produce the best CW and BMS. Moreover, further Tajiri OR accumulation negatively affects CW. Additionally, further Tajiri OR accumulation will positively affect BMS, but the effect is less than those of Kedaka and Fujiyoshi ORs. I conclude that the OR is a useful index for evaluating economic traits in animal genetic resources.

• Bayesian multi-trait multi-environment model were used for sorghum breeding. • Bayesian genetic correlation among traits differed across tested sites. • This model might be successfully used in the genetic selection of sorghum genotypes. Grain sorghum is one of the most important cereals and is grown in arid and semi-arid regions due its high photosynthetic efficiency and tolerance to water deficit. Genotype-by-environment interactions and multi-trait selection are the main challenges in grain sorghum breeding. The objective of this study was to compare statistical methods for genetic evaluation and selection of parents and hybrids of grain sorghum. To this end, we conducted two trials and measured flowering, plant height and grain yield traits. Bayesian and frequentist multi-trait multi-environment (MTME) models were fitted through Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and Restricted Maximum Likelihood/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (REML/BLUP), respectively. The Additive Index was used to perform the multi-trait selection. The Bayesian inference is more flexible, and our results suggest that the Bayesian MTME model outperform the frequentist MTME model and should be preferred for genetic evaluation. The Additive Index can be used for genetic selection of parents and hybrids of grain sorghum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objective: Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important cereal after wheat and rice, which accounts for 26% of total cereal cultivated area and 37% of their production. Maize is a valuable raw material for extracting oil, starch, alcohol, glucose, plastic, lactic acid, acetic acid, acetone and paint, and it is possible to made paper, cardboard, and nitrocellulose from its stalks. As an important nutrient, phosphorus plays important role in energy transfer, photosynthetic oxidation-reduction reactions, as well as in biochemical compounds including nucleic acids, structural proteins, enzymes, and signal transmission. Due to the predominance of calcareous soils with high pH in arid and semi-arid agricultural climates, the amount of available phosphorus is limited. In order to increase available phosphorus for plants, large amounts of phosphorus chemical fertilizers are needed regularly. However, a large amount of phosphorus in fertilizers may be converted to insoluble phosphate, immediately by reaction with calcium in the soil after its application. On the other hand, indiscriminate use of phosphorus chemical fertilizers leads to many environmental problems such as surface runoff of phosphorus, eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems, reduction of biodiversity and abnormal changes in soil salt concentration and pH. Breeding cultivars that absorb phosphate or phosphorus more efficiently is one of the solutions to deal with the stress of phosphorus deficiency as a trait with low heredity. The use of selection indices can be an effective method for the indirect selection of traits with complex genetics. Material and Methods: 93 maize genotypes prepared from different research centers were evaluated in terms of agromorphological traits under normal and phosphorus deficit conditions using completely randomized design with three replications in the crop year 2016-2017 in an open area conditions. For this purpose, after analyzing the soil of different regions, soil with low phosphorus content (7.240 mg/kg) was selected and the pots (15 kg) were filled with soil and sand in a ratio of two to one. Usable soil phosphorus was determined by the Olsen method in the soil science laboratory of Urmia University. In both optimal and phosphorus deficit conditions, soil was strengthened with nitrogen fertilizers (in the amount of 9 g/pot (during three stages during the growth period)), potassium sulfate (in the amount of 13.5 g/pot), Sequestrin (1.5 g /pot), manganese sulfate (0.225 g/pot), zinc sulfate (0.99 g/pot), copper sulfate (0.3 g/pot) and boric acid (0.21 g/pot). In optimal conditions, phosphorus fertilizer in the form of triple superphosphate was added to each pot in the amount of 6 g/pot. Phosphorous fertilizer was not added to the soil in the phosphorus deficit conditions. With the beginning of the tasseling stage, various agro-morphological and chemical traits were measured. In the physiological maturity stage, the ears relating to each replication were separated from the plants. Seed yield per plant was determined by separating the seeds on the ears of each plant and weighing it. In order to select the desired genotypes, four selection indexes including Smith-Hazel, Pesek-Baker, Brim and Robinson indices were calculated. In this study, the same weight was considered for the attributes, which is done in this way in most studies. To select the best selection index, different criteria, including the genetic gain of traits (ΔG), expected gain (ΔH) and relative efficiency of selection index (RE) were calculated. Results: According to analysis of variance results, the effect of genotype and stress was significant on all studied traits at the probability level of 1%. Also, the interaction effect of genotype × stress was significant on all studied traits except for flag leaf length (FLL), flag leaf width (FLW), number of leaves (NL), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), ear length (EL), number of rows per ear (RpE), number of grain per row (GpR), ear diameter (ED) and 100 seeds weight (HGW). In the normal conditions (without stress) in the Smith-Hazel index (optimal index), the highest coefficient (7.21 and 3.98) was observed in FLW and ear length (EL) traits, respectively, and the lowest ones (-3.03) was observed in RpE trait. In the phosphorus deficit conditions, the highest coefficient (3.91) was observed in EL and the lowest ones (-5.35) was observed in RpE trait. In the Pesak-Baker index, under normal conditions, the highest coefficient (5.64) was observed in GpR trait and the lowest ones (-9.28) was observed in EL. In phosphorus deficit conditions, the highest coefficient (8.49) was seen in FLW trait, followed by EL (4.53) and the lowest ones (-2.17) was observed in RpE. The highest coefficient in Robinson's index under normal conditions was 2.21 for LW, which was -5.91 for that under phosphorus deficit conditions. In this index, the lowest coefficient was seen in RpE (-0.92). In Robinson's index, under phosphorus deficit conditions, the highest coefficient (1.46) was seen in EL, and the lowest ones (-5.92) was seen in FLW, followed by RpE with a value of -2.13. The Smith-Hazel index with expected gain (ΔH) value of 296.306 and 229.374, and relative efficiency of (RE) of 1.0011 and 1.0839 and the Brim with expected gain (ΔH) value of 296.217 and 233.083, and relative efficiency of selection index (RE) of 0.9995 and 1.0836, in normal and phosphorus deficit conditions, respectively, were the best indices. Under both normal and phosphorus deficit conditions, biomass yield, seed yield, and plant height had the highest coefficients for these indices. Based on both indices, genotype with cod number 7 and the genotype with cod number 10 are introduced as superior genotypes under normal and phosphorus deficient conditions, respectively. Conclusion: In general, the results of present investigation showed that in both normal and phosphorus deficit conditions, selection based on the Smith-Hazel and Brim indices will increase the biomass yield, seed yield and plant height due to their highest relative efficiency and expected gain. The selected genotypes after validation at the molecular level with different technologies, such as studying the expression of genes involved in tolerance to phosphorus deficit conditions using Real time PCR, can be used in the production of hybrid varieties as a way to reduce the use of phosphorus fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) breeding reaches a critical point. New cultivars are released every year with resistance to powdery and downy mildews. However, the traditional process remains time-consuming, taking 20–25 years, and demands the evaluation of new traits to enhance grapevine adaptation to climate change. Until now, the selection process has relied on phenotypic data and a limited number of molecular markers for simple genetic traits such as resistance to pathogens, without a clearly defined ideotype, and was carried out on a large scale. To accelerate the breeding process and address these challenges, we investigated the use of genomic prediction, a methodology using molecular markers to predict genotypic values. In our study, we focused on 2 existing grapevine breeding programs: Rosé wine and Cognac production. In these programs, several families were created through crosses of emblematic and interspecific resistant varieties to powdery and downy mildews. Thirty traits were evaluated for each program, using 2 genomic prediction methods: Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Predictor and Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator. The results revealed substantial variability in predictive abilities across traits, ranging from 0 to 0.9. These discrepancies could be attributed to factors such as trait heritability and trait characteristics. Moreover, we explored the potential of across-population genomic prediction by leveraging other grapevine populations as training sets. Integrating genomic prediction allowed us to identify superior individuals for each program, using multivariate selection index method. The ideotype for each breeding program was defined collaboratively with representatives from the wine-growing sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Simple Summary: The enhanced selection index proposed in the study incorporates new health disorder traits related to udder, claw, and reproduction in addition to the current selection traits. Genetic parameters and breeding values for the traits were evaluated using linear animal models and single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) methods. The economic weights (EWs) for the new health disorders were calculated using the enhanced bioeconomic model implemented in the computer programme EWDC (i.e., economic weights for dairy cattle), which is versatile and can be applied for various breeds, farm management, and conditions. The use of the enhanced selection index mostly allowed favourable selection progress in terms of the new and current breeding objective traits and could be acceptable for local breeders. The aim of this study was to construct an enhanced selection index using the genomic and economic parameters of new health disorders and current production and functional traits. Genomic evaluation for the incidence of clinical mastitis (CM), three claw disease traits, retained placenta (RET), metritis (MET), and cystic ovaries (CYS) was performed using linear animal models based on producer-recorded data. Good correlations among the health disorders were found, and their heritability estimates did not exceed 7%. Economic weights (EWs) for the health disorders were EUR −132.10 for CM, EUR −128.87 for overall claw diseases, EUR −52.10 for RET, EUR −80.48 for MET, and EUR −16.16 for CYS. These EWs indicate changes in the present value of the annual profit per cow when increasing the incidence of the traits by one case per cow year. Selection using the enhanced index resulted in favourable responses for most of the new health disorders (e.g., −0.001 and −0.006 cases of RET and MET per cow year, respectively), and also in the current breeding objective traits (+49 kg of milk, −0.02% of calf losses). An index contribution of 7% for the new health disorders was assessed as acceptable for the breeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an ancestral crop in the Ecuadorian Andean region, and its landraces have always been of great social and food importance for the native population. Currently, there is no updated information about their phenotypic diversity and conservation status nor about the changes that have occurred in the last decades. A total of 268 accessions of quinoa landraces collected at two different times (1978–1988 and 2014–2015) in three representative Ecuadorian Andean provinces (Imbabura, Cotopaxi and Chimborazo) were evaluated for forty agro-morphological (17 quantitative and 23 qualitative) traits. Most of the quantitative traits showed high variability, some of them with great importance for commercialization and germplasm selection for breeding programs (e.g., panicle width, grain width, 1000-grain weight or seed yield per plant). Ten quantitative and eleven qualitative descriptors were significantly different between both collections. Regarding the presence/absence of saponin, all the accessions collected four decades ago had saponin, while it was found in only 18% of accessions collected more recently. The phenotypic relationships in the dendrogram did not show clustered accessions by their geographical origin or by collection. A selection index allowed us to detect a few accessions recently collected in Chimborazo with high promises for future breeding programs, with high seed yields per plant values and a reduced or no saponin content. The agro-morphological information obtained may be very useful for the suitable management and conservation of this ancestral plant genetic resource, both on the farm by indigenous farming communities and ex situ by the Germplasm Bank of the Ecuadorian National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIAP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The worldwide main peach-producing are adopting peach training systems with canopy size-controlling clonal rootstocks. However, most peach seedlings commercialised in Brazil are still on seed-propagated rootstocks, which are vigorous and heterogeneous. This study aimed to select rootstocks which induce desirable characteristics of fruit quality, yield efficiency, size control, adaptability and stability in the ‘BRS-Kampai’ grown in subtropical regions with mild winters. We used adaptability and stability methodology and multivariate selection index to determine yield components and fruit quality. The experiment was conducted in five cycles. The treatments consisted of ‘BRS-Kampai’ grafted onto 17 clonal rootstocks of Prunus spp. and own-rooted trees. The evaluated variables were yield per tree, yield per area, fruit mass, fruit diameter, fruit firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, canopy volume and yield efficiency. The rootstocks ‘Ishtara®’, ‘Genovesa’, ‘Santa Rosa’ and ‘Cadaman’ always induced low yield and low fruit quality when used as clonal rootstocks for the ‘BRS-Kampai’ and showed no potential for use as rootstocks in subtropical humid regions with mild winters. The ‘BRS-Kampai’ own-rooted peach trees or those grafted onto ‘Flordaguard’, ‘Okinawa’ are alternatives for peach cultivation under the edaphoclimatic conditions of Pato Branco-PR, although the training and pruning systems must be adjusted due to high vigour. The clonal rootstocks ‘Tsukuba-3’ and ‘Tsukuba-2’ induced the highest production performance in the canopy cultivar BRS-Kampai, combining fruit quality, yield with higher stability, and yield efficiency making them the most suitable ones among the studied rootstocks.

Reproductive technologies have led to a wide and global distribution of genetic material from animals with high productivity. However, the distribution of semen from the same bulls to different regions (countries) may not always meet the expectations of livestock breeders. This aspect may be due to the fact that the genetic structure of the breeding stock, breeding goals and environmental conditions vary from region to region. The article presents the results of evaluating the breeding value of 286 sires used on the breeding stock of the pale-motley dairy cattle population in five regions of the Russian Federation (Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Oryol regions and Altai Territory). The evaluation was carried out according to individual traits of daughters' milk productivity, and on multiple traits (selection index). Based on the results of the study, differences were identified in estimates of the breeding value of the same sires at the level of total information (population level) and in the herds of single regions (regional level). The accuracy of evaluating genotypes at the population management level was significantly higher (by 7–15 percent) than it was at regional levels. The correlations between the breeding value of the same sires at different levels of management (population-region) for single traits of daughter’s milk productivity were 0.522–0.960, for the complex of traits (selection index) – from 0.157 to 0.937. This indicates that when selecting the best sires at the level of an individual region, mistakes can reach 4–48 % for single milk productivity traits and from 6.3 to 84 % for their complex.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) can offer an alternative for staple food considering its tolerance to abiotic stresses and high seed quality. However, its cultivation in temperate regions has not been successful due to its photoperiod sensitivity and low seed yield. This study investigated the agronomical performance and quality traits of 48 accessions for cultivation in northern Europe. We conducted two-year field trials and phenotyped traits related to phenological development, plant architecture, yield components, seed quality, and disease resistance. The major determinants of seed yield in this study were days to flowering, days to maturity, thousand-kernel weight, and panicle density, while downy mildew susceptibility and stem lodging showed a negative correlation with seed yield. We developed a selection index to enable simultaneous selection based on different important agronomical traits. We evaluated the stability of different accessions over the two years of the experiment. Finally, we provided a list of 10 selected accessions that can be directly integrated and serve as new crossing parents in quinoa breeding programs for temperate regions.

Improving the grain yield in rice can be done more efficiently by selecting the yield components than selecting the grain yield itself, provided that these traits have a desirable genetic correlation with the grain yield trait. A field experiment was carried out in the rice research station in Al-Mashkhab/ Najaf/ IRAQ to determine the traits correlated with grain yield and to select the superior genotypes with their selection index among the sixteen genotypes planted during the growing season of 2021. During the 2022 season six genotypes were selected to evaluate the path coefficient analysis for the grain yield and its components according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed that the mean squares of the genotypes were significant for all studied traits(P<0.1). The superiority of the genotypes Furat1, Jasmine and K2 over the rest of six genotypes that were selected for having a high selection index, especially in the trait of grain yield, number of tillers.m-2 and number of grains.panicle-1. The genetic and phenotypic path coefficient analysis revealed that there was a high direct effect of the yield components on the grain yield due to the high positive and desirable values of the genetic and phenotypic correlation between the grain yield and its components including the number of tillers.m-2, the number of grains.panicle-1 and the panicle length, which are selective indicators for improving grain yield. Furthermore, the aforementioned traits showed high values of heritability in the broad sense and good stability during the two study seasons. Thus, the characteristics of the number of tillers.m-2 and the number of grains per panicle can be considered as one of the best criteria to be adopted as a selection index in the breeding programs for the rice crop. Moreover, further investigations are required for these criteria at different experimental conditions in other to testing their efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selection of desirable phenotypes and characterization of variability in economically important traits are essential for domestication of indigenous fruit trees (IFTs). Currently, participatory tree selection is a widely accepted approach in IFT domestication wherein farmers' knowledge and preferences are included in tree selection processes. In Arunachal Pradesh, India, fruits of Phoebe cooperiana are extensively consumed by people and traded across the state. In this study, we employed a selection index to screen trees for superior fruit traits from a base population of 45 farmer-identified trees of P. cooperiana in Arunachal Pradesh. Based on fruit diameter length ratio, pulp fruit ratio and yield, 19 trees were selected for superior fruit traits. The per cent improvement for 10 fruit and seed traits ranged from 0.16 to 14.56% compared to the base population. Significant variation for all fruit and seed parameters was observed among the 19 trees with coefficient of variation values ranging between 1.92% for fruit diameter and 8.26% for seed weight. There was significant positive association between economic traits including fruit weight with pulp weight, fruit diameter length ratio with fruit weight and pulp thickness with pulp weight. Principal component analysis revealed that variability was largely contributed by fruit weight (0.49), pulp weight (0.46), seed weight (0.45) and fruit diameter (0.42). Cluster analysis grouped phenotypes into seven groups with no clear clustering of individuals from the same area. The study highlights the significance of participatory tree selection approach and the benefits of individual tree selection in capturing wider variation and locating extreme phenotypes in IFT domestication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capsicum chinense Jacq., believed to have been domesticated 1000–2000 BC, is indigenous to tropical South America and the Caribbean and the most important pepper species grown in the Caribbean. Despite its economic importance, the low productivity of landraces grown in the Caribbean affects its profitability. The objective of the study was to understand the interrelationships between yield and its components in C. chinense towards developing selection criteria for improving yield. Two field experiments, first involving a diversity set of 86 accessions and the second with a subset of 22 promising accessions were carried out in a randomised complete block design with three replications each, and were evaluated for yield as well as 6 yield components (fruit number, clusters per plant, fruits per cluster, average fruit weight, flowers per node and reproductive efficiency) and three partitioning components (total dry weight, shoot dry weight and harvest index). Path coefficient analyses indicated that the important yield attributing characters to be fruit number (or clusters per plant) and average fruit weight whilst principal component analysis revealed the importance of average fruit weight, clusters per plant and harvest index. A restricted selection index involving three yield components is recommended for improving yield in hot pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anther culture is a widely utilized technique in rice breeding because of its simplicity and effectiveness in rapidly obtaining pure lines in the form of doubled haploid plants. The selection of doubled haploid (DH) rice lines derived from anther culture in advanced yield trials is an important step for obtaining superior DH lines. We aimed to determine agronomic performance, including yield and yield stability in order to select lowland DH rice lines that are high yield and have good agronomic performance based on the selection index method. The research was conducted in Indonesia at three locations, i.e., Bogor (West Java), Indramayu (West Java) and Malang (East Java) from July to December 2022. The genotypes tested were 29 DH lines and three check varieties (Inpari-42 Agritan GSR, Inpari-18 Agritan and Bioni63 Ciherang Agritan) using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with genotypes as a single factor and three replications. High heritability values are found in all agronomic characters, except the percentage of filled grain/panicle, the percentage of empty grain/panicle and productivity. The yield stability based on the Kang method showed that 15 lines were stable and had high productivity. Phenotypic correlation analysis showed that the number of productive tillers, days to flowering, days to harvesting, number of filled grains/panicle and percentage of filled grains all had positive values and significantly correlated with productivity. Phenotypic path analysis showed that the character of days to harvesting, number of filled grains/panicle, number of productive tillers and percentage of filled grains/panicle directly affected the productivity. Based on the weighted selection index, 12 DH lines were selected due to having a positive and higher index (8.54 to 0.28) than the Bioni63 Agritan and Inpari 18 check varieties. Among those lines, 9 DH lines were also stable based on the Kang Method.

ABSTRACT The efficiency of recurrent selection depends, among other factors, on the estimation of parameters that guide the breeder to obtain genetic gains for multiple traits. The aim of this research was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of maize populations during the third cycle of recurrent selection for traits of interest. The populations CRE-01 and CRE-02, potential for resistance to corn stunt, were described using genetic and phenotypic parameters of variance components, heritability, variation indices and correlation between 16 agronomic traits. Direct and indirect selection gains were estimated for each trait and considering the Smith and Hazel, Mulamba and Mock and Z index. Both populations have genetic variability for the traits. High heritability estimates were obtained for most of the traits, which associated with the genetic variability, indicate that these populations may show continuous gains with recurrent selection. All selection indexes provided satisfactory genetic gains, but the Z index was the most promising considering the results of both populations.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) crop is particularly susceptible to drought at the flowering stage. This study was conducted to (i) assess four genotypes under contrasting water conditions for their reaction to drought and (ii) determine the traits associated with tolerance and yield stability. The experiment was carried out in pots during two cropping years under greenhouse-controlled conditions. From the flowering stage to early seed maturity, the four genotypes were evaluated under two levels of water stress T2 (66% of T1) and T3 (33% of T1), in addition to full irrigation as the control water regime (T1). Results indicated significant effects of genotype, water regime and their interaction on all measured parameters. The genotype ‘Nap9’ was the best regarding seed yield and oil content under the two levels of water stress and for both years. It also exhibited higher root length and higher leaf relative water content than the other genotypes. Therefore, it may be recommended as a valuable germplasm in rapeseed breeding programs for drought tolerance. High branching combined with high leaf relative water content could be a relevant and valuable selection index for this breeding program.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to identify and quantify the metabolites (metabolome analysis) of the pectoralis major muscle in male red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) selected for growth traits. A selection index was developed for females [body weight (BW), chest circumference (CC), and thigh circumference (TC)] and males [BW, CC, TC, semen volume, and sperm concentration] in order to divide the animals into 2 experimental groups: selection group with a higher index (TinamouS) and commercial group with a lower index (TinamouC). Twenty male offspring of the 2 groups (TinamouS, n = 10; TinamouC, n = 10) were confined for 350 d. The birds were slaughtered and pectoralis major muscle samples were collected, subjected to polar and apolar metabolites extractions and analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Analysis of the polar metabolomic profile identified 65 metabolites; 29 of them were differentially expressed between the experimental groups (P < 0.05). The TinamouS groups exhibited significantly higher concentrations (P < 0.05) of 25 metabolites, including anserine, aspartate, betaine, carnosine, creatine, glutamate, threonine, 3-methylhistidine, NAD+, pyruvate, and taurine. Significantly higher concentrations of cysteine, beta-alanine, lactose, and choline were observed in the TinamouC group (P < 0.05). The metabolites identified in the muscle provided information about the main metabolic pathways (higher impact value and P < 0.05), for example, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism; β-alanine metabolism; glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; taurine and hypotaurine metabolism; histidine metabolism; phenylalanine metabolism. The NMR spectra of apolar fraction showed 8 classes of chemical compounds. The metabolome analysis shows that the selection index resulted in the upregulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, phosphocholines, phosphoethanolamines, triacylglycerols, and glycerophospholipids. The present study suggests that, despite few generations, the selection based on muscle growth traits promoted changes in metabolite concentrations in red-winged tinamou.

Mango is a tropical fruit of significant economic, social, and nutritional importance. However, the low diversity of commercial mango orchards in Brazil highlights the need to broaden the genetic base of this crop. From this perspective, this study aimed to select mango genotypes for cultivation under semi-arid conditions using the mixed model methodology: restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction (REML/BLUP). Two hundred and ninty-two genotypes originated from the crossing of seven cultivars used as female parent ('Coquinho', 'Espada', 'Haden', 'Keitt', 'Winter', 'Palmer', and 'Van Dyke') and 'Tommy Atkins' as male parent were evaluated over two crop seasons using fifteen traits related to fruit quality. The statistical analyses were performed with the software Selegen. The repeatability coefficient estimates (r) ranged from 0.06 to 0.97, and were considered high for most variables. The selective accuracy predicted by REML for the evaluated parameters ranged from 0.25 to 0.98, revealing a good degree of confidence in the inferences. With the application of a selection intensity of 30% it was possible to obtain genetic gain (%) for all evaluated traits. Twelve genotypes were selected as the most promising using the minimum selection indices proposed in this study, showing higher mean values for all evaluated traits. These genotypes can be selected for new stages of the mango breeding program in the Brazilian semi-arid region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anther culture is a widely utilized technique in rice breeding because of its simplicity and effectiveness in rapidly obtaining pure lines in the form of doubled haploid plants. The selection of doubled haploid (DH) rice lines derived from anther culture in advanced yield trials is an important step for obtaining superior DH lines. We aimed to determine agronomic performance, including yield and yield stability in order to select lowland DH rice lines that are high yield and have good agronomic performance based on the selection index method. The research was conducted in Indonesia at three locations, i.e., Bogor (West Java), Indramayu (West Java) and Malang (East Java) from July to December 2022. The genotypes tested were 29 DH lines and three check varieties (Inpari-42 Agritan GSR, Inpari-18 Agritan and Bioni63 Ciherang Agritan) using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with genotypes as a single factor and three replications. High heritability values are found in all agronomic characters, except the percentage of filled grain/panicle, the percentage of empty grain/panicle and productivity. The yield stability based on the Kang method showed that 15 lines were stable and had high productivity. Phenotypic correlation analysis showed that the number of productive tillers, days to flowering, days to harvesting, number of filled grains/panicle and percentage of filled grains all had positive values and significantly correlated with productivity. Phenotypic path analysis showed that the character of days to harvesting, number of filled grains/panicle, number of productive tillers and percentage of filled grains/panicle directly affected the productivity. Based on the weighted selection index, 12 DH lines were selected due to having a positive and higher index (8.54 to 0.28) than the Bioni63 Agritan and Inpari 18 check varieties. Among those lines, 9 DH lines were also stable based on the Kang Method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved feed efficiency is an essential goal for the sustainability of pig production in economic and environmental terms. Traits such as feed conversion rate (FCR), residual feed intake (RFI), residual body weight gain (RG) and feeding behaviour, such as duration (TPV) and feeding rate per visit (FR) can now be measured by automatic feeding systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of incorporating feeding behaviour traits into a selection index to improve feed efficiency in a nucleus of purebred Pietrain pigs. Data on body weight, feed intake and duration were recorded at each visit in 1608 animals. The information contained in 843,605 visits was grouped by animal ID to obtain a set of feed efficiency and feeding behaviour traits. These traits were obtained in three periods (first, second and total period). Bayesian models were built to estimate the posterior marginal distribution of the variance components. The heritabilities were between 0.44 and 0.59 for feeding behaviour traits and between 0.31 and 0.49 for feed efficiency traits. The FCR and RFI showed a considerable genetic correlation with daily feed intake (~0.65). FCR showed a genetic correlation with feeding behaviour traits, such as feed intake per visit (FPV) (0.44) and FR (0.33). Furthermore, the fast‐eating pigs were less efficient. This was due to the positive genetic correlation found between the FR and the FCR (0.33) and the RFI (0.23), and the negative correlation found with the RG (−0.28). On the other hand, the inclusion of the feeding behaviour traits into a selection index slightly increased the selection response for FCR (4%) and RFI (1.8%). However, there was an increase of up to 19% in the selection response for RG and an improvement in accuracy from 0.59 to 0.70. Therefore, we concluded that it would be interesting to include feeding behaviour traits in a selection index to improve the selection response and accuracy of feed efficiency traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptation to several environmental conditions is a challenge for breeders for producing new varieties. Breeders select genotypes which show higher performance according to desired traits compared to the average of a large segregant population. In several crops, the selection index is mainly based on traits such as yield, quality, adequate plant architecture, etc. Therefore, multi-trait selection allows for the identification of genotypes that integrally exhibit a better profile and stability, in addition to the dissection of promising varieties based on their superiority in an evaluated population. In this paper, a multi-trait index included in an R tool named CropInd was used to estimate the agronomic performance of 19 sweet potato genotypes in multi-environmental evaluations (three cycles and eight locations). Here, the multi-trait index incorporated variables such as total and commercial fresh root yield, along with survival percentage, which were used in this study. Simultaneously, stability and genetic gain analysis were included to select superior sweet potato genotypes. Results showed that the CropInd script is a suitable and convenient tool for genotype selection based on multi-trait and multi-environmental data. Indexes for specific environment and general behavior (combining multi-environments) were the main output used for genotype selection. Multi-trait selection index, stability, and genetic gain analysis assisted the phenotypic selection performed by breeders. This study resulted in the selection of 0113-672COR as new variety for the Colombian Caribbean region due to its multi-trait performance and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to construct an enhanced selection index using the genomic and economic parameters of new health disorders and current production and functional traits. Genomic evaluation for the incidence of clinical mastitis (CM), three claw disease traits, retained placenta (RET), metritis (MET), and cystic ovaries (CYS) was performed using linear animal models based on producer-recorded data. Good correlations among the health disorders were found, and their heritability estimates did not exceed 7%. Economic weights (EWs) for the health disorders were EUR −132.10 for CM, EUR −128.87 for overall claw diseases, EUR −52.10 for RET, EUR −80.48 for MET, and EUR −16.16 for CYS. These EWs indicate changes in the present value of the annual profit per cow when increasing the incidence of the traits by one case per cow year. Selection using the enhanced index resulted in favourable responses for most of the new health disorders (e.g., −0.001 and −0.006 cases of RET and MET per cow year, respectively), and also in the current breeding objective traits (+49 kg of milk, −0.02% of calf losses). An index contribution of 7% for the new health disorders was assessed as acceptable for the breeders.