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The formation of selenium (Se) adducts of protein in the liver of rats administered Se in excess of nutritional requirements was confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICPMS). Male Wistar rats aged 4 weeks old were divided into three groups and fed a basal Se-deficient diet or basal diet supplemented with 0.2 or 2.0 µg Se/g of selenite for 4 weeks, respectively. The liver Se concentration and GPX activity were markedly elevated in rats fed the Se-added diet; the 2.0 µg Se/g group showed a higher Se concentration than the 0.2 µg Se/g group, but GPX did not differ between the two groups. HPLC-ICPMS analysis of liver protease hydrolysates led to the detection of only selenocystine in the 0.2 µg Se/g group, while the 2.0 µg Se/g group showed the presence of four unknown Se compounds in addition of selenocystine. In another experiment, rats weighing 250 g and previously fed the Se-deficient diet for 4 weeks were intraperitoneally administered 50 µg Se/day of selenite or L-selenomethionine for 7 days, and their liver protease hydrolysates were analyzed by HPLC-ICPMS. In selenite-treated rats, peaks of several unknown Se compounds other than selenocystine were detected. In selenomethionine-treated rats, selenomethionine was detected in addition to selenocystine. Unknown Se compounds were also present, but the number and height of peaks were smaller than in selenite-treated rats. These results indicate that with supranutritional Se, accumulation in organs occurs in the form of Se adducts on selenite exposure and mainly nonspecific insertion of selenomethionine into positions of methionine residues of proteins on selenomethionine exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis and resulting fractures affect a significant group of people in the world. It has been shown in many studies that selenium has positive effects on bone metabolism. Based on this information, the aim of this study is to investigate whether bone differentiation will start in a shorter time by applying selenomethionine (SeMet) to hFOB cells. First, hFOB 1.19 cells were cultured. Safe doses of SeMet were determined by MTT and LDH tests. Ossification levels were determined by alizarin red staining and measurement of alkaline phosphatase enzyme levels. The results were analyzed with statistical tests. It was observed that SeMet increased cell viability at concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µM in 24 h. At these concentrations, cell viability increased above the control, the viabilities were as follows: 109.4%, 104.9%, 104.3%, 103.15%, and 100.27%. High doses of SeMet significantly reduce cell viability. According to Alizarin red staining, SeMet increases the amount of calcium deposits in hFOB cells in a dose-dependent manner. In the experimental groups, the highest ALP enzyme was determined in the 7-day SeMet application. The most effective dose was measured as 15 µM. It was determined that SeMet, which is found as a trace element in living things in nature, increases the viability of hFOB cells, which are osteoblast cell precursors, and increases osteoblastic differentiation and osteoblastic activity in these cells. Our results are at a level that sheds light on an important problem in public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fagopyrum dibotrys is a herbal plant. Selenium (Se) is a beneficial element for plants; selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are gaining importance in food and agriculture due to their low toxicity and high activity. This study revealed that foliar application of SeNPs enhanced superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and peroxisome activities and significantly enhanced the flavonoid compound content in F. dibotrys. SeNPs with a concentration of 5.0 mg L−1 also promoted the growth of F. dibotrys. The foliar application of SeNPs could be absorbed by pores in leaves of F. dibotrys and mainly transformed to selenomethionine (32.5–43.2%) and selenocysteine (23.4–38.4%) in leaves and tubers of F. dibotrys. Consequently, this study offers a profound understanding of plants' uptake and biotransformation of SeNPs. Furthermore, the findings of this study have suggested that SeNPs can be applied to improve the quantity and quality of the herbal plant of F. dibotrys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nocardia cyriacigeorgica causes bovine mastitis, reduces milk quantity and quality, and is often resistant to antimicrobials. Selenomethionine (SeMet) is a form of selenium, which reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis and intramammary infections. However, the protective effects of SeMet on N. cyriacigeorgica-infected bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) are unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether SeMet mitigated N. cyriacigeorgica-induced inflammatory injury, oxidative damage and apoptosis in bMECs. Cells were cultured with or without being pretreated with 40 µM of SeMet for 12 h, then challenged with N. cyriacigeorgica (multiplicity of infection = 5:1) for 6 h. Although N. cyriacigeorgica was resistant to lincomycin, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, penicillin, amoxicillin, cephalonium, cephalexin, and ceftriaxone, 40 μM SeMet increased cell viability and inhibited lactate dehydrogenase release in infected bMECs. Furthermore, N. cyriacigeorgica significantly induced mRNA production and protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 at 6 h. Cell membrane rupture, cristae degeneration and mitochondria swelling were evident with transmission electron microscopy. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activities were down-regulated after 3, 6, or 12 h, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS contents were significantly upregulated, with cell damage and apoptosis rapidly evident (the latter increased significantly in a time-dependent manner). In contrast, bMECs pretreated with 40 μM SeMet before infection, SOD, and GSH-px activities were upregulated (p < 0.05); MDA and ROS concentrations were downregulated (p < 0.05), and apoptosis was reduced (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 40 μM SeMet alleviated inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by N. cyriacigeorgica in bMECs cultured in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress frequently contributes to intestinal barrier injury in animals and humans. It was reported that both Selenomethionine (SeMet) and allicin exhibit protective effects against a range of diseases caused by oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic antioxidant effects and underlying mechanisms of SeMet and allicin on a H2O2-induced intestinal barrier injury model using IPEC-J2 cells and mice. The results showed that H2O2 induced severe oxidative stress, including a decrease in cell viability, antioxidant level, migration capacity, and cell integrity. SeMet and allicin exhibited significant synergistic anti-oxidative effects on intestinal epithelial cells. The combined use of SeMet and allicin increased SOD activity, GSH content, and GSH/GSSG ratio while decreasing MDA, NO, and ROS content levels. Furthermore, we found that SeMet and allicin synergistically activated the nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1) signaling pathway and down-regulated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress)-related proteins. However, the synergistic antioxidative and intestinal barrier protective effects of SeMet and allicin were abolished by Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, SeMet and allicin synergistically attenuate intestinal barrier injury induced by excessively oxidative stress through the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibition ER stress. These findings support that the combined use of SeMet and allicin could enhance antioxidative properties and alleviate intestinal injury in further clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy, a common feature in various cardiovascular diseases, can be more effectively managed through combination therapies using natural compounds. Harmine, a β‐carboline alkaloid found in plants, possesses numerous pharmacological functions, including alleviating cardiac hypertrophy. Similarly, Selenomethionine (SE), a primary organic selenium source, has been shown to mitigate cardiac autophagy and alleviate injury. To explores the therapeutic potential of combining Harmine with SE to treat cardiac hypertrophy. The synergistic effects of SE and harmine against cardiac hypertrophy were assessed in vitro with angiotensin II (AngII)‐induced hypertrophy and in vivo using a Myh6R404Q mouse model. Co‐administration of SE and harmine significantly reduced hypertrophy‐related markers, outperforming monotherapies. Transcriptomic and metabolic profiling revealed substantial alterations in key metabolic and signalling pathways, particularly those involved in energy metabolism. Notably, the combination therapy led to a marked reduction in the activity of key glycolytic enzymes. Importantly, the addition of the glycolysis inhibitor 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2‐DG) did not further potentiate these effects, suggesting that the antihypertrophic action is predominantly mediated through glycolytic inhibition. These findings highlight the potential of SE and harmine as a promising combination therapy for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The complete characterization of selenium-enriched yeast in terms of selenium species has been the goal of extensive research for the last three decades. This contribution addresses the two outstanding questions: the mass balance of the identified and reported selenium species and the possible presence of inorganic selenium. For this purpose, four procedures have been designed combining, in diverse order, the principal steps of selenium speciation analysis in Se-rich yeast: extraction of the Se-metabolome, derivatization of cysteine and Se-cysteine (SeCys) residues, proteolysis, and definitive Se recovery using SDS extraction, followed by mineralization. The recovery of selenium in each step and its speciation were controlled by ICP MS and by reversed-phase HPLC-ICP MS, respectively. The study, carried out for the SELM-1 reference material, demonstrated the presence of about 10% of inorganic selenium and a serious risk of losses of SeCys during derivatization and proteolysis. As result of our work, we postulate the following values for SELM-1: Se-metabolome fraction (SeMF) 14.8 ± 0.7%; total selenomethionine (SeMet) 66.2 ± 2.7% (including ca. 1.5% SeMet present in the SeMF); total SeCys 12.5 ± 1.5% (including 2% of SeCys present in the Se-MF); total inorganic selenium 9.7 ± 1.7%, accounting for > 99.8% of the selenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testosterone derived from testicular Leydig cells (LCs) is important for male sheep, and the testis is susceptible to external temperature. The present study aimed to explore the alleviating effect of selenomethionine (Se‐Met) on heat‐induced injury in Hu sheep LCs. Isolated LCs were exposed to heat (41.5°C, heat exposure, HE) or not (37°C, nonheat exposure, NE), and cells in NE and HE were treated with 0 (C) or 8 μmol/L (S) Se‐Met for 6 h. Cell viability, testosterone level, and the expression of GPX1, HSD3B, apoptosis‐related genes and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38MAPK)/heat shock protein beta‐1 (HSPB1) pathway were examined. The results showed that Se‐Met increased GPX1 expression (NE‐S vs. NE‐C: 2.28‐fold; HE‐S vs. HE‐C: 2.36‐fold, p < 0.05) and alleviated heat‐induced decrease in cell viability (HE‐S vs. HE‐C: 1.41‐fold; HE‐C vs. NE‐C: 0.61‐fold, p < 0.01), although the viability was still lower than that in the NE‐C cells (HE‐S vs. NE‐C: 0.85‐fold) and Se‐Met‐treated cells (HE‐S vs. NE‐S: 0.81‐fold). Se‐Met relieved heat‐induced decrease in testosterone level (HE‐S vs. HE‐C: 1.84‐fold, p < 0.05) and HSD3B expression (HE‐S vs. HE‐C: 1.67‐fold, p < 0.05). Se‐Met alleviated heat‐induced increase in Bcl2‐associated protein X (BAX) expression (HE‐C vs. HE‐S: 2.4‐fold, p < 0.05), and decrease in B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (BCL2) expression (HE‐S vs. HE‐C: 2.62‐fold, p < 0.05), resulting in increased BCL2/BAX ratio in the HE‐S cells (HE‐S vs. HE‐C: 5.24‐fold, p < 0.05). Furthermore, Se‐Met alleviated heat‐induced activation of p‐p38MAPK/p38MAPK (HE‐C vs. HE‐S: 1.79‐fold, p < 0.05) and p‐HSPB1/HSPB1 (HE‐C vs. HE‐S: 2.72‐fold, p < 0.05). In conclusion, p38MAPK/HSPB1 might be involved in Se‐Met‐mediated alleviation of heat‐induced cell apoptosis, cell viability and testosterone secretion impairments in sheep LCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organic selenium (Se), particularly in the form of selenoamino acids, in non-edible sections or by-products of Se-enriched plants, has the potential to generate Maillard reaction products (MRPs) during thermal treatment or fermentation. To elucidate the recycling process of organic selenium in foods and improve the utilization rate of Se, the biotransformation of organic selenium was studied by the cultivation of edible radish sprouts with Se-MPRs. Maillard reactions were simulated using selenoamino acids (SeAAs; selenomethionine and methylselenocysteine) and reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) for preparing Se-MRPs. The structures of the possible dehydrated Se-MRPs were analyzed using a HPLC-ESI-MS/MS system based on their fragmentation patterns and Se isotopic characteristics. Se absorption by the radish sprouts cultivated using Se-MRPs was estimated by the corresponding Se in the SeAAs and the total Se contents. The capabilities of SeAA transformation and total Se assimilation by the sprouts were related to the substrate composition during the Se-Maillard reaction. A particular Se-MRP (selenomethionine + fructose) increased SeAAs transformation by 33.8% compared to selenomethionine. However, glucose and fructose seemed to inhibit the transformation of the Se-MRPs to SeAAs by 10.0 to 59.1% compared to purified Se-MRPs. These results provide key references for the efficient utilization of organic Se in the cultivation of Se-enriched sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is a vital trace element, essential for growth and other biological functions in fish. Its significance lies in its role as a fundamental component of selenoproteins, which are crucial for optimal functioning of the organism. The inclusion of Se in the diets of farmed animals, including fish, has proved invaluable in mitigating the challenges arising from elemental deficiencies experienced in captivity conditions due to limitations in the content of fishmeal. Supplementing diets with Se enhances physiological responses, particularly mitigates the effects of the continuous presence of environmental stress factors. Organic Se has been shown to have higher absorption rates and a greater impact on bioavailability and overall health than inorganic forms. A characteristic feature of yeasts is their rapid proliferation and growth, marked by efficient mineral assimilation. Most of the selenized yeasts currently available in the market, and used predominantly in animal production and aquaculture, are based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which contains selenomethionine (Se-Met). The object of this review is to highlight the importance of selenized yeasts. In addition, it presents metabolic and productive aspects of other yeast genera that are important potential sources of organic selenium. Some yeast strains discussed produce metabolites of interest such as lipids, pigments, and amino acids, which could have applications in aquaculture and further enrich their usefulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the physicochemical properties, oxidative stability, and endogenous enzyme activities in fresh pork loin from pigs fattened by supplementation of 3 % soybean oil (control), 3 % linseed oil or 3 % linseed oil combined with 0.3 mg/kg selenomethionine (SeMet). Both linseed oil treatments led to higher n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels, lower L* values, n-6/n-3 ratios, and lipoxygenase activity compared to the control (P 0.05), likely due to the antioxidant property of SeMet. Overall, linseed oil and SeMet supplementation is a promising strategy to significantly increase n-3 PUFA content in pork without compromising color properties or oxidative stability.

Selenomethionine (SeMet) is a beneficial organic source of selenium that is extensively used as a food additive owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Due to the sensitivity of the kidneys to noxious stimuli, they are more susceptible to various injuries. To investigate the protective mechanisms of SeMet supplementation against kidney injury, we established an in vivo experimental model using laying hens treated with SeMet (0.5 mg/kg diet) and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.2 mg/kg. BW) and an in vitro model of chicken embryo primary kidney (CEK) cells treated with SeMet (0.075 mM) and with/ without LPS (60 μg/mL). SeMet treatment alleviated the LPS-induced kidney insufficiency and mitochondrial damage. Furthermore, it reduced the expression of TLR4, RIPK3, MLKL, DRP1, NLRP3, and IL-1β in the kidneys of laying hens. RIPK3 is known to induced necroptosis and inflammation by activating of the downstream factors DRP1 and MLKL. To investigate the mechanism whereby SeMet alleviates LPS-induced necroptosis in the kidney, we pretreated CEK cells with TLR4, RIPK3, and DRP1 inhibitors. The results demonstrated that RIPK3 inhibition resulted in a significantly increased in the mitochondrial membrane potential and downregulation of DRP1. Upon the inhibition of DRP1 expression, MLKL, NLRP3, and IL-1β expression also decreased. In summary, SeMet regulates the TLR4/RIPK3/DRP1 signaling pathway to restore the LPS-induced imbalances in mitochondrial dynamics, thereby alleviating necroptosis and inflammation in the kidneys of laying hen. Selenium also increases the expression of selenoproteins. This study provides valuable information for the development of new therapeutic strategies using SeMet to alleviate kidney injury.

In a 56-day experiment, the effects of selenium-enriched yeast (SeY) on the growth, enzymatic activity of the gastrointestinal tract, oxidative stress parameters, and selected immunological parameters of sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus (L.), were analyzed. The concentration of selenomethionine (SeMet) from SeY in the feed was 0 mg kg−1 (C), 0.7 mg kg−1 feed (S1), 1.4 mg kg−1 feed (S2), and 2.1 mg kg−1 feed (S3). Statistically significant differences were found in the final fish body weight between the control and groups S1 and S3. A significant increase in lipase activity was found in the initial section of the small intestine of fish from group S3. The highest activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase was recorded in the liver of fish from group S2. Analyses of non-specific humoral response parameters showed an increase in ceruloplasmin activity in group S1. The lowest active dose of SeMet derived from yeast tested in this study that stimulated humoral immunity and fish growth was 0.7 mg kg−1 feed (S1).

The aim of this research is to add various quantities of organic selenium with or without αtocopherol to support growth and reduce oxidative stress. A total of 168 fingerlings of common carp Cyprinus carpio with an average weight of 31±2 g/fish were distributed in 24 glass aquariums. Fish were fed on eight different experimental diets, including a control, and a diet that contains 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 mg/kg of organic selenium (2nd, 3rd and 4th diets) respectively. The fifth, sixth and seventh diets contained the same amounts of organic selenium with 300 mg/kg of α-tocopherol, but only α-tocopherol was added to the eighth diets. The results of a statistical analysis found that the use of organic selenium with α-tocopherol enhanced the values of blood parameters included Hb and PCV which reached 10.85 gm/100 ml, 33.03% respectively; biochemical included TP, GLU and GPx which reached 4.13 g/100 ml, 2.08 mg/100 ml and 1.90 pg/ml respectively, while the control diets have 9.35, 27.80, 3.67, 84.50 and 1.34 respectively i.e., the eighth treatment (0.8 organic selenium with Vitamin E) representing the best treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. The role of intestinal microbiota in carcinogenesis has also become an important research topic, and CRC is closely related to the intestinal microbiota. Selenium-containing compounds have attracted more attention as anticancer drugs as they can have minimal side effects. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the effect of sodium selenite and selenomethionine on the microbial communities of nude mice with CRC. A CRC ectopic tumorigenesis model was established by subcutaneously injecting HCT116 cells into nude mice. The mice were then intraperitoneally injected with sodium selenite and selenomethionine for 24 days to regulate their intestinal microbiota. Compared with sodium selenite, selenomethionine resulted in a greater reduction in the richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota in nude mice with CRC, and the richness and diversity were closer to healthy levels. Selenomethionine also regulated a wider variety of flora. Additionally, sodium selenite and selenomethionine produced different microorganisms, changed function and metabolic pathways in the intestinal microbiota. Both sodium selenite and selenomethionine have certain effects on restoring the intestinal microbial diversity in nude mice with CRC, and the effect of selenomethionine is better than that of sodium selenite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for human health and plays an important role in the development and maintenance of central nervous system functions. Se deficiency has been associated with cognitive decline and increased oxidative stress. The increase in oxidative stress is one of the hypotheses for the emergence and worsening of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate the neuroprotective effects of organic Se compounds in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) differentiated into cholinergic neurons-like. The SH-SY5Y cells were differentiated into cholinergic neuron-like with retinoic acid (RA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). AD was mimicked exposing the cells to okadaic acid (OA) and beta-amyloid protein (Aβ). The neuroprotective effect of organic Se compounds, selenomethionine (SeMet) and Ebselen, was evaluated through cell viability tests, acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzyme activities, and detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS). None of the SeMet concentrations tested protected against the toxic effect of OA + Aβ. On the other hand, previous exposure to 0.1 and 1 µM Ebselen protected cells from the toxic effect of OA + Aβ. Cell differentiation induced by RA and BDNF exposure was effective, showing characteristics of neuronal cells, and pointing to a promising model of AD. Ebselen showed a protective effect, but more studies are needed to identify the mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenovirus (HAdV) can cause severe respiratory infections in children and immunocompromised patients. There is a lack of specific therapeutic drugs for HAdV infection, and the study of anti-adenoviral drugs has far-reaching clinical implications. Elemental selenium can play a specific role as an antioxidant in the human immune cycle by non-specifically binding to the amino acid methionine in body proteins. Methods: The antiviral mechanism of selenomethionine was explored by measuring cell membrane status, intracellular DNA status, cytokine secretion, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ROS production. Conclusions: Selenomethionine improved the regulation of ROS-mediated apoptosis by modulating the expression of Jak1/2, STAT3, and BCL-XL, which led to the inhibition of apoptosis. It is anticipated that selenomethionine will offer a new anti-adenoviral therapeutic alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the transcriptome analysis was practiced to identify potential genes of probiotic Bacillus subtilis BSN313 involved in selenium (Se) enrichment metabolism. The transcriptomic variation of the strain was deliberated in presence of three different sodium selenite concentrations (0, 3, and 20 μg/mL). The samples were taken at 1 and 13 h subsequent to inoculation of selenite and gene expression profiles in Se metabolism were analyzed through RNA sequencing. The gene expression levels of the pre log phase were lower than the stationary phase. It is because, the bacteria has maximum grown with high concentration of Se (enriched with organic Se), at stationary phase. Bacterial culture containing 3 μg/mL concentration of inorganic Se (sodium selenite) has shown highest gene expression as compared to no or high concentration of Se. This concentration (3 μg/mL) of sodium selenite (as Se) in the medium promoted the upregulation of thioredoxin reductase expression, whereas its higher Se concentration inhibited the formation of selenomethionine (SeMet). The result of 5 L bioreactor fermentation showed that SeMet was also detected in the fermentation supernatant as the growth entered in the late stationary phase and reached up to 857.3 ng/mL. The overall intracellular SeMet enriched content in BSN313 was extended up to 23.4 μg/g dry cell weight. The other two selenoamino acids (Se‐AAs), methyl‐selenocysteine, and selenocysteine were hardly detected in medium supernatant. From this study, it was concluded that SeMet was the highest content of organic Se byproduct biosynthesized by B. subtilis BSN313 strain in Se‐enriched medium during stationary phase. Thus, B. subtilis BSN313 can be considered a commercial probiotic strain that can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This is because it can meet the commercial demand for Se‐AAs (SeMet) in both industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is a temporary response to intense or prolonged exercise that can cause muscle pain, inflammation, and impaired muscle function. Antioxidant supplementation is a proposed strategy to reduce EIMD symptoms by targeting reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) involved in the process. Objective. The study aimed to investigate the effect of Selenomethionine supplementation on malondialdehyde (MDA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels resulting from Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage (EIMD). Materials and methods. This study used a randomized pretest-posttest control group design, involving a total of 32 male recreational students from the Universitas Negeri Surabaya, (age 19.25 ± 0.76 years, body mass 63.16 ± 3.38 kg, height 167.28 ± 4.54 cm, body fat 19.60% ± 4.57%). The participants were randomly assigned to the selenomethionine group (SEM, 100 μg/day) or placebo group (PLA, corn starch 100 mg/day) for a period of 28 days (4 weeks). On days 1 (baseline) and 29, participants underwent a single bout of EIMD. Blood samples were collected 24 hours post-EIMD to measure MDA and CRP concentrations in plasma. The statistical analysis was conducted using paired sample t-test. Results. The placebo group experienced a significant increase in plasma MDA and CRP concentrations after EIMD compared with baseline values (p < 0.05). However, the SeMet group showed lower plasma MDA and CRP levels than the placebo group. Conclusions. Daily Selenomethionine supplementation for 28 days has been found to reduce oxidative stress by lowering MDA levels in the blood and to decrease inflammation by reducing CRP levels post-exercise-induced muscle damage. This indicates a lower risk of EIMD due to reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the efficiency of selenomethionine (Semeth), an organic form of Se, as an antioxidant compared with commonly used antioxidants (ascorbic acid, glutathione, and potassium metabisulfite) in preventing oxidative browning in Greek white wines (Malagouzia and Retsina). The experimental procedure involved an accelerated browning test conducted over 12 days at 55 °C, measurement of antioxidant activity values (using the Folin—Ciocalteau and the free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods), determination of free sulfhydryl groups using the Ellman's method, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic analysis of selected phenolic compounds. Semeth consistently exhibited a preserving effect on total and free SO2 content and antioxidant activity values of Malagouzia wines. Semeth also showed a protecting effect on free sulfhydryl groups (-SH), even higher than that of SO2 suggesting that its role in maintaining wine color involves more mechanisms than just the prevention of SO2 reduction. Moreover, Semeth demonstrated promising effects in preserving individual phenolic content, in particular (+)-catechin and fertaric acid, compared to the other antioxidant additions. Both browning rate constants and percentage color change values of Retsina where higher than the corresponding values of Malagouzia wines indicating greater susceptibility to browning. Browning development was dependent on the particular antioxidant added, with ascorbic acid being the least effective. The results of this study suggest that Semeth could be an important candidate for enhancing the oxidative stability of white wines, offering at the same time valuable information for optimizing antioxidant strategies in winemaking practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Selenium (Se) deficiency, stemming from malnutrition in humans and animals, has the potential to disrupt many vital physiological processes, particularly those reliant on specific selenoproteins. Agronomic biofortification of crops through the application of Se-containing sprays provides an efficient method to enhance the Se content in the harvested biomass. An optimal candidate for systematic enrichment, guaranteeing a broad trophic impact, must meet several criteria: (i) efficient accumulation of Se without compromising crop yield, (ii) effective conversion of mineral Se fertilizer into usable organically bound Se forms (Seorg), (iii) acceptance of a Se-enriched crop as livestock feed, and (iv), interest from the food processing industry in utilization of Se-enriched outputs. Hence, priority should be given to high-protein leafy crops, such as soybean. Methods: A three-year study in the Czech Republic was conducted to investigate the response of field-grown soybean plants to foliar application of Na2SeO4 solutions (0, 15, 40, and 100 g/ha Se); measured outcomes included crop yield, Se distribution in aboveground biomass, and the chemical speciation of Se in seeds. Results and Discussion: Seed yield was unaffected by applied SeO4 2-, with Se content reaching levels as high as 16.2 mg/kg. The relationship between SeO4 2-dose and Se content in seeds followed a linear regression model. Notably, the soybeans demonstrated an impressive 73% average recovery of Se in seeds. Selenomethionine was identified as the predominant species of Se in enzymatic hydrolysates of soybean, constituting up to 95% of Seorg in seeds. Minor Se species, such as selenocystine, selenite, and selenate, were also detected. The timing of Se spraying influenced both plant SeO4 2- biotransformation and total content in seeds, emphasizing the critical importance of optimizing the biofortification protocol. Future research should explore the economic viability, long-term ecological sustainability, and the broad nutritional implications of incorporating Se-enriched soybeans into food for humans and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms are considered a valuable food source due to their high protein and fibre and low fat content, among the other health benefits of their consumption. Selenium is an essential nutrient and is renowned for its chemo-preventative properties. In this study, batches of selenium-enriched Lingzhi mushrooms were prepared by growing mycelium and fruit in substrates containing various concentrations of sodium selenite. The mushroom fruit accumulated low levels of selenium with selenomethionine being the most abundant form in all enriched samples. Conversely, the mycelium showed significant selenium accumulation but relatively low proportions of selenomethionine. The red colour of the selenium-enriched mycelia indicated the probable presence of selenium nanoparticles, which was confirmed by single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Mean particle diameters of 90–120 nm were observed, with size distributions of 60–250 nm. Additional analysis with transmission electron microscopy confirmed this size distribution and showed that the biogenic selenium nanoparticles were roughly spherical in shape and contained elemental selenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since soybean is widely cultivated around the world and has a high protein content, it is a great nutritional vehicle for increasing the dietary uptake of selenium (Se). Several studies have evaluated biofortification with Se through fertilizer application in several crops. However, it is not clear how each method and source affect the total Se content or Se species in soybean grains. This work aimed to assess the total Se content and Se speciation in Se-enriched soybean grains produced under different Se application methods in the field. The treatments consisted of Se application (soil or foliar), using organic or inorganic Se sources at 10 g ha-1 or 80 g ha-1, in two genotypes. The results showed that all treatments with inorganic Se (soil and foliar) increased the Se content in grains compared with the control. More than 80% of the total Se in grains was present as selenomethionine (SeMet), and the speciation was affected by the Se source and the method of application. The treatments using inorganic Se, applied via soil or foliar, produced the highest content of Se as SeMet in soybean grains. Finally, we propose that the preservation of the Se species in products derived from soybean grains be evaluated as the following step.

Selenium (Se), as one of the essential trace elements, plays an anti‐inflammatory, antioxidation, and immune‐enhancing effect in the body. In addition, Se can also improve nervous system damage induced by various factors. Earlier studies have described the important role of mitochondrial dynamic imbalance in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced nerve injury. The inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate receptor (IP3R)/glucose‐regulated protein 75 (GRP75)/voltage‐dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) complex is considered to be the key to regulating mitochondrial dynamics. However, it is not clear whether Selenomethionine (SeMet) has any influence on the IP3R/GRP75/VDAC1 complex. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to determine whether SeMet can alleviate LPS‐induced brain damage and to elucidate the function of the IP3R/GRP75/VDAC1 complex in it. We established SeMet and/or LPS exposure models in vivo and in vitro using laying hens and primary chicken nerve cells. We noticed that SeMet reversed endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and the imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics and significantly prevented the occurrence of neuronal apoptosis. We made this finding by morphological observation of the brain tissue of laying hens and the detection of related genes such as ERS, the IP3R/GRP75/VDAC1 complex, calcium signal (Ca2+), mitochondrial dynamics, and apoptosis. Other than that, we also discovered that the IP3R/GRP75/VDAC1 complex was crucial in controlling Ca2+ transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondrion when SeMet functions as a neuroprotective agent. In summary, our results revealed the specific mechanism by which SeMet alleviated LPS‐induced neuronal apoptosis for the first time. As a consequence, SeMet has great potential in the treatment and prevention of neurological illnesses (like neurodegenerative diseases). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is one of the major pathogens causing bovine clinical mastitis. Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis and resists excessive inflammation in eukaryotic organisms. Selenomethionine (Se-Met) is commonly used as a source of selenium supplementation for dairy cows. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Se-Met on inflammatory responses mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) through autophagy. We infected bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) with K. pneumoniae and examined the expression of autophagy-related proteins and changes in autophagic vesicles, LC3 puncta, and autophagic flux at various intervals. The results showed that K. pneumoniae activated the early-stage autophagy of MAC-T cells. The levels of LC3-II, Beclin1, and ATG5, as well as the number of LC3 puncta and autophagic vesicles, increased after 2 h post-treatment. However, the late-stage autophagic flux was blocked. Furthermore, the effect of autophagy on NF-κB-mediated inflammation was investigated with different autophagy levels. The findings showed that enhanced autophagy inhibited the K. pneumoniae-induced inflammatory responses of MAC-T cells. The opposite results were found with the inhibition of autophagy. Finally, we examined the effect of Se-Met on NF-κB-mediated inflammation based on autophagy. The results indicated that Se-Met alleviated K. pneumoniae-induced autophagic flux blockage, inhibited NF-κB-mediated inflammation, and decreased the adhesion of K. pneumoniae to MAC-T cells. The inhibitory effect of Se-Met on NF-κB-mediated inflammation could be partially blocked by the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). Overall, Se-Met attenuated K. pneumoniae-induced NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses by enhancing autophagic flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The selenomethionine cycle (SeMTC) is a crucial pathway for the metabolism of selenium. The basic bioinformatics and functions of four enzymes involved in the cycle including S-adenosyl-methionine synthase (MAT), SAM-dependent methyltransferase (MTase), S-adenosyl-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) and methionine synthase (MTR), have been extensively reported in many eukaryotes. The identification and functional analyses of SeMTC genes/proteins in Cardamine hupingshanensis and their response to selenium stress have not yet been reported. Results: In this study, 45 genes involved in SeMTC were identified in the C. hupingshanensis genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that seven genes from ChMAT were clustered into four branches, twenty-seven genes from ChCOMT were clustered into two branches, four genes from ChSAHH were clustered into two branches, and seven genes from ChMTR were clustered into three branches. These genes were resided on 16 chromosomes. Gene structure and homologous protein modeling analysis illustrated that proteins in the same family are relatively conserved and have similar functions. Molecular docking showed that the affinity of SeMTC enzymes for selenium metabolites was higher than that for sulfur metabolites. The key active site residues identified for ChMAT were Ala269 and Lys273, while Leu221/231 and Gly207/249 were determined as the crucial residues for ChCOMT. For ChSAHH, the essential active site residues were found to be Asn87, Asp139 and Thr206/207/208/325. Ile204, Ser111/329/377, Asp70/206/254, and His329/332/380 were identified as the critical active site residues for ChMTR. In addition, the results of the expression levels of four enzymes under selenium stress revealed that ChMAT3-1 genes were upregulated approximately 18-fold, ChCOMT9-1 was upregulated approximately 38.7-fold, ChSAHH1-2 was upregulated approximately 11.6-fold, and ChMTR3-2 genes were upregulated approximately 28-fold. These verified that SeMTC enzymes were involved in response to selenium stress to varying degrees. Conclusions: The results of this research are instrumental for further functional investigation of SeMTC in C. hupingshanensis. This also lays a solid foundation for deeper investigations into the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying selenium metabolism in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for the human body, and its dietary deficiency has been a widespread issue globally. Vegetables serve as a significant source of dietary Se intake, with organic Se derived from plants being safer than inorganic Se. In the present study, Taraxacum mongolicum plants were treated with various concentrations of Na2SeO3. The results showed that as the concentration of Na2SeO3 increased, the chlorophyll content of dandelion seedlings decreased at high concentrations, and the content of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, flavonoids, total phenols, and Vc all increased. The application of Na2SeO3 at concentrations ranging from 0 to 4 mg/L resulted in a reduction in plant malondialdehyde content and an enhancement in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Following the Na2SeO3 treatment, five Se species were identified in the seedlings, Se4+, Se6+, selenocysteine, selenomethionine, and methylselenocysteine. Notably, selenomethionine emerged as the primary organic Se species in the shoots of dandelion. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ABC11b, PTR4, MOCOS, BAK1, and CNGC1 were involved in the absorption, transport, and storage of Se in dandelion, and C7317 was involved in the scavenging of reactive oxygen species. This study complements the understanding of the possible molecular mechanisms involved in the absorption and transformation of organic Se by plants, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the biofortification of dandelion with Se in crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Due to climate change, heat waves occur more often, and the annual average temperature increases, which may contribute to the negative effects of heat stress in pigs. This study explored ways to help growing–finishing pigs cope with heat stress during hot weather. Two groups of pigs were given different diets—one standard and one enriched with specific feed additives. The pigs' respiration rates, rectal and skin temperatures, performances, and meat qualities were monitored. During a heat wave, the group with the enriched diet did not need as much drinking water compared to the standard diet group. Both groups, without distinguishing between dietary treatments, showed increased respiration rates and skin temperatures during higher heat loads. The findings suggest that the enriched diet may help reduce the need to increase daily water intake during hot periods. Furthermore, this study highlighted the sensitivity of the parameter of respiration rate in pigs suffering from (mild) heat stress. Heat stress in pigs negatively affects welfare, health, and performance. Osmoprotectants and antioxidants may alleviate oxidative damage during hot periods. We investigated whether an additive-enriched feed can reduce negative effects in pigs during summer conditions. Sixty growing–finishing pigs were allocated into two groups: the control (CF) and summer feed (SF) group. The CF group contained 0.4 mg/kg inorganic selenium and 100 ppm vitamin E, while the SF group contained 0.3 mg/kg inorganic selenium, 0.1 mg/kg selenomethionine, 200 ppm vitamins E and C, and 0.2% betaine. Feed was offered ad libitum. Respiration rate, rectal and skin temperature, behaviour, and weight gain were assessed weekly. Daily measurements of these parameters were performed during a 3-day heat wave (temperature humidity index (THI) ≥ 75) and during an artificial heating period. Individual average daily water intake (ADWI) and feed intake were measured using RFID systems. The ADWI of the SF group did not change during heat load while it increased for the CF group. Independent of dietary treatment, increases in ∆THI or the THI were accompanied by significant increases in both respiration rate and skin temperature. In conclusion, the SF may induce a reduced need to increase ADWI during hot periods. In addition, mainly skin temperatures and especially respiration rates revealed the sensitivity of pigs to heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide a theoretical basis for the application of organic selenium (Se) in the production and cultivation of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. We investigated the effects of selenomethionine (SeMet) on the growth and physiological characteristics of S. ningpoensis seedlings. The results showed that SeMet significantly improved the antioxidant capacity by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the leaves of S. ningpoensis, which significantly reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as compared to the control. SeMet also significantly improved the water metabolism by increasing the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency (WUE), relative water content, and water saturation deficit of S. ningpoensis leaves. Moreover, SeMet significantly enhanced photosynthetic performance by decreasing non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and increasing the soil and plant analyser development (SPAD) value, net photosynthetic rate, PSII actual photochemical efficiency Y(II), photochemical quenching (qP), PSII photochemical effective quantum yield (Fv '/Fm') and apparent electron transport rate (ETR). Meanwhile, SeMet significantly improved the plant’s height, basal diameter, root/ shoot ratio and dry weight of shoots and roots in S. ningpoensis. Various SeMet 30 and 60 mg/L SeMet concentrations demonstrated better effects on the growth and physiological characteristics of S. ningpoensis. The above results indicate that appropriate concentrations of SeMet can enhance the growth of S. ningpoensis and can be improved by increasing its antioxidant capacity, water metabolism, and photosynthetic performance. This provides a theoretical foundation for using organic selenium in growing and producing S. ningpoensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a prevalent contaminant in feed and food, posing a serious threat to the health of both humans and animals. The pig stands as an ideal subject for the study of DON due to its recognition as the most susceptible animal to DON. In this study, the IPEC-J2 cells were utilized as an in vitro model to explore the potential of SeMet in alleviating the intestinal toxicity and oxidative injury in intestinal epithelial cells when exposed to DON. Cells were treated either with or without 4.0 μM SeMet, in combination with or without a simultaneous treatment with 0.5 μg/mL DON, for a duration of 24 h. Then, cells or related samples were analyzed for cell proliferation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, gene expressions, and protein expressions. The results showed that SeMet mitigated the cellular toxicity caused by DON, evidenced by elevated cell proliferation and the reduced LDH release of IPEC-J2 cells in the SeMet + DON group vs. the DON group. Moreover, the SeMet treatment markedly promoted antioxidant functions and decreased the oxidative injury in IPEC-J2 cell, which is indicated by the decreased ROS level and up-regulated mRNA levels of GPX1, TXNRD1, Nrf2, and GCLC in IPEC-J2 cells in the SeMet + DON group vs. the DON group. However, in both the absence and presence of exposure to DON, the SeMet treatment did not affect the protein expression of MAPK (JNK, Erk1/2, and P38) and phosphorylated MAPK (p-JNK, p-Erk1/2, and p-P38) in IPEC-J2 cells. Collectively, SeMet alleviated the DON-induced oxidative injury in porcine intestinal epithelial cells independent of the MAPK pathway regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research evaluated the impacts of selenomethionine (Se-Met) on hepatic functions, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis of piglets fed deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated diets. Twenty-four piglets were allocated four dietary treatments (n = 6) in a 28-day feeding trial. The four treatments included the control group, which received 0.3 mg/kg of Se (as Se-Met) without DON treatment, and the DON treatment groups received 0, 0.3, or 0.5 mg/kg Se as Se-Met. A dietary addition of 0.5 mg/kg Se improved liver pathology and reduced serum aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase levels in piglets fed DON-contaminated diets. Furthermore, 0.5 mg/kg Se mitigated the oxidative stress and apoptosis of piglets fed DON-contaminated diets, as indicated by the decreased reactive oxygen species level, and the down-regulated mRNA levels of NRF-1, Bax, and CASP9 in the liver. Importantly, 0.5 mg/kg Se enhanced the hepatic antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by increased hepatic total antioxidant capacity, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and total superoxide dismutase activities, as well as the up-regulated mRNA levels of Nrf2, Gclm, NQO1, SOD1, and GPX1 in the liver. Moreover, 0.5 mg/kg Se down-regulated the p-JNK protein level in the liver of piglets fed DON-contaminated diets. Collectively, Se-Met supplementation mitigated liver dysfunction, oxidative injury, and apoptosis through enhancing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting the JNK MAPK pathway in piglets fed DON-contaminated diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal bone regeneration remains a clinical challenge, and hyperlipidemia can aggravate alveolar bone resorption. Probiotics have recently been reported to improve bone mass. We aimed to determine the role of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in periodontal bone regeneration improvement within the context of periodontitis with hyperlipidemia. A Sprague Dawley rat model for periodontitis, hyperlipidemia, and periodontal fenestration defect was constructed (n = 36) and administered LGG gavage for 6 wk (the rats were subsequently sacrificed). Fecal microbiota from donor rats 3 wk after LGG gavage was transplanted into recipient rats to evaluate the role of LGG-modulated gut microbiota in periodontal bone regeneration. Regenerated bone mass was detected using micro–computerized tomography and hematoxylin and eosin stain. Gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Serum metabolites were detected by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (6 wk after LGG gavage). The pro-osteogenic effects of screened serum metabolite were verified in vitro on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). We found that the bone mineral density, bone volume (BV), trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), and trabecular thickness of the regenerated periodontal bone increased after LGG gavage (P < 0.05) but had little effect on oral flora. After LGG gavage, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Collinsella in the gut of donors were significantly changed, and these differences were maintained in recipients, who also showed increased trabecular thickness of the regenerated periodontal bone (P < 0.05). These key genera were correlated with BV/TV and BV (P < 0.05). In addition, LGG gavage significantly regulated bone-related blood metabolites, of which selenomethionine promoted BMMSC osteogenesis. Notably, selenomethionine was associated with key gut genera (P < 0.05). Collectively, LGG improved periodontal bone regeneration in the context of periodontitis with hyperlipidemia by modulating gut microbiota and increasing pro-osteogenic metabolites in the blood. These results reveal new insights into the use of probiotics to promote periodontal bone regeneration via the gut–blood–bone axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An in-depth understanding of Se uptake and metabolism in plants is necessary for developing Se biofortification strategies. Thus, hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the associated processes and mechanisms of organic Se (selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenomethionine-oxide (SeOMet)) uptake, translocation, transformation and their interaction in wheat, in comparison to inorganic Se. The results showed that Se uptake by the roots and the root-to-shoot translocation factor under the SeMet treatment were higher than those under the selenite, selenate and SeOMet treatments. The uptake and translocation of SeMet were higher than those of SeOMet within 72 h, although the differences gradually narrowed with time. The uptake of SeMet and SeOMet was also sensitive to the aquaporin inhibitor: AgNO3 addition resulted in 99.5% and 99.9% inhibitions of Se in the root in the SeMet and SeOMet treatments, respectively. Once absorbed by the root, they rapidly assimilated to other Se forms, and SeMet and Se-methyl-selenocysteine (MeSeCys) were the dominant species in SeMet- and SeOMet-treated plants, while notably, an unidentified Se form was also found in the root and xylem sap under the SeMet treatment. In addition, within 16 h, SeOMet inhibited the uptake and translocation of SeMet, while the inhibition was weakened with longer treatment time. Taken together, the present study provides new insights for the uptake and transformation processes of organic Se within plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionSelenium (Se) deficiency, stemming from malnutrition in humans and animals, has the potential to disrupt many vital physiological processes, particularly those reliant on specific selenoproteins. Agronomic biofortification of crops through the application of Se-containing sprays provides an efficient method to enhance the Se content in the harvested biomass. An optimal candidate for systematic enrichment, guaranteeing a broad trophic impact, must meet several criteria: (i) efficient accumulation of Se without compromising crop yield, (ii) effective conversion of mineral Se fertilizer into usable organically bound Se forms (Seorg), (iii) acceptance of a Se-enriched crop as livestock feed, and (iv), interest from the food processing industry in utilization of Se-enriched outputs. Hence, priority should be given to high-protein leafy crops, such as soybean.MethodsA three-year study in the Czech Republic was conducted to investigate the response of field-grown soybean plants to foliar application of Na2SeO4 solutions (0, 15, 40, and 100 g/ha Se); measured outcomes included crop yield, Se distribution in aboveground biomass, and the chemical speciation of Se in seeds.Results and DiscussionSeed yield was unaffected by applied SeO42-, with Se content reaching levels as high as 16.2 mg/kg. The relationship between SeO42-dose and Se content in seeds followed a linear regression model. Notably, the soybeans demonstrated an impressive 73% average recovery of Se in seeds. Selenomethionine was identified as the predominant species of Se in enzymatic hydrolysates of soybean, constituting up to 95% of Seorg in seeds. Minor Se species, such as selenocystine, selenite, and selenate, were also detected. The timing of Se spraying influenced both plant SeO42- biotransformation and total content in seeds, emphasizing the critical importance of optimizing the biofortification protocol. Future research should explore the economic viability, long-term ecological sustainability, and the broad nutritional implications of incorporating Se-enriched soybeans into food for humans and animals.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral that plays an important role in physiological processes by regulating the antioxidant defense system and enhancing immunity. Chromium is an essential mineral involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and also plays a role in maintaining normal insulin function. Based on these advantages, we hypothesized that the addition of selenomethionine (SeMet) and organic chromium (OC) to broiler diets would increase Se deposition, antioxidant capacity and immune response in meat. Therefore, this study analyzed the effects of OC and SeMet on growh performance, nutrients digestibility, blood profiles, intestinal morphology, meat quality characteristics, and taxonomic analysis of broilers. A total of 168 one-day-old broiler chicken (Arbor Acres) were randomly allotted to 3 groups based on the initial body weight of 37.33 ± 0.24 g with 7 replicate per 8 birds (mixed sex). The experiments period was 28 days. Dietary treatments were folloewd: Basal diets based on corn-soybean meal (CON), basal diet supplemented with 0.2 ppm OC and 0.2 ppm SeMet (CS4), and basal diet supplemented with 0.4 ppm OC and 0.4 ppm SeMet (CS8). Supplementation of OC and SeMet did not affect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility. However, CS8 supplementation increased in duodenum villus height and villus height : crypt depth, and increased in breast meat Se deposition. In addition, CS8 group showed higher uric acid and total antioxidant status than CON group. Taxonomic analysis at phylum level revealed that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes of CS4 and CS8 were lower than CON group. In genus level, the relative abundance of fecal Lactobacillus and Enterococcus of CS4 and CS8 groups were higher than CON group. In short, 0.4 ppm OC and 0.4 ppm SeMet supplementation to broiler diet supporitng positive gut microbiome change, also enhancing antioxidant capacity, and Se deposition in breast meat.

Radiation damage is an inherent issue in X-ray crystallography. It not only damages macromolecular crystals, which lowers the quality of the diffraction intensity, but results in inaccurate structural information. Among the various types of radiation damage, little is known regarding the damage to selenomethionine, an amino acid contained in some proteins. Recently, radiation damage to the selenomethionine-substituted single-domain substrate-binding domain from Rhodothermus marinus (SeMet-RmSBP) was investigated. Global and specific radiation damage from four datasets collected by repeatedly exposing a single RmSBP-SeMet crystal to X-rays were analyzed. The results indicated that the B-factor value of the selenium atom in selenomethionine was significantly increased compared with other atoms. To date, no images of radiation damage have been reported for selenomethionine-substituted proteins. Therefore, these data may be used to study radiation damage in macromolecular crystallography. This study provides insight into radiation damage associated with selenomethionine.

Selenium-enriched yeast possesses the unique ability of transforming chemical selenium, such as sodium selenite, into a biologically active form, which mitigates its toxic effects on the human body. The transformation product of this process, selenomethionine, can be safely and effectively absorbed and utilized by the human body; hence, it has been spiked into a selenium-enriched supplement. This study employs two distinct measurement strategies to determine the selenomethionine content in two candidate reference materials, a selenium-enriched yeast powder and supplement, using both organic and inorganic mass spectrometry. The concentrations of selenomethionine in the selenium-enriched yeast were determined using HPLC-ICP-MS and HPLC- ESI-MS/MS, with mass fractions measured at 718 mg SeMet kg−1 and 715 mg SeMet kg−1, respectively. Notably, both methods yielded consistent results for the selenium supplement, with a selenomethionine mass fraction of 59 mg SeMet kg−1. Ultimately, the certified values of these candidate reference materials were determined as 716 mg kg−1 and 59 mg SeMet kg−1 with expanded uncertainties of 36 mg SeMet kg−1 (k = 2) and 5 mg SeMet kg−1 (k = 2), respectively. The development of these candidate reference materials serves as a valuable reference for diverse methods aiming to determine the value of organic selenium speciation in complex food substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seleno-Yeasts (SY) used as feed additives are known to contain different Selenium (Se) species. Seleno-Yeasts has been shown, on previous analytical methods, to contain selenomethionine (SeMet), selenocysteine (SeCys), selenate (SeIV) and selenite (SeVI), and various other organic and inorganic Se forms identified but rarely quantified. A new advanced method has allowed elemental Se (Se0), an inorganic Se species, to be quantified, thereby obtaining better insight into the proportion of inorganic Se in SY products. The study aimed to quantify the Se0 in SY products and assess the proportion of inorganic Se in SY. The Se speciation of 13 fresh commercials SY from different suppliers and batches, was assayed for the total Se, inorganic Se species (SeIV, SeVI and Se0), and organic Se species (SeMet and SeCys). Results on total Se were in line with the expected Se concentrations for all evaluated samples. The proportion of Se present as Se0 ranged from 3.6% to 51.8%. The quantity of Se0 in the SY products, added to SeIV and SeVI, indicated an average proportion of inorganic Se of 14.2% for the 13 analyzed SY products. The proportion of Se as SeMet ranged from 19.0% to 71.8%, (average of 55.8%), and a large variability in the SeMet content was observed. The SeCys content was also variable, with an average of 3.8%, relative to the total Se. In conclusion, advances in the analytical characterization have revealed that SY products can have a significantly high proportion of inorganic Se, which could affect the bioavailability of Se from SY supplements and explain their variable and lower bio-efficacy than pure SeMet supplements, such as hydroxy-selenomethionine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation damage is an inherent challenge in macromolecular crystallography (MX). This diminishes the diffraction quality and also compromises the accuracy of the crystal structure. Investigating the impact of radiation damage on the crystal quality and structure can offer valuable insights into the structural interpretation and data collection strategy. Selenomethionine (SeMet, Mse) is an amino acid that exists in nature and contains a high-Z atom, i.e., selenium (Se), which is sensitive to radiation damage; however, little is known regarding the radiation damage of this amino acid. To better understand the radiation damage that affects SeMet, we investigated the radiation damage to a SeMet-substituted substrate-binding protein from Rhodothermus marinus. As the X-ray dose increased, the quality of the data statistics deteriorated. In particular, an increase in the X-ray dose increased the negative Fo-Fc electron density map near the Se atom of the Mse residue, while no negative Fo-Fc electron density map was observed in the other atoms (O, C, and N). Radiation damage increased the absolute B-factor value of the Se atom in the Mse residue, which was higher than that of the other atoms. This indicates that Se is more sensitive to radiation damage than other atoms. These results will contribute to advancing our knowledge of the radiation damage that can occur in MX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. The role of intestinal microbiota in carcinogenesis has also become an important research topic, and CRC is closely related to the intestinal microbiota. Selenium-containing compounds have attracted more attention as anticancer drugs as they can have minimal side effects. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the effect of sodium selenite and selenomethionine on the microbial communities of nude mice with CRC. A CRC ectopic tumorigenesis model was established by subcutaneously injecting HCT116 cells into nude mice. The mice were then intraperitoneally injected with sodium selenite and selenomethionine for 24 days to regulate their intestinal microbiota. Compared with sodium selenite, selenomethionine resulted in a greater reduction in the richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota in nude mice with CRC, and the richness and diversity were closer to healthy levels. Selenomethionine also regulated a wider variety of flora. Additionally, sodium selenite and selenomethionine produced different microorganisms, changed function and metabolic pathways in the intestinal microbiota. Both sodium selenite and selenomethionine have certain effects on restoring the intestinal microbial diversity in nude mice with CRC, and the effect of selenomethionine is better than that of sodium selenite.

Background: Recently, the antioxidant properties of the natural compound, selenomethionine (Se-Met), have been recognized. However, its effect on the osteogenic mineralization of the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway under conditions of oxidative stress and inflammation remain unclear. Methods: This study utilized tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) to simulate oxidative stress and inflammation. Se-Met was then subsequently used to inhibit these effects in vitro. Results: TBHP induces oxidative stress and inflammatory responses by increasing the expression of reactive oxygen species and NLRP3, whereas decreasing the expression of GPX4, thereby inhibiting the viability of MC3T3-E1 cells. TBHP further promotes lipid peroxidation and damages the ultrastructure of mitochondria. Furthermore, TBHP inhibits the expression levels of β-Catenin, thereby reducing the activity of the Wnt pathway, which in turn suppresses the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization capacity. Importantly, Se-Met significantly alters the aforementioned responses to enhance expression levels of Wnt pathway-related proteins and improving the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization capacity of the cells. Conclusion: Se-Met enhances antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses in MC3T3-E1 cells via the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway to promote osteogenesis. Thus, Se-Met plays a crucial role in the field of bone homeostasis, and presents an opportunity for the future development of novel drugs for treating osteoporosis and maintaining bone stability. However, further detailed preclinical animal studies are required to generate solid and reliable data to aid this development.