Search

AbstractThis study examines children’s perspectives on the causes and solutions to poverty in upper elementary school. Participants were 248 fourth-grade children (8 to 11 years old) enrolled in public schools in northern Portugal. Children participated in individual interviews. Following a mixed-methods approach, data analysis involved a qualitative phase (thematic analysis) and a quantitative phase (non-parametric statistical tests). Children mentioned naïve or fatalistic, individualistic, and contextual causes and proposed naïve or unrealistic solutions, remediating actions by the individual, remediating actions by others, self-reliance actions, and a call for social change. Children who mentioned contextual causes stated a higher number of causes overall. Children highlighting individualistic causes suggested more individual remediating solutions, while children stating contextual causes proposed more remediating solutions by others. Both were equally likely to offer self-reliance individual solutions. All children advocating for social change identified contextual causes. Results are discussed, shedding light on the complexity of children’s thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have demonstrated the important contribution of mothers' sensitive parenting to children's developing cognition over the first 5 years of life, yet studies examining sensitivity beyond the early years, controlling for earlier effects, are limited. In this exploratory study, we examined the developmental pathways through which mothers' early and later sensitive parenting transacted with children's language, executive function, academics, and self‐reliance to predict child outcomes from infancy to adolescence. To a national longitudinal dataset (n = 1364; 52% male; 80% white), we applied random intercept cross‐lagged panel modeling to examine between‐person and within‐person associations for maternal sensitivity and child outcomes. Our findings show that over the first 15 years of life relations between maternal sensitivity and these child outcomes are best characterized by stable, trait‐like associations that persist over time with limited state‐like time‐varying associations. Importantly, we found that maternal sensitivity at both early and later developmental stages is associated with these between‐person differences. Given the nature of these associations over four developmental stages, we extend prior research by demonstrating that mothers' sensitivity is enduring because of its consistency both early and later in development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: International development policy is increasingly a contested site of agricultural politics. Many civil society organizations actively engage with alternative frameworks including sustainability, sovereignty, and self‐reliance to challenge the prevailing neoliberal construct of food systems. Recently, development policy actors have used the term "self‐reliance" in international development policy discourse, but its meaning, purpose, and underlying political ideology vary. Understanding how development actors define self‐reliance is critical for understanding whether the term is being used to maintain the neoliberal status quo or to support food systems change. Purpose: In 2018 the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) released its "The Journey to Self‐Reliance" policy framework. This article explores how USAID represented self‐reliance by examining the vocabularies, discourses, and ideologies the agency drew upon to conceptualize self‐reliance. Approach and methods: We analysed a corpus of USAID policy documents published between 2018 and 2020, using critical discourse analysis (CDA), and triangulated CDA findings with corpus linguistics. We then presented our analysis to focus groups of US university scholar‐practitioners funded by USAID who responded to the findings. Findings: We found that USAID's construction of self‐reliance simultaneously sought to reproduce neoliberal ideological outcomes while, at least formally, embracing localization in terms of community self‐reliance. We also found that USAID placed market actors as active leaders and presented local governments in passive roles. Focus group respondents agreed on the importance of localization but differed as to the primacy USAID afforded market organizations. Policy implications: We identified three major policy implications. First, the primacy of the neoliberal conception of self‐reliance limits self‐directed development among the targeted countries. Second, framing self‐reliance as market driven is likely to deepen consolidated power in agricultural development. Third, at a global policy level, we observe a lack of solidarity with civil society organizations addressing agricultural development efforts, which seek greater representation in development policy deliberations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Methods Results Conclusions The aim was to extend previous work on the identity disruption model (IDM) of adult psychological distress. According to the IDM, aversive childhood experiences (ACEs) disrupt the development of identity, resulting in an unclear sense of self and a reliance on external sources of self‐definition, leading to psychological distress in adulthood. In line with this model, self‐concept clarity (SCC) in parallel with self‐esteem (SE) and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) has been shown to mediate the relationship between childhood adversity and depression and anxiety. The current study examined if SCC, SE and IU mediated the influence of childhood adversity on depression, anxiety and hypomania.A community sample of 159 adults completed online measures of childhood adversity, self‐esteem, self‐concept clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety and hypomania. Structured equation modelling using bias corrected bootstrapping was used to test the mediation model.Direct effects of childhood adversity were found for depression and anxiety, but not hypomania. The influence of ACEs on depression and anxiety was mediated by self‐concept clarity and self‐esteem. Self‐concept clarity also mediated the influence of ACEs on hypomania, which is an important novel finding. The indirect effect of childhood adversity via intolerance of uncertainty was limited to anxiety.Results suggest that the identity disruption model generalizes to hypomania. The clinical implications are that interventions to improve clarity of the self‐concept might be useful in reducing psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose study was to examine the process, results, factors affecting the development process of the Hat Yai urban agricultural network for food security, Hat Yai District, Songkhla Province, Thailand, using qualitative research. Participant observation, in-depth interviews, group discussions, and inductive data analysis were conducted. Data were collected from thirty-one participants. The study found that the process of agricultural network development consists of three stages: network formation, seeking cooperation, learning and integration. The results are reflected at the individual, group, and network levels, linking them to the sustainable development dimension. The positive factors affecting the development process are the urban context, common goals, organisational culture, management, and building trust. The negative factors include the nature of Hat Yai urban residents in the context of developing countries, resource inadequacy, and public policy. The recommendations involve having holistic and targeted local public policy regarding urban agriculture to establish sustainable urban food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been increasing interest in understanding the higher education experiences of students who spent time 'in care' as children, who tend to have to overcome strong barriers to educational success. Care-experienced students often thrive in higher education, although little is currently known about those who build on this success to pursue their own academic career. This study sought to explore the educational trajectories and working lives of care-experienced academics in the UK for the first time. We used an online survey to identify potential interview participants, leading to 21 semi-structured online interviews. This article reports the findings from five of the eight themes developed through thematic analysis, focusing primarily on the diverse pathways into and through academic careers. We used Archer's concepts of reflexivity and the 'internal conversation' to explore agency, enablements and constraints. Most participants highlighted the disrupted nature of their schooling, although school was a place of safety and success for some. Pathways into higher education were heterogeneous, including a group who had used their 'expertise through experience' to forge academic careers in disciplines like social work and psychology. Career precarity was common and particularly challenging without family 'safety nets'. Our participants tended to show high levels of self-reliance and/or willingness to seek help, coupled with a scepticism around long-term planning. We argue that these factors are shaped by early lives and lead to specific forms of reflexivity, concluding that universities need to recognise care experience as a status deserving of additional career support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many young people are reluctant to seek support for mental health concerns, and a preference for self-reliance has been identified as a key barrier. Yet, the conceptualisation of self-reliance and its role in help seeking is not well understood. This study examines the meaning of self-reliance for young people and how they perceive it affects help seeking, with a focus on the role of trust (both in oneself and in others). Thirty Australian young people aged 18–25 years were interviewed. A reflexive approach, incorporating both inductive and deductive coding techniques, was used to construct themes about self-reliance, trust, and help seeking for young people. Participants identified that both self-reliance and help seeking exist on a continuum from insufficient self-reliance to extreme self-reliance and excessive help seeking to unwillingness to seek help. Trust was a key component of self-reliance, and a balance between trust in oneself and trust in others was deemed necessary for self-reliance to be adaptive and for appropriate help seeking to occur. To maintain this balance, young people felt that a level of self-awareness was necessary. A high level of trust in oneself was considered to increase self-reliance, whereas a high level of trust in others increases help-seeking behaviours. Understanding the role of trust in self-reliance informs developmentally appropriate ways to address self-reliance as a barrier to mental health help seeking for young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Ugandan self-reliance integration mechanism is one of the most progressive refugee integration policy of the world. Within this policy framework, refugees are provided with a land to cultivate and are free to work and decide their residence. This work provides quantitative evidence on lights and shadows characterizing such policy. Final objective of this work is to guide interventions aimed at increasing effectiveness and sustainability of such mechanism in the light of the rising refugee population in the country. Taking advantage of a unique panel dataset representative of around 80% of Ugandan refugees (as of 2018), this study specifically investigates the impact of cash and food transfers on a range of outcomes related to food security and self-reliance. Results show that both transfers reduce the likelihood of implementing negative coping strategies. However, transfers' relative effectiveness depends on beneficiaries' characteristics, context specificity, and outcome assessed. In particular, food transfers improve households' diet, while cash transfers are more suitable to support self-reliance, but only for refugees that cultivate a sufficient extent of land. These findings are expected to add insights for policymaking to alleviate the refugees' short-term humanitarian needs while paving the way to build long-term and sustainable pathways towards self-reliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many young people are reluctant to seek support for mental health concerns, and a preference for self-reliance has been identified as a key barrier. Yet, the conceptualisation of self-reliance and its role in help seeking is not well understood. This study examines the meaning of self-reliance for young people and how they perceive it affects help seeking, with a focus on the role of trust (both in oneself and in others). Thirty Australian young people aged 18–25 years were interviewed. A reflexive approach, incorporating both inductive and deductive coding techniques, was used to construct themes about self-reliance, trust, and help seeking for young people. Participants identified that both self-reliance and help seeking exist on a continuum from insufficient self-reliance to extreme self-reliance and excessive help seeking to unwillingness to seek help. Trust was a key component of self-reliance, and a balance between trust in oneself and trust in others was deemed necessary for self-reliance to be adaptive and for appropriate help seeking to occur. To maintain this balance, young people felt that a level of self-awareness was necessary. A high level of trust in oneself was considered to increase self-reliance, whereas a high level of trust in others increases help-seeking behaviours. Understanding the role of trust in self-reliance informs developmentally appropriate ways to address self-reliance as a barrier to mental health help seeking for young people.

AI is anticipated to improve human decision-making across various domains, often in high-stakes, difficult tasks. However, human reliance on AI recommendations is often inappropriate. A common approach to address this is to provide explanations about the AI output to decision makers, but results have been mixed so far. It often remains unclear when people can rely appropriately on AI and when explanations can help. In this work, we conducted a lab experiment (N = 34) to investigate how the appropriateness of human reliance on (explainable) AI depends on the mental workload induced by different decision difficulties. Instead of self-assessments, we used EEG (Emotiv Epoc Flex head cap, 32 wet electrodes) to more directly measure participants' mental workload. We found that the difficulty of a decision, indicated by the induced mental workload, strongly influences participants' ability to rely appropriately on AI, as assessed through relative self-reliance, relative AI reliance, and decision accuracy with and without AI. While reliance was appropriate for low mental workload decisions, participants were prone to overreliance in high mental workload decisions. Explanations had no significant effect in either case. Our results imply that alternatives to the common ‘recommend-and-explain’ approach should be explored to assist human decision-making in challenging tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is an effort made by every individual, including children with special needs. Children with special needs tend to have unique characteristics but need to get an education and teaching that suits their needs. This need occurs in children with disabilities who have difficulty in doing self-help. The limitations of self-help, which tend to be assisted by people around them, require special attention so that children have the ability to take care of themselves. The purpose of this study was to identify how modeling technique interventions affect the self-reliance of students with special needs. A qualitative approach was used through observation, interviews, and psychological tests. The results obtained are that FMI tends to have intellectual disabilities and self-help is an intervention that can be done. The intervention was carried out with modeling techniques over five sessions in 15 days focussing on going to school. The results show that FMI has improved their understanding of self-help when it comes to going to school although they still require help and are unable to do so independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Funding from the Gulf for refugee women's empowerment could enhance selfreliance and women's autonomy through flexible and innovative economic solutions, yet it risks reinforcing traditional gender roles and perpetuating inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese President Xi Jinping has advocated for scientific and technological self-reliance amid increasing global tensions over emerging technologies. So far though, reforms to China's innovation ecosystem have fallen short of the goal of developing domestic versions of many of the technologies at the center of U.S.-China competition. The Ministry of Education's new program called "organized scientific research" seeks to address this shortcoming. In so doing, the ministry aims to channel research resources toward strategically relevant sectors—especially in technologies susceptible to U.S. restrictions—while maintaining space for free scientific exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China wants to become a science, technology, and manufacturing superpower by upgrading and modernizing its industrial base and concentrating the nation's innovation resources around strategic priorities. However, it is difficult for the state to integrate innovation resources because of the gap separating universities and research organizations from industry, which impedes the translation of scientific output into technological prowess. By contrast, Beijing has been much more successful at directing industrial development. As a result, achieving a modernized industrial base is now the dominant framework for Chinese policymakers as they pursue technological self-reliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article re-examines why and how China abandoned one of the core ideological principles of the Mao era: self-reliance. This did not occur after 1978 and Deng Xiaoping’s ascent to paramount power, but instead from 1971, when technocratic Chinese leaders redefined self-reliance to include importing advanced technology to better develop China’s resources, including for export — a change that anticipated the policies of post-1978 Reform and Opening. The article argues that this redefinition was possible because Sino-American rapprochement and the end of the US technology and economic embargo on China provided previously unprecedented levels of access to US and Western technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose is to examine the role of consumer animosity as a prime paradigm in the relationship between self-reliance, patriotism, ethnocentrism, and religiosity of Indian consumers and their unwillingness to buy Chinese-made products. Using AMOS and SPSS Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), data from a convenience sample of 315 Indian consumers were used to test the proposed models. The results suggested that the impact of self-reliance, ethnocentrism, and religiosity on consumer animosity plays an essential role in consumer unwillingness to buy Chinese-made products. Consumer product knowledge moderated the relationship between animosity and unwillingness to buy. Based on these findings, potential managerial actions to account for consumer animosity can be suggested. The current study emphasizes that patriotism exerts the most decisive impact on consumer animosity, followed by self-reliance, making these prime strategic choices for managerial action. While consumer animosity has received attention in the literature, the self-reliance and religiosity of Indian consumers as drivers of animosity have not been tested before. This is important as it demonstrates possible strategic options for managers to pursue. Moreover, within our study's context, Indian consumers' unwillingness to buy Chinese products is a crucial issue as these countries are among the largest economies in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the reception of Chinese ambassadors by Vietnamese dynasties after 938, marking Vietnam's liberation from over a millennium of Chinese dominance. In its diplomatic engagements with Chinese envoys, Vietnam adopted a stance of respect, humility, and conciliation to foster a harmonious relationship with the powerful nation of China. However, alongside these diplomatic efforts, Vietnam consistently strived to enhance its prestige, safeguard its independence, promote self-reliance, and pursue prosperity. This conduct served as evidence that Vietnam was a 'civilized' nation that did not require the 'civilizing' influence of China. Additionally, the article highlights how these diplomatic practices demonstrated the coexistence of two distinct tendencies, namely 'Heavy sinicization' and 'Heavy cultural resistance', as well as the concept of 'dualism' in Vietnam's relationship with China during that era. Those diplomatic behaviors have contributed to shaping Vietnam's diplomatic culture throughout its history of relations with China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promotion of self-reliance for refugees is a well-established policy priority within the global refugee support regime, hosting states and for many refugee-supporting organizations. For urban refugees, there is growing recognition of needs as well as potential for self-reliance support. However, meaningful investments in and commitment to the objective of self-reliance remain insufficient and critiques of the concept as an empty buzzword are many and substantial. This is a dialogue between Kellie Leeson and Boel McAteer, in which they elaborate on empirical examples of self-reliance programmes as either beneficial (Kellie) or counterproductive (Boel) to achieving genuine self-reliance. They conclude that self-reliance can only be wholly achieved alongside full refugee rights. They provide novel views of the concept by framing self-reliance as temporal and pragmatic on the one hand, and, on the other, by highlighting that the "self" in self-reliance often becomes unrealistically accentuated for urban refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicopter parenting during emerging adulthood, a developmental period highlighting autonomy and self-reliance, can undermine college students' well-being. The current study examined the mediating role of emotion dysregulation in the association between helicopter parenting and mental health outcomes among college-aged adults. A sample of 790 college students completed questionnaires on perceived helicopter parenting, emotion dysregulation, depression, social anxiety, and alcohol use. Results generally supported the hypothesized mediation model, but associations depended on the specific helicopter parenting behavior, emotion dysregulation dimension, and mental health outcome. Autonomy limiting was particularly detrimental to all emotion dysregulation dimensions and mental health, whereas information-seeking behaviors may be beneficial to emerging adults' outcomes. Impulse control difficulties and lack of emotional clarity emerged as robust mediators. The findings highlight the importance of disentangling specific helicopter parenting behaviors as well as emotion dysregulation as a mechanism of risk, providing useful clinical implications for the improvement of college students' well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Technology Economics is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractThe United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a framework for global development priorities focused on improving human well-being while protecting the environment. Though a modern initiative, the conceptual roots of sustainability and many SDG themes can be traced back over a century. This paper examines the 19th-century Transcendentalist movement and the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, which established a philosophical and ethical foundation closely aligned with sustainable development values. The study begins with an introduction and a brief background on the UN SDGs, followed by an overview of Transcendentalism and Emerson’s contributions. Emerson’s core principles and values—emphasis on nature, simplicity, self-reliance, and moral obligation—are explored in detail, demonstrating their parallels with the 17 SDGs. The paper then argues that Emersonian philosophy provides a foundational framework for sustainability, offering a unique perspective on integrating these transcendentalist insights into sustainability education. This study shows how American intellectual traditions anticipated today’s environmental requirements, emphasizing transcendentalism’s long-term influence and impact on achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The study offers a unique viewpoint on sustainability by considering transcendentalism’s lasting effect and potential contribution to attaining the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article rethinks the description of college student transitions and offers perspectives for redesigning transition initiatives. Topics discussed include students' sense of community and connection as a factor in college transition, student participation in core activities of the academia to develop skills and facilitate learning, transition as a process of becoming as students deepen their self-reliance and interdependence and engage in acts of self-creation in higher education.

Critical minerals are those minerals that are essential for modern technologies, economic development and national security. Resilent acess to critical minerals is required for low carbon technologies in line with India's COP26(COP26 stands for the 26th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC is a treaty that came into effect in 1994. The COP is the supreme decision-making body of the UNFCCC, and all states that are parties to the convention are represented at the COP.) commitemnts. Critical minerals are distinguished by distinctive chemical and physical properties. Apart from geological processes that determine the physical availability of these minerals there are a host of other factors that influence access to the resources on the ground such as quantity of mineral present, its grade, and the assessment of the optimum methods for mining and processing of ore. Therefore, reliable estimates of the total amount of these minerals that may be available in the Earth's crust are difficult to ascertain at preliminary level of exploration. This implies building capacity at each value chain stage (mineral exploration, mineral extractions, intermediate processing, manufacturing, and recycling). India is dependent on import for many critical minerals including lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Thrust has been given in National Mineral Policy 2019 towards exploration of energy critical minerals, for which the country is mainly dependent on imports. To boost the critical minerals supply chain in India, a number initiative that the government has taken will be discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honor requires that individuals demonstrate their worth in the eyes of others. However, it is unclear how honor and its implications for behavior vary between societies. Here, we explore the tension between competing views about how to make sense of honor–as narrowly defined through self-reliance and self-defense or as broadly defined through strength of character. The former suggests that demonstrating the ability to defend one's self, is a crucial component of honor, while the latter allows the centrality of self-reliance to vary depending on circumstances. To examine these implications, we conducted studies in the U.S., where self-reliance is central to honor, and in Iran, where individual agency must be balanced against the interests of kin. Americans (Studies 1, 2a; n = 978) who endorsed honor values tended to ignore governmental COVID-19 measures because they preferred relying on themselves. In contrast, honor-minded Iranians (Study 2b; n = 201) adhered to public-health guidelines and did not prefer self-reliance. Moreover, honor-minded Iranians endorsed family-reliance, but did not moralize self-reliance (Study 3; n = 107), while honor-minded Americans endorsed family-reliance and moralized self-reliance (Study 3; n = 120). Results suggest that local norms may shape how honor is expressed across cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Conclusions Self‐reliance, emotional control, and honor ideology may prevent help‐seeking when suicidal ideation emerges. Furthermore, these factors are associated with an increased likelihood of firearm ownership and unsecure storage, which could facilitate suicide attempts. The rurality of residence may impact these associations, as rural regions report increased independence, honor culture, and firearm prevalence. Therefore, this study examined how emotional control, self‐reliance, and honor ideology relate to firearm storage and help‐seeking for suicidal ideation, with rurality moderating these associations.Participants were 733 adults (63.6% female, 33.5% male, and 2.9% transgender/other) who reported past‐month suicidal ideation. Analyses tested associations between emotional control, self‐reliance, and honor ideology with help‐seeking for suicidal ideation and firearm storage, with rurality moderating these associations.The association of self‐reliance and decreased help‐seeking willingness for suicidal ideation was significant for those in non‐urban areas. The association of emotional control and decreased help‐seeking willingness for suicidal ideation was significant for those in urban areas. No variables predicted firearm storage.Self‐reliance and emotional control could be barriers for help‐seeking regardless of gender identity that depend on rurality. Clinicians may target emotional control/self‐reliance via strengths‐based approaches with an emphasis on when these constructs could be maladaptive, as this could promote help‐seeking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjective: Prevalence of disordered eating among college students is concerning, but professional help-seeking rates are low. This study examined barriers and facilitators of help-seeking for eating, weight, and shape concerns in this population. Participants: A non-clinical sample of undergraduates (N = 134; 64.7% females; 63.9% White; 61.7% freshman) were recruited from a research pool. Methods: Participants reported on help-seeking barriers, facilitators, intentions, and behaviors, as well as disordered eating, anxiety, and depression. Results: Commonly endorsed facilitators of help-seeking for disordered eating included desire to get better and other mental health issues. Commonly endorsed barriers highlighted themes of self-reliance. Recent and lifetime help-seeking behaviors suggested preferences for informal sources of help. Greater disordered eating predicted more endorsed facilitators of help-seeking, whereas greater depression predicted more endorsed barriers. Conclusion: Findings—highlighting self-reliance and preferences for informal sources of help—can facilitate efforts to better serve students who may be experiencing disordered eating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cundinamarca Department is located in the Colombian Andean region, and features a variety of bovine production systems dedicated to milk, beef or dual-purpose production in cold, warm and temperate climate areas, respectively. This paper analyses the sustainability of a sample of 35 farms (12 dual-purpose, 13 milk production and 10 beef production) located in some of its municipal areas using MESMIS methodology, which evaluated indicators related to social, environmental and economic factors of the systems during 1 year, grouping them by their productivity, adaptability, equity, self-management and resilience. For productivity, adaptability and equity, the dairy systems scored higher than dual-purpose and beef systems, whereas for the indicators of self-management, stability and resilience, the dairy systems scored lowest, while dual-purpose systems were the best. The indicators of economic sustainability increased in proportion to the intensification of the production system, availability of agricultural machinery and added value, resulting in the best scores being obtained by the dairy system and the worst by the beef system. For social sustainability indicators, the best score was obtained by dual-purpose systems, with dairy systems scoring the lowest, while dairy systems scored highest for environmental indicators. The results could be used to endorse public policies to promote the generation of sustainable agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating empirical evidence suggests that citizenship pressure (CP) in the workplace, the pressure to engage involuntarily in citizenship behaviour, has a detrimental effect on both the individual employee and the organisation. Personal coping strategies for dealing with CP can alleviate the negative effects. The purpose of this study was to develop a context-specific, reliable, and valid measure that could assess specific coping strategies individuals use to deal with CP in the workplace. We conducted a comprehensive inductive and deductive methods that included, firstly, a qualitative procedure of interviews, data analysis, and initial scale generation, and secondly, a quantitative process of construct validation of the measure. The factor structure yielded a 16-item measure, based on EFA and CFA, providing initial support for the utility of the measure as a self-report instrument of coping strategies to deal with CP. The analysis revealed a two-factor structure that describes conceptually meaningful patterns of coping: self-reliance vs. reliance on others. The former depicts nine strategies in which employees solely rely on themselves when coping with CP; and the latter depicts seven strategies in which employees rely on others’ advice, support, or empathy to deal with CP. Applications, limitations, and implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how the concept of 'self-reliance' in national defense was shaped and developed during the Park Chung-hee administration in South Korea, particularly through 'intersubjective' negotiations and discussions with the Nixon administration. Since the beginning of the Nixon administration, the Park administration has responded to the new US foreign policy through the standpoint of self-reliant defense, in a situation where the reduction of US forces was the order of the day. This study analyzes how South Korea expressed its intention to obtain the maximum possible concession from the USA during the negotiations on the withdrawal of US forces and their support. Using US and South Korean government documents, the study focuses on the South Korean government's use of 'intersubjective' actions to persuade the USA to achieve its desired goal and on how it handled the negotiations after recognizing that the withdrawal decision could not be reversible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on an ethnographic study of an e-science platform in Sweden to analyse how horizontal gender segregation across sciences plays out in e-science, a borderland in which sciences converge around state-of-the art computational technologies for scientific research. While the convergence of sciences in e-science has the potential to open a non-traditional trajectory to attract women to ICTs, we find that this potential remains untapped. Instead horizontal gender segregation is perpetuated through a) restricted mobility of women from scientific fields with higher gender parity to IT, b) gender friction negatively affecting women in cross-disciplinary e-science, c) a gendered developer/user divide permeating e-science collaborations under 'the logic of domains,' and d) perceived self-reliance in computational tool development across sciences acting as 'gendered boundary work' to strengthen the gendered hard/soft divide in sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article dissects the entanglement of the pandemic fear with anthropogenic destruction in the futuristic novum London creates in his SF novella The Scarlet Plague. By situating the story in its historical and cultural context, the article examines the reliability of Granser's narration of his post-pandemic memory and observes the multi-faceted unsustainability of America at the turn of the 20th century. The article then argues that London actually laments the loss of the transcendental lifestyle based on self-reliance and simplicity, in the hope of reviving it as the remedy both for curing his contemporary social ills and for the world-rebuilding after a possible apocalypse in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Legal & Economic Research / Mağallaẗ Al-Buḥūṯ Al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa Al-Iqtiṣādiyyaẗ is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

By 2030, the EU wants to extract, process and recycle domestically at least 10%, 40% and 25% respectively of the strategic raw materials it consumes. No more than 65% of these rare resources should stem from a single third country. The CRM Act's benchmarks are primarily to be achieved via financially supported strategic projects. In addition, the EU signed raw materials partnerships with nine countries to date. However, the self-reliance targets for raw materials such as rare earth metals seem unrealistic for technical and environmental reasons. Instead, the EU should enter into more partnerships with likeminded countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opinion formation within society follows complex dynamics. Towards its understanding, axiomatic theory can complement data analysis. To this end, we propose an axiomatic model of opinion formation that aims to capture the interaction of individual conviction with social influence in a minimalist fashion. Despite only representing that (1) agents have an initial conviction with respect to a topic and are (2) influenced by their neighbours, the model shows the emergence of opinion clusters from an initially unstructured state. Here, we show that increasing individual self-reliance makes agents more likely to align their socially influenced opinion with their inner conviction which concomitantly leads to increased polarisation. The opinion drift observed with increasing self-reliance may be a plausible analogue of polarisation trends in the real-world. Modelling the basic traits of striving for individual versus group identity, we find a trade-off between individual fulfilment and societal cohesion. This finding from fundamental assumptions can serve as a building block to explain opinion polarisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses and explains food imports from Peru: 1980-2021. The econometric method uses Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) models. The result of the stationarity property of I (0) and I(1) of the variables suggests the use of the ARDL model. The Granger causality result shows that variables explain food imports. The bound test cointegration showed a long-run cointegration to exist between foot imports and income, the real exchange rate, relative prices, price of fertilizers, and institution. The short-run analysis shows positive effects of relative prices and the real exchange rate towards food imports. And in the long-run analysis, we have found a positive relationship between food imports and economic growth. Also, there is a negative relationship between food imports and the growth of the real exchange rate, the price of fertilizers, and the opening of the Free Trade Agreement. Policies for self-sufficiency are recommended through investment policies in human capital for research in fertilizers and alternative organic manures; in financial capital for access to credit for small producers; in social capital, with support for sectors with lower productivity in rural areas to reduce dependence on the international market and the growing demand for food imports that puts food security at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine whether justifying one's own social knowledge (moral, societal, psychological) toward complex social-moral issues through collaborative argumentation was associated with the improvement of social perspective taking for elementary students. A total of 129 5th graders (52% female, Mage = 10.98) from six classrooms in two public schools participated in six weekly collaborative small-group discussions to reason about complex social-moral issues such as social exclusion. Two aspects of knowledge justification were examined: the frequency of knowledge justification and the diversity in perspectives. A Poisson regression with Generalized estimation equation (GEE) revealed that frequency of knowledge justification and diversity in perspectives during collaborative argumentation were associated with pre-post changes in students' social perspective taking, as reflected in individual essays. Findings underscore knowledge justification as a potential mechanism of collaborative argumentation to promote elementary students' social perspective taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing literature has noticed two competing ideas about the state-citizen relationship promoted in China's moral education curriculum: protecting one's freedom and rights, and contributing to and even sacrificing for the country. To reconcile this contradiction, this study uses the framework of 'neoliberalism as exception' to analyze the textbooks of Morality and Laws, the primary teaching and learning materials in China's moral education. Defining neoliberalism as a focus on individual conduct, including self-reliance, self-entrepreneurship, and individual rights and freedom, this study shows how these textbooks selectively employ neoliberal ideas to promote an understanding of personhood where students are expected to not only practice self-reliance but also prioritize collective and national interests over their rights and freedom. This selective adoption of neoliberal tenets contributes to China's economic development and national cohesion, but it risks perpetuating systemic inequity since all students are posited as coming from the same socioeconomic background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the invention of the European Union (EU) common market and the lifting of national border controls produced a mobility-control vacuum within the EU and its member states. Building on ethnographic research in the German city of Munich and symptomatic policy-paper analysis (2013–2021), it traces the emergence of a new policy field that targets 'poverty migration' and 'benefit fraud' in this vacuum. This internal border work builds on transformations of the German social system from an ethos of welfare to active labour-market policy. With the classical toolbox of national migration regimes no longer working for intra-EU movers, their mobility rights and right to residence have been increasingly restricted by making economic self-reliance a conditionality of stay and excluding those not engaged in wage labour or self-employment from welfare services. Social policy is used as a tool for controlling mobility, which we refer to as 'workfare-state borders.' This is because it reinforces the radicalization of the workfare state by either pushing the racialized and migrantized poor into precarious wage labor or depriving them of social protection. This internal border work reconnects meritocratic logics with classical articulations of racism, thus contributing to the finely tuned reinvention of a racial order in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In asking whether China's growing economic power and international economic engagement increases or reduces the highly constrained industrial policy space associated with the contemporary neoliberal mode of regulation of international economic relations, it is argued that Chinese finance enlarges the development policy space as it significantly helps fill infrastructure gaps, while focusing on big clusters of projects in the energy, transport and industry sectors. In addition, it provides finance free of the neoliberal conditionalities attached to Western-centred multilateral and private finance. Regarding trade and investment relations, Chinese agreements are shallow and grant national states the upper hand in relation to behind-border industrial policy measures in striking contrast to core countries' neoliberal trade and investment agreements. Considerable emphasis is placed on the responsibility of the Global South to adopt measures enabling itself to seize the development opportunities derived from China's internationalisation approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the alignment of refugee aid interventions with Cameroon's national policy of emergence, shedding light on an authoritarian government's utilization of international assistance. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, it investigates how international policies aiming at turning refugees into a development opportunity for their host states are managed by an aid-receiving country and strategically leveraged by Cameroonian authorities to strengthen their political apparatus. It explores how the government integrates humanitarian responses with large-scale development policies, while retaining control over strategic sectors. Implementing the emergence policy enables Cameroon to reappropriate international standards, navigating complex donor relations to establish new legitimacy. The analysis highlights the power dynamics and implications of aid interventions within an authoritarian context, demonstrating the state's capacity to transform internal crises into productive forces. This research contributes to a better understanding of the links between refugee aid, host states' domestic and international politics, and migration diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do scientists construct the meaning of science as oppositional to politics? How do the institutional contexts of scientists' work environment, training processes, and peer-group interactions reflect scientists' understanding of scientific practices, rules of the scientific field, and themselves as scientists? I argue that scientists' practice of boundary-work between science and politics is institutionally nurtured by a series of processes, which I call boundary-training. Drawing on ethnographic research at a molecular biology laboratory, this article reveals various tactics of boundary-training. Scientists are trained to routinely consume material infrastructure and produce massive scientific data. They internalize productivity-oriented academic life and valorize controllability in science labs to achieve this goal. Individuals' self-reliance and survival become core virtues of scientific enterprise. All combined, scientists are trained to believe that their works are irrelevant to social and political circumstances. This mundane depoliticization of science contributes to the consequence that the scientific field becoming a more efficient apparatus of political and economic powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]