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Despite a vast body of research on inclusive education, students' perspectives and experiences of inclusive secondary schools have garnered little attention. Yet their perspectives and experiences are central to the development of inclusive schools. To investigate this, we conducted seven group discussions with ninth-year students at German inclusive secondary schools, asking them what makes a school a place where all students can learn well. Using reflexive thematic analysis, we developed three themes (community, justice, and school as a place to live), three cross-thematic areas (limits, teachers, and belonging), and two overarching central discourses (othering and submission to a meritocratic, non-participative school logic). In light of our findings, we argue that inclusive secondary schools still face major challenges vis-a-vis the continuing non-inclusiveness of societies and that students' views can provide valuable insights into key success factors for inclusive secondary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the concept of ethos and its role in promoting justice in society. It distinguishes between a moral ethos, where individuals internalize and act from a particular principle, and a social ethos, where individuals uphold a system of informal social sanctions that increase compliance with a principle. The article discusses the similarities and differences between these concepts in theories of justice and explores the potential conflict between moral motivation and reliance on social sanctions. It also addresses concerns about the role of intentions in acting justly and the potential curtailment of freedom by a social ethos. The article concludes by suggesting that a society characterized by a moral and social ethos would not be radically different from existing societies. [Extracted from the article]

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The paper analyzes Rawls's moral psychology and the claim that a just society must foster a sufficiently strong sense of justice. When Rawls investigates the development of the sense of justice under a just basic structure, he tacitly narrows down the focus: he only demonstrates the development of a sense of justice on the premise that all members of society are already in possession of a full‐fledged sense of justice, save the one individual under investigation. This begs the question, largely presupposing what needs to be explained, namely, how citizens at large develop a sense of justice. Rawls's narrowing of perspective leads to distortions in the analysis of stability, particularly with regard to a property‐owning democracy. However, in lesser known parts of his work, Rawls offers clues for a more plausible account. Here, the idea is that institutions must be structured such that they enable all of us to nurture the sense of justice of each of us. With this idea of collective self‐transformation in place, it becomes clear that economic institutions must be broadly democratized because of their profound educational role. Thus, the choice between a property‐owning democracy and liberal socialism falls more strongly upon the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of the history and current state of the study of legal culture by theoretical and legal science, the definition of the main trends in modern theoretical knowledge of this subject, the rationale for the need for an integrated approach to understanding legal culture and the identification of the most promising areas for future research. It has been revealed that the common content of all definitions of legal culture are such characteristics as observance of the rules of conduct, the presence of moral convictions, possession of legal knowledge and the ability to apply it, responsibility of a person for his own behavior, awareness of legal values, meanings and attitudes. It is noted that common in the content of all definitions of the category «legal culture» are such characteristics as possession of legal knowledge and the ability to apply it, awareness of legal values, meanings and attitudes, the presence of moral convictions and responsibility of the individual for their own behavior, compliance with the rules of conduct. The analysis of elements of legal culture is carried out. Emphasis is placed on the issue of respect for law (law) as recognition of its social value. The maturity of legal culture is an important factor in establishing the principle of the rule of law in all spheres of public life, the implementation of the legal status of the individual, his rights and freedoms.

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Societies concerned with preventing acts of violent extremism often target the ideas that are thought to motivate such acts. The state's use of educational institutions is one mechanism by which those ideas are subjected to challenge. Teaching liberal democratic values to students is one method. Here, David Stevens argues that this model is misguided. First, commitment to violent methods is not primarily driven by the attractiveness of radical ideas themselves, but by material facts and circumstances. Second, an education that ignores the teaching of various socioeconomic values, such as a commitment to a certain degree of material equality and welfare provision, is inadequate as a conception of citizenship. These criticisms are related. Citizens are owed certain resources and commitments as citizens, and grounds for dissatisfaction and violence are reduced when citizens receive the holdings to which they are entitled, and when their fellow citizens recognize and endorse this. Consequently, it is the role of education to teach directively toward the adoption of such socioeconomic values and commitments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the study of the article is the legal foundations of the institution of legal responsibility and the features of its interaction with legal consciousness and legal culture. The goal is to substantiate the need for effective legal regulation of legal liability, taking into account the existing forms of interaction with legal consciousness. The work carried out a comprehensive general theoretical analysis of the institution of legal responsibility and its role in the process of formation and development of the legal consciousness of citizens. The team of authors in the process of studying the place and role of legal liability in the legal system came to the conclusion that there is a relationship between the category under consideration and legal consciousness in the process of implementing legal acts that provide for measures of legal liability. The problem of a low level of legal culture can manifest itself not only in legislative and law enforcement activities. Shortcomings in the implementation of the official interpretation of legal norms and execution of the relevant act in some cases can also cause unlawful consequences, among which are: unlawful prosecution, exemption from liability in violation of established procedures, etc. In the course of the study, a whole set of methods of scientific knowledge was used, among which one can single out: the formal-legal method, the method of comparative legal analysis, systemic, dialectical and others. As a result of the research, it was found that there is a direct connection between the signs of positive responsibility and legal consciousness. In the absence of a high level of legal awareness, which would include both intellectual (views, ideas) and psychological (emotions, feelings) aspects, the implementation of the positive aspect of legal responsibility becomes impossible. It has been proven that positive responsibility, together with legal consciousness, contains volitional and intellectual aspects. The team of authors put forward an opinion according to which the positive responsibility of the individual can be represented as a mental attitude in the form of a sense of duty and the need to fulfill the existing duties to the required extent. Such a sense of duty will be available to the subject only in the absence of a struggle of motives, which is excluded in the developed general legal culture of the individual and society as a whole. Assimilation of the requirements of the law is a prerequisite for the presence of responsible behavior and legal awareness. Based on the results of the study of legal responsibility and legal culture, a conclusion is made about the close interaction of these categories and the need for the legislator to take into account such a connection when exercising his law-making powers. A brief description of positive legal liability with the establishment of its characteristic features is also given. Thanks to the study of the relationship between legal responsibility and legal consciousness, it was revealed that the level of culture will grow if the ideas of social justice, democracy and the rule of law are reflected in law.

Simple Summary: "Moral personality" is required in order to be entitled to justice in John Rawls's theory of justice, a famous and influential theory in political philosophy. The concept of moral personality involves the possession of two "moral powers". One moral power is a capacity for a conception of the good, being a conception of what is regarded as worthwhile in life, while the other is a capacity for a sense of justice. Rawls claims that non-human animals (hereafter, "animals") do not possess these moral powers, and accordingly he omits them altogether from his theory of justice. In this article, I raise doubts about this omission, outlining how at least some animals may indeed possess the moral powers, albeit to a lesser extent than most humans. In this regard, the distinction between humans and animals can be seen as one of degree rather than kind. A proper acknowledgement of animal abilities suggests that Rawls's theory requires alteration to accommodate the position of animals. The relationship between animal rights and contractarian theories of justice such as that of Rawls has long been vexed. In this article, I contribute to the debate over the possibility of inclusion of animals in Rawls's theory of justice by critiquing the rationale he gives for their omission: that they do not possess moral personality. Contrary to Rawls's assumptions, it appears that some animals may possess the moral powers that comprise moral personality, albeit to a lesser extent than most humans. Some animals can act in pursuit of preferences and desires (and communicate them non-verbally), which might be taken as implicitly selecting a conception of the good; further, scientific research demonstrating inequity aversion and social play behaviors suggests that some animals can have a sense of justice relating to their own social groups. I conclude that Rawls's theory needs to acknowledge any animals that can be considered to meet the threshold of moral personality, while the concept of moral personality as a range property may also require reconsideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Modern societies are undergoing various changes, and one of the important areas of change is educational equity and justice. This study aims to explore the state of educational justice and its relationship with violence among secondary school students in Shahrekord, Iran. Methods and Data: The study used survey method. The statistical population consisted of all upper secondary school students in district 1 in Shahrekord (N=5075). The sample was selected based on Cochran's formula. 360 people were randomly selected using cluster sampling technique. A standard violence questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire for educational justice were used for data collection. Findings: The correlation coefficient between conflict, verbal-psychological and physical tactics with distributive, procedural and interactional justice was significant. (p > 0.05). The final model showed that educational justice had a negative effect on violence (-0.460), which was significant at the 0.01 level. Conclusion: There is a significant inverse relationship between conflict, verbal-psychological and physical tactics and distributive, procedural and interactional justice. That is, as educational justice increases, the rate of violence in each of the above three dimensions decreases. This research shows that reducing educational justice leads to an increase in violence among students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, bringing together theory and practice, defines the ways for improving the sense of justice in adolescence; there is also a description of a model for developing sense of justice in the youth prone to behavior deviations.

I make a distinction between moral emotions and moral sentiments, concluding that moral sentiments are a more developed way to reflect and feel in moral contexts. Furthermore, I examine some of the views ethics and moral philosophy have had on the concepts of anger, resentment and indignation, and I relate them with the Rawlsian notion of a Sense of Justice. Thus, I suggest that the Sense of Justice, together with a sense of solidarity, brings together resentment and indignation and channels them into a collective demand for justice and the construction of a common sense thereof.

Social institutions that seek to realize justice must foster the moral disposition to act on the norms of justice. In order to spell out this claim, the paper turns to Hegel's idea of Sittlichkeit (ethical life). In Hegel's framework, the institutions of ethical life have the task of nurturing the 'ethical disposition', something akin to what Rawls calls the 'sense of justice'. This task places particular constraints on institutions. The formation of ethical dispositions requires what I call an 'internal' transformation of the economic sphere, allowing individuals to develop their moral capacities. This stands in contrast to many theories of distributive justice, including Rawls's, which treat the market as a 'black box', whose main virtue is seen in maximizing economic output. By reconstructing Hegel's institutional suggestions systematically, it turns out that Hegel's social philosophy offers convincing arguments for a liberal socialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay begins by offering a brief, but perhaps needed, biographical sketch of John Rawls, so as to foreground very unique personal dimensions of his approach to the question of justice as fairness in terms of the "sense of justice." It is argued that Rawls philosophical motivation was guided by an embodied and felt sense of justice. Then, the author discusses four striking aspects of A Theory of Justice in light of the most recent scholarship on Rawls's development and historical background. The author then discusses the Kantian sources of Rawls project, but also how the both differ. The essay concludes with a consideration of Rawls' claim that A Theory of Justice should be understood as "a philosophical conception for a constitutional democracy." Should we read A Theory of Justice as a theory of justice tout court, or merely as a philosophical explication of the principles that guide constitutional democracies? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article we examined some issues of the influence of historical and political factors on the formation and development of legal consciousness in the Republic of Kazakhstan, and also to identify the place of law in the system of value orientations of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan, we carried out practical research. Legal awareness is not a phenomenon acquired from birth, it develops for a long time and gradually. Legal consciousness is formed as a result of the interaction of the individual in society and the understanding of the received information. Legal consciousness is formed under the influence of various circumstances, current events, specific living conditions and various processes that influence the life of a society. In legal science, it is customary to consider the factors influencing the legal conscious-ness in the following two groups: 1. External (the activities of subjects – creators of legal consciousness). 2. Internal (individual personality characteristics). It should be noted that the process of forming legal consciousness is impossible without the social-ization of the individual, since legal consciousness can only be formed if there is an individual in the social environment and the formation of relations between him and society. A.V. Mudryak justifies the need to consider the factors of socialization as special circumstances or conditions that influence this process. He identifies three groups of such factors: Macrofactors (world, country, state, society) that in-fluence very large groups of people in certain countries, the influence is mediated by two other groups of factors. Mesofactors, conditions of socialization of large groups of people allocated: on a national basis; according to the place and type of settlement in which they live; by belonging to the audience of vari-ous mass communication networks. Mesofactors influence a person’s legal consciousness both directly and indirectly through the factors of the third group. Microfactors. These include circumstances directly affecting specific people – the family, peer groups, the microsocium, organizations in which social edu-cation is carried out – educational, professional, social, religious organizations. (Mudryak, 2000) The article examines some issues of raising legal awareness in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the problems of legal education, corruption and ensuring the rule of law of modern Kazakhstani society.

In the present study, the researchers used the method of analyzing the temporal analysis and secondary data to investigate the difference in mental well-being between the two provinces of Semnan and Kurdistan based on the themes of religion, ethnicity and ethnic culture, sense of justice, and the impact of the social environment. The statistical population of the research was in the qualitative section of 31 experts in the field of humanities in both provinces. According to the results of religion, the important and effective content on the level of mental well-being is the happiness of individuals and this theme is more important among residents of Semnan province.Ethnicity and ethnic culture are more important for the people of Kurdistan province and affect their sense of vitality and happiness and the sense of social solidarity. The theme of the social environment is also due to the more traditional structure, the importance of family structures, kinship and ethnicity on the amount Mental well-being is influential, and its significance and impact is greater among the Kurds. And the final theme of the sense of justice is based on statistics and research, and experts' opinion can not make a big difference in people's mental well-being.

The present study contributes to a vast body of empirical research on the importance of the sense of justice in education. It examines the mediating role of perceived injustice (grades and lecturer-student relations) in ethnic/racial differences concerning trust and identification. The focus is on an ethnically and racially mixed higher-education institution in Israel which provides a venue for the encounter of three distinct and otherwise insular groups of students: Ethiopian-Jews, non-Ethiopian Jews; and Arabs holding Israeli citizenship. The study argues that higher-education institutions' educational features may be conducive to fostering a sense of justice in the classroom, which ameliorates ethnic/racial rifts by promoting trust and identification. A sample of 700 Israeli university students was examined using Structural Equation Modeling. Findings partially support the study's main argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I discuss the relevance of the sense of justice for Rawls’s theory of justice. In the first part, I analyse the interpretation that Rawls offered of moral psychology for evaluating its role in the generation of the sense of justice and the acceptance of the principles of Justice. In the second part, I discuss the difficulties of accepting Rawls's proposal. Finally, I conclude that the research on moral psychology developed by Rawls allows him to recognise a way of supporting his principles of justice that is different from the traditional forms of deductive justification.

The article presents the second part of the psychological study of the identity of corruption criminals. The results obtained by the projective method "color test of relations" in comparison with the data of survey methods presented earlier are presented. The theoretical basis of the study was the value-normative theory of the offender A. R. Ratinov, so the main attention was paid to the analysis of the value system of corrupt officials. Features of realized and unconscious valuable preferences of corruption criminals and law-abiding citizens were revealed, their comparison is carried out. The most and least significant values, defects of legal consciousness are defined.

Results of an empirical research of features of valuable (axiological) reliability of staff of bodies of internal affairs are presented in article. It is shown that the problem of reliability is staticized in the sphere of law-enforcement activity in connection with violations, mistakes and the crimes committed by staff of bodies of internal affairs at interaction with citizens. Within a research task comparison of indicators of the valuable sphere of the identity of the law enforcement officers who are at various stages of a professiogenez and the former police officers condemned for corruption and abuse of office is carried out. Significant differences in valuable orientation between groups of the acting employees and condemned by group in priorities of values of pragmatical orientation, experience of conflictness in realization of values, aspirations to implementation of values of egoistical and prestigious orientation are established. It is suggested that the high importance external (pragmatical), values in values of indicators of persons with the higher education of convicts can act as a marker of risks of reliability.

The aim of this article is to examine the legal, ethical and moral complications shown in Robert Louis Stevenson´s masterpiece, Treasure Island and the short story The Persons of the Tale. At first glance the romance is associated with ethical Manichaeism and puerility. Nothing could be further from the truth. The sympathy towards the criminals and the dislike towards the representatives of the order, betrayal and loyalty, rigor of the legal system and personal gain... All of them are characteristic features of the novel. This analysis shows a shifting moral landscape where the characters of the plot make ethical choice out of the moral and social conventions of society. Of particular interest is the reflection about the function of the representatives of the legal order in the novel. There are not legal institutions on the island. But we are reminded of the presence of the rule of law at all times. Stevenson uses this particular scenario to express a special and suggestive moral code where ambiguity, paradox and contradiction are the dominant pattern. Loyal to his legal and moral roots of Scottish Enlightenment as well as to an Aristotelian framework, Stevenson shows the connection between morals and action.

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Background : Persons justify dishonest behaviour in order to protect their self-perception. The justification has to be so convincing that basic moral values become secondary. The higher number of positive symptom validity tests in assessment situations indicates that the subjective assumption of being unable to engage in employment overrides the moral obligation to provide authentic symptom accounts. Question : Does emphasising moral values, social justice and honesty at the beginning of a socio-medical assessment decrease dishonest answers in symptom validity tests? Method : 93 applicants for reduced earnings pensions were randomly assigned to a test and a control group, which both used the SIMS and BEVA for symptom validation, but either activated moral values beforehand or not. Results : The activation of moral values affected the BEVA but not the SIMS. Conclusion : The activation of moral values supports authentic assessment behaviour. The effect possibly depends on the degree of individual awareness about the deceptive behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that Neil MacCormick's conception of norm-usage makes it necessary to address the concept of the public power of judgement as the key concept for understanding the democratic legitimization of current law. Therefore, firstly I analyse MacCormick's conception of norm-usage, secondly I demonstrate that it leads to the idea of the institutionalisation of judgemental–interpretative practice, and thirdly, I show that the latter paves the way to the public power of judgement. Finally, I argue that this power needs to be elaborated in terms of competencies which are broader than legal skills and legal reasoning, and, further, that these competencies condition the use of both legal skills and reasoning. Importantly, MacCormick's contribution to understanding the public power of judgement—when further developed—may indicate the profound role of comprehending the proper significance of law in a democratic polity and its relationship to the citizenry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Monatsschrift fuer Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Analyzed civilizational and historical factors of public awareness genesis in Ukraine. It is noted that the development of any civilization has two components chrono-vertical and chrono-horizontal. It is alleged that the Ukrainian people’s awareness combines the values of eastern and western cultural and civilizational systems, privileging the second one. Determined features of the Ukrainian people’s legal consciousness in historical retrospective. In this context was analyzed directions of development and was singled features as institutional and non-institutional sense of justice in Ukraine. Emphasized that civilizational and historical development of the Ukrainian people is characterized with stages, inconsistency and cultural features. In its turn, sense of justice in Ukraine based on axiological basis using the following basic constants: patriotism; justice; sense of national dignity; responsibility for the fate of the motherland; awareness of the importance of implementation of individual rights and freedoms in the domestic environment; respect for the rights and freedoms of other nations; recognition of the intrinsic value of Ukrainian culture and language.

This paper discusses a key contemporary problem, that of inequality. Certainly, the most visible inequality today is economic inequality, which is not only a characteristic found today, but is also the result of a long historical development. The problem arises when inequality becomes artificial (produces itself) and thus becomes a matter of social sciences and humanities. At this point, the question of economic inequality becomes a non-economic issue and thus opens the possibility of formulating such principles that will be able to reduce the issue to a minimum. This paper discusses this possibility, while referring to Thomas Piketty’s book on capital in relation to John Rawls’s principles of justice to which Piketty refers to.

Article retractedThe paper presents the features of formation of the sense of justice and legal culture in Dagestan youth. On the basis of sociological poll the author identified the role of the regional factors that have positive influence on the process of formation of legal culture of the Dagestan youth; the author considers the formation of the sense of justice by means of organized legal education in educational institutions.

The widespread assumption that anger is a response to wrongdoing and motivates people to sanction it, as well as the lack of distinction between resentment and indignation, obscure notable differences among these three emotions in terms of their specific beliefs, goals, and action tendencies, their nonmoral or moral character, and the kinds of moral claim implied. We provide a cognitive-motivational analysis of anger, resentment, and indignation, showing that, while sharing a common core, they are distinguishable from one another because they comprise nonoverlapping belief–goal compounds. We also emphasize the usefulness of applying a belief–goal analysis to kin emotions because, by comparison, one can sharpen the analysis and identify the distinctive features of each of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls’s first argument for the inherent stability of a well-ordered society seeks to establish that citizens of such a society would come to share the same or similar senses of justice. In his late work, Rawls significantly revised his second argument for stability, but he repeatedly pronounced himself satisfied with the first. However, the pluralism that so drastically reoriented Rawls’s mature theory also creates destabilizing forces absent in Theory. These destabilizing forces suggest that a shared sense of justice among citizens will be more difficult to achieve. This paper examines Rawl’s late theory in detail to reconstruct how Rawls, despite his stated satisfaction, addressed the destabilizing effects of pluralism through revisions to his first argument for stability. It argues that in his late theory Rawls no longer claims that a well-ordered society could achieve inherent stability. Instead, a more fragile stability is achieved through a disciplined commitment to public reason. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An attempt was made to consider the attitudes of society to the institution of citizens' facilitating to law enforcement agencies and the role of informational and psychological space in the process. We disclosed the legal content and legal basis for the promotion of citizens to entities of operative-search activity. We considered an individual sense of justice from the perspective of legal psychology. We proposed and justified the direction of overcoming the imbalance between the need to counter the criminal phenomena in society and in the presence of a modern information-psychological space factors, neutralizing said reaction. We demonstrate the influence of informational and psychological space to legal attitudes. We presented the results of an empirical study of some elements of justice in students studying psychology and law. The learning process in various specialties is considered as one of the most important elements of informational and psychological space, which has a significant impact on the behavioral attitudes of students in the context of this legal institution

Insufficient knowledge about the impact of parental education on the development strategies of justice of children and adolescents in destabilizing the social conditions of modern society determines the relevance of the author's work. The study involved 64 subjects (39 women and 25 men) aged 24 to 48 years, with minor children, including 30 subjects with a harmonious style of parenting and 34 - with disharmonious style. We used a questionnaire "Analysis of family relationships" (E.G. Eidemiller, V.V. Yustitskis), a technique of studying legal awareness of J. Tapp and F. Levine, as well as specially designed questionnaires, aimed at studying the cognitive (knowledge of parents about legal socialization) and behavioral (conversations on topics of law, reinforcement and punishment of right and wrong actions, monitoring of performance, personal example) components of legal socialization. We obtained new empirical evidence on the relation between the features of legal socialization of children and parent-child relationship, clarified the role of the individual types of parental attitudes in the formation of the legal socialization of children, revealed the factors of parental attitudes that hinder and facilitate the process of legal socialization of children

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The paper examines the issue of the relative value of the lawfor the development of the individual and of the society, basing of B. A. Kistyakovsky’sarticle «In defense of the law» in «Vekhi» a collection of articles on the Russian intelligentsia. The main result of the study is that the issue of law does not belong much to external institutions and factors, but it is rather an internal ethical basis, along with the highest moral values.