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Acute diarrhea is a condition of increased water stool content, stool volume, and number of bowel movements that lasts less than 14 days. Mild diarrhea is usually self-limiting; however, undertreated moderate to severe diarrhea may cause severe dehydration and lead to hypovolemic shock. In order to prevent severe dehydration and treat patients appropriately, it is crucial for health care providers to determine the right diagnosis of patients with acute diarrhea. This article focuses on pathophysiology, general patient presentation, diagnostic tests and differential diagnosis lists of acute diarrhea to discuss which diagnosis should be made based on patient presentation and objective data.

Heat Stroke is a kind of medical emergency that can cause severe dehydration and neurological changes as a result multi-organ injuries or failure could be possible. Heat strokes occur when the body temperature exceeds 40 0C due to external heat and humidity. The liver is widely affected by heatstroke that’s why taking care of patients suffering from heatstroke is very important. Various studies have been reported in the literature regarding acute liver failure but none of the studies discussed acute liver failure during the hospital stay. Patients during their hospital stay will have a higher risk of mortality due to heatstroke. In this paper, an analytical study has been done on admitted patients to a government hospital in India. These patients are suffered from heatstroke from April 2007 to September 2011 and a second time period from July 2018 to September 2019. The sample includes 60 patients with 58 (97%) males having a totaled number of 12 fatalities. The observed International Normalized ratio (INR) parameter is greater than 1.6 and no increased mortality has been noticed, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, were not associated with an increased mortality rate.

Gastroenteritis is one the most common diseases worldwide, and it’s more dangerous in children, although in most time it’s self-limited, it can be fatal in case of children, the most dangerous side of GE is diarrhea and the dehydration that follows it. Since dehydration is the most dangerous symptom of the Gastroenteritis Oral rehydration solutions and even intravenous solution intake (in case of severe dehydration) is the main treatment, followed by symptomatic treatment such anti-emetics or antidiarrheal drugs, although caution should be considered for drugs used in children. The need to make cost-effective diagnostic and treatment decisions, avoid unnecessary investigation and referral, provide long-term effective control of symptoms, and minimize the risk of complications constitute the main challenges that PCPs face. During the last few years, the role of primary care physicians in the diagnosis and management of gastroenteritis has been recognized as very important, and it has been suggested that they have all the available resources in order to ensure high standard of care for their patients. In particular, clearly articulated clinical practice guidelines, effective medications, accurate noninvasive investigations, and evidence-based primary care management plans are available to support PCPs who want to raise their threshold for referring patients with GI symptoms.

The improper display and storage of antique textiles are among the most important risk factors that accelerate the damage and destruction of these textiles.The collectibles, this work aims to document, record, treat and maintain a double robe kept in Al-Diabet stores in Sohag Governorate.In documenting the damage on the garment, the study relied on examination and analysis processes, where examination and analysis were usedScanning electron microscope with X-ray scattering unit (EDX) and spectroscopy with ray spectrometerUnder the red FTIR to identify the most important functional groups, the study also relied on the documentation process on a procedureA microbiological examination of the garment to identify the most important microorganisms that cause damage to the garment.Examinations and analysis The severe deterioration of the flax fibers that make up the garment and the severe dehydration, as shown by the analysis techniques.The fibers used showed a defect in the crystal structure of the fibers as a result of the existing dirt, and the microbiological examination showed the presence ofTwo types of bacterial strains on the dress are Acinetobacter, Bacillus and a group of fungal strainsFrom the family of Aspergillus

Background Patients affected by cystic fibrosis can present with metabolic alkalosis such as Bartter's syndrome. In this case report we want to underline this differential diagnosis and we aimed focusing on the suspect of cystic fibrosis, also in case of a negative newborn screening. Case summary In a hot August -with a mean environmental temperature of 36 °C- an 8-mo-old female patient presented with severe dehydration complicated by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, in absence of fever, diarrhea and vomiting. Differential diagnosis between cystic fibrosis and tubulopathies causing metabolic alkalosis (Bartter's Syndrome) was considered. We started intravenous rehydration with subsequent improvement of clinical conditions and serum electrolytes normalization. We diagnosed a mild form of cystic fibrosis (heterozygous mutations: G126D and F508del in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene). The trigger factor of this condition had been heat exposure. Conclusion When facing a patient with hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, cystic fibrosis presenting with Pseudo-Bartter's syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis, even if the newborn screening was negative.

Dehydration is a condition that occurs when the loss of body fluids exceeds the amount entered in the body so that it can disrupt the balance of minerals in body fluids. Most people do not feel thirsty until finally, they experience a period of severe dehydration, which can cause physical, cognitive, fatigue; if not corrected immediately can cause death. The purpose of this study is to design a dehydration and urine pH detection devices automatically. The contribution of this study is that this device is equipped with urine pH measurement and automatic body fluid calculation. This device is able to detect urine color levels, read urine pH values ​​, and provide information on body fluids needed to treat the patient's condition when detected. The sensors used in this device are color sensor TCS34725, pH meter sensor module SKU-016 and DS18B20 temperature sensor, the calculation of the amount of fluid that must be entered automatically from the patient's body weight input. The programming uses Arduino Nano as the main controller with a 128x64 graphic LCD. From the testing that has been done, it is known that the percentage error in the module is 3.5%, which means that it is still in the tolerance value because the tolerance limit is 5%, for the sensitivity test results get a value of 60% and specificity of 70%. Thus, it shows that the device is feasible and can be implemented as a dehydration detection device that is carried out independently at home.

Nutritional status is an expression of the state of the body that is affected by consumption of food and nutrients. Nutritional status in infants is influenced by both direct and indirect factors. The immediate factor is food intake and disease. This study aims to determine the nutritional status and frequency of diarrhea in toddlers aged 0 to 59 months at the Donggala Health Center in Donggala Regency. This research is a descriptive study that is a study conducted to see a picture of nutritional status in children aged 0 to 59 months at the Donggala Health Center in Donggala Regency. The study population was 78 toddlers suffering from symptoms based diarrhea. The data obtained are secondary data from the Donggala Health Center. The results of this study indicate that toddlers who experience malnutrition and malnutrition as much as 35.9%, over 7.7% nutrition from 78 toddlers. Based on PB / U, toddlers are very short and 35.9% short, toddlers are 7.7% tall. Whereas based on BB / PB, toddlers are very thin and thin 15.4% and there are no toddlers with fat nutritional status. Frequency of diarrhea based on criteria of diarrhea with severe dehydration 16.7%, mild dehydration diarrhea 38.5%, diarrhea without dehydration 37.2% and dysentery 7.7%. The conclusion of this study is that the nutritional status of children under five who suffer from diarrhea based on the indicators BB / U and PB / U mostly 56.4% normal nutritional status. While the results of the BB / PB indicators are mostly toddlers with normal nutritional status (84.6%). The highest frequency of diarrhea based on the criteria of diarrhea with mild to moderate dehydration is 30 people (38.5%).

Cholera still affects about three million people a year and kills approximately 100,000. Cholera can be effectively managed in the majority of cases with oral rehydration solution alone. Up to one third of patients present with severe dehydration, which can be diagnosed clinically, and will require rapid intravenous rehydration with Ringers Lactate or other appropriate fluid before being managed with oral rehydration solution. Antibiotics reduce the duration of illness and should be used in patients with severe dehydration. Resistance is common and local sensitivities should guide the choice of antibiotic. All children between six months and five years should receive zinc supplements. Effective case management with strict attention to detail including infection control and the use of protocolized approaches can reduce the mortality to around 1% even in resource poor settings.

This case was recorded at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya. Oreo cats were found with a state of weakness, severe dehydration, and a lump in the lower abdomen. The results of the physical examination of Oreo cats were diagnosed as having a mammary carcinoma, with a differential diagnosis of inguinal hernia, and mastitis. To confirm the diagnosis, blood tests and X-ray supporting examinations are carried out. From the results of the examination, the results of the blood check showed normal results, but on the X-Ray examination, there was an intermediate opacity on the part of the bulge and no ring was found that led to the hernia diagnosis. The consistency of the bulge at the time of the xray was slightly changed when compared to when the cat was found, where the consistency of the bulge became slightly flaccid accompanied by a yellowish-white discharge from the oreo cat's nipples. Based on the x-ray results that show the presence of intermediate colored opacity and the discharge of cloudy yellow milk, it can be concluded that the Oreo cat has chronic mastitis. Surgery and removal of the mammary glands (mastectomy) are still the best treatment options. In a mastectomy, the incision is performed in an ellipse, prepared from the surrounding tissue, then the nipple is removed.).

During the 1854 cholera outbreak in Florence, Italy, Filippo Pacini documented that the cause of the infection was a bacterium. This conclusion was also independently reached by John Snow during the 1854 cholera outbreak in London. By using an epidemiological method, Snow found that the infection spread through a polluted water network. Snow identified a water pump as the source of the disease. After removing the infected handle of this pump, the cases of cholera rapidly began to decrease. A microscopic examination of the water showed organic impurities but no bacteria. This discovery was ignored during Snow’s lifetime. In contrast, through microscopy during the autopsies of cholera victims, Pacini observed that the disruption of their intestinal mucosa was closely associated with millions of the bacteria that he called Vibrio cholerae . Via histological techniques, Pacini detected that intestinal mucosa reabsorption dysfunction was the cause of debilitating diarrhoea, vomiting, severe dehydration and death. Nevertheless, his discovery of Vibrio cholerae was ignored during Pacini’s lifetime. A survey of Pacini’s autographic manuscripts suggests that Pacini and Snow may have shared mutual knowledge within their respective seminal papers. This survey also facilitates, for the first time, the creation of maps that illustrate the worldwide distribution of Pacini’s cholera papers from 1854 to 1881. The consistent neglect of Pacini’s discovery remains a true enigma.

Ultra-marathons are typically held over harsh terrains such as mountains, deserts, or other wilderness, and place severe demands on the physical and psychological capabilities of participants. Adventure-race competitors commonly report hallucinations. The goal of this study was to gain insight into visual hallucinations (VHs) during a mountain ultra-marathon. Thirty-one Taiwanese runners who participated in the 2018 Run Across Taiwan Ultra-Marathon, which spans 246 km with an altitude difference of 3266 m and an overall cut-off time of 44 h, volunteered for this study. Self-reported questionnaires on sleep duration, hallucinatory experiences, clinical symptoms of cold- and heat-related illnesses, and the 2018 Lake Louise Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) Score were recorded prerace, during the summit, immediately postrace, and 3-days postrace. Hematological samples were collected 1 week before, immediately after, and 3 days after the race. Eight ultra-marathoners (six males and two females; seven finishers and one withdrawer) were recruited. Three out of eight (37.5%) subjects (two males and one female) reported experiencing VHs during the last 60 km. Three out of five (60%) lower-ranked subjects experienced VHs. All eight runners slept for

Historical carpets are representing one of the most artistic treasures, which ought to be saved for the next generations. Therefore, this paper presents scientific strategies to conserve a unique archaeological Carpet, which was kept under uncontrolled storage conditions. The carpet is highly decorated and dates to the modern era, AH 13th / AD 19th. It was stored in Prince Mohammed Ali Palace Museum in El-Manial (Cairo) under no.90 / 112 Record 2. As this carpet suffered from severe damage, an appropriate plan had to be drawn up to restore it properly using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to identify the kinds of dyes, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify mordants. Optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to identify the kind of fibers, their condition, and surface morphology. The AutoCAD program was used to document the whole carpet with all its decorations and aspects of damage. The obtained results confirmed that the threads used in the Carpet are wool fibers; the fibers suffer from severe dehydration, brittleness, and fragility; also, the fibers have cross-slits and thick deposits on the surface. Moreover, the presence of Madder, Indigo, and weld dyes were found. The mordants used were alum, potassium dichromate, and Ferrous sulfate. The deterioration factor was dust alongside the other physical factors. The treatment of the archaeological carpet was performed by removing old erroneous restoration works, Moisturizing fibers, Attempts to dry cleaning, Washing, Drying, Consolidating by fixing on a new linen fabric supporter which was stretched on a wooden frame (according to the Safety requirements), and finally sterilizing by Nano-silver.يمثل السجاد التاريخي أحد أکثر الکنوز الفنية التي يجب الحفاظ عليها للأجيال القادمة. لذلک تقدم هذه الورقة البحثية استراتيجيات علمية لصيانة سجادة آثرية فريدة حفظت في ظروف تخزين غير متحکم فيها. السجادة غنية بالزخارف وتعود إلى العصر الحديث (القرن 13 هـ - 19 م). وقد کانت مخزنة في متحف قصر الأمير محمد علي بالمنيل (القاهرة) تحت رقم 90/112سجل 2. ونظرا للتلف الشديد الذي کانت تعاني منه هذه السجادة کان لا بد من وضع خطة علاج مناسبة لترميمها بشکل صحيح وذلک باستخدام التقنيات الميکروسکوبية والطيفية. فقد تم استخدام التحليل الطيفي بالأشعة تحت الحمراء (FTIR) لتحديد أنواع الأصباغ، في حين تم استخدام حيود الأشعة السينية (XRD) لتحديد المرسخات. کما تم استخدام المجهر البصري والمجهر الإلکتروني الماسح (SEM) لتحديد نوع الألياف وحالتها وشکلها المورفولوجي. واستخدم برنامج الأوتوکاد AutoCAD)) لتوثيق السجادة بالکامل بما تحمله من زخارف ومظاهر تلف.وقد أکدت النتائج أن الخيوط المستخدمة في السجادة هي ألياف صوفية، الألياف تعاني من جفاف شديد وتقصف وهشاشية، ايضا احتواء الألياف على شقوق عرضية وترسيبات سميکة على السطح. علاوة على ذلک ، تم العثور على أصباغ الفوة، النيلة الزرقاء، والبليحة. وکانت المرسخات المستخدمة هي الشبة، ثاني کرومات البوتاسيوم، وکبريتات الحديدوز. وکان عامل التلف الأتربة بجانب العوامل الفيزيائية الأخرى.وتم معالجة السجادة الآثرية بإزالة أعمال الترميم القديمة الخاطئة ، ترطيب الألياف ، محاولات للتنظيف الجاف ، الغسيل ، التجفيف ، التقوية عن طريق التثبيت على حامل کتاني جديد تم شده على إطار خشبي (وفقا لمتطلبات السلامة)، وأخيرا التعقيم بالفضة النانوية.

Background: Children hospitalised with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) are frequently complicated (>50%) by diarrhoea (≥3 watery stools/day) which is accompanied by poor outcomes. Rehydration guidelines for SAM are exceptionally conservative and controversial, based upon expert opinion. The guidelines only permit use of intravenous fluids for cases with advanced shock and exclusive use of low sodium intravenous and oral rehydration solutions (ORS) for fear of fluid and/or sodium overload. Children managed in accordance to these guidelines have a very high mortality. The proposed GASTROSAM trial is the first step in reappraising current recommendations. We hypothesize that liberal rehydration strategies for both intravenous and oral rehydration in SAM children with diarrhoea may reduce adverse outcomes. Methods An open Phase II trial, with a partial factorial design, enrolling Ugandan and Kenyan children aged 6 months to 12 years with SAM hospitalised with gastroenteritis (>3 loose stools/day) and signs of moderate and severe dehydration. In Stratum A (severe dehydration) children will be randomised (1:1:2) to WHO plan C (100mls/kg Ringers Lactate (RL) with intravenous rehydration given over 3-6 hours according to age including boluses for shock), slow rehydration (100 mls/kg RL over 8 hours (no boluses)) or WHO SAM rehydration regime (ORS only (boluses for shock (standard of care)). Stratum B incorporates all children with moderate dehydration and severe dehydration post-intravenous rehydration and compares (1:1 ratio) standard WHO ORS given for non-SAM (experimental) versus WHO SAM-recommended low-sodium ReSoMal. The primary outcome for intravenous rehydration is urine output (mls/kg/hour at 8 hours post-randomisation), and for oral rehydration a change in sodium levels at 24 hours post-randomisation. This trial will also generate feasibility, safety and preliminary data on survival to 28 days. Discussion. If current rehydration strategies for non-malnourished children are safe in SAM this could prompt future evaluation in Phase III trials.

Diarrhea is a disease that is still a health problem in developing countries, especially in Indonesia, one of them. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency distribution and classification of diarrhea occurrences in children aged

Background: Diarrhea causes, annually, approximately 1.7 billion cases and 760,000 deaths worldwide among children under 5 years of age, although these are preventable and treatable. This study aim to assess the cost-effectiveness for the treatment of diarrhea in emergency services in the management of children of acute gastroenteritis with non-severe dehydration. Methods: A stochastic decision tree model considering the perspective of the Brazilian public health system was used to calculate the cost-effectiveness of the 5 interventions: oral rehydration therapy (ORT) at home, and if it fails supervised ORT; they would receive; ORT at home, and if it fails intravenous rehydration therapy (IVT). ORT at home and if it fails, the half of them will receive supervised ORT, and the other half would receive IVT; Patient receives supervised oral treatment; Patient receives IVT. Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was used to measure the clinical outcomes. Results: The strategy of initiating oral rehydration in children younger than 5 is the most efficient practice with a cost of $14.28 and effectiveness of 0.89 QALYs. Conclusion: ORT is an underutilized resource for the management of children with non-severe dehydration in emergency services. The overprescribed IVT increases cost without a corresponding significant increase in effectiveness. Keywords: Cost-benefit analysis, Gastroenteritis, Fluid therapy, Infusions, Intravenous

RESUMEN Objetivos Analizar la relación que existe entre la contaminación de agua por ooquistes de Cryptosporidium spp. y los efectos en la salud de las poblaciones humanas y animales en Colombia. Métodos Es un ensayo de tipo analítico que se centró en la aplicación documentada y analizada, de la metodología de las "Fuerzas Motrices" y el modelo OMS de Determinantes Sociales de la Salud tomando como ejemplo la Criptosporidiosis. Resultados Las "fuerzas motrices" involucradas en la relación entre contaminación de agua por Cryptosporidium spp. y la salud de humanos y animales fueron el aumento en la demanda de productos pecuarios y la producción pecuaria de baja calidad; la "presión" consistió en la mala implementación de prácticas de producción, la invasión de zonas protegidas y de reservas ecológicas, y la disminución de fronteras entre lo rural y lo urbano; el "estado" se basó en la contaminación del suelo y las fuentes de agua, y en la deficiencia en el manejo de las excretas; la "exposición" radicó en la entrada de ooquistes vía fecal-oral, por la contaminación del suelo y el agua, y el "efecto" consistió en una diarrea autolimitante, una deshidratación severa, el síndrome de mala absorción y la muerte. Conclusiones Los ecosistemas pueden mantener poblaciones saludables, pero cuando son mal administrados o rápidamente alterados debido a la presión humana, también pueden estar asociados con la aparición de enfermedades, como la Criptosporidiosis. ABSTRACT Objectives To analyze the relationship between water contaminated with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and its effects on the health of human and animal populations in Colombia. Materials and Methods Analytical essay focused on the documented and analytical application of the Driving Forces Methodology and the WHO model of Social Determinants of Health using cryptosporidiosis as an example. Results The driving forces involved in the relationship between water contaminated with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and human and animal health were increased demand for livestock products and low-quality livestock production. Regarding pressure, it was related to the poor implementation of production practices, the invasion of protected areas and ecological reserves, and the reduction of rural-urban borders. On the other hand, status was associated with contamination of soil and water sources, as well as the deficient management of excreta. Finally, exposure was determined by the entry of oocysts via the fecal-oral route through contaminated soil and water, and effect consisted of self-limiting diarrhea, severe dehydration, malabsorption syndrome, and death. Conclusions Ecosystems can maintain healthy populations, but when they are mismanaged or rapidly altered by human pressure, they can also be associated with the emergence of diseases such as Cryptosporidiosis.

WHO recommended severe dehydration without shock in acute diarrhea to be rehydrated by nasogastric drips (NGD) of oral rehydration solution (oralit). In this respect the criteria of a still palpable and countable pulse, the absence of meteorism and absence of complication, the reverse warranting iv fluid therapy, can be used as practical guidelines to identify the patient "without shock". A clinical trial comparing the result of NGD oralit rehydration therapy to that of intravenous Ringer-lactate on small children with diarrhea and severe dehydration was conducted. Seventy jive patients admitted to the Department of Child Health Palembang General Hospital from January up to July 1986, aged 1 to 59 months, suffering from acute diarrhea with severe dehydration fulfilled to above mentioned criteria. Randomly 36 were assigned to NGD rehydration therapy using WHO standard ORS (in Indonesia is named as oralit) and 39 were rehydrated with iv Ringer lactate solution, given in four hours consisting of 40ml/kg BW, 30ml/kg BW, 20 ml/kg BW and 20ml/kg BW in the first, second, third and fourth hours respectively. Based on the failure rate of rehydration in the first four hours, the recurrence of dehydration after rehydration and the side effects of fluid therapy, it was concluded that acute diarrhea cases with severe dehydration who fulfilled the above mentioned criteria can be rehydrated by NGD oralit as effective and safe as by iv Ringer lactate.

A prospective, multicentre study was conducted in four sentinel surveillance hospitals to assess the trend and epidemiology of acute diarrhea caused by Rotavirus in Vietnam. During the period 2012–2015, a total 8,889 children under 5 years of age were enrolled in the surveillance, and 8689 stool samples were collected. Of these cases, Rotavirus was most common pathogen 46.7% (4054 cases); in which 26.6% (1117) rotavirus-positive stool samples were evaluated to identify genotypes. The proportion of rotavirus positive specimens decreased annually from 54.7% in 2012 to 36.6% in 2015. Rotavirus was detected year-round, but most rotavirus gastroenteritis cases (77.1%) occurred between December and May, corresponding to the rotavirus seasonality. It is found that the peaks varied by regions. Rotavirus positivities varied between the youngest and oldest age, but children 6–11 months old (38.8%) and 12–23 months old (38.4%) counted for most cases. A significant higher number of diarrhea within 24 hours (8.3 times, 95%CI: 8.1–8.4 times) and higher proportion of severe dehydration (12.9%) in Rotavirus positive group than that in Rotavirus negative group (7.7 times, 95%CI: 7.6–7.9 times; and 9.7%, respectively). A downtrend of prevalence of G1P[8] was observed from 82% in 2013 to 15% in 2015. However, G2P[4] was found in 5% of samples in 2012, 9% in 2013, 36% in 2014, and 28% in 2015. Rotavirus infection is the most important cause of acute diarrhea among hospitalized children in Vietnam, and a rotavirus vaccination program for children may significantly reduce this disease.

Introduction Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening illness which classically presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia that can rapidly progress to severe dehydration and altered mental status from cerebral edema. Younger patients may present with subtle or atypical symptoms that are critical to recognize and emergently act upon. Such patients are often cared for by teams in the emergency department (ED) requiring multidisciplinary collaboration. Methods This simulation case was designed for pediatric emergency medicine fellows and residents. The case was a 14-month-old male who presented to the ED with respiratory distress and dehydration. The team was required to perform an assessment, manage airway, breathing and circulation, and recognize and initiate treatment for DKA including judicious fluid administration and an insulin infusion. The patient developed altered mental status with signs of cerebral edema requiring the initiation of cerebral protection strategies. We created a debriefing guide and a participant evaluation form. Results Forty-two participants completed this simulation across seven institutions including attendings, residents, fellows, and nurses. The scenario was rated by participants on a 5-point Likert scale and was generally well received (M = 5.0). Participants rated the simulation case as effective in teaching how to recognize (M = 4.8) and manage (M = 4.5) DKA with cerebral edema in a pediatric patient. Discussion This simulation represents a resource for learners in the pediatric ED in the recognition and management of a toddler with DKA and can be adapted to learners at all levels and tailored to various learning environments.

Each workplace must have its own source of danger which can cause health problems or occupationaldiseases due to the exception of informal sector workers such as brick workers. Health problems that canbe experienced are dehydration caused by exposure to hot working climate. Incidence of dehydration cancause workers to get tired quickly and decrease productivity. The purpose of this study was to analyze thecorrelation between hot working climate with dehydration on bricks workers in one of Mojosulur’s brickhome industries. Methodes of his research is an analytic observational study, with cross sectional design.The subjects of this study were all brick workers in one of the brick home industries in Mojosulur by 30respondents. The results of the study showed that most brick workers were dehydrated, varying in level,both moderate and severe dehydration. The results of statistical analysis show that the correlation coefficient(r = 0.638) which can be interpreted as a work climate factor has a strong correlation with the incidenceof dehydration Conclusion of this research on work climate and dehydration of brick workers in one ofMojosulur’s brick home industries have a very strong correlation.

Clean and safe water is vital for the life and health of human beings. However, there are still millions of people around the world with inadequate clean water sources. Microbiological pollution is one of the most concerned water pollutants and is the crucial cause of waterborne diseases like diarrhea, resulting in about two million deaths annually due to severe dehydration (WHO in Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Incorporating the first addendum, WHO, Geneva, 2017). It is critical to develop methods using advanced materials and process to mitigate contaminants from water resources. Production of safe water usually involves disinfection and decontamination processes. Conventional disinfection process, such as chlorination, is challenged by the formation of disinfection by-products. Furthermore, the presence of emerging pathogenic, that resist conventional water treatment techniques, raised the crucial necessity for emerging materials and techniques for treating water from microbiological pollution (Shannon et al. in Nature 452:301–310, 2008). This chapter describes bacterial, viral, and protozoal microbiological pollution in water supplies and the application of emerging materials and techniques to eliminate such contaminations.

Dehydration is a condition where the body are lack of fluids. It is because the amount of fluid that enter in the body is less of fluid than the discharge. Dehydration is something that cannot be ignored. The high incidence of dehydration is due to the difficulty of seeing the signs and symptoms of dehydration for ordinary people. This tool is designed to handle the level of human dehydration by seeing whether the urine is normal or abnormal, whether is it mild dehydration, or severe dehydration. It can handled based on the color of the urine using a tool named Light Emitting Diode Sensor (LED) and a light dependent resistor (LDR). Tool innovation is the use of rechargeable batteries and a charger module to make it easier for users to recharge exhausted batteries. On the LCD also displays the proportion of the battery to make it easier for users to see the remaining battery weaponry. This tool is expected to be able to check the dehydration among the public in order to achieve the public health status. After the process of designing, testing, collecting and analyzing data on 15 samples and reading 20 times for each sample, the result is that the tool can work well, can measure the level of dehydration according to the human urine with an average value of 62.10. The reading results that appear on the LCD are the same or according to the level of dehydration shown on the urine color chart.

A 2-year-old child is admitted to a small emergency hospital in rural Mozambique with severe dehydration from vomiting. His mother thinks that her child has eaten poisonous mushrooms. They have travelled by bus for over 7 h. The child is listless, dehydrated with cold extremities. You ask for an IV solution but are told that the hospital has none at the moment. The child refuses both oral fluid and a nasogastric tube. Both these treatment options are not considered to be safe, as the child, being so listless, may most likely not be able to protect his airway.

Background: Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children below five years. Objectives: The aim of this study to evaluate the prevalence of rotavirus among children with diarrhea, the efficacy of Rotavirus Rapid Test Device (RTD)and ELISA and evaluate the relationship between the demographic agent and clinical presentation associated with rotavirus. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at AL-Batool Teaching Hospital in Baqubah, from the first of April 2019 to 31 of March 2020, on (300) children with diarrhea below five years of age. The patients included (n=161, 53.6%) males and (n=139, 46.3%) females. The patient’s age, gender, living area, season, mode of feeding, source of water supply and sterilization, were collected through a questionnaire prepared for this study. The Rapid Test and ELISA are used for the detection of rotavirus in fecal specimens. Results: The rotavirus antigen was detected in (47.33%) stool specimens by the ELISA test and (59%) by Rotavirus Rapid Test Device (RTD) from (300) children with diarrhea and high infection in the age group between 13-24 months at the rate (49.40%). The highest infection rate in spring was (56.00%) and lower in summer (33.33%). The infection males more than females (42.24% vs. 39.57%). High significant infection among children living in rural areas (55.68%) compared to those living in urban areas (35.48%). According to the clinical features, the results showed the rate of rotavirus infection in children with fever was (54.90%), vomiting (42.03%), those suffering from severe dehydration (48.85) some dehydration 78 (46.15%), however, rotavirus infection was significant with fever only.

To report rotavirus-associated AGE (AGE) profile of admitted children among vaccine-introduced areas in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. This study was conducted between 2016 and 2019 at the Capital Hospital, Jagannath hospital and Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital. All AGE patients below five years old, hospitalized in the study facilities were enrolled. A stool sample was collected and transported to the central laboratory (Christian Medical College, Vellore) for rotavirus antigen detection and genotyping. Clinical and demographic information was collected using a predesigned case report format (CRF). Out of the 1213 stool samples, 447 (36.9%) were identified to have rotavirus with 350 (78.3%) of them belonging to 6 mo to 2 y age group. Rotavirus gastroenteritis exhibited a single peak from November to February. A total of 414 (92.6%) of rotavirus gastroenteritis children had severe or very severe dehydration with odds of rotavirus diarrhea leading to severe dehydration being 1.5 (95% CI, 1–2.4) compared to moderate dehydration. The common genotype combination was G3P[8] (46%) followed by G1P[8] (19%), G2P[4] (5%), and G9P[4] (3%). Rotavirus gastroenteritis peaked between December to February while the most common genotype combination among the rotavirus GE was G3P[8] and G1P[8]. The present study provides the clinical profile of admitted children in the hospitals with diarrhea and the circulating strains of rotavirus which will help in documenting the epidemiology and the performance of vaccine against the disease in the state.

Background: Dehydration can be compensated for by the body. However, if it occurs persistently, it can cause concentration problems, thermoregulation disorders, kidney damage, and other life-threatening disorders such as cardiovascular disorders. Urine color is a simple indicator to assess a person’s hydration status. The purpose of this study was to explore the hydration status of employees working in Bandung, Indonesia. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from March to November 2019. This study was a part of another study exploring urine color levels. Urine was collected on Sunday morning when the employees were free. Water intake and workload before urine examination were not taken into account. Hydration status was divided into three categories: well-hydrated, mild/moderate dehidration, and severe dehydration. A total sampling method was used to collect data. Results: In total, 178 subjects who met the study criteria participated in the study. The majority of respondents were 40-79 years old, male, did not have hypertension or diabetes, and active smokers. Most respondents experienced severe dehydration (44.7%) although 58.1% had consumed ≥8 glasses of water/day. Conclusion: More than half employees have consumed adequate amount of water; however, the majority are severely dehydrated when assessed based on their urine color. Further study on the balance of water intake and excretion is needed to explore the phenomenon of dehydration in the morning.

Athletes use different combinations of weight loss methods during competition preparation. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize pre-competition weight loss models, which describe these combinations. The second aim was to determine if any existing model pose a higher risk of severe dehydration and whether any of the models could be continued as a lower-risk option. The third aim was to explore whether athletes who used different weight management strategies could be differentiated based on age, sex, training experience or anthropometric parameters. Study participants were randomly selected from Olympic taekwondo competitors and 192 athletes were enrolled. Active (47% weight-reducing athletes), passive (31%) and extreme (22%) models have been described. In the extreme model, athletes combined the highest number of different weight loss methods (3.9 &plusmn, 0.9 methods vs. 2.4 &plusmn, 0.9 in active and 1.5 &plusmn, 0.6 in passive), reduced significantly more body mass than others (6.7 &plusmn, 3.5% body mass vs. 4.3 &plusmn, 1.9% and 4.5 &plusmn, 2.4%, p &lt, 0.01) and all of them used methods with the highest risk of severe dehydration. The active and passive models could be continued as a lower-risk option, if athletes do not combine dehydrating methods and do not prolong the low energy availability phase. The extreme model carried the highest risk of severe dehydration. Every fifth weight-reducing taekwondo athlete may have been exposed to the adverse effects of acute weight loss. Taekwondo athletes, regardless of age, sex, training experience and anthropometric parameters, lose weight before the competition and those characteristics do not differentiate them between models.

Introduction: After the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus 19 disease (COVID-19), pediatric involvement has been seen as case reports with various initial symptoms. Case Presentation: Here, we report a 2-months old boy with severe dehydration, fever, and electrolyte imbalance with lung involvement compatible with COVID-19 in the Northeast of Iran (North Khorasan). Conclusions: Pediatric case reports in COVID-19 are limited, and it seems that the disease has a milder course compared to the adult patients, but the range of the clinical features is wide.