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The objective of this study was to investigate influences of polyvinyl alcohol/ hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose/roselle anthocyanin–based (PHR) film on shrimp biochemical and flavor profiles. PHR films led to better preservation behaviors, and the film contained the highest anthocyanin contents exhibited the best biochemical properties with total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content of 47.87 ± 3.57 mg/100 g, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value of 0.55 ± 0.05 mg MDA/kg, and total viable counts (TVC) value of 6.63 ± 0.11 log CFU/g. The PHR film had obvious effects on the metabolism pathway of flavor compounds. It could modify flavor profiles by increasing pleasant components such as glutamate, glycine, decanal, and 3-methylbutanal, while decreasing the off-related components like histidine, indole, and trimethylamine. Furthermore, the characteristic flavor markers which were highly correlated with chemical spoilage indexes were identified, and their concentration variations suggested that PHR film could affect their formation and release behavior. Meanwhile, the possible mechanism of PHR film in shelf-life prolongation and flavor profile enhancement was proposed. In conclusion, the PHR film had promising potentials in extension of shelf-life and modification of flavor profiles of refrigerated shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the total phenol content (TPC) and DPPH inhibition of ulvan from Ulva lactuca, along with its supplementation effects on the specific growth rate (SGR) and phenoloxidase (PO) activity of Litopenaeus vannamei. Ulva lactuca samples were processed to obtain four ulvan extracts using different methods such as P-HWE (Polysaccharide-Hot Water Extract), O-HWE (Oligosaccharide-Hot Water Extract), P-A-HWE (Polysaccharide-Acid-Hot Water Extract), and O-A-HWE (Oligosaccharide-Acid-Hot Water Extract). The U. lactuca powder was treated with 80% ethanol overnight, then centrifuged and dried. Depigmented U. lactuca was extracted with water (65°C, 2 hours), and polysaccharides were precipitated with 99% ethanol, yielding P-HWE. P-HWE was heated at 145°C for 4.5 hours to yield O-HWE. Another extraction after depigmentation, using water containing H2O2 and ascorbic acid (65°C, 2 hours), precipitated P-A-HWE, which was dried and heated to yield O-A-HWE. FTIR analysis provided insights into the chemical composition and structural characteristics of ulvan extracts. TPC and DPPH inhibition were measured spectrophotometrically, and PO activity using a colorimetric assay with L-DOPA. Ulvan supplementation in shrimp feed was evaluated for growth and immune response. Results showed significant differences in TPC, DPPH inhibition, and PO activity among extracts, with O-A-HWE having the highest phenol content and DPPH inhibition. Ulvan supplementation significantly influenced the SGR of L. vannamei, with the highest SGR in the O-A-HWE treatment. This study suggests that ulvan extracts, especially O-A-HWE, could be effective natural immunostimulants for enhancing the health and growth of L. vannamei, warranting further research to optimize extraction methods and understand the underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem with superintensive vannamei shrimp cultivation is the increase in N and P concentrations which can cause eutrophication and blooming algae. Therefore, this research aims to obtain data and information regarding plankton dynamics and water quality in super intensive vannamei shrimp cultivation at different densities. The research used 3 pond plots with a shrimp density of 750 individuals/m2 (A); 1,000 heads/m²; and 1,250 heads/m2. Plankton data was collected through observation by filtering pond water at five points using planktonnet no. 25, 20 liters at 5 sampling points or 100 liters of water per plot, and sampling was carried out every 7 days. The results of statistical analysis show spearman correlation analysis showed that shrimp density did not have a significant effect on plankton abundance, phytoplankton abundance, zooplankton abundance, TAN, NO2, NO3, PO4, and TSS because the sig value. 2-tailed P > 0.05. however, the abundance of phytoplankton had a significant influence on the abundance of zooplankton (P < 0.05). while zooplankton abundance was influenced by NO2 (P < 0.05). The close relationship between shrimp density and the abundance of plankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and water quality (TAN, NO2, NO3, PO4, and TSS) is very low (-0.85-2.79). positive and very close correlation between plankton density, phytoplankton density and zooplankton density (0.68-0.956), and negative correlation with water quality (TAN, NO2, NO3, PO4, and TSS). This causes the distribution of low levels of diversity (H) and evenness (E), so that the average dominance index is below 1, which indicates the absence of dominant individuals. Therefore, in the three treatments no dangerous plankton blooming was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on 120 specimens of the shrimp Palaemon elegans collected in intertidal zones in eight selected areas. This study aimed to assess the suitability of P. elegans as a bioindicator of natural and anthropogenic marine pollution. Metal concentrations of aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were measured in shrimp collected from various sites in the Canary Islands, including areas affected by volcanic activity, industrial activity, and control zones. The determination of metal concentrations was conducted using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry (ICP-OES). The results showed significant differences in metal concentrations across the studied sites, with the highest levels of Al, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn observed in areas impacted by the Tajogaite volcanic eruption and harbor activity. Sites near old landfills and sewage pipes also exhibited elevated levels of Cd, Cu, and Pb, indicating strong anthropogenic influence. Al was found in the highest concentration in Harbour, reaching 25.7 ± 6.2 mg/kg, while the lowest concentration was observed in Control Lp at 11.5 ± 0.69 mg/kg. Conversely, lower metal concentrations were detected in control zones and areas with high dinoflagellate presence, suggesting a potential role of bioremediation by marine phytoplankton. The ability of P. elegans to accumulate metals in its tissues, particularly in areas of high pollution, highlights its potential as a bioindicator species. This study underscores the importance of P. elegans in monitoring marine pollution and provides insights into the environmental impact of both natural and human-induced contamination on coastal ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp aquaculture has been growing rapidly over the last three decades. However, high-density aquaculture together with environmental degradation has led to increased incidence of shrimp infections. Thus, devising and implementing effective strategies to predict, diagnose and control the spread of infections of shrimps are crucial, also to ensure biosecurity and sustainability of the food industry. With the recent advancements in biotechnology, more attention has been given to develop novel promising therapeutic tools with potential to prevent disease occurrence and better manage shrimp health. Furthermore, owing to the advent of the next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms, it has become possible to analyze the genetic basis of susceptibility or resistance of different stocks of shrimps to infections and how sustainable aquaculture could be made free of shrimp diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic phosphates have been used in shrimp feeds to meet phosphorus (P) needs, which may be quantitatively affected by the dietary content of P and other minerals and digestibility. In the present study, performance and digestibility were determined simultaneously in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during the grow‐out period (4–23 g ind wt). Shrimps were fed plant‐based diets supplemented with different phosphate ingredients: monosodium phosphate (MSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), magnesium phosphate (MgP), and monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The total P level in test diets was 0.79%. MSP supplementation was tested at two dietary calcium:phosphorus ratios to check for possible effects upon shrimp performance and digestibility. A negative control diet was tested with a similar formulation without inorganic phosphate supplementation (0.47% total P). Shrimp was reared in a recirculated clear water tank system (35 ppt salinity, 30°C, 100 individuals/m3) with continuous feeding provided by automatic pellet delivery. Feces were sampled 4–5 times daily throughout the trial. A negative control diet produced P limitation and significantly reduced shrimp performances compared to P‐supplemented diets (P < 0.05). Performance of shrimp‐fed diets containing inorganic phosphates varied for feed conversion rate: 1.24–1.34, survival: 87%–94%, growth: 2.50–2.59 g/week, and no significant difference was found among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Inorganic P supplementation resulted in significantly higher dry matter, crude protein, ash, and P apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) compared to P limited negative control diet (P < 0.05). In addition, reduced P ADC (P < 0.05) was checked with higher dietary Ca:P ratio. Phosphorus digestibility in test diets showed significant differences: MSP > MCP, MgP, and MSP + CaCO3; MAP > MSP + CaCO3 (P < 0.05). Digestible P (%) could then be calculated in test diets: MgP (4.77 g Pdig/kg of feed), MSP + CaCO3 (4.81 g Pdig/kg of feed), MCP (5.0 g Pdig/kg of feed), MAP (5.13 g Pdig/kg of feed), and MSP (5.30 g Pdig/kg of feed). Digestible P in phosphate sources (%) could then be calculated: 88.2% MSP, 84.2% MAP, 79% MCP, 72.2% MgP, and 71.8% MSP + CaCO3. Shrimp whole body and exoskeleton phosphorus content also showed significantly higher values in P‐supplemented diets compared to control, regardless of the source tested (P < 0.05). It is concluded that tested phosphates were suitable for feeding juvenile shrimp with MSP, MAP, and MgP diets showing high feed efficiency, while MSP and MAP diets resulted in numerically increased growth, coinciding with numerically higher P digestibility in these phosphates. The elevated P digestibility in the phosphates seems related to their water solubility, though MgP, less soluble and digestible in comparison to MSP and MAP, could also produce good performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The genetic basis underlying spawning abilities in the Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, remains largely unexplored. To investigate genetic variations potentially related to reproductive performance, a systematic bioinformatic analysis was conducted to identify structural variations (SVs) with different polymorphic spectra in P. vannamei with high fertility (HF) and low fertility (LF). Results: A total of 2,323 and 1,859 SV events were identified exclusively in the HF and LF groups, respectively. These SVs were mapped to 277 genes in the HF group and 231 genes in the LF group. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis based on SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism) and SVs revealed several neural-related processes, suggesting the importance of neural regulation in reproduction. Notably, we identified a set of promising genes, including Cttn, Spast, Ppp4c, Spire1, Lhcgr, and Ftz-f1, which may enhance fertility in shrimp. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study is the first to establish a link between SVs and reproductive traits in P. vannamei. The promising genes discovered have the potential to serve as crucial markers for enhancing reproductive traits through targeted genotyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been extensive research within the scientific community on deep eutectic systems due to their remarkable versatility in solubilizing diverse substances and serving as effective solvents in catalytic processes. While initially regarded as non-toxic, a comprehensive toxicological assessment is essential to comprehend their behavior within organisms. In this study, seven distinct systems, composed of N,N,N-triethyl-N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)ammonium chloride (N00Cl) and glycerol-derived ethers with alkyl chains of varying lengths (100, 200, 3F00, 300, 3i00, and 400), in a 1:2 molar ratio were investigated for their aquatic toxicity in shrimp (Palaemon varians). The assessment involved analyzing oxidative stress biomarkers such as glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and lipoperoxidation (MDA content). Results show an odd–even effect for LC50 values being N00Cl-300, the system showing higher values. Regarding oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant capacity in the organisms has been observed, suggesting significant toxicity to shrimps due to the changes in oxidative stress biomarkers at high concentrations. However, at 100 mg/l all systems can be considered environmentally safe, and no negative impacts are expected on aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) technology enables the acquisition of acoustic information from aquatic organisms without causing disturbance or harm, facilitating various ecological studies and aiding in the management of aquaculture activities. As shrimp aquaculture technology advances, the industry's scale and density are increasing. However, challenges such as low feed utilization and water quality deterioration have severely constrained the rapid development of the industry. PAM technology can be used to study sound in the environment by using it to understand shrimp feeding behaviour, guide feeding decisions, and implement intelligent automated feeding systems, thereby improving feed utilization and mitigating water quality deterioration problems. This article primarily discusses how shrimp feed, the factors affecting their feeding, and the acoustic characteristics of the feeding process, and reviews the latest research progress and application of PAM technology in detecting acoustic signals of shrimp feeding, as well as the challenges faced by the technology in its development. The advantages and limitations of PAM technology in shrimp aquaculture are analyzed, and the future development direction is proposed to address the problems of this technology. To provide a reference for the automatic feeding system to move towards intelligence, to promote the sustainable development of shrimp aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the dark, expansive habitat of the deep sea, the production of light through bioluminescence is commonly used among a wide range of taxa. In decapod crustaceans, bioluminescence is only known in shrimps (Dendrobranchiata and Caridea) and may occur in different modes, including luminous secretions that are used to deter predators and/or from specialised light organs called photophores that function by providing camouflage against downwelling light. Photophores exhibit an extensive amount of morphological variation across decapod families: they may be internal (of hepatic origin) or embedded in surface tissues (dermal), and may possess an external lens, suggesting independent origins and multiple functions. Within Dendrobranchiata, we report bioluminescence in Sergestidae, Aristeidae, and Solenoceridae, and speculate that it may also be found in Acetidae, Luciferidae, Sicyonellidae, Benthesicymidae, and Penaeidae. Within Caridea, we report bioluminescence in Acanthephyridae, Oplophoridae, Pandalidae, and new observations for Pasiphaeidae. This comprehensive review includes historic taxonomic literature and recent studies investigating bioluminescence in all midwater and deep benthic shrimp families. Overall, we report known or suspected bioluminescence in 157 species across 12 families of decapod shrimps, increasing previous records of bioluminescent species by 65%. Mounting evidence from personal observations and the literature allow us to speculate the presence of light organs in several families thought to lack bioluminescence, making this phenomenon much more common than previously reported. We provide a detailed discussion of light organ morphology and function within each group and indicate future directions that will contribute to a better understanding of how deep‐sea decapods use the language of light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aquaculture automation system (AcAS) is a user-friendly single-window unit. This allows end users to monitor and control the entire system easily through a built-in, customizable graphical user interface. AcAS was designed for simplicity, making it easy to configure and use. This system was integrated with highly efficient industrial-grade environmental sensors (pH, conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, and dissolved oxygen) to ensure precise and error-free results in harsh environments. It can also store user and system data in an built-in memory device. It is equipped with built-in Wi-Fi, LoRa/ZigBee, and 4G/5G modules for data transfer, making it compatible with modern communication technologies. The program was programmed to be farmer-friendly and helped farmers maintain optimal shrimp growth conditions by monitoring various parameters. AcAS takes corrective measures as required, and provides updates to farmers through a graphical display unit. Farmers can also configure devices to receive alerts for important field parameters or alarm conditions. Therefore, AcAS enhances the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture farming by enabling precise control of farming conditions and proactive management of aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation, specifically phytase and protease, in fish meal–free and phosphorus-limited diets for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei through two feeding trials. The trials aimed to assess shrimp growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility simultaneously in a clear-water recirculating tank system (34 ppt, 30 °C) employing a continuous feeding regime, with feces being collected on a daily basis throughout the feeding trials. In the first feeding 50-day feeding trial shrimp (3.4 g initial body weight) were fed diets supplemented with phytase (1000 and 2000 FTU/kg) and phytase together with protease (1000 FTU/kg + protease and 2000 FTU/kg + protease), in addition to animals fed a positive control (supplemented inorganic phosphate) and a negative control diet without supplementation. In the second shrimp feeding trial (4.3 g initial body weight), in addition to negative and positive controls, shrimp were fed increasing levels of phytase (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 8000 FTU/kg) over a 42-day experimental period. Both feeding trials showed beneficial effects phytase addition compared to the negative control, with significant improvements (P < 0.05) observed at dietary phytase levels of 2000 FTU/kg and above. Gains were obtained in growth performance (observed weekly growth of 1.46 and 1.86 g/week for shrimp fed the negative control and diet supplemented with 3000 FTU/kg, respectively), and apparent phosphorus digestibility increasing from 41.7% in animals fed the negative control diet to 52.9% in animals fed the 3000 FTU/kg supplemented. Results indicated that phytase supplementation yielded significant improvements in shrimp growth performance and phosphorus digestibility compared to the negative control. Notably, the observed benefits were evident at specific dietary phytase levels. However, the addition of protease supplements did not demonstrate any discernible effects on shrimp performance under the experimental conditions. Overall, these findings underscore the potential of phytase supplementation as a means to enhance nutrient utilization and promote optimal growth in L. vannamei. Further investigations are warranted to explore the full range of benefits and mechanisms associated with protease supplementation in shrimp diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation in a biofloc system on growth performance, whole‐body proximate composition, whole‐body fatty acids, nonspecific immune parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, digestive enzyme activity, and gut microbiota of brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, were investigated. Shrimp were fed five diets containing different levels of MOS doses (MOS0: basal diet, MOS1: 0.1%, MOS2: 0.2%, MOS3: 0.3%, and MOS4: 0.4%) during the 90‐day trial. The results indicated that all MOS‐supplemented shrimp showed significantly higher growth rates and better feed utilization than shrimp fed the control diet. Experimental diets had varying effects on the nonspecific immune parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities, indicating that MOS supplementation resulted in significant differences in the parameters except for respiratory burst activity. Significantly higher protease activity was observed in shrimp fed MOS1 and MOS2 diets compared with MOS0, MOS3, and MOS4 diets. Shrimps fed MOS2 and MOS3 diets had the highest lipase and amylase activities among all groups. Proteobacteria were the most abundant phylum in all groups and were higher at increasing MOS doses. In conclusion, these results suggest that supplementing the diet of brown shrimp in the biofloc system with 3 g kg−1 of MOS may improve production parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of Navicula sp. to shrimp nurseries can improve the growth of Penaeus vannamei reared in biofloc systems. However, the contribution of microalgae to the biofloc formation and the effective contribution to shrimp nutrition remain unknown. In this study, Navicula sp. was added to biofloc nursery systems of P. vannamei at distinct time frequencies for evaluating its nutritional contribution to shrimp growth. Nursery rearing was carried out in bioflocs for 35 days at a stocking density of 3000 post-larvae m−3. Shrimp were fed using a commercial feed plus fresh culture of Navicula sp. at different frequencies: no addition of Navicula sp. (WN – control), the addition of 10 × 104 cells mL−1 of the diatom every 5, 10 and 15 days (N5, N10 and N15, respectively). Food sources relative contribution to P. vannamei development was estimated using a Bayesian mixture model. The isotopic discrimination factor (Δ15N and Δ13C) for each food source was determined experimentally. After 35 days of culture, survival (∼93 %) was similar across all treatments but there was a significant difference in weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The N10 treatment (0.50 ± 0.05 g, 0.99 ± 0.01) exhibited better growth parameters when compared to the WN treatment (0.33 ± 0.07 g, 11.46 ± 0.30). Biofloc was the food source most assimilated by shrimp followed by Navicula sp. and commercial feed. Contribution of Navicula sp. was higher in the N5 treatment. In the treatments with diatom addition, an inverse correlation was observed between the relative contributions of biofloc and Navicula sp., indicating that Navicula sp. is not in the biofloc composition, but it is directly consumed by P. vannamei post-larvae. Biofloc and Navicula sp. exhibited larger contributions to the growth of shrimp, reinforcing the importance of natural food sources to the aquaculture of P. vannamei post-larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp and shelled pteropods are ecologically important organisms that can produce significant amounts of water column backscatter. Few studies have experimentally measured both target strength (TS) and scattering model inputs for individual shrimp and shelled pteropods, especially from the meso- and bathypelagic. We captured animals from net trawls throughout the northeast Pacific and northwest Atlantic continental shelves between 2016 and 2020. We measured morphology, density and sound speed contrasts, and broadband TS (35–75, 110–230 kHz) from tethered individuals at sea and on land in scientific aquaria. Experimentally measured TS was used to test scattering model performance. Differences in measured mean length-to-radius ratios and density contrasts of epipelagic shrimp (10–13 and 1.02–1.03) were statistically greater than for mesopelagic species (8–9 and 1.04–1.05). Differences between predicted and measured shrimp TS averaged over measurement bandwidths were <2 dB, which is similar to previous studies. Conversely, pteropod TS model predictions differed from measurements by >4 dB, with species with elongated shapes having larger differences, likely due to shell shape and uncertainty surrounding material properties. Widely used physics-based acoustic scattering models may significantly underestimate uncertainty in TS predictions for these animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is one of the most serious diseases, leading to massive levels of death in marine shrimp. To achieve sustainable prevention, molecular breeding is a promising approach that requires DNA markers for genetic selection. The aim of this study was to identify DNA markers associated with the AHPND-tolerant phenotype in Litopenaeus vannamei using DArT sequencing and a genome-wide association study. The post-larval shrimp were examined for infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which causes AHPND (VpAHPND), and examined for AHPND susceptibility and tolerance. DNA markers were identified in 93 individuals, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (InDels). We found a number of filtered SNPs and InDels, while only four SNPs and 17 InDels were significantly associated with the trait of AHPND tolerance. This information could be useful as a genetic tool for the selection of AHPND-tolerant shrimp. Shrimp aquaculture is facing a serious disease, acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by Vibrio paraheamolyticus (VpAPHND). For sustainable shrimp aquaculture, massive losses of shrimp infected with VpAPHND must be prevented. Research and selection of shrimp tolerant to VpAPHND infection is a sustainable approach to reducing the risk of AHPND. This study focused on the identification and development of potential DNA markers associated with AHPND using DArT sequencing (DArTSeq) and a genome-wide association study. Three populations of post-larval Litopenaeus vannamei were immersed in VpAPHND to collect susceptible (D) and tolerant (S) samples. The 45 D and 48 S shrimp had their genotypes analyzed using DArTSeq. A total of 108,983 SNPs and 17,212 InDels were obtained from the DArTseq data, while the biallelic 516 SNPs and 2293 InDels were finally filtered with PIC < 0.1, MAF < 0.05, and a call rate ≥ 80%. The filtered variants were analyzed for their association with AHPND tolerance. Although there were no significantly associated SNPs and InDels above the Bonferroni correction threshold, candidate variants, four SNPs and 17 InDels corresponding to p < 0.01, were provided for further validation of the AHPND tolerance trait. The candidate SNPs are located on an exon of the zinc finger protein 239-like gene, an intron of an uncharacterized gene, and in intergenic regions. Most of the candidate InDels are in the intergenic regions, with fewer in the intronic and exonic regions. This study provides information on SNPs and InDels for white shrimp. These markers will support the variant database of shrimp and be useful in shrimp aquaculture for breeding selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different drying methods (oven drying, fluid bed drying, and freeze drying) on the fatty acid composition, astaxanthin content, antioxidant activity, and colour values of giant red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea) processing wastes were investigated. These results showed that freeze drying was the most effective method in preserving the quality of shrimp processing waste (SPW), resulting in higher levels of EPA and DHA, astaxanthin content, antioxidant activity, and desired reddish colour characteristics compared to other methods. These findings highlight the potential of freeze drying as a suitable technique for converting SPW into high value products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There is little information available on antibiotic resistance (ABR) within shrimp aquaculture environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in shrimp farming operations in Atacames, Ecuador. Water samples (n = 162) and shrimp samples (n = 54) were collected from three shrimp farming operations. Samples were cultured and a subset of isolates that grew in the presence of ceftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin, were analyzed using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Among the sequenced isolates (n = 44), 73% of the isolates contained at least one ARG and the average number of ARGs per isolate was two, with a median of 3.5 ARGs. Antibiotic resistance genes that confer resistance to the β-lactam class of antibiotics were observed in 65% of the sequenced isolates from water (20/31) and 54% of the isolates from shrimp (7/13). We identified 61 different ARGs across the 44 sequenced isolates, which conferred resistance to nine antibiotic classes. Over half of all sequenced isolates (59%, n = 26) carried ARGs that confer resistance to more than one class of antibiotics. ARGs for certain antibiotic classes were more common, including beta-lactams (26 ARGs); aminoglycosides (11 ARGs); chloramphenicol (three ARGs); and trimethoprim (four ARGs). Sequenced isolates consisted of a diverse array of bacterial orders and species, including Escherichia coli (48%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7%), Aeromonadales (7%), Pseudomonadales (16%), Enterobacter cloacae (2%), and Citrobacter freundii (2%). Many ARGs were shared across diverse species, underscoring the risk of horizontal gene transfer in these environments. This study indicated the widespread presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in shrimp aquaculture, including blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM genes. Increased antibiotic resistance surveillance of shrimp farms and identification of aquaculture operation-level risk factors, such as antibiotic use, will likely be important for mitigating the spread of ARGs of clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The genetic basis underlying spawning abilities in the Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, remains largely unexplored. To investigate genetic variations potentially related to reproductive performance, a systematic bioinformatic analysis was conducted to identify structural variations (SVs) with different polymorphic spectra in P. vannamei with high fertility (HF) and low fertility (LF). Results A total of 2,323 and 1,859 SV events were identified exclusively in the HF and LF groups, respectively. These SVs were mapped to 277 genes in the HF group and 231 genes in the LF group. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis based on SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism) and SVs revealed several neural-related processes, suggesting the importance of neural regulation in reproduction. Notably, we identified a set of promising genes, including Cttn, Spast, Ppp4c, Spire1, Lhcgr, and Ftz-f1, which may enhance fertility in shrimp. Conclusion In conclusion, this study is the first to establish a link between SVs and reproductive traits in P. vannamei. The promising genes discovered have the potential to serve as crucial markers for enhancing reproductive traits through targeted genotyping.

Abstract. Shrimp is one of the most preferred seafood for consumption. The high water content and nutrients place shrimp in the category of perishable fast spoiling foods. In order to avoid deterioration of their quality, it is necessary to freeze and store them at low temperatures. Fluctuations in temperature can cause thawing and refreezing with recrystallization. In frozen products, the amount and size of ice crystals play a major role in the quality of these products. Despite the wide application of freezing, various histological, physicochemical, microbiological, enzymes and pH changes occur with varying degrees of manifestation. The objective of the review was to discuss the effect of freezing on the quality of shrimp used for human consumption.

Plankton is a crucial component, which play a vital role in supporting the production of super-intensive shrimp systems with extremely high densities and high feeding frequencies. Within these systems, the dynamics and composition of plankton can be significantly impacted by changes in environmental conditions. Therefore, this research aimed to examine the plankton dynamics and water quality in super-intensive vannamei shrimp cultivation, leveraging different densities. Data collection was carried out through observations by filtering pond water at five points, with either 20 or 100 liters of water collected from each pond plot, and sampling was conducted every 5 days. The results showed that plots A and C each had 19 plankton genera, on the other hand, plot B comprised 16 plankton genera. Spearman correlation analysis was also performed, which indicated a significant influence (P>0.05) of phytoplankton on zooplankton abundance. This relationship was found to be strong, with a correlation value of 0.683. On the other hand, the concentrations of TAN, NO2, NO3, PO4, and TSS did not exhibit a significant influence (P>0.05) on the abundance of phytoplankton. It was also crucial to acknowledge that NO2 and NO3 were found to substantially impact (P

The quality of the water supply for aquaculture determines the success of vanamei shrimp farming. The presence of heavy metals and microplastics in aquaculture waters are hazardous pollutants that pose a toxicological risk to aquatic organisms and the aquatic environment. The study aimed to determine the heavy metal content and abundance of microplastics in the water supply, as well as to determine the correlation between water quality factors with heavy metals and microplastics. Data collection was carried out through sampling at five locations determined based on close to Vannamei ponds and in the vicinity of settlements, tourism activities, and industrial activities criteria. The ICP-OES technique was used to measure heavy metal concentrations. NOAA standard techniques were used to identify and quantify the number of microplastics. One-way ANOVA and correlation tests were used for data analysis. The results of heavy metal measurements of Hg were 0.00001 - 0.0000133 mgL-1, Pb ranged from 0.015 - 0.06 mgL-1 and Cd ranged from 0.003 - 0.008 mgL-1. The abundance of fragment-type microplastics was dominant compared to other types of microplastics was 733.33 particles/m3. Variance testing for microplastic fragment types differed significantly (p 0.1) and the results of correlation analysis show temperature correlates with heavy metal Cd. Temperature (30 - 32°C), pH (7.5 - 7.6), Dissolved Oxygen (5.53 - 7.23 mgL-1), salinity (16.33 - 28.33 ppt), and Total Suspended Solid (37 - 48.33 mgL-1) are the physicochemical parameters that measure and has not exceeded the established quality standards

In light of Vietnam's significant role as a top ten seafood exporter, particularly in shrimp and catfish, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the nation's crucial seafood production and exports since early 2020. Our investigation, which is based on farmer surveys and enterprise interviews, has revealed a significant increase in production costs, especially in intensive shrimp farming, which has had a greater impact on compared to semi-intensive farming. Approximately 51.6% of farmers reported a strong effect on feed expenses, with 39.6% categorizing it as a very strong effect. This represents a significant impact on input costs, primarily due to challenges in sourcing materials, particularly feed, which constitutes the highest proportion of production costs. Challenges in goods exchange along the supply chain were strongly reported by 75% of enterprises, with 25% describing them as very strong, thus affecting production costs and inventory. Labor costs have also increased due to COVID-19, with 25% reporting a strong influence and 75% indicating a stable impact. The pandemic has affected commercial pangasius prices, with 29.7% of respondents noting a decrease and 41.8% confirming increased raw material costs, especially for fish feed. Feed costs account for 85.6%, while seed costs comprise 5.1% of total expenditure. Supply chain disruptions have led to enterprises having to suspend operations or reduce operating capacity to 30–40% due to a shortage of workers. The paper suggested practical management and technical solutions, emphasizing the need for supportive policies and a government-led mechanism to assist workers. This study offers valuable insights into the industry's resilience and adaptive mechanisms to face post-pandemic challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study compared the supplementation of Litopenaeus vannamei tanks with inoculums generated by different nitrogen sources (NH4Cl or feed). The interactions of inoculums and C/N adjustment strategies on water quality and growth performance were also investigated. After preparation of inoculums, shrimp juveniles were reared for 39 days at 142 shrimps/m3 in four treatments: T1, NH4Cl-based inoculum + heterotrophic C/N adjustment; T2, NH4Cl-based inoculum + mixotrophic C/N adjustment; T3, feed-based inoculum + heterotrophic C/N adjustment; and T4, feed-based inoculum + mixotrophic C/N adjustment. At the end, two-way ANOVA analysis showed significant interactions of time × inoculum or time × C/N adjustment strategy on dissolved oxygen, pH, and settleable solids. Alkalinity was significantly affected by the time × C/N adjustment strategy interaction, while inorganic nitrogen species (TAN, NO2-N, and NO3-N) were altered depending on the time × inoculum effect. Inoculum and C/N adjustment strategy significantly altered alkalinity and TAN levels. TAN levels in T1 and T2 treatments accumulated for 2 weeks, and organic carbon addition was not effective in mitigating high TAN levels. The mixotrophic strategy significantly reduced solids levels, while enhancing DO levels. No significant interactive effects of inoculum × C/N adjustment strategy were detected on the water quality indicators. The final body weight (FBW), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and weekly growth rate (WGR) of shrimp were significantly improved in tanks supplied with feed-based inoculum. Also, the inoculum × C/N adjustment strategy led to significantly higher FBW, weight gain, specific growth rate, and WGR in tanks supplied with feed-based inoculum and heterotrophic C/N adjustment. In conclusion, feed-based inoculum prevented the accumulation/peak of nitrogen species, reduced the nitrification establishment time, and enhanced growth performance. In addition, inoculum effectiveness was affected by the C/N adjustment strategy, highlighting the advantageous performance of mixotrophic approach. This information can develop efficient management practices for biofloc systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Crustaceans of the superfamily Penaeoidea (e.g., shrimps and prawns) are among the most commercially available aquatic products worldwide. However, there are few studies regarding not only the presence but also the characteristics of mislabelling in these food products. Such information would be helpful for consumers in order to avoid the typical problems associated with mislabelling (e.g., health and economic issues). For this reason, this work considers Penaeoidea mislabelling by comparing different products (frozen, fresh, boiled), and sources (hypermarkets, supermarkets and fishmongers) from Spain (Europe). RESULTS: A total of 94 samples from 55 different products were collected, representing 19 different species from 13 genera. Mitochondrial DNA (COI gene) was amplified, revealing mislabelling in almost 30% of supermarket products and almost exclusively found in frozen samples (95% of the total) regardless of its price. In addition, products from the Pacific Ocean seem to be particularly susceptible to mislabelling. CONCLUSIONS: All in all, recommendations for the consumer in order to avoid mislabelling of prawns include purchasing them fresh from fishmongers; aquaculture products must not be avoided. This study represents, to our knowledge, the first attempt to provide recommendations to consumers based on DNA analyses in order to avoid mislabelling in food products. Further research is therefore required to provide such recommendations in different food products, particularly those that are processed, packaged and/or frozen. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penaeus monodon (black tiger shrimp), renowned for its delectable, tender, and nutritious meat, requires meticulous environmental conditions for optimal cultivation. An 84-day trial was conducted to investigate the impacts of stocking density (100 shrimp/m2, 200 shrimp/m2, 300 shrimp/m2) and salinity (low salinity, 0‰; middle salinity, 15‰; and high salinity, 25‰) on the flavor compounds and muscle microstructure of P. monodon post larvae in a tank (6.0 m × 6.0 m × 1.0 m). Flavor compounds, such as flavor amino acids, flavor nucleotides, and volatile flavor compounds within the P. monodon muscle were assessed. The results showed that, as salinity levels increased, there was a notable augmentation in the umami, sweetness, and levels of essential and total free amino acids. The highest total flavor amino acid level recorded was 21.05 ± 0.06 mg/g at high-salinity treatments and 20.95 ± 0.11 mg/g was observed in the middle-stocking density. A total of 36 volatile flavor substances were identified acrossing varying salinity concentrations, encompassing 14 alkanes and aromatics, 10 alcohols, 4 aldehydes, 4 ketones, 3 esters, and 1 ether. In addition, 44 volatile flavor substances were detected at different stocking densities, including 22 alkanes and aromatics, 8 alcohols, 5 aldehydes, and so on. With an increase in stocking density, the compactness of muscle fiber bundles decreased, gaps expanded and enlarged, and both bundle diameter and sarcomere length decreased. In summary, optimal conditions for stocking density (200 shrimp/m2) and salinity (25‰) were determined to positively impact meat quality and flavor. The results of this study highlight that both flavor compounds and microstructure in P. monodon are significantly affected by stocking density and salinity over the range tested. Our findings underscore the significant impact of stocking density and salinity on flavor compounds and muscle microstructure in P. monodon, offering insights for optimizing cultivation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment aimed to examine the potential of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) meal as a substitute for soybean meal (SBM) in the Pacific shrimp diet. The study aimed to investigate how DDGS affected disease resistance, antioxidation, and gut microbiota. Eight hundred forty shrimp were given varied diets with varying concentrations of DDGS. D1 (0%), D2 (2%), D3 (4%), D4 (6%), D5 (8%), D6 (10%), and D7 (12%) were the DDGS levels. Each group had three replicates of the 56-day experiment. Initially, the weight was 0.19 ± 0.00 g. The survival rate was consistently 100% for shrimp-fed DDGS, except for group 7 (12%) and the control group, where shrimp mortality was observed. The total protein (TP) content was improved as the inclusion level of DDGS increased. The glucose (GLU) exhibited a downward trend with higher DDGS inclusion. Similarly, the TG and CHO levels in the serum decreased as the DDGS levels increased. The activities of ALT (alanine transaminase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) decreased as the dietary DDGS increased, with the control group showing significantly higher ALT and AST activities than those fed DDGS diets (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity significantly increased with higher DDGS levels, while the MDA (malondialdehyde) activity showed the opposite trend. Notably, the control exhibited the highest MDA activity value. The most prevalent phyla found in the gut microbiota were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Upon completion of a 7-day bacteria challenge, it was observed that shrimp fed with the control diet had the highest mortality rate compared to those fed with the DDGS diet. Based on the parameters measured in this study, it was determined that replacing 10% of SBM with DDGS in the feed of Pacific shrimp is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp, a valuable marine protein source, was assessed for microbial quality in Kerman stores over a 3-month period during fall 2021. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli were quantified in 21 raw shrimp samples. Additionally, antibiotic resistance profiles of 125 Escherichia coli isolates against nine antibiotics (cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, cefixime, amikacin, sulfamethoprim, ceftriaxone, and nalidixic acid) were evaluated via disk diffusion assay. Results indicated microbial counts ranging from 3.3×105 to 8×108 CFU/ml (5.52 to 8.9 log CFU/ml). Coliform counts varied from zero per gram in 19% of samples to 4383.97 per gram. Fecal coliforms ranged from 0.1898 to 0.32 per gram, absent in 42.86% of samples. E. coli was isolated from 57.14% of samples, exhibiting the highest resistance to nalidixic acid (16.8%) and the highest sensitivity to nitrofurantoin and amikacin (99.2%). While antibiotic resistance levels were not alarming, the presence of fecal coliforms and E. coli suggests inadequate hygiene, necessitating closer monitoring and adherence to proper protocols for catching, transportation, storage, and preparation of shrimp.

Introduction: Polychaeta worms from the family Nereididae are widely used as live food to expedite sexual maturation and produce high-quality reproductive gonads in shrimp. This live feed, due to its high content of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids compared to commercial feeds, significantly impacts the gametogenesis process of marine shrimps, leading to increased production and hatching rates. The cultivation of native species presents a suitable solution for sustainable polychaete worm production. This type of production can meet various needs. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to identify and report species from the family Nereididae in the Persian Gulf within the coastal waters of Bushehr province over a period of one year. Polychaete samples were collected at each station using a Van Veen grab sampler. At each station, three sediment samples were taken for the separation and identification of polychaetes, which were immediately rinsed with sea water using a 500-micron sieve installed on board. To identify the species, larger organisms were initially separated using an unarmed eye and magnifying glass. The isolated samples were photographed using a stereomicroscope equipped with a camera and identified using relevant keys. Results: According to the results obtained in this study, 6 species including Perinereis heterodonta, P. nuntia, Perinereis sp., Ceratonereis sp.1, Ceratonereis sp.2 and Nicon sp. belonging to three genera—Perinereis, Ceratonereis, and Nicon—from the family Nereididae were identified in the Persian Gulf. Discussion: Given the vital role of polychaete worms in shrimp reproduction, identifying and utilizing native species from this family can enhance the performance of breeding centers and lead to sustainable development of the aquaculture industry.

The protandric shrimp Hippolyte inermis is the only known marine invertebrate whose sex determination is strongly influenced by the composition of its food. In H. inermis, a sex reversal is triggered by the ingestion of diatoms of the genus Cocconeis associated with leaves of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. These diatoms contain compounds that promote programmed cell death (PCD) in H. inermis and also in human cancer cells. Transcriptomic analyses suggested that ferroptosis is the primary trigger of the shrimp’s sex reversal, leading to the rapid destruction of the androgen gland (AG) followed by a chain of apoptotic events transforming the testes into ovaries. Here, we propose a molecular approach to detect the effects of compounds stimulating the PCD. An RNA extraction method, suitable for young shrimp post-larvae (five days after metamorphosis; PL5 stage), was established. In addition, six genes involved in apoptosis, four involved in ferroptosis, and seven involved in the AG switch were mined from the transcriptome, and their expression levels were followed using real-time qPCR in PL5 fed on Cocconeis spp., compared to PL5 fed on a basic control feed. Our molecular approach, which detected early signals of sex reversal, represents a powerful instrument for investigating physiological progression and patterns of PCD in marine invertebrates. It exemplifies the physiological changes that may start a few days after the settlement of post-larvae and determine the life destiny of an individual.

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is widely prevalent, has a rapid onset, and has high mortality in shrimp culture, making it a key limiting factor affecting shrimp aquaculture development in recent years, resulting in massive economic losses to the industry worldwide. Systematic studies that investigate which factors significantly correlate with the occurrence of AHPND, and further establishment of a prediction model for the occurrence of shrimp AHPND, are important for preventing and controlling the disease. In this study, Penaeus vannamei in pond culture were preliminarily analyzed for the coupling relationship between the occurrence and prevalence of AHPND in shrimps and pathogens, and for environmental and host autoimmune factors by assessing the environmental factors, pathogen abundance, and host health indicators under AHPND incidence. Then, a mathematical early warning model of AHPND occurrence in pond-cultured P.vannamei was constructed using Deep Forest algorithm. The occurrence of AHPND and its environment, pathogen, and shrimp immunity factors in pond-cultured P.vannamei were continuously monitored to explore the relationship between the occurrences of AHPND in relation to these factors. A total of 18 parameters were assessed, including the air and water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrite (NO2-N) concentrations, culturable bacteria and Vibrio in water, culturable bacteria and Vibrio in the shrimp hepatopancreas, the proportion of Vibrio in water and the shrimp hepatopancreas, and the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme (LZM), and phenol oxidase (PO) in shrimp muscles. The parameter simulation prediction data based on the P.vannamei AHPND occurrence-related factor sequence (environmental factor, microbial factor, and shrimp health indicator) were constructed for the first time. The one-dimensional sequence was mapped into the three-dimensional space, different kernel functions were selected in combination with the actual classification problem to compare the model fitting accuracy, and the test algorithm optimized the parameters in the model. A total of 140 relevant data groups were collected under the same mode, and the groups of additional exogenous inputs during the breeding process were eliminated. After deleting invalid data, there were 100 groups of classified monitoring data, including 25 groups of morbidity data and 75 groups of health data. Moreover, the model was affected due to the dimensional and quantitative differences among different factors. In order to improve the speed of subsequent experimental training and prediction accuracy, the 100 groups of training test data processed by the mapminmax function were normalized for data processing. The relationship between 18 parameters and the occurrence of AHPND in P.vannamei was analyzed using Pearson′s correlation, and the main influencing factors were further screened using pairwise analysis between the factors. Pearson′s correlation analysis indicated that the incidence of AHPND positively correlated (P < 0.05) with salinity, the number of culturable bacteria and Vibrio in the shrimp, the proportion of Vibrio in the shrimp, the number of culturable bacteria and Vibrio in water, and the activities of LZM, ACP, and PO in shrimp muscles. The correlation coefficients were 0.350 1, 0.574 1, 0.521 1, 0.391 1, 0.374 7, 0.238 3, 0.438 2, 0.257 1, and 0.228 9, respectively, indicating that AHPND was more likely to occur with an increase of these parameter values within a certain range. The incidence of AHPND negatively correlated with water temperature (P < 0.05), and the correlation coefficient was –0.227 9. Moreover, the water temperature, pH, DO, NH4+-N and NO2-N concentrations, Vibrio proportion in water, AKP, and SOD had a weak correlation with the incidence of AHPND (P > 0.05). Furthermore, parameters were removed in the model construction process according to the correlation between parameters and factors. The occurrence of AHPND in P.vannamei directly and significantly correlated with seven parameters, including the total number of shrimp bacteria, the total number of shrimp Vibrio, LZM, the proportion of shrimp Vibrio, the total number of water bacteria, salinity, and the total number of water Vibrio. The prediction performance of three popular integrated learning method algorithms based on decision tree, Deep Forest, LightGBM, and XGBoost was evaluated using Python language programming, and, finally, a four-dimensional vector early warning prediction model based on the Deep Forest algorithm for the total number of shrimp bacteria, the proportion of Vibrio shrimp, the total number of water bacteria, and salinity was established (accuracy: 89.00%). Although the prediction performance of the Deep Forest model decreased somewhat compared with that of the support vector machine model established in this study, the algorithm was gradually screened out based on the correlation between factors, including the effects of all factors. It was proven that the Deep Forest model established in this study was the ideal prediction model for predicting the occurrence of AHPND in P.vannamei among the 10 dimension parameters tried, and the superiority of the Deep Forest algorithm was also further verified. The results provide basic data and technical support for shrimp AHPND disease prediction, prevention and control, and lay a theoretical foundation for further establishment of aquaculture animal disease early warning theory.

Litopenaeus vannamei, a highly adaptable shrimp species known for its growth, thrives in environmental conditions with proper water quality. However, salinity stress poses a significant challenge, compromising shrimp survival and growth. To optimize shrimp feed, the inclusion of alginate and Spirulina sp. offers benefits such as enhanced growth and resistance to environmental stress. This research aims to assess the impact of adding Spirulina sp., alginate, and their combination on the survival rate, resistance to the salinity shock test, and growth of L. vannamei. In this study, a completely randomized design (CRD) method with nine different feed doses was used. The treatments included control, supplementation of Alg 1 (alginate 1 g/kg feed), Alg 3 (alginate 3 g/kg feed), Alg 5 (alginate 5 g/kg feed), Sp 3 (spirulina 3 mg/kg feed), Sp 6 (spirulina 6 mg/kg feed), Sp 9 (spirulina 9 mg/kg feed), AS 1+1 (alginate 1 g/kg feed + spirulina 1 mg/kg feed), AS 2+3 (alginate 2 g/kg feed + spirulina 3 mg/kg feed), and AS 3+5 (alginate 3 g/kg feed + spirulina 5 mg/kg feed). The supplementation of feed was given during the fourteen-day rearing period. The results of the study show that the supplementation of Sp 9 (spirulina 9 mg/kg feed) led to a significant growth (α = 0.05). All treatments supplemented with alginate and/or Spirulina sp. water extract had a significant effect (α = 0.05) on the resistance to the salinity shock test. The different treatments in L. vannamei feed supplementation significantly influenced (α = 0.05) shrimp survival. Polysaccharides and antioxidant properties in alginate and Spirulina sp. have an important role in increasing the growth and resistance to salinity shock of L. vannamei.

Vibrio genus is a common pathogen in aquaculture and causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and massive mortality of shrimp. Many studies have suggested that a single functional ingredient such as plant extract or organic acid can reduce the dependence on antibiotics and promote the growth and immunity of aquatic animals. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a phytobiotic-based compound additive (Sanacore® GM, SNGM), which had a successful trajectory of commercial application in fish farming. However, its effects on the hepatopancreas health and intestinal microbiota of shrimp after Vibrio challenge have not been well evaluated. In the present study, Pacific white shrimp were fed diets with or without supplementation of SNGM, and the SNGM grades were 0-g/kg (CON), 3-g/kg (SNGM3), and 5-g/kg (SNGM5) diets. The feed trial lasted 60 days, after which a Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge was performed. The results showed that compared to the CON group, both the SNGM3 and SNGM5 groups had a significantly higher weight gain and a lower feed conversion ratio as well as higher survival after Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. In the growth trial, the SNGM3 group had a significantly increased total protein, albumin concentration, and acid phosphatase activity in hemolymph compared to the CON group. In the challenge experiment, the SNGM3 and SNGM5 groups had increased albumin and glucose contents as well as the activities of phenoloxidase, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, and superoxide dismutase in hemolymph. Both the SNGM3 and SNGM5 groups had improved morphology of the hepatopancreas and intestine. The SNGM5 group had alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by Vibrio infection by increasing the potential probiotic bacterium abundance (Shewanella) and decreasing the potential pathogenic bacteria abundance (Vibrio, Photobacteriuma, Pseudoalteromonas, and Candidatus_Bacilloplasma). In conclusion, the dietary phytobiotic-based additive at 3-g/kg level increased the growth and Vibrio parahaemolyticus resistance of Pacific white shrimp by promoting immune-related enzyme activities and improving the morphological structure of the hepatopancreas and intestine and the intestinal microbiota composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient gene transfer and expression tool is lacking for shrimps and shrimp cells. To solve this, this study has developed a shrimp DNA virus-mediated gene transfer and expression system, consisting of insect Sf9 cells for viral packaging, the shrimp viral vector of pUC19-IHHNV-PH-GUS and the baculoviral vector of Bacmid or Bacmid-VP28 encoding the shrimp WSSV envelope protein VP28. The pUC19-IHHNV-PH-GUS vector was constructed by assembling the genomic DNA of shrimp infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), which has shortened inverted terminal repeats, into a pUC19 backbone, and then an expression cassette of baculoviral polyhedron (PH) promoter-driven GUS (β-glucuronidase) reporter gene was inserted immediately downstream of IHHNV for proof-of-concept. It was found that the viral vector of pUC19-IHHNV-PH-GUS could be successfully packaged into IHHNV-like infective virions in the Sf9 cells, and the gene transfer efficiency of this system was evaluated and verified in three systems of Sf9 cells, shrimp hemolymph cells and tissues of infected shrimps, but the GUS expression could only be detected in cases where the viral vector was co-transfected or co-infected with a baculovirus of Bacmid or Bacmid-VP28 due to the Bacmid-dependence of the PH promoter. Moreover, the packaging and infection efficiencies could be significantly improved when Bacmid-VP28 was used instead of Bacmid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to identify the content of astaxanthin and its esterified forms using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry detection in three samples of shrimp waste. The analyses revealed twenty-one astaxanthin derivatives, including astaxanthin in free form, across all three extracts with the highest number of derivatives observed in the head extract. The shell extract had a lower content of astaxanthin and its esterified forms, with monoesterified astaxanthins being the major components, with contents ranging from 0.5–1 mg g−1. On the other hand, in both global waste and head extracts, astaxanthin diesters were found to be the dominant bioactive compounds, with contents ranging from 0.7–5.2 mg g−1 and 10.2–18.2 mg g−1, respectively. Notably, the astaxanthin content extracted from head was significantly higher compared to other extracts, indicating its potential as a valuable source of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the genetic parameters associated with survival against acute hepatopancreatic necrosis (S_AHPND) and white spot syndrome virus (S_WSSV) in controlled challenge settings, as well as survival in commercial ponds (S_COMERCIAL) and within a high biosecurity genetic nucleus (S_NUCLEUS). Two lines were studied: one with a history of resistance to WSSV (RES) and another focused on rapid growth but susceptible to WSSV (GRO). All traits were analyzed as binary (alive or dead), and (co)variance components were estimated using a within-line multivariate linear animal model. Heritabilities for S_AHPND and S_WSSV ranged from 0.09 to 0.15 and from 0.01 to 0.14, respectively. In the case of S_COMMERCIAL, heritabilities spanned from 0.01 to 0.23, and for S_NUCLEUS, they were between 0.02 and 0.08. Notably, genetic correlations (rg) between S_WSSV and S_AHPND exceeded 0.50 in both lines. When examining S_COMMERCIAL, rg with S_AHPND in GRO were estimated at values between 0.25 and 0.51, while in RES, they ranged from 0.23 to 0.62. Regarding S_WSSV, rg ranged from − 0.04 to 0.60 in GRO and from 0.22 to 0.76 in RES. The rg between S_NUCLEUS and the other traits fell within the range of − 0.15 to 0.74. Spearman correlations between the family breeding values for all four traits were estimated to be between 0.31 and 0.66. In summary, this study found that additive genetic variation for these traits ranged from low to moderate. The results suggest the potential for a correlated response in overall commercial survival (S_COMERCIAL) when selecting for improved specific-pathogen resistance against both S_AHPND and S_WSSV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei were monitored at different stocking densities in a zero-water exchange nursery system inoculated with chemoautotrophic bacteria and limited organic carbon (OC) addition. Shrimp (∼3.4 mg) were divided into four groups of 200 PL/m2 (T200), 500 PL/m2 (T500), 1000 PL/m2 (T1000), and 1500 PL/m2 (T1500). At the end of the study, the water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential, and dissolved oxygen saturation were within the optimal range. Total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity were lower in T200. The highest concentrations of free CO2 were observed in T1500. The results also revealed higher levels of alkalinity in T1500 compared to T500 and T1000. Notably, TAN was lower in T200 than in T1000 and T1500. Nitrite nitrogen (nitrite-N) and nitrate nitrogen were also lower in T200. Furthermore, TAN and nitrite-N levels rapidly elevated upon OC addition. Interestingly, nitrite-N levels exhibited a decrease whenever OC application was terminated. Total heterotrophic and Vibrio sp. bacteria in water samples were not affected by study groups. Regarding growth performance, T200 had significantly better final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and weekly growth rate. However, T1500 had the highest shrimp yield (kg/m3 or kg/m2). In conclusion, OC in the chemoautotrophic system interferes with the nitrification cycle, disrupts the effective conversion of nitrogen, and leads to further deterioration of water quality and shrimp growth performance at higher stocking densities. In this system, shrimp at the lowest density (200 PL/m2) reached the highest final weight and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a severe condition that has caused significant damage and substantial financial losses to the global shrimp industry. Consequently, developing a convenient, sensitive, and specific analytical assay for accurately detecting AHPND is crucial for controlling the spread of the disease. The etiologic agent of AHPND is a strain of Vibrio species that carries a plasmid encoding the virulent binary toxins PirA and PirB. In this study, a pair of novel high-affinity monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeting the PirB toxin was generated and employed to develop a highly sensitive lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA). The LFIA results are visible to an unaided eye within 15 min of applying the bacterial colonies or pre-enrichment sample prepared in the application buffer to the test strip. This assay exhibited high specificity, successfully identifying AHPND-causing Vibrio species (Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio campbellii) without cross-reacting with non-AHPND Vibrio species or other bacterial isolates examined. The assay demonstrated a detection limit of approximately 40 ng/ml for PirB toxin, representing a 100-fold improvement over the sensitivity of the previous test strip for PirB toxin. Notably, the detection limit was further enhanced after a 6-h pre-enrichment process, enabling the identification of toxin-producing bacteria at concentrations as low as 1 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml. Thus, it achieves a detection limit comparable to that of one-step PCR assays. Due to its high specificity, ease of use, rapid results, and no requirement for specialized equipment, the LFIA strip is an ideal tool for monitoring AHPND outbreaks and accurately detecting AHPND infections in shrimp cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles in combination with a composite (gelatin/alginate) on the shelf life of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during 10 days of refrigerated storage. Shrimp were prepared in 5 treatments, including: control (shrimp treated in distilled water), SMS (shrimp treated with sodium metabisulfite solution), composite (shrimp treated in an alginate/gelatin coating), ZnO2.5 [shrimp treated in a composite containing 2.5% ZnO nanoparticles (w/w)], and ZnO5 [shrimp treated in a composite containing 5% ZnO nanoparticles (w/w)]. The results showed that the number of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Pseudomonas, and lactic acid bacteria in the control sample increased significantly until the end of the storage period, while the samples containing ZnO nanoparticles had significantly lower levels of bacteria. In addition, total volatile base nitrogen, trimethylamine, thiobarbituric acid species, and pH levels in shrimp treated with the nanoparticles were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The highest and lowest changes in texture (springiness and cohesiveness) were observed in the control and treatments containing ZnO, respectively (P < 0.05). The sensory evaluation, texture, and color results were consistent with those of other reported data. However, using an alginate/gelatin coating significantly delays shrimp spoilage during refrigerated storage, and the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles significantly reduces microbiological and chemical spoilage and increases the shelf life of shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Up to 100% mortality can occur in shrimp farming due to viral and bacterial diseases. Prophylactic methods to decrease mortality, such as natural additives that do not generate bacterial resistance and environmental problems, are currently under research. Objective: To evaluate the effect of medicinal plants (aloe, basil, ginger, and garlic) and Bacillus licheniformis BCR 4-3 added to the water on the survival of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus IPNGS16. Methods: Two bioassays assessed a mixture of the four powdered plants (4 g/kg of feed) every two days, and the bacillus (1×106, 2×106 and 3×106 CFU/L) added to the water was evaluated every three and seven days. Before each bioassay, the mean lethal concentration of Vibrio was determined. Results: The mixture of medicinal plants in the feed and B. licheniformis BCR 4-3 in the water increased up to 70% the survival rate of Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with V. parahaemolyticus IPNGS16, representing a potential tool for preventing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) infections in commercial shrimp farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims This study aimed to assess the effects of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in water on whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei , evaluating its impact on the stomach microbiota, gill transcriptome, and pathogens. Methods and results ClO2 was added to the aquarium tanks containing the shrimp. The application of ClO2 to rearing water was lethal to shrimp at concentrations above 1.2 ppm. On the other hand, most of the shrimp survived at 1.0 ppm of ClO2. Microbiome analysis showed that ClO2 administration at 1.0 ppm significantly reduced the α-diversity of bacterial community composition in the shrimp stomach, and this condition persisted for at least 7 days. Transcriptome analysis of shrimp gill revealed that ClO2 treatment caused massive change of the gene expression profile, including stress response genes. However, after 7 days of the treatment, the gene expression profile was similar to that of shrimp in the untreated control group, suggesting a recovery to the normal state. This 1.0-ppm ClO2 significantly reduced shrimp mortality in artificial challenges with an acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus, which were added to rearing water. Conclusions The use of ClO2 at appropriate concentrations effectively eliminates a significant portion of the bacteria in the shrimp stomach and pathogens in the water. The results of this study provide fundamental knowledge on the disinfection of pathogens in water using ClO2 and the creation of semi germ-free shrimp, which has significantly decreased microbiome in the stomach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The black cumin (Nigella sativa) seed (BCS) is known as an immunostimulant herb owing to its enhancing effects on nonspecific immune systems. However, the effectiveness of dietary BCS on shrimp immune systems has not been well known. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of the experimental diets containing 0 (control), 5 (BCS5), 15 (BCS15), 30 (BCS30), and 50 (BCS50) g kg−1 (BCS) on immune response of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). The results showed significant decrease in plasma glucose, globulin, ALP activity and hyaline cells and increase of semigranular cells in shrimp fed up to 30 g kg−1 BCS compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, significant upregulation of α2-macroglobulin (α2-M), integrin β, and peroxinectin (PX) transcripts was observed during the course of the experiment in all treatments (p < 0.05). The transcripts of PX and integrin β showed a significant decrease in BCS fed shrimp after exposure to V. harveyi (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of BCS in the diet of shrimp for 90 days and after exposure to V. harveyi could significantly affect some immunological indices and the expression of some immunity related biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the genetic diversity and population structure of the greasyback shrimp, Metapenaeus ensis (De Haan, 1844), within the Tam Giang - Cau Hai lagoon, Vietnam, by analyzing mtCOI genes from 91 individuals collected across four populations in nine sampling locations. High genetic diversity was found, with 34 unique haplotypes and 38 genetic variations identified. Most genetic variation occurred within populations (AMOVA), suggesting high gene flow. Low and non-significant Fst values and close genetic distances confirmed minimal differentiation among populations. These findings provide the first insights into M. ensis population genetics in this lagoon, informing conservation and management efforts. Understanding genetic diversity is crucial for sustainable management and conservation of marine species. This research aids in understanding population resilience, potential impacts of overfishing, and may assist in developing sustainable harvest strategies of this economically important shrimp species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to define desired genetic gains from economically important traits of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) using participatory approaches. Two questionnaires were sent out to 100 Pacific white shrimp farmers in all five Iranian shrimp farming provinces. Questionnaire A (Q‐A) includes management factors and farming environments. Moreover, in this questionnaire, farmers were asked to rank the fourth most important traits in shrimp among 10 economic traits in the list for genetic improvement. In questionnaire B (Q‐B), priorities of the four traits with the highest value were obtained using pairwise comparison. The results showed that the four most important traits were white spot syndrome virus resistance (WSSV), growth rate before 4 months (GR), acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease resistance (AHPND), and female total weight at ablation (FTW). Medians of the best individual preference values were WSSV (0.222), GR (0.173), AHPND (0.157), and FTW (0.053). Most disagreements were found between the social group preference values in the commercial products and water salinity categories. Desired genetic gains were 1.71%, 1.57%, 0.53% and 0.31% for GR, AHPND, WSSV and FTW, respectively. This study highlighted that despite environmental and management differences, participatory approaches can achieve desired genetic results for Pacific white shrimp breeding programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mohale, H.P.; Jawahar, P.; Jayakumar, N.; Swapnil, N.; Kadam, R.V.; Prakash, P.; Oli, G.A., and Ravikumar, T., 2024. Fishery, biology, and dynamics of Parapenaeopsis maxillipedo (Alcock, 1905) off the SE coast of Tamil Nadu (India). Journal of Coastal Research, 40(4), 779–791. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. The current study was carried out between September 2022 to September 2023 from SE coast of Tamil Nadu for Parapenaeopsis shrimp. This shrimp, estimated to rank third in shrimp production, landed as 2216, 2032, and 1704 kg from Thoothukudi, Mandapam, and Nagapattinam landing centers, respectively. The catch per unit effort was calculated to check the abundance of this species and ranged from 21.83 to 96.41 kg, averaging 46.33% in both years. The total length of males and females was observed in the range of 5.5 to 10.5 cm and 6.5 to 12.5 cm, respectively. Female shrimp attained first maturity at 6.5 cm, whereas male shrimp were 5.5 cm. The gonadosomatic index was calculated and found to be the highest (5.64–5.78) in March and September and the lowest in April and October for both years. The absolute fecundity for P. maxillipedo was recorded and ranged from 38,500 to 1,32,000 ova per female. The highest index of relative importance was observed in October and April for both male (57.04) and female (73.82) shrimp. To estimate von Bertalanffy's growth equation in P. maxillipedo, the asymptotic length and growth coefficient (K) growth parameters were combined for both sexes and analyzedas 13.55 cm and 1.5 y–1, respectively. The total mortality and natural mortality (M) were observed as 3.04 and 2.86 y–1, respectively. Hence, fishing mortality was 0.18 y–1, and the exploitation rate (E) was 0.06. The length at first catch per length (LC/L) and M/K values were calculated using the Y/R model as 0.52 and 1.2 for males and 0.48 and 1.3 for females, respectively. E was observed as 0.06, which was lower than the maximum E of 0.4, which showed that the P. maxillipedo fisheries along the SE coast of Tamil Nadu were at unexploited conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to identify the distribution and diversity of shrimp species (Decapoda) in the Babo, Bintun Mangrove Forest Area and its conservation aspects. This research has been carried out in the period from March 2024 to May 2024 in three villages in the waters of bintun Bay, Babo District, namely Nusei Village, Modan Village, and Amutu Village. The results of the analysis show that the number and abundance of shrimp at the three research stations in Babo are moderate. Only one species was found in the family Palaemonidae. The distribution of shrimp was influenced by the distribution of food. The average temperature of the shrimp was 25.06 °C, and the good temperature for the growth of white leg shrimp ranged from 22.0 - 29.6oC. The good temperature of shrimp ranges from 0 to 30oC. Among the six species, Penaeus indicus, jerbung, vannamei, and alpheus were the most abundant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are common pathogens linked to human gastroenteritis, particularly in seafood like shrimp. This study investigated the impact of lactic acid bacteria on V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus regarding the production of cadaverine, a concerning compound. V. cholerae NCCP 13589 and V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 27969 were significant producers of amines in experiments conducted using white-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and lysine decarboxylase broth. Notably, the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NCIMB 6105 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 10830 lactic acid bacteria strains demonstrated a pronounced antagonistic effect on the production of biogenic amines by these food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The presence of lactic acid bacteria led to a substantial reduction in cadaverine production in the lysine decarboxylase broth and shrimp extract. The co-culture of two lactobacilli species reduced the cadaverine production in V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus by approximately 77 and 80%, respectively. Consequently, the favorable influence of lactic acid bacteria in curbing cadaverine production by food-borne pathogens presents clear advantages for the food industry. Thus, effectively managing these pathogens could prove pivotal in controlling the biogenic amine levels in shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In salt marsh ecosystems, daggerblade grass shrimp, Palaemon (Palaemonetes) pugio, play a crucial role in food webs and serve as the definitive host for the bopyrid isopod Probopyrus pandalicola. These ectoparasites infest the branchial chambers of grass shrimp, which can lead to decreased energy availability and sterilization of infected hosts. Although bopyrid isopod infestation of daggerblade grass shrimp has been frequently reported in literature from coastal marshes of the southeastern United States, the prevalence of this parasite has not been recently documented in daggerblade grass shrimp from marshes of the northeastern United States. The goal of this project was to quantify the prevalence of Pr. pandalicola infestations in Pa. pugio across Cape Cod, Massachusetts. We evaluated bopyrid isopod prevalence from shrimp collected from 5 different salt marsh habitats along Cape Cod in August 2021. Bopyrid isopod infestations were found in shrimp at 4 of 5 salt marshes, with prevalence ranging from 0.04 to 14.1%. Seasonal resampling of one of the salt marshes revealed the highest average infestation prevalence in spring (<17.1%) and an isolated high of 30.3% prevalence in a single salt panne. A series of linear and multivariate models showed that panne area, shrimp abundance, and distance to shoreline were related to Pr. pandalicola shrimp infestations in salt pannes in summer. This study describes the prevalence of the bopyrid isopod infesting daggerblade grass shrimp in salt marshes in New England, with implications for how parasitized shrimp influence salt marsh food webs in which they are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]