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The present study aims to discuss the technology of preparing and evaluation, in addition to granting proposal for ideal specified sequence and number of stages and ponds for the multi-ecosystem saltworks ponds in order to extract pure halite. Also that, it discusses the sedimentology of this valuable mineral in the shallow modern artificial brine ponds belonging to the already existing or future saltworks projects especially at the southern El-Bardawil Lake (North Sinai, Egypt) or generally in the southern Mediterranean Sea. Two types of sabkhas are identified from the El-Bardawil Lake; coastal and inland sabkhas. The lake water passes by three main stages to prepare and to be ready for extraction of halite from suitable brine solution. The first stage is the concentration stage ponds, where the lake water flows through a series of ponds to increase brine salinity and deposit less soluble salts first (calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate). The other more soluble salts (sodium chloride and magnesium chloride) remains in solution. The second stage is the crystallization stage ponds, where the brine is pumped to solar ponds and left to increase brine density again until most of the halite mineral has crystallized and deposited. The pure halite crystals are crystallized as rafts, mounds, cumulates and bottom crusts and petrographically as euhedral cubic to subhedral, distorted platy and chevron crystals. Finally, the third stage is the storage ponds, where the residual bittern solution that is left over after recovery of sodium chloride is pumped to storage ponds to precipitate the residual high soluble minerals and salts (magnesium sulphate and magnesium chloride). Saltworks from El-Bardawil Lake don’t have economic impact only, but also have environmental impacts through decreasing the salinity of the lake and accordingly keeps its ecological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the latest in a series examining the offices in the Horologion of Sinai Arabic 232 (13th century). This Book of Hours has its origin in Melkite Alexandria and has never been studied before, nor indeed have the Arabic Books of Hours, in general. The article presents an English translation of the Office of Compline from this manuscript (apart from the psalms, which are simply indicated), with comments and identification of the individual texts. Features of particular interest are the extra saints in the intercessions, different psalms and prayers from the modern rite, and the series of common troparia at the end. The additional saints in the intercessions pose a conundrum: whereas the analysis of Matins, the Hours, and Vespers has suggested that this is an Arabic Melkite Horologion from Alexandria that must have been received from Jerusalem c. the 7th century and then underwent both Alexandrian (Coptic) influences and later Byzantinisation which did not entirely eliminate more archaic elements from Jerusalem such as the tri-ode system at Matins, the choice of additional saints suggests a double provenance from both Alexandria and Sinai. We therefore suggest that the Horologion was brought from Alexandria and underwent some degree of adaptation on Sinai without eliminating all the specifically Alexandrian features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing dams is one of the human achievements in developing urban societies. In the last few decades, rapid growth in developing the Red Sea coast and Sinai in Egypt has taken place. According to the UN Nexus definition, water, energy, and food are the main sources of sustainable development. The dam gives the best structure that can fulfill these requirements. The geology of Egypt in the concerning areas in both the Red Sea and Sinai shows that both areas are mountainous areas. The wadies in these mountains suffer from being exposed to severe weathering conditions. Flash floods and wind blowing are the main causes of exposing sedimentary rocks in these Wadies to different degrees of weathering. The present paper focuses on studying the effect of weathering on the engineering behavior of dams intended to be constructed in these areas. The examined rock foundations cover mud-stone, Sand-stone, and limestone. A published numerical model for Longtan Dam was utilized as a reference case to construct a verified numerical model that was later employed in a parametric study to clear the effect of weathering on the studied sediment rock. The verification and parametric study were carried out using GeoStudio software. The results show the clear effect of the variation in weathering on the engineering parameters of the examined sedimentary rock deposits.

The Araba and Naqus formations in Ras Milan, Sinai, constitute part of the major continuous Paleozoic clastic belt stretching across northern Gondwana. They are sandstone-dominated successions, resting on Precambrian granitic basement, with lowermost thin basal polymictic conglomerate deposits (1–2 m), marking the unconformity. The Araba Formation section is composed mainly of varicoloured violet to reddish brown, fine to coarse-grained laminated and planner and overturned cross-bedded sandstones, while the overlying Naqus Formation is characterized by chaotically distributed poorly sorted quartz pebbles to cobbles within a moderately-sorted coarse- to medium-grained quartz arenite and by abundance and variety of large-scale tabular and trough cross bedding. Modal QFL classification of Araba and Naqus formation sandstones revealed that they are merely quartzose sandstones (quartz arenites). Geochemistry of the succession shows extremely wide compositional ranges for almost all major elements, but the Araba Formation is relatively enriched in SiO2, TiO2, Fe2O3*, Na2O, P2O5, and depleted in Al2O3, MgO, CaO and K2O relative to Naqus Formation. Only the Araba Formation samples are depleted in the transition elements Ni, Cr and Co and oppositely possess extreme enrichment in the HFSEs (i.e. Zr, Hf, Y, Nb, Ta, Th, U), whereas both formations show variable depletion in the LILE Rb, K and Ba, and excessive REE abundances relative to the PAAS and UCC, and LREE-enriched patterns with marked negative Eu anomalies. The provenance of the Naqus and Araba formations could be an earlier felsic magmatic source, which has undergone extensive sedimentary recycling. They possess high compositional maturity and were subjected to intensive to moderate weathering during humid climatic conditions. Passive margin tectonic setting is implied which denotes the derivation of Araba and Naqus formation siliciclastics from stable continental regions or plate interiors and deposition in intracratonic basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Criminologie is the property of Presses de l'Universite de Montreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Integrating local militias in the counterinsurgency (COIN) operations in Sinai has achieved tangible successes. The presence of local fighters contributed to the penetration of the Islamic State—Sinai Province network. The integration of locals into the ongoing COIN process has imposed a degree of local participation in local governance and decision‐making. Nevertheless, this article argues that there are two approaches to local integration into the COIN operation; the first is institutional integration, in which the state integrates local fighters at an institutional level in the ranks of the security apparatus. The second is the collaborating militia approach. In this pattern, the state resorts to warlords and tribal chiefs to mobilize irregular militias, coordinating with the regular forces in the COIN process without formally merging them into security institutions' ranks. The Egyptian model in the Sinai is one of the latter type. The collaborating militia integration approach into COIN operations contributes to wooing elites to create narrow patronage networks of cronies, preventing systematized community participation in the decision‐making process, which leads to keeping the factors of rebellion alive below the surface even if the rebels are defeated militarily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a close reading of two Bedouin poems about the World War I era, this article examines how Bedouin in northern Sinai and Palestine's southern coastal plain perceived the moment at which the Ottomans lost their hold over this region. By anchoring symbolic expressions from each poem in their historical, cultural, and poetic contexts, this inquiry sheds some light on the feelings and outlooks of ordinary people in response to the war's massive transformation of the area in which they lived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Negev desert, the southern half of Israel, is an arid-to-hyper-arid region. Despite that, some 13,000 ancient sites have been recorded here to date, and many were excavated. One characteristic of the Negev (as well as of other deserts) is the abundance of prehistoric and early historic cult sites, dated ca. 8000–2000 BCE. Another is the many ancient roads. The roads, the main types of cult sites and the connection between them are described and discussed in the following sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nukhul Formation has been a point of controversy until now due to a lack of index fossils, varied facies modifications, and different time gaps. As a result, the calcareous nannofossils of the exposed Miocene rocks at Wadi Baba, west-central Sinai have been studied quantitatively for the first time. An important sequence of calcareous nannofossil bioevents has been recorded in the Nukhul Formation, including the FOs of Discoaster druggii, Sphenolithus dissimilis, Helicosphaera ampilaperta, and Sphenolithus disbelemnos, which correspond to the Aquitanian age of upper NN1 and NN2 zones. The Nukhul Formation contains four intervals that reflect eutrophic conditions in the nearshore habitats with substantial nutrient input from the terrigenous influx, as shown by the dominance of cool-water taxa, Coccoliths pelagicus and Reticulofenestra minuta. The lithofacies, microfacies types, abundance, dominance, and diversity of nannofossil assemblages classified the studied interval into two depositional sequences with four system tracts. These tracts refer to fluctuations in relative sea level changes in response to the eustatic sea-level curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Decalogue (2 Kings 20:1-17), even we may not be aware of it, points out to the rights of the Israelites and today Christians in relation to God and man in other words. Everyone has the right not to be subordinated to another god except for Jehovah, and they must not be forced to misuse His name. A person has a right to a day of rest, and aging parents have a right to respect and care from their adult son. A person has the right to the inviolability and protection of his life, as well as the inviolability of his marriage and the guarantee of the legitimacy of his offspring. A person has the right to the protection of private property and to the truthful testimony of others in court. A man has the right to protect his wife and his property. It is a very important, constantly valid biblical-historical direction, which contains basic rules, given to humanity for a quality and valuable life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives To our knowledge, this is the first attempt for digitizing the Egyptian phytogeographical regions through incorporation of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques including geo-referencing ground data of old-history paper maps. The main objective for the current study was digitizing and creating the first open-source geospatial data for the Egyptian phytogeographical regions and to make them readily available for usage by researchers - making this study novel. Data description Geospatial data were created for the Egyptian phytogeographical regions based on ground data paper map showing the boundaries of each region in the country, Egypt. Digitization of the boundaries of each region was executed using ArcMap 10.4 followed by quality checks executions for ensuring the quality and accuracy of the created geospatial data. The data created in this study are available as file geodatabase (.gdb) and shapefile. Having the Egyptian phytogeographical regions available for GIS analysts and cartographers as geospatial data is a powerful tool for further research applications including phytoremediation, biodiversity, conservation, GIS, and remote sensing studies.

Beryl mineralization represents one of the most significant gemstones. The radioactive concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in beryl-bearing rocks in South Sinai, Central and South Eastern Desert, Egypt were measured using a portable RS230 gamma spectrometer. 238U (40 ± 14), 232Th (51 ± 19), and 40K (1176 ± 277 Bq/kg) are recorded for Ghazala, 54 ± 16, 36 ± 12, and 921 ± 243 Bq/kg for Sedri, 39 ± 15, 27 ± 12, and 842 ± 356 Bq/kg for Igla, 69 ± 16, 34 ± 3, and 1572 ± 83 Bq/kg for Homrit-Akarem, 89 ± 21, 130 ± 16, and 1439 ± 175 Bq/kg for Homrit-Mikpid, and 35 ± 13, 21 ± 12, and 940 ± 645 Bq/kg for Zabara-Um Addebaa. Radiological risk assessment parameters (e.g., annual effective dose, radium equivalent activity) were estimated to deduce the radiation effects on human organs. The obtained results are within acceptable limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the post-Byzantine period, the rulers of the north-Danubian principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, through their monetary gifts and donations, played central roles in the continuation of religious life within and beyond the borders of their domains. This essay charts the patterns of patronage of two key donors - Neagoe Basarab of Wallachia (r. 1512-1521) and Peter RareÈ™ of Moldavia (r. 1527-1528; 1541-1546) - in order to underscore their piety and the broader implications of their activities. Through the extant textual and material evidence, this study engages with aspects of the desires, collaborations, and effects of patronage from these two important rulers within Wallachia and Moldavia, respectively, and to far-off places like Mount Athos and the monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai. This study reveals a complex web of personal, spiritual, and ideological facets of leadership and identity that shaped a culture of donations and piety rooted in Byzantine models and transformed in local contexts through the desires and ambitions of each individual ruler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multiple similarities between the Greek and Syriac eucharistic liturgies of Antioch and its hinterland on the one hand and the Jerusalem Liturgy of Saint James on the other hand situate Jerusalem within a single cultural area as regards liturgical life. Compared with Antioch, however, we have much more early evidence for the Liturgy of the Hours in Jerusalem. Main sources, which are briefly presented in the paper, are a) the Itinerary of Egeria, who in the 380s produced extensive liturgical notes on celebrations in the Anastasis cathedral and the related stational sites; b) the Armenian Lectionary, 5thcentury, which gives more specific detail of the services held in Jerusalem; c) the Georgian Lectionary, 6thcentury, which gives a slightly later stage of the material described in the Armenian Lectionary; d) the Old Iadgari, or first Jerusalem Tropologion, entirely preserved in Georgian. It is clear from these documents that the Anastasis Cathedral was officiated by monastic communities of different ethnic origins who used their own languages for their liturgical offices. We also have considerable evidence for this period for the Lavra of Saint Sabbas in the Judaean desert, where several ethnic communities prayed separately in their own languages, coming together only for the Eucharistic synaxis (in Greek). This multi-ethnic situation continues today on Mount Athos and continued throughout the Middle Ages on Sinai. The vast library of manuscripts at Saint Catherine’s monastery is well known. It contains manuscripts in a very wide variety of Christian languages, including numerous liturgical texts. The Manuscript Sinai Arabic 232 (13th century) contains a complete Psalter, a complete Horologion and other texts. It can be shown to be of Alexandrian Melkite origin, used by Arabic-speaking monks who were part of the Sinai community. There are archaic and specifically Egyptian, and even Coptic, elements that are of special interest.

Identifying areas susceptible to flash flood hazards is essential to mitigating their negative impacts, particularly in arid regions. For example, in southeastern Sinai, the Egyptian government seeks to develop its coastal areas along the Gulf of Aqaba to maximize its national economy while preserving sustainable development standards. The current study aims to map and predict flash flood prone areas utilizing a spatial analytic hierarchy process (AHP) that integrates GIS capabilities, remote sensing datasets, the NASA Giovanni web tool application, and principal component analysis (PCA). Nineteen flash flood triggering parameters were initially considered for developing the susceptibility model by conducting a detailed literature review and using our experiences in the flash food studies. Next, the PCA algorithm was utilized to reduce the subjective nature of the researchers' judgments in selecting flash flood triggering factors. By reducing the dimensionality of the data, we eliminated ten explanatory variables, and only nine relatively less correlated factors were retained, which prevented the creation of an ill-structured model. Finally, the AHP method was utilized to determine the relative weights of the nine spatial factors based on their significance in triggering flash floods. The resulting weights were as follows: rainfall (RF = 0.310), slope (S = 0.221), drainage density (DD = 0.158), geology (G = 0.107), height above nearest drainage network (HAND = 0.074), landforms (LF = 0.051), Melton ruggedness number (MRN = 0.035), plan curvature (PnC = 0.022), and stream power index (SPI = 0.022). The current research proved that AHP, among the most dependable methods for multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), can effectively classify the degree of flash flood risk in ungauged arid areas. The study found that 59.2% of the area assessed was at very low and low risk of a flash flood, 21% was at very high and high risk, and 19.8% was at moderate risk. Using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC ROC) as a statistical evaluation metric, the GIS-based AHP model developed demonstrated excellent predictive accuracy, achieving a score of 91.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though forming having taken an active part in the Sinai and Palestine campaigns of the World War I, the Bedouin tribes are rarely mentioned. This is due in part to the scarcity of documentation, especially having none from the Bedouins themselves. This article seeks to fill in some of the gaps in the research on the war in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Palestine, and to examine the contribution of the Bedouin tribes in that area to the Ottoman military campaign. It argues that the Ottoman perception of the Bedouins as a fighting force changed during the war from being seen as force multiplier to being employed only in scout and reconnaissance roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arabian–Nubian Shield envelops the entire regional tectonic history from its formation during the Ediacaran to the Red Sea/Gulf of Suez rifting in the Oligocene–Miocene. The occurrence and extent of the expected successive tectonic events on Sinai basement rocks remain uncertain. Integration of thermochronological techniques with time–temperature modelling has proven to be a powerful tool for thermal-tectonic history reconstruction. Therefore, we collected representative samples from the Arabian–Nubian Shield basement rocks of the Wadi Agar area at the eastern flank of the Suez rift. Zircon fission-track data show two cooling age possibilities of Ediacaran and Devonian ages. Meanwhile, apatite fission-track data represent three cooling age spans of Carboniferous, Triassic, and Cretaceous. The integration of these data with the modelled time–temperature histories reveals four different cooling events synchronous with the regional events; (1) the Neoproterozoic post-accretion erosional event that causes near-surface rock uplift, (2) the Devonian–Carboniferous Hercynian tectonic event which affected the region with rocks exhumation of ca. 4.2 ± 1.4 km, (3) the Triassic Gondwana breakup initiation, and (4) the Oligocene–Miocene Gulf of Suez rifting which caused flanks uplift in the studied region of ca. 1.2 ± 0.4 km. The Gulf of Suez is a passive rift with a dominant mechanical component that is divided into two differently exhumed northern and southern segments, where an additional far-field thermal overprint was restricted to the southern segment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxonomic revision of several species belonging to Marginulina and Marginulinopsis genera revealed that some of these species belonging to genus Percultazonaria and led to erect new species. These new species are Percultazonaria nodosa, P. seminodosa and P. unnodosa that were recorded in the Esna Shale and Egma Limestone through the Paleocene-early Eocene interval in El Hasana area, central Sinai, Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mağallaẗ Al-Dirāsāt Al-Tārīẖiyyaẗ wa Al-Ḥaḍāriyyaẗ Al-Miṣriyyaẗ is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water resources management is a vital need in arid and semi-arid regions such as Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Accordingly, the sustainability of water resources in this arid environment should be examined in terms of the possibility of groundwater recharge, particularly through runoff water, while identifying the most appropriate potential sites for drilling new water wells to cover current and future needs. The aquifer system of El-Qaa Plain in South Sinai is considered one of the structural basins associated with the tectonic setting of the Gulf of Suez. It is the main source of high-quality water in South Sinai. The present work provided an integration of mathematical flow modeling, hydrochemical composition, environmental isotopic signature, watershed modeling system (WMS), and remote sensing (RS) tools to determine the aquifer sustainability and recharge mechanisms. The obtained results indicated the following: (a) the salinity of the water ranged between 326.4 and 2261 ppm, while the environmental isotope values ranged between −6.28 to −4.48‰ for δ18O and −29.87 to −21.7‰ for δ2H, which reveals the phase of recharge and mixing between ancient water and recent rainwater; (b) sites for three dams in three sub-watersheds were proposed to harvest approximately 790,000 m3/y of runoff water to enhance groundwater recharge of the aquifer system; (c) and five scenarios using MODFLOW indicated that water drawdown is acceptable by adding 10 new production wells (discharge rate increased by 3600 m3/day). Moreover, increasing the recharge rate by 2% from the base case, leads to an increase in the piezometric water level with an average value of 0.13 masl, which reflects the positive effects of the proposed runoff water harvesting facilities. The integration applied in this work represents an integrated management system for water resources (surface and groundwater) which is suitable for application in arid or semi-arid coastal and similar areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpreters commonly designate two phrases in Jubilees, "the book of the first law" (6:22) and "the words of the law" (30:12), as explicit references to the already written Pentateuch that thus transparently acknowledge the historical context of its own production. However, these supposedly earthly writings are penned by the angel, and interpreters identifying them as already existing Torah seem to equivocate about whether they belong to an earthly or heavenly corpus. Supplementing the work of David Lambert, this article argues that the phrases can be coherently construed as references to heavenly writing, the archetype based on which Moses writes Torah. They therefore harmonize with the putative context of Sinai revelation, rather than compromising it. And the resulting absence of any explicit reference to the Pentateuch can be comprehended in light of Jubilees's strategies for claiming authority. Determining the referents of these two phrases is consequential for our understanding of Mosaic pseudepigraphy more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinai Mesozoic basalts are restricted in its southwestern portion at Um Bogma area, where they occur as intra-continental fissure-fed sills, dykes, plugs and lava flows, following mainly the older structural and crustal weaknesses planes. During Late Paleozoic - Middle to Late Triassic, Egypt had witnessed sporadic tectonic disturbances and faulting activities accompanied by volcanisms. Faulting activity continued during Early to Middle Jurassic and was associated with crustal stretching and basaltic volcanism. At Um Bogma area, southwestern Sinai Peninsula, Middle Triassic, and Early Jurassic basaltic exposures intruded/extruded the Carboniferous sandstones. The main Mesozoic basalts outcrop at Gebel Farsh El Azraq - Gebel Himayir area, where they were successfully discriminated from their surrounding country rocks using Landsat-8 dataset. The Mesozoic basaltic rocks are the least reflective rocks and exhibit a characteristic spectral curve, compared to their country rocks. Landsat-8 bands 7, 5, 3 in RGB and Principal Component Analyses (PCA) technique were used in lithological discrimination of the Mesozoic basalts and their surrounding Late Neoproterozoic basement rocks and Phanerozoic sedimentary succession. Accordingly, a new geological map was produced for the study area. Petrography and geochemistry of these basalts were addressed. Characteristically they contain substantial MgO contents (22.24 to 7.09 wt%) and exhibit low TiO2 (1.56–0.77 wt%) and P2O5 (0.30–0.15 wt%) contents. Geochemically, they pertain to the low P2O5 –TiO2 continental tholeiitic to transitional basalts and point out to enriched MORB magma sources. They suggest derivation from spinel-garnet lherzolite source by moderate non-modal partial melting (ca 20–30%). Their petrogenesis was discussed and fractional crystallization modeling was performed as a plausible mechanism to be accounted for their evolutions.

For well over a century, researchers exploring the Negev Highlands have noted the remains of large, impressive rectangular monuments dotting the landscape between the western border of Israel and the central Arava Valley. Archaeological surveys carried out by the Israel Antiquities Authority along the western border between 2010 and 2012 revealed a narrow corridor of these platforms, situated on the main road between Quseima (ancient Kadesh Barnea) in northern Sinai and the site of Be'erotayim / Mizpe Ezuz. A number of these were excavated as well as platforms in the site of Rosh Maʽale Zadok (the head of the Zadok Ascent) in Mizpe Ramon in 2007. The results of these excavations point to their construction in the Early Bronze Age, possibly the Early Bronze Age IB or II/III period and we interpret their function as navigation platforms on trails connecting the Nile Delta in Egypt and the copper mines of Faynan in the central Arava as suggested by M. Haiman in 2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of the Curie point depth (CPD) and heat flow (HF) from magnetic data is useful for geothermal and tectonic studies. However, the methodology of estimating these values is still controversial as numerous studies have used different types of transformed magnetic data. Most studies utilize the total magnetic intensity (TMI) or the reduced to the pole (RTP) data, and since shallow magnetic bodies may affect the final CPD values, low-pass (LP) wavelength filtering has also been used to estimate the CPD. In this study, the two-dimensional radially averaged spectral analysis was applied to the land-based magnetic data from the Sinai Peninsula. TMI and RTP data were both analyzed, using different LP filtered wavelengths, and the final CPD and HF values were compared. The cut-off wavelength parameter was selected in terms of the geologic complexity. The results show that the estimated CPD values are well correlated regardless of whether the magnetic data were either TMI or RTP. The RTP data produced a spatial shift in the CPD smaller than the window size being used. Additionally, the centroid method is primarily dependent on the wavenumber, which varied slightly on applying the RTP. There were slight differences in the estimated CPDs when a short LP filter (e.g., 20 km) was applied, whereas increasing the wavelength (e.g., 40 km) caused the CPD values to increase exceeding the plausible depth limits, and the associated spatial trends varied when compared to the other methods. In areas where the basement rocks were shallow or exposed, a LP filter can be applied with short cut-off wavelength. The estimated CPDs were discussed in the context of seismicity data, gravity-based Moho depths, and HF measurements.

Variable single and/or swarms of post-granitic dikes are widespread at Gabal Serbal, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt. The present article aims to identify and discriminate these multiphase dikes through detailed geological, petrographical, and geochemical examinations. These dikes are classified into two subphases: (1) acidic dikes (porphyritic dacite, microgranite, granophyre, and alkaline granophyre dikes); and (2) basic dikes (basalt and dolerite dikes). They range from vertical or steeply inclined bodies, 0.5–15 m wide, pink to black color, and NE–SW to N–S directions. Acidic dikes with different mineralogical constituents have medium to high k-characters, originating from calc-alkaline magma and extruded in a volcanic arc environment. In contrast, basic dikes have medium k-characters, originating from tholeiitic magma and developing within a plate environment. Basic dikes are enriched with opaque minerals, where the basaltic dike contains iron oxides (magnetite and hematite), such as apatite in addition to copper minerals. Dolerite dike comprises magnetite, titanomagnetite, and pyrite.

Forty-three planktic foraminifera samples from the Themed section (East Central Sinai; Egypt) spanning the Zone Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina (Pα) to the Subzone Acarinina subsphaerica (P4b) have been studied. Data from δ13C, δ18O, and planktic foraminifera-based species diversity, depth habitat, preference for warm and cool surface waters, and nutrients (oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic conditions) are used to infer paleoenvironmental changes throughout the Danian‒Selandian duration. Based on quantitative multivariate analyses (hierarchical cluster and principal component), three distinct intervals were recognized, Interval 1 (Pα‒P1b), Interval 2 (P1c‒P3a), and Interval 3 (P3a‒P4b). Interval 2 is further subdivided into three subintervals, 2a (part P1c), 2b (part P1c), and 2c (P2‒P3a). Two δ13C events are identified, Dan-C2 and Latest Danian Event (LDE) and elaborated concerning paleoenvironmental changes. During the earliest Danian planktic foraminiferal Pα Zone, moderately shallow and eutrophic conditions prevailed with cool surface waters and a shallow thermocline. Comparable conditions were still prevailing during P1a‒P1b, but with slightly deeper and mesotrophic conditions and a somewhat deeper thermocline and reduced stratification. P1b‒P1c exhibits a major shift from Eoglobigerina to Subbotina‒Parasubbotina with cooler surface waters and moderate mesotrophic conditions. For Subzone P1c (upper part), slightly mesotrophic conditions were inferred, whereas for P2‒P3a (lower part), surface water warming and thermocline shallowing events have inferred with increased oligotrophic conditions. The Latest Danian Event (mid-P3a) is marked by a dramatic negative δ13C excursion, warm waters, increased mesotrophic conditions, and enhanced stratification. The dominance of Morozovella, Acarinina, and Igorina specify warm and oligotrophic conditions for subzones P3b‒P4b.

Objectives: To our knowledge, this is the first attempt for digitizing the Egyptian phytogeographical regions through incorporation of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques including geo-referencing ground data of old-history paper maps. The main objective for the current study was digitizing and creating the first open-source geospatial data for the Egyptian phytogeographical regions and to make them readily available for usage by researchers - making this study novel. Data description: Geospatial data were created for the Egyptian phytogeographical regions based on ground data paper map showing the boundaries of each region in the country, Egypt. Digitization of the boundaries of each region was executed using ArcMap 10.4 followed by quality checks executions for ensuring the quality and accuracy of the created geospatial data. The data created in this study are available as file geodatabase (.gdb) and shapefile. Having the Egyptian phytogeographical regions available for GIS analysts and cartographers as geospatial data is a powerful tool for further research applications including phytoremediation, biodiversity, conservation, GIS, and remote sensing studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests that the Narrationes, which have been attributed to Nilus of Ancyra or an unknown Sinai monk, was composed as a result of the Emperor Julian's Edict prohibiting Christians from teaching pagan literature. This article begins by describing the Narrationes and how scholarship has identified its author and composition date. It then presents the evidence of the Sinai monastic communities as described in the Narrationes as indicative of a fourth century date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors present a group of previously unpublished Nabataean inscriptions discovered in three sites in the southern Sinai Peninsula, and these are Wadi Kharig, Wadi al-Humryat, and Wadi el-Bdʿ. As part of the study, the personal names and the vocabulary mentioned in them have been thoroughly analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on studying a number of Nabataean inscriptions and one Thamudic inscription from the site of Al-Manhal. The site was discovered by the author in Al-Ramlah area, southwest Sinai, and he called it Al-Manhal, as it is on a lower level than its surrounding, making it a natural basin in which torrential water collects after rain, which made it a destination for people to drink and collect water. On southern rocky slopes there are inscriptions next to petroglyphs. This study includes 18 Nabataean inscriptions and one Thamudic inscription. The study aims to publish and analyze the inscriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present manuscript aims to infer environments of deposition, provenance, maturity, paleoclimate and tectonic setting of the thick Paleozoic–Lower Mesozoic sedimentary succession at Um Bogma area, southwestern Sinai, Egypt. This has been performed via facies analysis, petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry of five siliciclastic-dominated rock units (Araba, Abu Thora, Abu Durba, Qiseib, and Temmariya formations). Eight siliciclastic lithofacies have been identified and related to low sinuosity braided channel, meandering fluviatile, overbank, flood plain, crevasse splay, coastal plain tidal flat, and intertidal to shallow subtidal environments. Microscopically, the rudaceous–arenaceous rocks are belonged to oligomictic–polymictic conglomerate, quartzarenite, and subarkose–arkose microfacies. The argillaceous rocks are represented by shale, Fe-shale, and black shale and consist of illite, kaolinite, and subordinate amount of illite/smectite mixed layer. Geochemically, the studied sandstones exhibit moderate to high silica content that increases from clay-rich sandstones of the Araba Formation to those (clay-poor) in the Abu Thora and Abu Durba formations on the expense of Na2O, Ka2O, and Al2O3 contents. Plotting of the major oxides revealed a felsic igneous provenance source for the studied sandstones of the whole succession with additional intermediate igneous source for those of the Araba Formation. In terms of tectonic setting, different discriminating diagrams revealed a passive continental marginal basin for the studied sediments. The chemical indices of the studied sediments reflect variable degrees of palo-weathering of precursors. High maturity and predominance of kaolinite in the studied sandstones of the Abu Thora and Temmariya formations reflect a humid climate, while the studied sandstones of the Araba, Abu Durba, and Qiseib formations are characterized by a low maturity with abundance of illite reflecting a dominance of arid climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some localities of Sinai, the gall-midge Schizomyia botellus Dorchin & Freidberg, 2011 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induce elongated galls on the axillary buds of Deverra triradiata Hochst. ex Boiss (Family: Apiaceae). The present work studies the relationship between S. botellus and D. tortuosa. Furthermore, the present study predicted the distribution of S. botellus in Sinai, Egypt by using Maxent modeling, in addition, to studying the influence of elevation and plant cover on its distribution. The predominance of S. botellus occurred from January to April and adults emerge from the gall at the beginning of April after pupation. Endoparasitoids of the genus Inostemma (Platygastridae) occasionally attack the larvae of S. botellus. The distribution of S. botellus in Sinai is affected positively by plant cover and negatively by elevation. The predicted highly suitable habitat of S. botellus is mainly concentrated inside the boundary of the St. Katherine protectorate in south Sinai. The most bioclimatic factors that had an impact on S. botellus' predicted range was the maximum temperature of the warmest month, isothermality, and the amount of precipitation in the coldest quarter. Our findings can help ecologists define sampling regions and create conservation plans for this type of environmental interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the history of the relationship of the Russian Orthodox Church with the Christian communities of Egypt and Ethiopia. The article is also concerned with the issue of contacts between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Coptic Church of Egypt in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century. The first almost informal contacts between representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Alexandria Patriarchate allowed Egyptian Christians to get acquainted with the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church, and representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church — with the real state of the religious, political and cultural situation in Egypt. The article also examines the attempts of representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church to establish ties with the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which was part of the Alexandria Patriarchate until 1959.

Macarius, Archbishop of Mount Sinai (13th century), is one of the little-known Arabic-speaking Orthodox authors. Only one of his full-fl edged works has survived, On Fasting during Cheesefare Week. The historical and canonical signifi cance of this text is due to the fact that it includes the confession of faith of Macarius. Thus, this relatively small text allows us to make a fairly full portrait of its author, to evaluate the Sinai Archbishop both as a church writer in general, and as a dogmatist in particular. The historical and canonical part of the treatise shows that Macarius was a highly educated hierarch. The degree of his acquaintance with the patristic literature, the history of the Ecumenical Councils and the sources of canon law of the Orthodox Church significantly exceeds the average level of Orthodox apologists who wrote in Arabic. The confession of faith of Macarius of Sinai, characterised by both the perfection of form and the accuracy of its dogmatic formulations, can be considered one of the best brief confessions of the Orthodox faith ever composed in Arabic. The treatise of Macarius of Sinai is a vivid testimony to the fact that in the first half of the 13th century, the very small Orthodox community of Egypt and Sinai had highly educated intellectuals deeply rooted in church tradition.

The study deals with the topic of Sinai in literature in the Arabic language in Arab journals in the period from 1900 to 2012, in order to identify the objective and qualitative diversity of articles about Sinai, with the aim of revealing the areas of strength and weakness in this production in order to benefit from the strengths and work on the areas of weakness to strengthen them. The study relied on the descriptive analytical method for its suitability to this type of study. The paper collection of the literature of articles in Arabic about Sinai was done and a bibliography of this production was created, to facilitate dealing with it, by analyzing this production using paper measurement methods such as: Bradford’s Law of Dispersion. This production was distributed objectively, qualitatively, temporally, and geographically to study its growth and development. The study concluded with several results, including that the number of focal journals reached six magazines representing various subject areas, politics represented the basic objective orientation for half of the total of these journals, and that the decade of the seventies represented the most productive period in terms of the number Articles accounted for more than a quarter of the total production.

Frequent water table measurements are crucial for sustainable groundwater management in arid regions. Such monitoring is more important in areas that are already facing an acute problem with excessive groundwater withdrawal. In the majority of these locations, continuous readings of groundwater levels are lacking. Therefore, an approximate estimate of the rate of increase or decrease in water consumption over time may serve as a proxy for the missing data. This could be achieved by tracking the changes in vegetated areas that generally correlate with changes in the rate of water use. The technique proposed in this paper is based on two remote sensing datasets: Landsat 7 and 8 from 2001 to 2021, and Sentinel 2A from 2015 to 2021, as well as five vegetation indices: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Renormalized Difference Vegetation Index (RDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Transformed Vegetation Index (TVI). The findings have shown that the datasets chosen performed best for small-scale land farms at the research location, which was chosen to be the El-Qaa plain, in the southwestern corner of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. Landsat 7 data with a resolution of 30 m revealed a substantial increase in land farms from 2.9 km2 in 2001 to 23.3 km2 in 2021. By using the five indices based on Sentinel 2A data, vegetated areas were categorized as heavy, moderate, or light. In addition, the expansion of each class area from 2015 to 2021 was tracked. Additionally, the NDVI index was modified to better reflect the arid environment (subsequently naming this new index as the Arid Vegetation Index: AVI). Rough scenarios of the increase in water consumption rate at the research site were generated by observing the increase in vegetated areas and collecting rough information from the farmers regarding the crop types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing a rationale for the composition of Numbers 1–10 continues to pose a formidable challenge to Old Testament scholarship. Most studies in Numbers seek to discern its structure by connecting keywords to concepts, moving immediately from a basic verbal to a high conceptual level of literary structure. With attention to narrative technique, the present study analyses an intermediate level by investigating the demarcation of direct speech, recurring chronological indicators and the dynamic between law and narrative. Accordingly, correspondence of patterns on different levels of literary structure suggests a main break in Numbers 1–10. The Passover command in Numbers 9 inaugurates Israel's departure from Sinai. The calling and dedication of the Levites in Numbers 3 and 8 form an inclusion of direct divine speeches consisting of four triads around a central command to purify the camp. These observations offer a coherent interpretation of the included legal materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Byzantine remains of the three-aisled Basilica with a narthex on Jebel Musa, South Sinai, were known to the scholarly world since the 19th century. The architectural survey of the site (1995) and the excavations of the Hellenic Archaeological Mission at South Sinai (1998–9, 2008) identified additional original parts of the church and unearthed its foundations. This project aimed at first in a more detailed study of the documentation material produced onsite, that includes the detailed survey of the in situ preserved parts of the building and of numerous carved granite architectural members scattered in the surroundings. The outcome of this endeavor is a quite precise graphic reconstruction of the original form of the Basilica and a better understanding of its structure and its constructional characteristics. Moreover, this detailed documentation was further elaborated from the structural point of view with the aim (i) to assume the weaknesses and inherent vulnerabilities of the original structure of the basilica and (ii) to examine various possible failure mechanisms that could provoke the destruction of the monument, taking into account permanent loads and seismic actions. For this purpose, based on the graphic reconstruction, a detailed 3D cad model of the structure was first developed. Subsequently, a preliminary numerical linear elastic analysis was carried out, focusing on the structural behavior under seismic actions. The qualitative evaluation of the analyses results in comparison with the actual remains of the basilica led to a first approximation of the possible failure mechanisms.