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Uvod: Prema posljednjim smjernicama, još uvijek nema preporuka za nijedan lijek za liječenje bolesnika sa zatajivanjem srca sa srednje očuvanom i očuvanom ejekcijskom frakcijom. Do sada nije dokazano da neki lijek smanjuje smrtnost i morbiditet tih bolesnika. Cilj: Cilj ove studije bio je istražiti kako karvedilol utječe na stopu preživljenja, ejekcijsku frakciju lijevog ventrikula i NYHA status bolesnika sa zatajivanjem srca sa srednje očuvanom i očuvanom ejekcijskom frakcijom. Metode: U istraživanje je uključeno 317 bolesnika sa zatajivanjem srca sa srednje očuvanom i očuvanom ejekcijskom frakcijom iz Hrvatskog registra bolesnika sa zatajivanjem srca. Od toga je 113 bolesnika u karvedilol skupini, a 204 bolesnika u kontrolnoj skupini. Rezultati: Bolesnici u karvedilol skupini imali su višu ukupnu stopu preživljenja u usporedbi s bolesnicima u kontrolnoj skupini (𝜒² = 14,1, P < 0,001). Bolesnici u karvedilol skupini imali su značajno veću ejekcijsku frakciju u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom (F = 148,04, P < 0,001). Također, bolesnici u karvedilol skupini su pokazali i značajno poboljšanje NYHA statusa (𝜒2 = 29,768, P < 0,001). Zaključak: Naše istraživanje je dokazalo da je dugotrajno liječenje karvedilolom povezano s višom stopom preživljenja, poboljšanjem ejekcijske frakcije i NYHA statusa u bolesnika sa zatajivanjem srca sa srednje očuvanom i očuvanom ejekcijskom frakcijom., Background: According to the recent guidelines, there is still no recommendation for any drug for treating patients with heart failure with a mid-range and preserved ejection fraction. It has not been proven that any drug reduces mortality and morbidity in these patients. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how carvedilol therapy affects survival rate, left ventricular ejection fraction and NYHA status patients with heart failure with a mid-range and preserved ejection fraction. Methods: The study included 317 patients with heart failure with a mid-range and preserved ejection fraction from the Croatian Heart Failure Registry. From 317 patients, 113 were in the carvedilol group and 204 were in the control group. Results: Patients in the carvedilol group had a higher overall survival rate compared to patients in the control group (𝜒² = 14.1, P < 0.001). Patients in the carvedilol group had significantly higher ejection fraction compared to the control group (F = 148.04, P < 0.001). Also, patients in the carvedilol group showed improvement in NYHA class (𝜒² = 29.768, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study has shown that long-term carvedilol therapy is associated with higher survival rate, improved ejection fraction and NYHA status in patients with heart failure with mid-range and preserved ejection fraction.

U ovom radu prati se razvoj tuberkuloze od 1825. do 1950., tj. prije učinkovite antituberkulozne terapije, kada je smrtnost od tuberkuloze u Dubrovniku pratila svjetsku dinamiku. U Dubrovniku je smrtnost od tuberkuloze pala i prije uvođenja BCG cjepiva i farmakološke antituberkulozne terapije, a razlozi za pad smrtnosti od tuberkuloze dijele slične dvojbe kao i u većem dijelu Europe. Ipak, zasluga za to najviše pripada dispanzerskoj aktivnosti uspostavljenoj početkom 20. stoljeća, uz poboljšanje općeg standarda, provedbu javnozdravstvenih higijenskih mjera, izolaciju bolesnih, poboljšanje uvjeta stanovanja, bolju prehranu i sigurniju dijagnostiku., The period in which tuberculosis in Dubrovnik society was followed in this work is the period before the efficient antibiotic anti-tuberculosis therapy. Dubrovnik 19th century society was not taking any special precaution measures against tuberculosis, as the causes searched in constitutionally inherited body features or mystical-vampire causes spread the feeling of fear and helplessness. The discovery of tuberculosis bacillus in 1882 gradually led to the change in the attitude and implementation of many public health measures. The mortality rate of tuberculosis reached its peak during the 19th century, while at the beginning of the 20th century it was gradually dropping. This trend continued until the 1950s, except for war times. In Dubrovnik too, the tuberculosis had the strongest effect on the most productive part of the society. The question of how social circumstances of Dubrovnik community, which was not industrial, as opposed to public health measures taken in that period contributed to the drop in mortality does not regard only Dubrovnik, but has global features, too. During that long period, Dubrovnik improved its poor hygienic conditions inherited from the 19th century and introduced different measures to foster economic and social development. During the 19th century, the treatment from the previous century was continued without significant changes. However, the foundation of the new hospital of Dubrovnik, opened in 1888, was an incentive for implementing new approaches to tuberculosis treatment. In the hospital, a pavilion for contagious diseases was formed, small at first and insufficient for the needs of the inhabitants of Dubrovnik. A special ward for pulmonary diseases, “Morska kuća“, created preconditions for isolation, one of the most important measures against tuberculosis. The tuberculosis mortality statistics during the 19th century was not based on firm medical ground. However, gradually, towards the end of the century, the diagnoses were more and more precise and less and less general and symptomatic. While the entire 19th century was modest in the protection measures against tuberculosis, with the foundation of the Anti-tuberculosis Dispensary in 1920, as the first one in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, a significant, socially organised fight against tuberculosis started. The comparison of social activity of Dubrovnik society to other European communities points out crucial differences regarding its lack of industrialisation, highly agricultural environment, as well as poor financial basis for more active social measures. Real anti-epidemic measures, like vaccination, have been taken systematically since 1950s, when specific medications arrived in Dubrovnik. However, in Dubrovnik the tuberculosis mortality rate dropped even before the vaccine and specific anti-tuberculosis therapy were introduced. Credit for this, back at the beginning of the 20th century, mostly belonged to the activity of dispensary, together with standard improvement, implementation of public health measures, isolation of the sick, improvement of housing conditions, as well as better diet and safer diagnostics.

Smrtnost mladih u Srbiji je problem koji se često zanemaruje. U radu se kvantifi kuje prevremeni mortalitet u Srbiji i to ukupan prevremeni mortalitet, kao i mortalitet izazvan pandemijom COVID-19 i aeroza- gađenjem sitnim PM2.5 česticama. Rezultati pokazuju da Srbija izgubi preko pola miliona godina potencijalnog života godišnje. Aerozagađenje PM2.5 najviše utiče na vojvođanske opštine. U radu su date preporuke u vidu promene paradigme kada je u pitanju populaciona politika (umesto pronatalitetne, na onu koja zdravlje stavlja u fokus populacione politike), revizije strateških dokumenata, fokusiranje na prevenciju i otvaranje podataka kao jeftinog načina da se podstakne istraživanje, informiše i edukuje šira javnost.

Bears are the largest terrestrial carnivores, and most bear species can be characterized as opportunistic omnivores. An infrequent foraging tactic for bears is cannibalism, where a bear consumes a conspecific individual, either through scavenging or following intraspecific predation. Although several reports of cannibalism events are known, no attempt has been made so far to gather the available information to analyze for general patterns. We therefore performed a systematic literature review to understand patterns of cannibalism in bears. We documented 39 studies detailing 198 cannibalism events. We only found evidence of cannibalism in 4 of the 8 bear species, with more events reported for polar bears (Ursus maritimus; n = 107, 54.0%) than for all other species combined. Cannibalism was most frequently associated with infanticide (n = 66, 33.3%) and conspecific strife (n = 30, 15.2%), both of which were more frequent among males than females. The most common apparent reason for cannibalism among predators is to increase fitness (i.e., eating a conspecific increases nutrition, whereas killing reduces competition for resources), but is also often linked to sexually selected infanticide in bears. Cannibalism most often appears to be an opportunistic consumption of an available carcass and not directly connected with the primary cause of death. As such, cannibalism in bears may be more casual and opportunistic than a behavior that evolved as a life history strategy. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 13. 7. 2022. Bibliografija: str. 7-9.

Cilj istraživanja bio je analizirati rizik za nastanak pothranjenosti internističkih bolesnika i njegov utjecaj na smrtnost, ponovne hospitalizacije i novootkrivene bolesti tijekom dvogodišnjeg praćenja. Također, cilj je bio analizirati i razlike u stanju uhranjenosti, antropometrijskim, biokemijskim i drugim kliničkim obilježjima bolesnika, ovisno o odjelu hospitalizacije. U istraživanje je uključeno 346 ispitanika, dok je u dvogodišnjem praćenju ostalo 218 ispitanika. Prilikom inicijalne hospitalizacije učinjena su antropometrijska mjerenja (tjelesna težina i visina, ITM, OS, WHtR, opseg nadlaktice, debljina kožnog nabora), procijenjen je nutritivni rizik (NRS-2002 upitnik), analizirani su biokemijski (glukoza, CRP, kreatinin, eGFR) i drugi klinički parametri (dob, spol, pušenje, pridružene kronične bolesti, upotreba nutritivne potpore, duljina trajanja hospitalizacije). Nakon dvije godine zabilježeni su podaci o smrtnosti, ponovnim hosptalizacijama, novootkrivenim bolestima (šećerna bolest, maligna bolest, arterijska hipertenzija) i upotrebi nutritivne potpore. Rezultati su pokazali kako su internistički bolesnici uglavnom starije životne dobi i polimorbidni. Čak ih je 38,4% pod povećanim rizikom za nastanak pothranjenosti (NRS2002≥3) prilikom inicijalne hospitalizacije, iako su im antropometrijski parametri povećani. Unatoč povećanom nutritivnom riziku, u samo 15,3% ispitanika uveden je ONS tijekom hospitalizacije. Praćeni, nutritivno ugroženi ispitanici, češće su bili ženskog spola, stariji od 65 godina, bolovali su češće od maligne bolesti (54,9% naspram 20,6%; P, The aim of the study was to analyze the malnutrition risk in internal medicine patients and its impact on mortality, rehospitalization, and newly diagnosed diseases rate during twoyear follow-up. We also aimed to analyze differences in nutritional status, anthropometric, biochemical, and other clinical patient characteristics, depending on the initial hospitalization department. Total of 346 participants were included in the study, while 218 participants were followed up two years later. During the initial hospitalization, anthropometric measurements were performed (body height and weight, body-mass index, waist circumference, WHtR, upper arm circumference, skin fold thickness), nutritional risk was assessed (NRS-2002 questionnaire), biochemical parameters (glucose, CRP, creatinine, eGFR), and other clinical parameters of interest (age, sex, smoking status, chronic diseases, use of nutritional support, length of hospital stay) were analyzed. Two years later, data on mortality, re-hospitalizations, newly diagnosed diseases (diabetes, malignant disease, arterial hypertension), and the use of nutritional support were recorded. The results showed that internal medicine patients are generally old and polymorbid. As many as 38.4% of them are at-risk for malnutrition (NRS-2002≥3) during hospitalization, although their anthropometric parameters are increased. Despite the increased malnutrition risk, only 15.3% subjects were prescribed ONS during hospitalization. Followed-up, at-risk participants were more likely to be female, over 65 years of age, more likely suffered from cancer (54.9% vs. 20.6%; P

Cilj istraživanja. Glavni ciljevi: istražiti povezanost smrtnosti stanovništva i industrijskog onečišćenja na području Labinštine u razdoblju 1960. – 2008.; utvrditi primjenjivost bioetičkih standarda u istraživanom području. Specifični ciljevi: utvrditi obilježja smrtnosti na Labinštini u navedenom razdoblju; reklasificirati uzroke smrti populacije na Labinštini za istraživano razdoblje prema MKB-10; usporediti kvalitativna obilježja smrtnosti primarno istraživanog područja Labinštine sa područjima Bakra i Malog Lošinja; usporediti primjenjivost specifičnih bioetičkih standarda na temelju tiskanog medija. Materijal i metode. Analizirani su sociodemografski podaci i uzroci smrti iz primarnih izvora za Labinštinu te isti podaci iz digitalne baze podataka za Bakar i Mali Lošinj. Ekološkim istraživanjem analizirani su i uspoređeni uzroci smrti u tri lokalne zajednice za razdoblje 1960. – 2008. Za usporedbu uzroka smrti određena je dobno standardizirana stopa smrtnosti. Uspoređeno je ekološki narušeno područje (Labinština) i nenarušeno (Mali Lošinj) te oba ekološki narušena područja (Labinština i Bakar). Pluriperspektivnom metodologijom i metodom deskripcije analizirane su najtiražnije novine na području Istre za detekciju i primjenjivost bioetičkih standarda. Rezultati. Statistički značajnu razliku prema udjelu pokazali su uzroci smrti iz skupine Bolesti dišnog sustava na ekološki nenarušenom području Malog Lošinja u odnosu na Labinštinu te uzroci smrti iz skupine Novotvorine na ekološki narušenom području Labinštine u odnosu na Mali Lošinj. Usporedbom dobno standardiziranih stopa smrtnosti prema skupinama bolesti nema statistički značajnih razlika u uzrocima smrti između Labinštine i Malog Lošinja. Dobno standardizirane stope smrtnosti skupina Bolesti cirkulacijskog sustava i Novotvorina značajno su više za područje Bakra u odnosu na Labinštinu, dok su na području Labinštine više dobno standardizirane stope smrtnosti skupina Bolesti dišnog sustava u odnosu na Bakar. Zaključak. Uzroke smrti iz skupina Bolesti probavnog sustava, Bolesti dišnog sustava i Mentalnih poremećaja na ekološki narušenom području potrebno je dodatno istražiti te nastaviti kontinuirano pratiti usporedno sa studijama procjene rizika i okolišnog monitoringa. Analizom novinskih članaka o ekološki narušenom području Labinštine primjetan je izraženiji bioetički senzibilitet na temelju primjenjivosti bioetičkih standarda. Objectives. The main objectives: explore the connection between population mortality rates and industrial pollution in the Labin region in the period 1960-2008; determine the applicability of bioethical standards in the researched area. The specific objectives: determine the characteristics of mortality in the Labin region during the stated period; reclassify the causes of death in the population of the Labin region for the research period according to the ICD-10; compare the qualitative characteristics of mortality of the primary researched Labin region with the secondary regions of the cities of Bakar and Mali Lošinj; compare the applicability of the specific bioethical standards based on the newspapers. Material and Methods. The socio-demographic data and causes of death from the primary sources for the Labin region and the same data from the digital database for Bakar and Mali Lošinj were analysed. The ecological study was used for the analysis and comparison of data on the causes of death in the three local communities for the period 1960-2008. The age-standardised mortality rate was determined for the comparison of the causes of death. The ecologically disturbed area (the Labin region) and the undisturbed area (Mali Lošinj) were compared as well as both ecologically disturbed areas (the Labin region and Bakar). The newspapers with the highest circulation in Istria were analysed using the pluriperspective methodology and the descriptive research method for the purposes of detection and applicability of bioethical standards. Results. A statistically significant difference in the share was shown by the causes of death from the group Respiratory system diseases in the ecologically undisturbed area of Mali Lošinj compared to the Labin region and the causes of death from the group Neoplasms in the ecologically disturbed area of the Labin region compared to Mali Lošinj. By comparing age-standardised mortality rates according to disease groups, there are no statistically significant differences in the causes of death between the Labin region and Mali Lošinj. The age-standardised mortality rates of the groups Circulatory system diseases and Neoplasms are significantly higher for the Bakar area compared to the Labin region, while the age-standardised mortality rates of the group Respiratory system diseases are higher in the Labin region compared to Bakar Conclusion. The causes of death from the groups of Digestive system diseases, Respiratory system diseases, and Mental disorders in ecologically disturbed areas need to be further investigated and continuously monitored in parallel with risk assessment studies and environmental monitoring. The analysis of newspaper articles about the ecologically disturbed area of the Labin region indicates a more evident bioethical sensibility based on the applicability of bioethical standards.

Combatting mycotoxins and their harmful effects on performance at broiler farms is based on using neutralizing products such as binders that inhibit their intestinal absorption and bind with these molecules to neutralise. This study focuses on the dietary supplementation of a mycotoxin binder-organic acidifier combination over an entire broiler rearing cycle. 1280 1-day-old chicks of equal weight of the cobb500 strain were divided into two groups (n=640): the control group (C) was fed with standard staple food suitable for each phase of breeding, while the experimental group received the same food for each phase as the control group, with the addition of a mycotoxin binder (MICOTEC, 0.1%) and organic acidifier (TECAVIAR, 0.1%) in the food. The results showed a highly convincing effect of these two additives on zootechnical performance: reduced mortality rate, 15.38% improvement in average weight, 15.68% improvement in average daily gain (ADG), and a 1.59% reduction in consumption compared to the control group. This resulted in significant economic and health impacts. This study has shown that the mycotoxin binder-acidifier combination gives remarkable positive effects that may be of economic interest. Other research perspectives are opening concerning the choice of molecules and their concentrations to optimize results, and to study other aspects of the effects of this combination on poultry health and ultimately of consumer health., Borba protiv mikotoksina i njihovih štetnih učinaka na učinkovitost farmi tovnih pilića sastoji se od uporabe neutralizacijskih proizvoda poput veziva koji inhibiraju njihovu apsorpciju u crijevima i neutraliziraju ih vezujući se na te molekule. Ova studija se usredotočuje na dodatak prehrani u obliku kombinacije vezivanja mikotoksina i sredstva za zakiseljavanje tijekom cijelog ciklusa uzgoja tovnih pilića. 1280 jednodnevnih pilića, soja cobb500 (obaju spolova), podijeljeno je u dvije skupine (n=640) iste težine: prva, kontrolna skupina (C) hranjena je standardnom osnovnom hranom prikladnom za svaku fazu uzgoja. Za drugu skupinu, uz poštivanje iste formule za svaku fazu te istih sastojaka, dodano je vezivo mikotoksina (MICOTEC, 0,1 %) i organsko sredstvo za zakiseljavanje (TECAVIAR, 0,1 %) u hranu. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na vrlo uvjerljive učinke ovih dvaju aditiva na zootehničke karakteristike: smanjenu stopu smrtnosti, poboljšanje prosječne težine za 15,38 % i prosječnog dnevnog prirasta (ADG) za 15,68 % te smanjenje konzumacije za -1,59 % u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom. To je rezultiralo znatnim ekonomskim učinkom i učinkom na zdravlje. U ovom je radu rikazano da je kombinacija veziva mikotoksina i sredstva za zakiseljavanje osigurala vrlo važne i zanimljive pozitivne učinke koji bi mogli biti od ekonomskog interesa. Uz to, otvaraju se brojne perspektive za istraživanje za izbor molekula i koncentracija za optimizaciju rezultata, kao i za proučavanje drugih vidova učinka ove kombinacije na zdravlje ljudi i peradi.

In our study, we examined the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on the incidence of pneumothorax in intensive care patients over age 65. COVID-19 intensive care patients that presented to our department between April 2020 and May 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were divided into two main groups, i.e., before and after the vaccination period. Patients were evaluated retrospectively for the following parameters: gender, age, side of pneumothorax, mortality, discharge, comorbidity, and additional pleural complications. The total number of patients was 87, i.e., 66 patients before vaccination and 21 patients after vaccination. When patients in the pre- and post-vaccination period were compared, there was a significant difference in the incidence of pneumothorax between the two groups (p, U našem istraživanju ispitali smo učinak cijepljenja protiv COVID-19 na incidenciju pneumotoraksa kod bolesnika starijih od 65 godina hospitaliziranih u jedinici intenzivnog liječenja. Provedena je retrospektivna analiza bolesnika primljenih u jedinicu intenzivnog liječenja od travnja 2020. do svibnja 2021. godine. Bolesnici su podijeljeni u dvije glavne skupine: prije i nakon cijepljenja, a promatrani su sljedeći parametri: spol, dob, strana pneumotoraksa, smrtnost, otpust iz bolnice, supostojeće bolesti i dodatne pleuralne komplikacije. Ukupno je bilo 87 bolesnika, 66 prije cijepljenja i 21 nakon cijepljenja. Usporedba bolesnika primljenih prije i nakon razdoblja cijepljenja pokazala je značajnu razliku u incidenciji pneumotoraksa (p

Cilj istraživanja: istražiti povezanost smrtnosti stanovništva i industrijskog onečišćenja na području Labinštine u razdoblju 1960. – 2008. ; utvrditi primjenjivost bioetičkih standarda u istraživanom području. Specifični ciljevi: utvrditi obilježja smrtnosti na Labinštini u navedenom razdoblju ; reklasificirati uzroke smrti populacije na Labinštini za istraživano razdoblje prema MKB-10 ; usporediti kvalitativna obilježja smrtnosti primarno istraživanog područja Labinštine sa područjima Bakra i Malog Lošinja ; usporediti primjenjivost specifičnih bioetičkih standarda na temelju tiskanog medija. Materijal i metode: Analizirani su sociodemografski podaci i uzroci smrti iz primarnih izvora za Labinštinu te isti podaci iz digitalne baze podataka za Bakar i Mali Lošinj. Ekološkim istraživanjem analizirani su i uspoređeni uzroci smrti u tri lokalne zajednice za razdoblje 1960. – 2008. Za usporedbu uzroka smrti određena je dobno standardizirana stopa smrtnosti. Uspoređeno je ekološki narušeno područje (Labinština) i nenarušeno (Mali Lošinj) te oba ekološki narušena područja (Labinština i Bakar). Pluriperspektivnom metodologijom i metodom deskripcije analizirane su najtiražnije novine na području Istre za detekciju i primjenjivost bioetičkih standarda. Rezultati: Statistički značajnu razliku prema udjelu pokazali su uzroci smrti iz skupine Bolesti dišnog sustava na ekološki nenarušenom području Malog Lošinja u odnosu na Labinštinu te uzroci smrti iz skupine Novotvorine na ekološki narušenom području Labinštine u odnosu na Mali Lošinj. Usporedbom dobno standardiziranih stopa smrtnosti prema skupinama bolesti nema statistički značajnih razlika u uzrocima smrti između Labinštine i Malog Lošinja. Dobno standardizirane stope smrtnosti skupina Bolesti cirkulacijskog sustava i Novotvorina značajno su više za područje Bakra u odnosu na Labinštinu, dok su na području Labinštine više dobno standardizirane stope smrtnosti skupina Bolesti dišnog sustava u odnosu na Bakar. Zaključak: Uzroke smrti iz skupina Bolesti probavnog sustava, Bolesti dišnog sustava i Mentalnih poremećaja na ekološki narušenom području potrebno je dodatno istražiti te nastaviti kontinuirano pratiti usporedno sa studijama procjene rizika i okolišnog monitoringa. Analizom novinskih članaka o ekološki narušenom području Labinštine primjetan je izraženiji bioetički senzibilitet na temelju primjenjivosti bioetičkih standarda.

Pragozdni rezervati so odličen objekt za analizo naravnega razvoja sestojev, ki poteka brez vpliva človeka, oziroma je ta močno zmanjšan. Leta 1984 so bile v Rajhenavskem Rogu postavljene stalne raziskovalne ploskve s skupno površino 1,91 ha, namenjene analizi odraslega sestoja. Leta 2020 je bila izvedena peta ponovitev popisa. Smrtnosti in vrasti jelke in bukve si niso podobne in se skozi čas spreminjajo. V celotnem obdobju ni bilo zaznane vrasti jelke skozi merski prag. Prav tako so se močno zmanjšale njene gostote v prvem debelinskem razredu (DBR), čemur vzrok so predvsem velike populacije jelenjadi. Stalno odmiranje in pomanjkanje vrsti jelke je privedlo do splošnega upada jelke skozi vse DBR. Nasprotno, število bukve v prvem DBR skozi vsa obdobja vztrajno narašča, njena vrast pa je vidna tudi v ostalih DBR. Ti trendi napovedujejo vztrajno nadomeščanje jelke z bukvijo, kar lahko dolgoročno privede do spremenjene drevesne sestave. V zadnjih treh meritvah je opazno večanje števila živih-zlomljenih dreves, od vetra izruvanih dreves in dreves, ki so podlegla padcem drugih dreves, kar kaže na večanje ekstremnih vremenskih pojavov, predvsem manjših vetrolomov. Old-growth reserves serve as natural laboratories for analysing the dynamics of forest stands without direct influence of humans. In 1984, permanent research plots were placed in the Rajhenavski Rog with a total area of 1.91 ha intended for the analysis of long-term demography. A fifth iteration of the census was carried out in 2020. Mortality and recruitment of beech and fir, the two dominant species, varied over time. Throughout the monitoring period, no ingrowth of the fir was detected, and its density in small diameter classes declined over time, likely due to large populations of red deer. The lack of recruitment and continuous mortality also resulted in a general decline in fir across all diameter classes. In contrast, the number of beech in the smallest diameter class has steadily increased over time, and recruitment of beech is notable across most diameter classes. These trends highlight a steady replacement of fir by beech, which may lead to a long-term change in species composition at the site. In the last three measurements, there has been an increase in the number of live-snapped, uprooted, crushed trees, indicating an increase in disturbance induced tree mortality, especially smaller windthrow events.

Akutne infekcije čine jedan od vodećih razloga prijema u jedinicu intenzivnog liječenja i njihova učestalost je u porastu. S obzirom na teško stanje, visoku dob te često invazivne postupke kojima su izloženi bolesnici u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja mortalitet infekcija je visok. Među najčešćim infekcijama su sepsa, pneumonija te infekcije mokraćnog sustava. Provedeno je retrospektivno istraživanje među bolesnicima liječenima u Zavodu za intenzivnu medicinu Klinike za unutarnje bolesti Kliničkog bolničkog centra Sestre milosrdnice od 1.1.2018. do 31.12.2018. s ciljem analize učestalosti i ishoda infekcija u Zavodu te prepoznavanja najčešćih uzročnika. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 761 bolesnika među kojima je najčešći razlog prijema u Zavod bila sepsa s 27.9%. U odnosu na ukupni mortalitet od 23.4%, mortalitet sepse bio je 37.7%, a sepse sa septičkim šokom 64.6%. Kao najčešći uzročnici nađeni su Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. te Klebsiella pneumoniae. Zabilježeno je i 346 slučajeva neseptičnih akutnih infekcija među 549 bolesnika koji nisu liječeni od sepse. Od promatranih infekcija, najčešće su bile infekcija mokraćnog sustava (25.7% svih slučajeva) praćena pneumonijom (19.7%), akutnom egzacerbacijom kronične opstruktivne plućne bolesti (13.1%) te infekcijom mekih tkiva (4.6%). Vodeći uzročnici tih infekcija bili su Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae te Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Smrtnost među bolesnicima s ovim infekcijama, bila im to osnovna bolest ili komplikacija osnovnog stanja, kretala se između 12 i 27.8%. U odnosu na ranija istraživanja, učestalost sepse u višestrukom je porastu, mortalitet sepse je također porastao dok se mortalitet septičkog šoka nije mijenjao. U profilu uzročnika je niska učestalost bakterija koje su češće multirezistentne od ostalih. Dobiveni rezultati se uvelike poklapaju s rezultatima većih europskih i svjetskih studija., Acute infections are one of the leading causes of admission to intensive care unit and their incidence is increasing. As the patients treated in intensive care unit are often in bad condition, of older age and often exposed to many invasive procedures, the mortality of infections is high. One of the most common infections are sepsis, pneumonia and urinary tract infections. A retrospective study was conducted among the patients treated in Intensive care unit of the Sisters of Charity University Hospital Centre in the period between January 1st 2018 and December 31st 2018. The aim of the study was to analyse the frequency and outcomes of infections in the unit and to investigate the most common pathogens causing the infections. The study included 761 patients whose leading reason for admission was sepsis which accounted for 27.9%. The total mortality was 23.4%, the mortality of sepsis was 37.7% and the mortality of sepsis combined with sepsis shock was 64.6%. The most common pathogens were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Moreover, 346 cases of non-septic infections were noted among the 549 patients who were not treated for sepsis. Among the infections of interest, the most common were urinary tract infection (25.7% of all cases) followed by pneumonia (19.7%), acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive lung disease (13.1%) and soft tissue infection (4.6%). The most frequent pathogens isolated in those infections were Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The mortality of patients with acute non-septic infections as their main illness or as the complication of another condition was between 12 and 27.8%. In comparison with earlier studies, the frequency of sepsis is found to be several times higher, the sepsis mortality is also increasing while the sepsis shock mortality has not changed. The pathogen profile shows a low incidence of bacteria with high multi-resistency potential. Our results are consistent with the results of larger European and world studies.