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La transición de los siglos XIX y XX fue un periodo de transformaciones a escala mundial. Estructuras territoriales y ciudades experimentaron profundos cambios en su organización. En este artículo verificamos como los procesos generales de cambio repercutían en un territorio alejado de los centros de la economía capitalista internacional. Nuestra intención es analizar la constitución de los espacios sociales en la ciudad de Pelotas (Brasil). Destacamos la acción de los agentes sociales en la producción del espacio y el papel del poder local en la gestión de la modernización de la forma urbana., The transition between the 19th and 20th centuries have been a period of changes in world wide scale. Both territorial structures and cities have experienced deep changes in their organization. This paper seeks to verify how general processes of change rebounded on a territory far from the international capitalist economy centre. Our intention is to analyze the constitution of the social spaces in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. We focus the action of the social players in the production of the urban space. The role of the local power in the management of the urban shaping is distinguished.

Space is a privileged site for the production of meanings and representations. The creation of districts in the towns refers to the various perceptions that the players have of them, designers (urbanists), builders (architects) or inhabitants. The notion of representations would therefore apply to different realities. Firstly, the more or less coherent system of ideas from those making the town, designing it. Then, the vectors of these ideas who apply them (dominant classes, professionals of the town). Lastly, the representations as seen by the inhabitants, the users. To identify the representations of space and their implications on the creation of districts in the African towns, we must therefore question the changing processes of these urban spaces in order to detect the ideologies borne by various categories of players., L'espace est un lieu privilégié de production de sens et de représentations. La formation des quartiers dans les villes se réfère aux différentes perceptions que les acteurs s'en font, concepteurs (urbanistes), bâtisseurs (architectes), ou habitants. La notion de représentations s'appliquerait ainsi à des réalités différentes. D'abord le système d'idées, plus ou moins cohérent, de ceux qui font la ville, la dessinent. Ensuite, les porteurs de ces idées qui en assurent l'application (classes dominantes, professionnels de la ville). Enfin, les représentations que s'en font les habitants, les utilisateurs. Pour cerner les représentations de l'espace et leurs implications sur la formation des quartiers dans les villes africaines, il faut donc interroger les processus évolutifs de ces espaces urbains afin d'y déceler les idéologies portées par différentes catégories d'acteurs., Vianney Bouyou Jean-Marie. Représentations de l'espace et des quartiers à Libreville et Brazzaville. In: Villes en parallèle, n°40-41, janvier 2007. Villes du Gabon. pp. 80-94.

Este artigo apresenta e analisa a configuração do campo organizacional da indústria da pesca nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e do Rio Grande do Sul, na perspectiva institucional. A indústria da pesca, apesar de sua importância para as comunidades onde está inserida, tem apresentado um processo de declínio. O artigo objetiva compreender esse processo por meio da análise do campo organizacional da pesca, de sua origem até a configuração atual nos dois estados investigados. As configurações aqui apresentadas, bem como a análise comparativa desenvolvida, foi elaborada a partir dos dados coletados em documentos produzidos pelos diversos órgãos envolvidos com a pesca no Brasil e nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi também realizada uma série de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com representantes das organizações que compõem o campo, com a finalidade de atribuir maior precisão às configurações dos campos organizacionais e salientar os atores sociais e elementos institucionais que as definiram. Pode-se perceber, pela análise, um processo de grande enfraquecimento institucional dos campos, sendo a influência do Estado determinante nessa trajetória. Institutional factors determining the configuration of the fishing industry’s organizational fields in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil This article discusses and analyzes from an institutional perspective the structure of the fishing industry in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul, respectively in southeastern and southern Brazil. The fishing industry, despite its importance to the communities where it is located, has been declining steadily over the years. This article tries to understand such a process by analyzing the fishing industry, from its origin to its present configuration in both states. The structures and the comparative analysis presented here were developed based on data collected from documents produced by several institutions involved in Brazil’s fishing sector, particularly in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul. A series of semi-structured interviews were also conducted with representatives of fishery organizations, with the purpose of providing the authors with a better picture of the structure of the organizational fields, as well as of the social players and institutional elements that define it. The analysis revealed a process of severe institutional weakening over the years, and that the influence of the State was crucial in this trajectory.

The residents of mountain communities exposed to avalanches know the risks associated with such events through their own field of experience. Under pressure from the public authorities, the risks are managed through the implementation of protective, zoning and monitoring measures, which are generally well accepted by the local population. However, two case studies show that effective action may be delayed for a long time because of financial reasons or disagreement between the social players involved. The local population is more concerned about economic and social developments than a possible aggravation of the situation regarding avalanche risks., Partie III - Action collective et gestion territoriale Part III - Collective Action and planning Gestion du risque d'avalanche et action collective dans les Alpes suisses Management of avalanche risks and collective action in the Swiss Alps Laurent Bridel, Sylvie Dulex Putallaz, Anne Herold-Revaz Résumé : Les résidants des communes montagnardes exposées aux avalanches connaissent ce risque dans la mesure de leur proche expérience. Sous la pression des autorités, le risque est géré par des mesures de protection, de zonage ou de surveillance de manière générale bien acceptées par la population. Toutefois, les deux études de cas montrent que les actions efficaces peuvent être longuement différées pour des raisons financières ou de désaccord entre les divers acteurs sociaux concernés. La population de montagne est plus soucieuse de l'évolution économique et sociale que d'une possible aggravation du risque d'avalanche., Bridel Laurent, Dulex Putallaz Sylvie, Herold-Revaz Anne. Gestion du risque d'avalanche et action collective dans les Alpes suisses. In: Revue de géographie alpine, tome 86, n°2, 1998. pp. 77-90.