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Prior to the First World War, Thorstein Veblen wrote extensively about economic theory, formulating the tenets of an evolutionary and institutional economics, and criticizing the static and atomistic premises of classical and marginalist economics, particularly the marginalist theory of distribution, which, in his view, wrongly saw wealth as a reward for productive human labor, rather than a result of the unproductive conduct of parasitic elites. In this period, Veblen devoted relatively little attention to the topics of war and peace. As well, he held that social-scientific inquiry is disinterested: a value-neutral search for knowledge of empirical facts and the theories that explain them. However, during the War, Veblen, while retaining the economic principles of his prewar writings, increasingly combined his emphasis on economics with greater attention to political and cultural factors. Simultaneously, he abandoned his prior insistence on value neutrality to become an activist critic of the War and of Germany's role in fomenting and perpetuating it. This shift led him to develop: (1) a policy-laced theory of war and peace; (2) practical proposals for building an international organization to promote world peace; (3) specific measures to alleviate wartime food and labor shortages in the U.S.; and (4) a sweeping plan for postwar social "reconstruction." As Veblen developed these four sets of ideas, he continued his opposition to static and atomistic forms of analysis as well as his commitment to an evolutionary and institutional approach, which saw economic life, along with war and peace, turning on a divide between productive human beings and unproductive parasitic elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definition of a public megatrend, the development of rules, principles and means of society's behavior, its formulas of vital activity within a specific time-space framework for each country is the most important task. This task is particularly relevant and important at the stage of fundamental and large-scale reforms. Speaking about the megatrend, we mean the paradigm of activity, which determines the appearance and essence, dynamics and stability of life, bearing vectors and goals of society's development, the quality and nature of its turning to the future. It carries an organic synthesis of ideological, political, socio-economic, legal, spiritual, moral, psychological elements and parameters. A society without sufficient certainty of a mega trend is a society without initial theoretical and ideological security. It is simply not possible for it to achieve any success in carrying out reforms and in its modernization. In this article, in the context of the formation of a new world order, the development of statehood and the implementation of fundamental reforms, topical issues of social and global mega trends have been explored. Relevant proposals and recommendations have been put forward. Methodology: The categorical apparatus, epistemological foundations, methodological approaches and techniques, the system of axiological values of research constitute the cognitive arsenal, principles of analysis and generalization, which occupy a leading place in the essence-content of post-neoclassical epistemology developed by the author in recent decades. The highest priority has been given to the principles of consistency and integrity, synergy, comparative analysis, concrete historical, causality, soft computing, probability and emergence. Scientific novelty: For the first time, from the standpoint of post-neoclassicism, the problems of certainty, completeness and optimality of social and global mega trends, essential issues of their scientific, theoretical and philosophical support at the stage of reforming Azerbaijani society and the development of statehood have been highlighted. The tasks of improving management, recruitment and training have been touched upon. The importance of modern philosophical megascience and postneoclassical epistemology for the practice of reforms has been revealed. In this context, the role of the theory of complex systems, fuzzy logic and mathematics, the theory of soft computing, critical synergetic thinking in the formation of philosophical and scientific-theoretical megascience has been highlighted. Conclusion and suggestions: The success of reforms largely depends on the level of qualitative certainty, completeness and optimality of the public mega trend, on the perfection of the epistemological system, which is guided by reformers, management personnel, organizers and performers of transformations. Without the availability of emergent scientific, theoretical and general philosophical support, appropriate systemic praxology and epistemology that meet the requirements of historical time, any reform is doomed to failure. The quality of the system of general philosophical ideas, scientific, theoretical and practical training of personnel, primarily managers, determines the face, power and productivity of reforms. It is important that the reform of society be based on the unity of continuity and innovation, on an organic combination of national-historical and universal, spiritual traditions and undoubted positives of modernity. And here, I believe, philosophical mega science plays an essential role, because with its adequate completeness, the very ideological integrity of the ongoing reforms is ensured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa is a democratic country. However, some missiology scholars, citizens, and leaders see it as one of the countries that are very violent by comparison to others. On one hand, others see it as a country that does not abide by its laws. On the other hand, others see it as a morally depraved country. What causes this negative situation? One of the answers could be political freedom and political transformation, which basically came after a long period of struggle against the unfair conditions of the past apartheid era. As a result, issues around social imbalance are exacerbated by an influx of refugees and a resultant increase in population. Creating a more tangible rationale for social contracts that South African citizens and other neighboring countries would be attracted to commit to, is indeed a huge task. A missiological examination uncovers, however, that despite of all the cultural differences and frictions prevalent in societies, some people are genuinely able to share a set of basic values that arguably could form the core of the sought-for moral direction needed in South Africa. Thus, combining the missiological trends (Mangayi & Baron, 2020) and the ideas of Ubuntugogy (Bangura, 2005) could be functional in bringing home to the next generation the notion of henceforth living by the precepts of such a moral direction and social contract. It is therefore this articles intention to use missiological, philosophical, theological, and African knowledge systems anchored on Ubuntugogy (Bangura, 2005) to illuminate social contract theories for decent social change. Writing from a southern African context, I propose Ubuntugogy, because its deep commitment to community, character and hospitality, has much to contribute to interculturality in the important missiological mandate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the influence and foreseeable evolution of three main leadership styles in sustainable development for social reconstruction in two leading companies, the European Airbus and the Indian Tata Advanced Systems Ltd. (TASL) (Hyderabad, India). Inductive research was employed, using two cross-national case studies and a comparative analysis applying statistical testing. Data were collected through interviews and a survey among principal company leaders with several functions. The study focused on three styles: transactional, transformational, and servant leadership. The strength of this paper is that it sheds light on an understudied industry by providing findings on both the present (as-is) state and the advisable reorientation (i.e., future state suggested by respondents). This could contribute to filling the current gap in understanding the influence of leadership styles on the aerospace and defense industries' economic, social, and environmental outcomes. By analyzing the results obtained in both companies, we concluded that even though all three styles are present in both companies, servant and transformational leadership provide better results for sustainable development for social reconstruction. Regarding the advisable reorientation, according to the respondent's suggestions, the style best suited to influence sustainable development for social reconstruction in the long term in both companies is the servant style. As for the transitional phase, respondents suggest a hybrid leadership model, encompassing features of both the transformational and the servant styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to investigate the political education in the social studies curriculum of secondary schools of Iran. The research approach was mixed and the strategy used was quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The statistical population consisted of the social studies books of secondary schools. The sample was selected using purposeful method. A researcher-made checklist was used to collect the data, and in order to evaluate the validity of the indicators, content validity ration (CVR) was used. Content validity was 0.98. Moreover, data reliability was calculated using the agreement coefficient of 94%. Descriptive statistics was used for analyzing the data in the quantitative part and to test the appropriateness of attention, the Chi-square test was used. Thematic analysis was also used in the qualitative section. The results showed that totally 31 times the attention were paid to the component of political education. The highest frequent issues were related to the index "understanding regional and international political issues" (with a frequency of 13, that is, 41.1%) and "the right of people to decide on their political destiny" (with a frequency of 10, that is, 32.2%) respectively. On the contrary, the indicators "the right to criticize the officials", "the right to criticize social institutions", "the accountability of social institutions", and "the criteria for recognizing and choosing the right in elections" each recording 1 case (3.3%) had the lowest frequency. No attention has been paid to the indicators "reforming social institutions" and "attention to political pluralism". The results of the Chi-square test also showed that there is not a proper balance in dealing with political education components in social studies books of secondary schools of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa is a democratic country. However, some missiology scholars, citizens, and leaders see it as one of the countries that are very violent by comparison to others. On one hand, others see it as a country that does not abide by its laws. On the other hand, others see it as a morally depraved country. What causes this negative situation? One of the answers could be political freedom and political transformation, which basically came after a long period of struggle against the unfair conditions of the past apartheid era. As a result, issues around social imbalance are exacerbated by an influx of refugees and a resultant increase in population. Creating a more tangible rationale for social contracts that South African citizens and other neighboring countries would be attracted to commit to, is indeed a huge task. A missiological examination uncovers, however, that despite of all the cultural differences and frictions prevalent in societies, some people are genuinely able to share a set of basic values that arguably could form the core of the sought-for moral direction needed in South Africa. Thus, combining the missiological trends (Mangayi & Baron, 2020) and the ideas of Ubuntugogy (Bangura, 2005) could be functional in bringing home to the next generation the notion of henceforth living by the precepts of such a moral direction and social contract. It is therefore this articles intention to use missiological, philosophical, theological, and African knowledge systems anchored on Ubuntugogy (Bangura, 2005) to illuminate social contract theories for decent social change. Writing from a southern African context, I propose Ubuntugogy, because its deep commitment to community, character and hospitality, has much to contribute to interculturality in the important missiological mandate.

Using the four major philosophies of education (Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, and Social Reconstructionism) as its theoretical framework, this study examined the perceptions of teacher educators about the functions of education in Ethiopia. The study adopted the qualitative research approach and employed the case study as a design. Through a purposeful criterion-based sampling technique, six teacher educators from Bahir Dar University were selected as participants in the study. Data pertinent to the study were collected through semi-structured interviews and document reviews. The data collected through these methods were thematically analyzed. The results of the study revealed the existence of multifarious perceptions among teacher educators. To be specific, the teacher educators were found to be proponents of the perennialist, essentialist, and progressivist educational purposes. As far as the function of education in Ethiopia was concerned, the study revealed that the perennialist and essentialist purposes of education were dominant. Educational purposes advocated by the progressive educational philosophy were also found to be important. The social reconstructionist function of education, however, was not given an adequate place. Finally, the implications of these findings for the country’s teacher education programs and policymaking initiatives are indicated.

With many outdated hotels in urgent need of refurbishment in China, chain hotel groups are under mounting pressure to expand their market share by strengthening advertising performance. This study aims to explore the effects of sender types and anonymous clues on advertising exposure as well as the impacts of the above factors and content narratives on service conversion (e.g., link clicks) for hotel franchise promotion. In addition to increasing exposure action, use of the AA-IDA model can effectively increase the possibility of hotel advertising conversion. Two experiments were employed to examine the impacts of advertising design factors on exposure and conversion rates of hotel franchise promotion. A behavioral experiment and a field experiment were carried out to examine the critical effect of advertising design factors on advertising exposure and conversion. The Wald tests for parameters show that the effect of anonymity on advertising conversion was significant (β = 0.479, p < 0.01). Objective content narratives had a significant positive impact on advertising conversion (β = 0.594, p < 0.01). Furthermore, The ANOVA results show that hoteliers in groups with different design elements applied had significant differences in post-conversion service usage (F = 33.809, p < 0.001). The AA-IDA model provides a new framework for future hotel franchise promotion research. Additionally, the important design factors of promotional ads and their reorganization (e.g., sender types, anonymous clues, and content narratives) had a significant impact on the view action and conversion action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Niger State of Nigeria is one of the twelve northern states of the federation which adopts Shariah as a legal system during the fourth republic amidst several social challenges. The state emphasizes social reconstructions in its approaches to Shariah implementation and hence, establishes Zakat and Endowment Board for collection and distribution of zakat items to reconcile the society through poverty alleviation. An even distribution of wealth through zakat is hoped to reduce the rate of crime in the region. Northern Nigeria is studied because shariah is practiced only in that region, hence this paper examines the activities of the Board within the time frame of 2001-2017 which was the period of active application of the re-introduced Islamic Criminal Law in the region to identify the level at which the aims of its establishment had been achieved. The historical research method was used in carrying out this study. The authors read previous literature related to the work for background information and further interviewed stakeholders in the government and beneficiaries of the program. The result of the literature and information from the interviewee were analyzed and discussed, and the findings of the work revealed that if Muslim individuals and concerned Muslim organizations did not stand up to strengthen the institution of Zakat in Niger state in particular and in the shariah compliant states in general, the institution will be a shadow of itself. If poverty shall be alleviated through a veritable institution of zakat to reduce the rate of crime in the society, it is recommended that Formidable Islamic organizations in the state such as Jamaatu Nasrullahi-l Fātih Society of Nigeria (NASFAT) and Federation of Muslim Women Organization of Nigeria (FOMWAN) should collectively work on creating an independent zakat board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niger State of Nigeria is one of the twelve northern states of the federation which adopt Shariah as a legal system during the fourth republic. The state emphasizes social reconstructions in its approaches to Shariah implementation and hence, establishes Zakat and Endowment Board for collection and distribution of zakat items. This paper examines the activities of the Board within the time frame of 2001-2017 with the objective of identifying the level at which the aims of its establishment had been achieved. Historical research method was used in carrying out this work. Authors read previous literatures related to the work for background information and further conducted interview with stakeholders in the government and beneficiaries of the program. Result of the literature and information from the interviewee were analysed and discussed and findings of the work revealed that if Muslim individuals and concerned Muslim organisations did not stand up to strengthen the institution of Zakat in Niger state in particular and in the Shariah compliant states in general, the institution will be a shadow of itself. If poverty shall be alleviated through a veritable institution of zakat, it is recommended that formidable Islamic organizations in the state such as Jamaatu Nasrullahil Fatih Society of Nigeria (NASFAT) and Federation of Muslim Women Organisation of Nigeria (FOMWAN) should collectively work on creating an independent zakat board that will help in alleviating poverty in the state.

Over the last century, Europe and the world have witnessed two world wars, civil wars, terrorist attacks, and abuse of power both by dictatorial regimes and in various institutional settings, all leading to serious violations of human rights. Today we continue to see the effects of such violations affecting large numbers of people. This special issue of Oñati Socio-Legal Series is about commemorative practices and their role in post-conflict societies regarding processes of social reconstruction and transitional justice. It also considers current alternatives and complementary systems of justice, like restorative justice and transformative justice to face mass-victimisation. Through practices of memorialization victimhood is defined, constructed, acknowledged or neglected. Their materialisation is often a result of negotiated outcomes involving a number of actors, legislation and institutions. By presenting case studies, the authors hope to enhance practices of memorialization and to critically contribute to the transitional or transformative justice agenda.

This report presents the results of a large-scale population-based survey about peace, justice, and social reconstruction in northern Uganda intended to capture community views on matters that affect ordinary people and the recovery after twenty years of conflicts. The survey was carried out between April and May 2010 in four districts (the Acholi districts) of northern Uganda: Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, and Pader. The findings are based on a total of 2,498 interviews with adults in various locations, including home villages, resettlement sites, and former camps. They provide results that are representative of the adult population in those four districts.This is the third large-scale survey conducted in this region by the Initiative for Vulnerable Populations at the University of California, Berkeley’s Human Rights Center. The previous surveys were conducted in 2005, while the war with the LRA continued, and in 2007 when peace negotiations were underway. This survey was designed to allow comparison with earlier surveys among the Acholi districts. It also responds to the post-conflict context by including more questions about development and reconstruction.Interviews were conducted anonymously and confidentially, using a standardized questionnaire about respondents’ demographic profiles, their current priorities, their access to services and information, their concerns about resettlement, and their views on social cohesion, security, violence, peace, justice and accountability.Detailed results provided in the report reveal a picture of communities in a time of transition, optimistic about the future, concentrated on rebuilding their lives and renewing livelihood activities, and demanding more accountability from government. At the same time, people have not forgotten the war and are concerned about holding perpetrators (including government forces) accountable, reintegrating combatants, and assisting victims. It also reveals that many of these close-knit communities in northern Uganda remain isolated, with little access to news and information (although this is somewhat improved from 2007), little engagement in government programs that affect them, and little contact with authorities or communities outside of their locales.

This report provides a detailed analysis of results on a wide range of topics related to the population’s priorities and needs, exposure to violence, security, community cohesion and engagement, access to information, conflict resolution, reintegration of former combatants, transitional justice, and reparations for victims. Interviewers used an open-ended format and respondents could provide more than one answer to most questions.This report provides the findings from a survey of 1,879 adults, residents of CAR, randomly selected in the capital city of Bangui, and the prefectures of Lobaye, Ombella M’Poko, Ouham, and Ouham Pende. These prefectures encompass a large geographic area representing 52 percent of the total population of CAR and have experienced varying levels of exposure to the conflicts. Locally trained teams conducted the interviews between November and December 2009.

The blueprint for the Republic of Korea was drawn up in large part by northern Protestants who moved south following the division of the Korean Peninsula. This paper elucidates the profoundly important role they played in nation-building, highlighting the existence of multiple, functionally distinct Protestantisms. Far from constituting a uniform field, Christianity in Korea was shaped by tensions among three different Protestantisms originating in three different locations: the conservative Protestantism of the Northern Presbyterian Church in the United States, the progressivism of Canadian Protestantism, later nurtured by the Germans, and Japanese Protestantism, which entered Korea in the 1920s and left behind a deep imprint despite its relatively limited reach. While the most recognizable form of Protestantism has become inseparable from America itself, a significantly less conservative Protestantism hailing from Hamgyeong-do province and eastern Manchuria served as the core of anti-government dissidence in the 1960s and 1970s. Yet another Protestantism, concealing the word "Japan" from its genealogy in the charged atmosphere of post-liberation Korean society, survived as a powerful rival to and opponent of conservative American Protestantism in presenting a coherent vision of social reform. The existence of such different Protestantisms also reveals the presence of different modernities in postwar South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the concept of marine spatial planning (MSP) firmly established in the UK with its own legislation, policies and plans underway, this paper critically revisits MSP as part of the wider debate associated with the social reconstruction of the marine environment, as first discussed by Peel and Lloyd's seminal paper in 2004. We propose that their identified 'marine problem' remains and indeed has exacerbated. We ascertain that there has been much change in the governance of the marine environment that has both positively and negatively altered the way that society has (re)constructed solutions to that marine problem. We revisit Hannigan's (1995) social constructionist framework, showing the degree to which the prerequisites have been satisfied, by providing an overview of how the marine problem has intensified in the preceding 15 years and how the marine problem has now captured the wider public's attention. We then look at the how the response to the marine problem has evolved by examining at the current marine planning arrangements across the UK. We conclude by stating that the whence of MSP is clear, culminating with the formal introduction of MSP in the UK which has positively altered the way in which the marine environment is socially reconstructed. The whither is much more unclear. With a continually rapidly moving agenda of change, there is much more to be done for us to say that the marine problem has been successfully socially reconstructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a decade of negotiations leading to the adoption of its internal rules in June 2007, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) is the first serious effort to bring the law to bear, however belatedly and incompletely, on the horrendous crimes committed by leaders of the Khmer Rouge more than a quarter of a century ago. In power for just under four years (1975 to 1979), the Khmer Rouge more than decimated Cambodia. At least 1.7 million Cambodians, fully one quarter of the population, were killed or died as a result of the oppressive policies imposed by the Khmer Rouge, with execution, starvation, exhaustion from slave labor, malnutrition, and torture as the leading causes of death.This report presents the findings of a nationwide, population-based survey undertaken by the Human Rights Center’s Initiative on Vulnerable in Cambodia. The survey sought to capture opinions and attitudes about accountability, social reconstruction, and the ECCC. Teams of interviewers used a structured questionnaire to interview 1,000 Cambodians 18 years old or older, randomly selecting 125 communes out of 1,621 using systematic random sampling proportionate to population size. Two villages were randomly selected from each commune, resulting in a sample size of 250 villages. Analysis of the report concluded with specific recommendations of ways in which the ECCC, Cambodian judicial and administrative institutions, civil society, and the international community can ensure that Cambodians become engaged participants in—and not merely auxiliaries to—the work of the court.

Twenty-one years of war, destruction, and the displacement of over 1.5 million people have turned northern Ugandan into a humanitarian disaster. One of the war’s principal perpetrators has been the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). A significant shift in the war occurred in late 2005 when the LRA withdrew its forces to the southern Sudan and then crossed the Nile, assembling in Garamba National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In the summer of 2006, peace talks between the Government of Uganda and the LRA commenced in Juba, and a first Cessation of Hostilities Agreement was signed on 26 August 2006. With the withdrawal of the LRA to the Congo, security in northern Uganda has improved considerably. Some displacement-camp residents have moved to new settlement sites closer to their villages. Yet others fear leaving the relative safety of the camps until a final peace agreement has been signed and the LRA fighters have been demobilized. This is a delicate stage of the conflict, and a deeper understanding of the needs and desires of affected populations will be crucial to a long-term resolution.This report presents the findings of a population-based study conducted by the Human Rights Center, University of California Berkeley, Payson Center for International Development, Tulane University, and the International Center for Transitional Justice. The research was based on a cross-sectional survey of 2,875 individuals, supplemented by in-depth qualitative interviews, in eight districts of northern Uganda most affected by the conflict from April to June 2007. The study capture attitudes about peace, justice, and social reconstruction while peace talks were taking place between the Ugandan government and the LRA in Juba, south Sudan.

We describe our research on the role of education in the social reconstruction of countries after mass conflict. Our studies focus on the voices of those least heard in the discourse - teachers, students, administrators and parents. We examine schools in four societies that experienced profound violence, ethnic cleansing and genocide during the 1990s - Croatia, the UN-administered province of Kosovo in Serbia-Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Rwanda. We question the assumptions that underlie current practice such as a narrow focus on emergency interventions, conflict resolution, peace education and textbook reform. Societal repair must involve a comprehensive set of interventions that recognizes the integrated nature of a society's institutions. Schools are a unique component of building a long-term future. © 2007, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.

For nearly two decades, the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) has waged a war against the people of Northern Uganda. The group’s conflict with government forces has received little international attention, even though as many as 1.6 million civilians have been displaced and now languish in dozens of squalid camps throughout the countryside. In recent years, several researchers have conducted qualitative studies of the factors influencing peace and justice considerations in the north, primarily comprising interviews with Ugandan government officials, humanitarian workers, traditional and religious leaders, former LRA members, and others. These studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of the challenges policymakers face in their efforts to end years of war. Yet most research has not included population-based data that represent the spectrum of attitudes and opinions of those most affected by the violence. This report seeks to fill that void.The report presents the findings of a study conducted by researchers from the Human Rights Center (HRC), University of California, Berkeley, in partnership with the International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Payson Center of Tulane University and Makerere University Institute of Public Health.. The findings are based on the preliminary analysis of quantitative data collected from cross-sectional survey of 2,585 individuals residing in the four selected directs in northern Uganda—Gulu and Kitgum (both Acholi districts), and Lira and Soroti (both non-Acholi districts)—between April 20 and May 2, 2005. The specific objectives of the survey were to: 1) Measure the overall exposure to violence as a result of war and human rights abuses in Northern Uganda since 1987; 2) Understand the immediate needs and concerns of residents of towns, villages, and internally displaced person (IDP) camps in Northern Uganda; 3) Capture opinions and attitudes about specific transitional justice mechanisms, including trials, traditional justice, truth commissions, and reparations; and 4) Elucidate views on the relationship between peace and justice in Northern Uganda.

Securing Customary Land Rights Transfers in the Light of Rural History and Post-conflict (Côte d'Ivoire). Customary land rights transfers between natives and migrants in the forest region are a central issue of the land question in Côte d'Ivoire. Access to land is a highly politicized resource since the colonial period, even more in the troubled context of post-conflict. The reactivation of the 1998 Rural Land Law and the systematic titling of land transfers are the pillars of the agricultural and social reconstruction policies of the Ivorian authorities. This contribution discusses this approach by shifting the land issue from the legal and normative terrain to its actual historical and sociological context : the resilience of normative and institutional pluralism in access to land resources, and the prevalence of indigenous norms of "tutorat" in customary transfers. The "neo-customary" land regime seems to be reinforced by the vicissitudes of the conflict and the post-conflict situations, since the legal pluralism is even partially recognized in the new Constitution. In this context, this contribution emphasizes the importance of ensuring the local social recognition of rights arising from customary transfers, in advance of any systematic legal formalization of rights.

The establishment of the Phoenix Settlement and the Gandhi Development Trust (GDT) in South Africa was an experiment in self-sufficient communal living and the promotion of the values and principles of Mahatma Gandhi and South Africa's democratic Constitution, respectively. While both entities are the result of Gandhi's South African connection, they serve to embody, through the Mahatma, an Afrasian Entanglement. Gandhi's time in South Africa made a remarkable impact on him and the country, transforming his political and social positions and influencing its struggle for freedom. In post-apartheid South Africa, the shared mission of both organisations is to advance a culture of nonviolence, peace and social responsibility through a range of transformative programmes. This article details Gandhi's South African journey, his evolving ideas of passive resistance and social reconstruction there, and the resultant legacy programmes that resonate with the spirit of Ubuntu and the South African Constitution to reinforce democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at describing the civilizational dimension of Muhammadiyah's contribution which has not made an adequate attention. By the use of historical-philosophical approach and educational theories of social reconstruction, this paper, argues that the educational thought of Muhammadiyah is always influenced by the dynamic and religious development thought (ideology) emerging in Muhammadiyah. This paper is using a qualitative approach, where most of the data were collected through a library research mechanism. This study shows that first, Muhammadiyah education is a modern Islamic education which is based on the spirit of Islam Berkemajuan [Progressive Islam] aiming to reconstruct a timeworn public order to a new society. Therefore, Islam Berkemajuan is not only monolithic in its sociological reality but also expands its meaning to reconstruct the social economic, political and cultural development according to the age. Second, the Muhammadiyah's philosophy of education is based on two foundations, namely the theology of al-Ma'un and the theology of al- 'Ashr which both of them are derived from the idea of KH. Ahmad Dahlan, the founder of Muhammadiyah. Both the theological bases become the anchor of the thinking and practice of the education of Muhammadiyah. Third, the purpose of education in Muhammadiyah is that to grow or develop the "Ma'rifat quotient" (the consciousness of divinity) which later becomes the cornerstone of the birth of the cosmopolitan and humanitarian ethos of Muhammadiyah. Both of the ethics manifest in the work of the Muhammadiyah social issues of civilization, health, economic, political, philanthropic, disaster relief, community empowerment and many others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afghanistan has been under a state of war for the past few decades. Wars and the ensuing destruction in the region have badly affected the socio-economic and security environment of the country. The situation in Afghanistan has been equally alarming to the neighboring states, particularly for Pakistan which shares its longest porous border with this war torn country. Cognizant to this fact Pakistan not only fully supported the NATO forces to stem the looming threat of Al -Qaeda and Taliban but have also taken serious interest in the social reconstruction of Afghanistan. The primary focus of this paper is to highlight the role of Pakistan with respect to the social reconstruction of Afghanistan. Here the term "social" broadly employs to some important social sectors of Afghanistan such as communication, health, education, and the hosting of Afghan refugees as well as the nurturing of Afghan businessmen in Pakistan and their contribution to the Afghan socio-economic development. The paper at hand argues that Pakistan, due to its geographical proximity and ethnic similarity with Afghan Pashtun can play significant role in the social reconstruction of Afghanistan. Pakistan's performance in this regard can become more effective if her own security concerns regarding the involvement of hostile countries in Afghanistan are properly addressed by the international community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some scholars have accepted social accountability as a framework, through which the needs of communities could be in all education systems. However, there are considerable differences in the needs of communities in resource restrained communities compared with well resources communities. Consequently, there is a need for a specific theoretical framework which will inform curriculum design for science teacher training in resource restrained communities. In such a framework, the researcher proposes the adoption of citizenship education as the philosophical basis for social accountability in education. Such as education should integrate knowledge orientation, reality orientation, and an inquiry orientation for the selection of content and planning the sequence of learning experiences. It should also reflect the citizenship-centered ideology as a central principle of the curriculum. The researcher believes that a curriculum that is based on this framework could facilitate the adoption of social transformation and social accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From every state and territory of Australia, including the islands of the Torres Strait, over 200 delegates gathered at the 2017 First Nations National Constitutional Convention in Uluru, which has stood on Anangu Pitjantjatjara country in the Northern Territory since time immemorial, to discuss the issue of constitutional recognition. Delegates agreed that tokenistic recognition would not be enough, and that recognition bearing legal substance must stand, with the possibility to make multiple treaties between Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders and the Commonwealth Government of Australia. In this article, we look at the roadmap beyond such a potential change. We make the case for a redistributive approach to capital, and propose key outcomes for social reconstruction, should a voice to parliament, a Makarratai Commission, and multiple treaties be enabled through a successful referendum. We conclude that an alteration to the Australian Constitution is the preliminary overture of a suite of changes: the constitutional change itself is not the end of the road, but simply the beginning of years of legal change, which seek to provide a socio-economic future for Australia’s First People, the oldest continuing culture in the world. Constitutional change seeks to transform the discourse about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander relations with the Australian state from one centred on distributive justice to one that is primarily informed by retributive justice. This article concerns the future generations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and their right to labour in a market that honours their cultural contributions to humanity at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was designed using research and development (RD) following the procedure of Borg and Gall. The procedure consisted of a preliminary study, planning, learning materials development, expert judgment, and a small-scale trial. Data were gathered through a document study, a questionnaire, and observation. The data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative descriptions. The results of data analysis show the development of an integrated theme-based course book. The children's responses indicated that they understood well the learning materials contained in the book. The children were also able to show good social competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Customary land rights transfers between natives and migrants in the forest region are a central issue of the land question in Côte d'Ivoire. Access to land is a highly politicized resource since the colonial period, even more in the troubled context of post-conflict. The reactivation of the 1998 Rural Land Law and the systematic titling of land transfers are the pillars of the agricultural and social reconstruction policies of the Ivorian authorities. This contribution discusses this approach by shifting the land issue from the legal and normative terrain to its actual historical and sociological context: the resilience of normative and institutional pluralism in access to land resources, and the prevalence of indigenous norms of "tutorat" in customary transfers. The "neo-customary" land regime seems to be reinforced by the vicissitudes of the conflict and the post-conflict situations, since the legal pluralism is even partially recognized in the new Constitution. In this context, this contribution emphasizes the importance of ensuring the local social recognition of rights arising from customary transfers, in advance of any systematic legal formalization of rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]