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Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health threat. Despite ongoing efforts to control and eradicate TB, various factors including socioeconomic issues, policy modifications, and unexpected public health crises like COVID-19 pandemic have posed new obstacles to achieving TB elimination. This study aims to analyze the changes in global tuberculosis burden over the past 32 years, and provide scientific support for global initiatives targeting the eradication of TB in the post-pandemic period. Methods The data for this study were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, with age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), prevalence rate (ASPR), mortality rate (ASDR), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) as the primary assessment indicators. Dynamic changes in the TB burden were analyzed by estimating the annual percentage changes (EAPCs). The attributable ratios of six main risk factors to TB burden were calculated, and the correlation between the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) and the TB burden was analyzed using Pearson correlation tests. Results The global TB incidence decreased from 8.6 million cases in 1990 to 8.4 million cases in 2021, with a corresponding decline in deaths. However, the TB burden remains higher among men than women. The highest incidence and mortality rates were observed in the age group of 15–69 years, with a notable gender disparity, especially in Eastern Europe. These rates were generally elevated in low-income and lower-middle-income regions, with significantly higher Age-Standardized Incidence Rates and Age-Standardized Death Rates in males compared to females. A significant negative correlation was found between SDI values and TB burden. Analyzing risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease study, it was determined that globally, dietary risks, high body-mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, low physical activity, tobacco, and alcohol use were the main contributors to TB age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years, with tobacco and alcohol use having the most significant impact. Analysis of risk factors suggests that tailored public health interventions for specific genders and regions can effectively lessen the TB burden.

There are unexpectedly a few statistics about the socio-economic status (SES) and related socio-demographic factors (SDFs) of parents having child with ASD in Bangladesh. The prevalence of ASD might correlate with SES and related SDFs. A case-control study was conducted in 24 locations across 21 districts, encompassing all divisions, to assess the association between SES and the risk of developing ASD in Bangladesh. The structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews with 620 parents of the subject (310 ASD and 310 healthy controls) from January 2020 to June 2021. For univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses, IBM SPSS version 23 was employed. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05, and the Odds Ratio (OR) within a 95 % CI was used to determine whether the variable poses a higher odd or not. After adjusting all significant covariates of binary logistic regression (including some dummy variables) in forward logistic regression model analysis, the higher level of SES, advanced level of father’s education (≥master), 22–35 years old age group of the father, and nuclear family were strongly associated with decreased odds of ASD compared to healthy controls. Only the male gender was strongly associated with an increased odds of ASD compared to the control. The results will aid policymakers in developing plans considering the SES and related SDFs that influence the risk of developing ASD in Bangladesh. Further research using population-based cohorts or nested case-control designs with matched control is necessary to observe and generalize the association.

Background: Diarrhea is the highest cause of death for toddlers globally. The proper management of diarrhea can prevent death from diarrhea, and the mother is the key to selecting handlers against diarrhea in the child. Purpose: This study aims to assess factors related to diarrhea management in children under five years in Indonesia. Methods: The type of research is observational analytics with a cross-sectional design. Maternal data analyzed in this study were 819 data obtained from the IDHS in 2017. Multivariable Logistic Regression is used to analyze the data. Results: Fifty-eight point five percent of all toddlers had poor diarrhea management. It consists of toddlers with a maternal age range of 20-24 years (p=0.04; AOR=2.37, 95%CI=1.03-5.41), and toddlers with a maternal age range of 30-34 years (p=0.03; AOR=2.47, 95%CI=1.07-5.68). Moreover, there are toddlers with a maternal age range of 45-49 years (p=0.03; AOR=13.34, 95%CI=1.25-146.80), toddlers with maternal age older than fathers (p=0.03; AOR=2.04, 95%CI=1.09-3.80), toddlers of mothers with several living children is 1-2 (p=0.02; AOR=2.59, 95%CI=1.19-5.62), and toddlers with a residence in rural areas (p=0.02; AOR=1.52, 95%CI=1.06-2.19) have a higher chance of getting poor diarrhea treatment. Conclusion: The factors of diarrhea management, such as the mother's age, the difference in age between men and women, number of living children, and residence, have a significant link with diarrhea in children under five years.

Background: Currently, additional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including nationality, psychological characteristics, and social status, are under consideration. Therefore, there is a need for the exploration and assessment of the contribution and consideration of the aforementioned factors to determine patient-oriented management strategies., Methods: Participants underwent a survey using the "social determinants" questionnaire, which was developed and initially utilized in the context of the extensive American MESA study. Based on the identified set of adverse socio-demographic factors during the survey, an assessment of their cumulative impact on major cardiovascular risk factors, systemic inflammation, subclinical atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases was conducted., Results: An association was established between increasing social adversity and an elevated likelihood of developing all cardiovascular risk factors, except for dyslipidemia. Smoking exhibited the most significant association with deteriorating health-related social determinants (odds ratio [OR], 2.67 for quartile 4 versus quartile 1 [95% CI, 2.13-3.34]). Compared to patients in quartile 1 of health-related social determinants, those in quartile 4 had a one-third increased risk of elevated C-reactive protein (OR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.11-1.60]) and a 31% increased risk of all cardiovascular diseases (risk ratio, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.03-1.67])., Conclusions: The risk of cardiovascular diseases was higher in immigrants from the North Caucasus republics and Central Asia compared to the indigenous population and immigrants from Eastern Asia. For representatives of the mentioned ethnic groups, the prevalence was significantly higher in quartile 4 than in quartile 1: 43.0% versus 29.2%, respectively (p < 0.001).

Abstract Background In the previous few decades, India has made significant progress in reducing child mortality and fertility rates; yet, undernutrition remains one of the country’s primary public health issues. The goal of this study was to determine the extent of child malnutrition in West Bengal, India, as well as the risk factors linked with it. In diverse districts of West Bengal, a community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken utilizing multi-stage stratified cluster sampling followed by systematic random sampling. Anthropometric, individual, and household characteristics were collected from 2070 children in this study. Height-for-age, weight-for-age, and BMI-for-age z-scores were calculated. The levels and factors related with child undernutrition were studied using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Stunting, underweight, and thinness were shown to be prevalent in 25.48%, 33%, and 26.88% of children, respectively. With age, the likelihood of a child becoming malnourished increased. In comparison with girls, boys had a greater chance of being malnourished. Separately, parental educational and occupational statuses were linked to child malnutrition. Undernourished children were more likely to have a mother who was uneducated or undereducated (stunting: OR = 1.46; underweight: OR = 1.49; thinness: OR = 1.49). Children from economically disadvantaged families were more likely to be malnourished. Children from households with untreated drinking water and poor sanitation were more likely to be malnourished. Conclusions The current study showed that there are several risk variables linked to child malnutrition. Undernutrition was caused by illiteracy, filthy drinking water, and poor sanitation, all of which were independent risk factors.

Background: South Sudan is facing a very big challenge with making Maternal Care Services available for women in rural areas due to a lack of sufficient policy for strengthening the health sector in the Country. It’s found out that, most women in South Sudan give birth to their babies on the floor in government hospitals, cutting the umbilical cord with a stick. The study aims to look at the Influence of socio-demographic factors on health facility-based childbirth in Yambio County, South Sudan. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study using a mixed methods approach to assess factors that influence health facility-based childbirth. This study was conducted from August 2021 to September 2021 among lactating women using Yambio State Hospital for health facility-based childbirth and those residing in Yambio town Payam, Western Equatoria State, South Sudan. Results: (50.3%) of the respondents aged 21-25 years old, the majority of the respondents only completed a primary level of education (46%), followed by those with secondary (32%) and with tertiary education (22%). (82%) were married. The majority (36.8%) of the respondent was unemployed followed by those self-employed (26.8%). Nearly three-quarters (73%) of the respondents did indicate that they had monthly incomes of less than 10,000 SSP. About 23% of respondents had an income of (10,000 SSP – 20,000 SSP) and only about 4% had an income of more than 20,000 SSP. Conclusion: The socio-demographic factors associated with health facility-based childbirth include the mother’s age (21 – 25 years), being a full-time student, and working for either government or private business. Recommendations Women and their husbands should have a source of income so that they would be able to have transport that expectant mothers can easily take to the hospital.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the prevalence of malnutrition in terms of wasting and stunting in children between 3- and 5 years of age and to analyze the risk factors associated with malnutrition among them in the district of Peshawar. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the district of Peshawar. Multi-staging simple random probability sampling selected a sample of 225 children between 3 and 5 years. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire containing demographic, risk factors and anthropometry. RESULTS: In a sample of 225 children, the prevalence of malnutrition was quite alarming. Stunting and wasting were observed in the age group 3-5 years. Low weight- for height was observed at 20%, and leanness through mid-arm circumference among children between 3-5 years of age in Peshawar district was 28%, although the mean values for all the indicators fell at the 50th percentile. About 76.9% were exclusively breastfed, and 29.8% of children were partially vaccinated. The association of low MUAC with breastfeeding (chi-square value of 28.9 & P=

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Objective: The aim of this review is to analyze studies that focus on assessing the quality of life of patients with heart failure in terms of various factors that might have an influence on it and thus are an important source of knowledge having clinically relevant value to general practitioners. Methods: Pubmed, Cinahl and Medline databases were used for the search. The studies searched for the aim of this review were those published from 2014–2019 in Czech and English, available in full-text and evaluating the quality of life of patients with heart failure by using a tool designed to assess the quality of life. This review includes studies which assess the quality of life in relation to the factors that might have an influence on the quality of life of these patients. Study protocols and qualitative studies were excluded from this review. Studies focusing on other diseases apart from heart failure were excluded as well. Results: This review includes 10 studies that may be thematically classified into 3 categories: studies relating to the frailty, socio-demographic factors, and psychosocial aspects. Variables such as anxiety, depression, and frailty frequently appeared in presented studies. Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) was the most frequent tool used for assessing quality of life. Conclusion: Heart failure is significantly associated with impairment of all the aspects of the quality of life. Therefore, it is important to identify problem areas that might potentially impair the quality of life of patients with heart failure. It is important to look for methods that could improve the quality of life of these patients, too. Knowledge of the factors affecting the quality of life of these patients is crucial for general practitioners, since they are the first to be contacted by the patient seeking health care and they are responsible for sending them to other specialized departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we aim at assessing the willingness to invest of small-apple farms in Korça region-Albania. Furthermore, we want to identify and assess what are major determinants, as percept by farmers', willingness to invest. To this purpose we used data collected through face-to-face interviews with apple farmers. We used descriptive statistics, as well as classical and multinomial logistic regression. Most of farmers are willing to invest in view of their positive expectations for investment climate. Other important factors of willingness to invest are access to loans, advisory extension services, market competition, willingness to cooperate and willingness to take loans, and farm income, while socio-demographic factors such as age, education, and farming experience do not have significant effect on willingness to invest. Large farms are generally more willing to invest. We present also a general framework of constraints and policy levers to improving the investment climate which is almost valid also for Albania. Improving farmers' access to private credit sources, policy stability, providing information and public advisory services to small farmers, support farmers to adopt new technology, support to the creation of farmers' formal and informal groups, and mitigate risks of various type are some but essential policy measures to motivate farmers to invest mor e in apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary patterns for consumers among the elite and middle‐income classes in developing countries are shifting rapidly toward the consumption of more animal‐based products. Although this shift presents opportunities, there are significant market failures affecting their preferences and willingness to pay (WTP). This study used a multistage sample survey of 309 consumers from three different communities of Bukavu, Eastern DRC, to examine the effect of socioeconomic/socio‐demographic characteristics and quality attributes on consumers' purchasing decisions and WTP for meat products. The results suggested that about 53% of the respondents were dissatisfied with meat products in the market due to their high price, low quantity, unhealthiness, and harmful effects. Older female respondents living in urban areas were more likely to purchase meat products. Their WTP was significantly determined by attributes such as color, in‐mouth texture, and availability. Nutrition, harmful effects, and availability of meat products are the important factors that influence purchasing decisions among higher income groups. Addressing these market failures could have an impact on the meat market, improving the nutrition of low‐income consumers and ensuring food safety standards in DRC and other developing countries with similar challenges. Congolese household meat consumption and their preference for meat products were investigated. Healthiness, price, quantity, and harmful effect were important attributes for consumer preference in meat products. Socio‐demographic variables such as living area, gender, and age influence/determine purchasing decisions and willingness to pay. A different household income caused a different purchasing decision and willingness to pay. Availability was the most significant product attribute influencing the willingness to pay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Illness cognitions are important mediators between disease and psychological adjustment. Evidence related to illness cognitions among patients with breast cancer remains limited. The purpose of this study was to examine illness cognitions among Chinese women with breast cancer and associations with socio-demographic and clinical factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 313 women with breast cancer recruited from a general hospital and a social cancer support club in Beijing from October 2016 to May 2017. Data were collected using the Illness Cognition Questionnaire. Results Participants reported positive overall cognition regarding breast cancer (helplessness, 13.70 ± 4.24; acceptance, 16.86 ± 4.30; perceived benefits, 17.93 ± 3.86). A multiple regression model indicated that six factors were associated with illness cognitions: treatment phase of disease, having no children, not returning to work (positive associations with helplessness, negative associations with acceptance; age (negative associations with helplessness, positive associations with acceptance); treatment phase of disease, having no medical insurance (negative associations with perceived benefit); and disease duration (positive associations with acceptance). Conclusions This study reports on the presence of different illness cognitions in Chinese women with breast cancer and the associated factors, and the results could help oncology medical and nursing staff identify risk factors for poor emotional adjustment to breast cancer and the patients who may benefit from interventions aimed at improving the presence of positive illness cognitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to show socio-demographic factors and clinical characteristics in patients with smear negative and smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Methodology: The prospective study included all patients with Pulmonary tuberculosis (N = 43) treated at the Pulmonology Department of the Clinical Hospital Center in Kosovska Mitrovica during the study period 2012-2014. Results: 15 (35%) patients were treated for smear negative tuberculosis. Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis was significantly more common in younger population (p = 0.05), while people above age 50 were equally infected with both smear positive and smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis. In relation to gender, place of residence and marital status there was no difference between the patients. Significantly more patients with smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis had lower level of education (p <0.001). Cough and expectoration were equally frequent. Hemoptysis was more likely in smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis (p = 0.08). Night sweats and exhaustion were equally present in both groups of patients. Anemia was significantly more common at smear negative tuberculosis (p = 0.037) patients. There was no significant difference in the radiographic changes between smear negative tuberculosis and smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Concomitant diseases were equally present in both groups of patients, except chronic obstructive pulmonary disease which was more frequent in a group of patients with smear positive tuberculosis. Conclusion: Smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis was present in about one-third of tuberculosis patients and more frequently affected persons above age 50 with lower education. Anemia was widespread in smear negative tuberculosis patients. Hemoptysis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were more common at smear positive tuberculosis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The aim of this study was to determine the survival rate of oral cancer patients treated in a medical center in central Taiwan and to investigate whether socio-demographic factors influence their survival. We retrospectively reviewed 1010 chart records of oral cancer patients. Survival was analyzed by the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazard model was used for investigating the relationship between socio-demographic factors and survival. The overall 5-year survival rate was 63.24%. Multivariate analysis revealed that those without religious belief tended to have higher probability of death than those who had religious belief (relative risk (RR): 2.057, p <0.001). In addition, those who were single, widow/widower or divorced/separated had a poorer prognosis than those who were married (RR: 1.528, p =0.008). Apart from clinical features, socio-demographic factors also significantly influenced the survival of oral cancer patients. Therefore, care providers should take socio-demographic issues into consideration aside from ordinary clinical health care. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives. To assess the magnitude of overweight and obesity, and its associated socio-demographic factors in adolescents in Xi'an city, China. Methods. A total of 1804 adolescents attending junior high schools in Xi'an City (age: 11–17 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. Body mass index using IOTF cut-offs defined overweight and obesity. Socio-demographic information was collected from the parents of the survey participants using self-administered, structured and pre-coded questionnaires. Results. Overall, 16.3% of adolescents were overweight or obese, but there was a marked gender difference in the prevalence with 19.4% (95% CI: 15.6% – 23.7%) of boys versus 13.2% (95% CI: 10.0% – 16.4%) of the girls being overweight or obese. In a multivariate model, age, residence, household wealth, and parents’ body mass index were significantly associated with being overweight/obese (p [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: The objective of this study was to determine dysphagia risk among community-dwelling elderly people living at home. We also examined the impact of socio-demographic variables on dysphagia risk as well as the relationship between dysphagia risk and dietary characteristics., Subjects/methods: The study sample included 568 community-dwelling individuals, aged 65 years and above, who were living independently in their own home in Seoul, Gyeonggi, or Gwangju in South Korea. We used a dysphagia risk assessment scale to screen for dysphagia risk and the Mini nutritional assessment to evaluate the nutritional status. Associations between dysphagia risk and other variables were assessed using logistic regression analysis., Results: Of the 568 subjects, 350 (61.6%) were classified into the dysphagia risk group (DR) and 218 (38.4%) were classified into the normal group (non-DR). Being female (odds ratio (OR) = 1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.28-2.59), being 75 years and older (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.69-3.42), having a lower education level (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.33-3.97), and having a lower perceived economic status (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.32-3.60) were more frequently observed with dysphagia risk compared to those who did not have such characteristics. Lowered mastication ability (OR = 14.40, 95% CI = 4.43-46.95), being at risk of malnutrition or malnourished (OR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.75-4.23), lowered appetite (OR = 3.27, 95% CI = 2.16-4.93), and decreased food intake (OR = 2.95, 95% CI = 1.83-4.78) were observed more frequently in the DR group than in the non-DR group when adjusting for potential confounding factors., Conclusions: It is necessary to develop and apply integrated programs to improve the dietary habits and nutritional status of elderly individuals at risk for dysphagia, especially for women aged 75 years or older with lower educational and economic levels., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interests.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence and co-prevalence of cardio metabolic (CM) risk factors in adults in China. Methods: The project data of 2015 Nutritional Status and Health Transition of Chinese Residents were used, and 5 456 adults aged 18-59 years with complete socio-demographic, anthropometric, and blood biochemical data were selected as the study subjects. The definition released by the International Diabetes Federation in 2005 were used to define each CM risk factors, including central obesity, elevated TG, reduced HDL-C, elevated blood pressure and elevated FPG. The co-prevalence of the risk factors was defined as adults having ≥2 risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between CM risk and socio-demographic factors. Results: About 80.8 % of adults had at least 1 risk factor, and 54.0 % had co-prevalence of risk factors. Gender, age, education level and living area were significantly associated with the prevalence of major metabolic risk factors. After adjusting for other factors, compared with men, women were more likely to have central obesity and reduced HDL-C, but not more likely to have elevated blood pressure, elevated FPG and elevated TG ( P <0.01). Compared with adults aged 18-44 years, adults aged 45-59 years were more likely to have central obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated FPG and elevated TG ( P <0.01). The odds of having central obesity, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting plasma glucose in the adults in eastern China were significantly higher than those in the central and western China. Conclusions: In 2015, less than 20 % of the adults aged 18-59 years in China had no cardio metabolic risk factors, and more than half of them had two or more risk factors. Gender, age and living areas were the major influencing factors. It is necessary to take effective intervention measures targeting adults at high-risk for the early prevention of cardiovascular disease.