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Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T17:23:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A long-term experiment (2013 to 2017) of treated sewage effluent (TSE) levels via fertigation in a humid tropical region was installed in Jaboticabal, state of Sao Paulo, Southeast of Brazil, to evaluate the impact of TSE on soil fertility and the potential for salinization and heavy metal contamination of an Oxisol. The area was cultivated with Urochloa brizantha under the application of four TSE levels at the irrigation depth (0, 11, 60, and 100% TSE) during the four years of the experiment. The TSE chemical composition was monitored throughout the experimental period. The heavy metal levels and soil fertility were evaluated in the 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m layers at the end of the four years of the experiment. Fertigation using TSE did not increase the concentration of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) in the soil due to their low concentration in the effluent. A higher Na concentration was also observed at high TSE levels (60 and 100%). However, the sodium adsorption rate in the TSE was low, generating no potential for soil salinization and sodification. Fertigation with TSE levels increased soil fertility, increasing by more than 10% the P content and base saturation in the soil compared to control. According to the chemical attributes evaluated in the soil and effluent, this long-term study showed that TSE application via fertigation in humid tropical regions on clayey soils cultivated with forage grasses is recommended. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet Engn & Ciencias Exatas, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Rio Verde, Irrigacao & Climatol, Rio Verde, Go, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet Engn & Ciencias Exatas, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil CAPES: 001

Submitted by Aline Michelle da Silva Barbosa (aline.m.barbosa@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-05T12:41:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_AlineBarbosa.pdf: 1928040 bytes, checksum: 78498434789a7210c9e13594314f6df8 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-06-05T18:44:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_ams_me_jabo.pdf: 1928040 bytes, checksum: 78498434789a7210c9e13594314f6df8 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T18:44:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_ams_me_jabo.pdf: 1928040 bytes, checksum: 78498434789a7210c9e13594314f6df8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-06 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O reúso de esgoto tratado é uma alternativa promissora para a agricultura irrigada por suprir a alta demanda hídrica e nutricional dos cultivos, além de reduzir o impacto ambiental ao evitar o lançamento do efluente nos corpos hídricos. Porém, pode haver contaminação tóxica e patogênica do solo, da planta e das águas subterrâneas. Objetivou-se, avaliar o impacto da aplicação de efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto (EETE), via fertirrigação, no solo e na solução do solo de uma área experimental cultivada com Brachiaria, em Jaboticabal, SP. O EETE foi aplicado durante 4 anos (2013 a 2017) em dois experimentos com delineamento em faixas, com quatro repetições. Nos experimentos, utilizou-se um sistema de aspersão em linha tripla para aplicar lâmina uniforme de irrigação, mas gradual de EETE, estabelecendo-se cinco tratamentos com as seguintes frações do efluente em água: E5 = 100%; E4 = 87%; E3 = 60%; E2 = 31%, E1 = 11% e E0 = 0. O tratamento E0, em que se aplicou apenas água, recebeu fertilizante a base de ureia, superfosfato triplo e cloreto de potássio, equivalente à aplicada no tratamento E3 via efluente. A aplicação do EETE no solo cultivado com Brachiaria durante 4 anos não resultou em risco de salinização, sodificação e contaminação por elementos potencialmente tóxicos do solo. A aplicação do efluente aumentou a fertilidade do solo, em consequência do aumento das concentrações de macro e micronutrientes. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de EETE em Latossolo de região úmida, como em Jaboticabal, SP, apresenta baixo risco de degradação ambiental, uma vez que não contamina o solo e a solução do solo. The reuse of treated sewage is a promising alternative for irrigated agriculture by supplying the high water and nutritional demand of the crops, besides reducing the environmental impact by avoiding the discharge of the effluent in the water bodies. However, there may be toxic and pathogenic contamination of soil, plant and groundwater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of application of treated sewage effluent (TSE) via fertigation on soil and soil solution of an experimental area cultivated with Brachiaria in Southeastern Brazil. The TSE was applied for 4 years (2013 to 2017) in two experiments conducted in a strip design, with four replications. In the experiments, a triple line source sprinkler system applied uniform but gradual irrigation depth of TSE, establishing five treatments with the following fractions of the effluent in water: E5 = 100%; E4 = 87%; E3 = 60%; E2 = 31%, E1 = 11% and E0 = 0. The E0 treatment, in which only water was applied, received fertilizer based on urea, triple superphosphate and potassium chloride in a dose equivalent to that applied to E3 treatment via effluent. TSE application increased soil fertility as a result of increased macro and micronutrient concentrations. The indices of salinization and sodification, as well as the concentration of potentially toxic elements, were not increased with TSE doses. It was concluded that the application of SET in Wetland Latosol, as in Jaboticabal, SP, presents low risk of environmental degradation, since it does not contaminate soil and soil solution.

Geochemical mapping projects carried out in the last fifty years both in Europe and around the world have successfully met a range of needs from mineral exploration to environmental management. New databases have been created for each of these projects, representing an equal number of additional geochemical data sources. Combining data from several existing databases can be highly profitable for obtaining geochemical maps that offer greater precision and/or that cover larger areas. However, the data quality of the datasets can be highly variable and, in many instances, the biases between the geochemical data must be removed in order to optimally combine the different sources of data. The present thesis examines these issues by taking into account the characteristics specific to geochemical data, and by defining the relevant concepts, such as the link between a geochemical value and its position in space or the notion of geochemical data equivalence. This study resulted in the formulation of a general method defining a specific set of procedures that make it possible to effectively combine multiple data sources. This general method first consists in performing four data quality checks: georeferencing, temporal variability, spatial structure and presence of censored values. It then includes two procedures, each having a specific scope, which serve to detect the biases between data and to correct them through linear transformation. The feasibility and the advantages of the proposed procedures are demonstrated using several case studies focusing on soil geochemical mapping both in Wallonia (Belgium) and in Europe. The scope, benefits and limitations of the proposed procedures are discussed, and the performance of the bias detection and the correction procedures are evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations. (AGRO - Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique) -- UCL, 2016

International audience; As part of the ethnoarchaeological study carried out by S. Burri and A. Durand on the way of life of current charcoal burners in Morocco, archaeometric analyses of samples from the floor of a hut in Naour were carried out in order to identify the presence of chemical concentrations. These analyses were performed in order to understand the chemical traces left by the various activities during the occupation of the hut and to provide data that could, in the future, serve as a framework for the interpretation of the archaeological record.The samples, taken from the floors in and around the hut, were analyzed by spot tests designed to identify the presence of phosphates, fats, and protein residues. Although it is not always possible to correlate certain concentrations with specific activities, in general, the analysis allowed for the traces of some domestic activities to be recognized, such as the preparation and consumption of food, both inside and outside the hut.

Sistemas taxonômicos distinguem horizontes e/ou camadas minerais das orgânicas baseando-se na quantidade de carbono orgânico. Assim, o procedimento adotado em pesquisas para a quantificação do conteúdo de carbono orgânico é de grande importância para a classificação das terras e correlacionar as suas propriedades com dados de outros estudos. Com o objetivo de avaliar os diferentes métodos para medir o conteúdo de carbono orgânico e de matéria orgânica em Organossolo e solos com elevados teores de matéria orgânica, de diferentes regiões do Brasil, cinqüenta e três amostras de terra foram comparativamente analisadas pelos métodos de Walkley & Black (modificado), Embrapa, Yeomans & Bremner, Yeomans & Bremner modificado, forno mufla, e CHN. O método Walkley & Black modificado (C-W & B md) e a combustão de matéria orgânica no forno mufla (MO-Mufla) revelaram-se mais satisfatórios para as amostras com elevado conteúdo de carbono orgânico. Com base em dados de análise de regressão, os teores de matéria orgânica determinados pela mufla podem ser calculados a partir dos dados de C-W & B md aplicando-se um fator que varia de 2,00 a 2,19 com 95% de probabilidade. O fator 2,10, valor médio, é sugerido para a conversão dos resultados obtidos por estes métodos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-24T12:44:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-08-24T13:17:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ISSN1679-4605-2013-09-01-135-149.pdf: 317137 bytes, checksum: b0a159089a7ffd424433f75213cbaa7c (MD5) Pró-Reitoria de Extensão Universitária (PROEX UNESP) No Brasil, a agricultura familiar é uma atividade que surgiu ainda no império, e teve posteriormente, com a chegada dos imigrantes no século XIX, uma importante ampliação. Estes imigrantes, durante a recessão provocada pela crise de 1929, que levou inúmeros cafeicultores a falência, adquiriram pequenos lotes de terra, aumentando assim, o número destes estabelecimentos. Apesar disto, o Brasil, mantém ainda um histórico de produção agrícola em latifúndios. Esta situação fez com que historicamente a agricultura familiar ficasse em segundo plano, recebendo menor incentivo e direcionamento de políticas públicas, o que trouxe como consequência grande atraso tecnológico em relação aos grandes produtores. Neste sentido, verifica-se hoje que muitos pequenos agricultores não tem condições de competição no mercado por produzir utilizando técnicas rudimentares. Nestas circunstâncias, propôs-se este projeto, que visa a formação de um núcleo de atendimento, que possa fornecer aos agricultores familiares apoio e instruções para manusear suas propriedades de maneira economicamente viável e ambientalmente sustentável, baseado nas premissas da agricultura de precisão. Essa ação busca ainda ajudar a garantir a permanência desses agricultores no campo, tanto pela preservação dos recursos naturais como pela redução dos seus gastos com insumos, a partir da aplicação localizada de doses adequadas, e de preparo do solo de acordo com a necessidade. O projeto visa a elaboração de mapas de características físicas, químicas e de densidade dos solos das suas propriedades, com o objetivo de oferecer aos proprietários, as informações necessárias para as aplicações adequadas. Esta técnica é denominada de agricultura de precisão, já bastante difundida nas grandes propriedades do país. In Brazil, family farming is an activity that has emerged during the Portuguese empire, and had a major expansion later, with the arrival of immigrants in the nineteenth century. During the recession caused by the 1929 crisis, which led many farmers to bankruptcy, these immigrants bought small plots of land, thus increasing the number of these establishments. Nevertheless, Brazil still maintains a history of agricultural production on farms. So, historically, family farms got in the background, receiving less encouragement and direction from public policy, which brings about great technological backwardness compared to large producers. In this sense, it is now known that by using rudimentary techniques many small farmers are unable to compete in the market. Thus, this project was proposed in order to meet family farmers seeking for support and instructions for handling their properties economically viable and environmentally sustainable, based on assumptions of precision agriculture. This action also tries to ensure the permanence of these farmers in the field, both for preserving natural resources and also for reducing their spending on inputs by applying appropriate localized doses and preparing soil tillage according to the need. The objective was to create physical and chemical soil maps of their properties, aiming at providing information needed for input and technique applications most appropriately and accurately. En Brasil, la agricultura familiar es una actividad que surgió durante el imperio, y tuvo más tarde, con la llegada de inmigrantes en el siglo XIX, una gran expansión. Estos inmigrantes, durante la recesión provocada por la crisis de 1929 que llevó muchos agricultores a la bancarrota, consiguieron comprar pequeñas parcelas de tierra, lo que aumentó el número de estos establecimientos. Sin embargo, Brasil todavía mantiene un historia de producción agrícola latifundiaria. Esto hace que históricamente las explotaciones familiares permaneciera en segundo plano, recibiendo menos apoyo y orientación de las políticas públicas, lo que provoca un gran atraso tecnológico en comparación con los grandes productores. En este sentido, se sabe ahora que muchos pequeños agricultores no tienen condiciones de competir en el mercado debido a su producción de técnicas rudimentarias. Debido a esto, se propone reunir a los agricultores familiares dando apoyo e instrucciones para el manejo de sus propiedades en una base económicamente viable y ambientalmente sostenible, apoyados en los supuestos de agricultura de precisión. Esta acción también busca ayudar a asegurar la permanencia de los agricultores en el campo, tanto por la preservación de los recursos naturales y la reducción de sus gastos en insumos gracias a la aplicación de dosis adecuadas y la labranza del suelo de acuerdo con la necesidad. El objetivo era crear a continuación, mapas de suelo físico y químico de sus propiedades, con el objetivo de proporcionar información necesaria para las aplicaciones de los insumos y de técnicas más adecuadas y precisas. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Geografia, Câmpus Experimental de Ourinhos

Soil taxonomy systems distinguish mineral soils from organic soils based on the amount of soil organic carbon. Procedures adopted in soil surveys for organic carbon measurement are therefore of major importance to classify the soils, and to correlate their properties with data from other studies. To evaluate different methods for measuring organic carbon and organic matter content in Histosols and soils with histic horizons, from different regions of Brazil, 53 soil samples were comparatively analyzed by the methods of Walkley & Black (modified), Embrapa, Yeomans & Bremner, modified Yeomans & Bremner, muffle furnace, and CHN. The modified Walkley & Black (C-W & B md) and the combustion of organic matter in the muffle furnace (OM-Muffle) were the most suitable for the samples with high organic carbon content. Based on regression analysis data, the OM-muffle may be estimated from C-W & B md by applying a factor that ranges from 2.00 to 2.19 with 95% of probability. The factor 2.10, the average value, is suggested to convert results obtained by these methods. Sistemas taxonômicos distinguem horizontes e/ou camadas minerais das orgânicas baseando-se na quantidade de carbono orgânico. Assim, o procedimento adotado em pesquisas para a quantificação do conteúdo de carbono orgânico é de grande importância para a classificação das terras e correlacionar as suas propriedades com dados de outros estudos. Com o objetivo de avaliar os diferentes métodos para medir o conteúdo de carbono orgânico e de matéria orgânica em Organossolo e solos com elevados teores de matéria orgânica, de diferentes regiões do Brasil, cinqüenta e três amostras de terra foram comparativamente analisadas pelos métodos de Walkley & Black (modificado), Embrapa, Yeomans & Bremner, Yeomans & Bremner modificado, forno mufla, e CHN. O método Walkley & Black modificado (C-W & B md) e a combustão de matéria orgânica no forno mufla (MO-Mufla) revelaram-se mais satisfatórios para as amostras com elevado conteúdo de carbono orgânico. Com base em dados de análise de regressão, os teores de matéria orgânica determinados pela mufla podem ser calculados a partir dos dados de C-W & B md aplicando-se um fator que varia de 2,00 a 2,19 com 95% de probabilidade. O fator 2,10, valor médio, é sugerido para a conversão dos resultados obtidos por estes métodos.

This thesis focuses on dwelling sites with hearths dating from the period 600-1900 AD, located in the coniferous forest areas of Northern Sweden. The term dwelling sites with hearths refers to sites where stone-lined hearths occur. These hearths are of a type that became very common in Northern Sweden during the first millennium after the birth of Christ. The main aim of this study is to apply environmental archaeological methods to the investigation of dwelling sites with hearths in order to attain new information on the organisation and use of these sites, as well as to discuss and evaluate earlier strategies of settlement and subsistence. For this study, soil chemical survey and pollen analysis methods are used. Soil chemical surveys have been conducted at a total of 13 sites from the period 1000/1100-1900 AD at locations in the inland areas of the counties of Norrbotten, Västerbotten and Jämtland, while pollen analyses have been conducted at 4 sites located in the county of Norrbotten. Interpretations of the results are related to previous archaeological research, surveys and excavations. In addition, historical and ethnographical documentation as well as historical research concerning the conditions in the area during later periods are considered. The results show that environmental archaeological methods can provide information about settlements with hearths that is not normally possible to discern through archaeological surveys or excavations. Regarding the environmental impact at the settlement areas, there are clear differences between different dwelling sites with hearths. These differences seem to be independent of the number of hearths at the sites. Thus, it is not possible to make interpretations regarding these dwelling sites based purely on the number of hearths at the sites. The results also imply that these sites have been part of a settlement system where different types of dwelling sites were in use for shorter periods of time, for different purposes, and by a limited number of people. With the exception of the 17th century church and market place in Arvidsjaur, none of the examined dwelling sites could be interpreted as being a gathering site for a large number of people. Compared to descriptions of the conditions in the Sami area (Sa. Sápmi) during historical periods, this type of settlement pattern is comparable to the Forest Sami settlement pattern of late historical times. Moreover, soil chemical surveys conducted in areas adjacent to a number of hearths show similarities to the Sami hut (Sw. kåta). To sum up, the use of dwelling sites with hearths shows continuity from the 7th century settlements to Sami settlements of the 20th century, with respect to the environmental impact at the dwelling sites. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that a settlement pattern and subsistence similar to that of the Forest Sami economy and settlement of late historical times are characteristic for settlements with hearths and may have occurred as early as 600 AD.

This thesis focuses on dwelling sites with hearths dating from the period 600-1900 AD, located in the coniferous forest areas of Northern Sweden. The term dwelling sites with hearths refers to sites where stone-lined hearths occur. These hearths are of a type that became very common in Northern Sweden during the first millennium after the birth of Christ. The main aim of this study is to apply environmental archaeological methods to the investigation of dwelling sites with hearths in order to attain new information on the organisation and use of these sites, as well as to discuss and evaluate earlier strategies of settlement and subsistence. For this study, soil chemical survey and pollen analysis methods are used. Soil chemical surveys have been conducted at a total of 13 sites from the period 1000/1100-1900 AD at locations in the inland areas of the counties of Norrbotten, Västerbotten and Jämtland, while pollen analyses have been conducted at 4 sites located in the county of Norrbotten. Interpretations of the results are related to previous archaeological research, surveys and excavations. In addition, historical and ethnographical documentation as well as historical research concerning the conditions in the area during later periods are considered. The results show that environmental archaeological methods can provide information about settlements with hearths that is not normally possible to discern through archaeological surveys or excavations. Regarding the environmental impact at the settlement areas, there are clear differences between different dwelling sites with hearths. These differences seem to be independent of the number of hearths at the sites. Thus, it is not possible to make interpretations regarding these dwelling sites based purely on the number of hearths at the sites. The results also imply that these sites have been part of a settlement system where different types of dwelling sites were in use for shorter periods of time, for different purposes, and by a limited number of people. With the exception of the 17th century church and market place in Arvidsjaur, none of the examined dwelling sites could be interpreted as being a gathering site for a large number of people. Compared to descriptions of the conditions in the Sami area (Sa. Sápmi) during historical periods, this type of settlement pattern is comparable to the Forest Sami settlement pattern of late historical times. Moreover, soil chemical surveys conducted in areas adjacent to a number of hearths show similarities to the Sami hut (Sw. kåta). To sum up, the use of dwelling sites with hearths shows continuity from the 7th century settlements to Sami settlements of the 20th century, with respect to the environmental impact at the dwelling sites. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that a settlement pattern and subsistence similar to that of the Forest Sami economy and settlement of late historical times are characteristic for settlements with hearths and may have occurred as early as 600 AD.

This project sought to develop a non-invasive means to identify the locations of prehistoric and historic human burials using geophysical and soil chemistry. With field investigations conducted at rockshelters, open air sites, and historic cemeteries, geophysical investigations were very effective in identifying burials and other cultural features at all site types. Chemical analysis of the soil to verify burial locations appears to hold greatest promise in historic burials.

Soil samples were chemically analysed to verify the influence of packing (card box or poliethylene bag), storage (1-32 days) and drying process (in the open air or at 60°C). The types of soil under consideration were "Terra Roxa Estruturada" and Dark Red B Latosolic sand phase. The drying process was the most important factor affecting analytical results of pH and phosphorus. The storage showed importance only to phosphorus, and the packing process had no influence in the results. Variations on the level of soil fertility were also obtained. Statistical analysis applied on the results showed that drying is the main factor affecting the chemical analysis, especially related to pH and exchangeable phosphorus content. Amostras de terra provenientes de uma Terra Roxa Estruturada e um Latossol Vermelho Escuro textura média foram analisados quimicamente para se verificar a influência de embalagem (caixa de papelão saco de polietileno), tempo de armazenamento (1-32 dias) e processo de secagem (ao ar ou estufa a 60°C). A secagem foi o fator que mais influenciou a análise determinando variações nos resultados analíticos principalmente para pH e fósforo. O armazenamento apresentou influência apenas para fósforo trocável enquanto que a embalagem não influiu nos resultados. As variações dos resultados analíticos para pH, em função da secagem, e fósforo, em função da secagem e tempo de armazenamento, foram de ordem a alterar a interpretação da fertilidade quanto aos limites de classes.