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Environmental transitions, such as the salinity divide separating marine and fresh waters, shape biodiversity over both shallow and deep timescales, opening up new niches and creating opportunities for accelerated speciation and adaptive radiation. Understanding the genetics of environmental adaptation is central to understanding how organisms colonise and subsequently diversify in new habitats. We used time‐resolved transcriptomics to contrast the hyposalinity stress responses of two diatoms. Skeletonema marinoi has deep marine ancestry but has recently invaded brackish waters. Cyclotella cryptica has deep freshwater ancestry and can withstand a much broader salinity range. Skeletonema marinoi is less adept at mitigating even mild salinity stress compared to Cyclotella cryptica, which has distinct mechanisms for rapid mitigation of hyposaline stress and long‐term growth in low salinity. We show that the cellular mechanisms underlying low salinity tolerance, which has allowed diversification across freshwater habitats worldwide, includes elements that are both conserved and variable across the diatom lineage. The balance between ancestral and lineage‐specific environmental responses in phytoplankton have shaped marine–freshwater transitions on evolutionary timescales and, on contemporary timescales, will affect which lineages survive and adapt to changing ocean conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim Location Time Period Methods Major Taxa Studies Results Main Conclusions Given that microbial communities normally comprise generalist and specialist species, there have been limited efforts to estimate the contribution of these sub‐communities to bacterial biogeography regarding ecological assembly processes and nestedness structure. To resolve this gap, we studied the spatial distribution of bacterioplankton communities and their generalist and specialist sub‐communities, as well as the underlying assembly processes.Six lakes span three climate zones in northern China.September 2021.By separately analysing the generalist and specialist sub‐communities from the whole communities, we investigated the relationships between sub‐communities and the entire communities in terms of distance‐decay pattern, nestedness, and assembly processes. As such, we assessed the contribution of generalist and specialist sub‐communities to the biogeographic patterns of the whole communities.Bacterial community.Generalist sub‐communities were more diverse but less abundant than specialist sub‐communities. In line with the whole communities, both types of sub‐communities exhibited distance‐decay relationships at the regional scale, with the slope of specialists being steeper than that of generalists. Additionally, generalist sub‐communities and whole communities also exhibited similar nestedness patterns, in which assemblages from saline water were the subset of those from freshwater. In terms of assembly processes, generalist sub‐communities and whole communities were strongly regulated by homogeneous selection, whereas specialist sub‐communities were mainly shaped by dispersal limitation. More importantly, there was a transition from stochastic to deterministic assembly processes for generalist sub‐communities and whole communities and generalist sub‐communities with increasing total dissolved solids.Relative to the specialists, the assembly processes and nestedness pattern were more altered if the generalists were absent, which implies the higher contribution of generalist sub‐communities on the biogeography of whole communities at the regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the practical activity, in the process of carrying out the physical examination, a various spectrum of issues is discovered, mostly related to the correct and uniform application of the provisions of the criminal procedure law. By virtue of this fact, we can state with certainty that the regulation of physical examination, as a criminal prosecution action, requires review and improvement. Among the most topical questions with respect to carrying out this criminal prosecution action are: the possibility of applying coercion to the person subject to physical examination; the procedure and specificity of drawing up the minutes of the physical examination carried out by a physician; the possibility of discovering, removing and recording micro-objects during the physical examination; the admissibility of carrying out the physical examination at the stage of starting the criminal prosecution. Besides, as we often observe, the criminal procedure requirements pertaining to carrying out physical examination are not respected at the appropriate level, the records of the results of this criminal prosecution action registering substantial deviations from the provisions of the criminal procedure law. Therefore, an analysis and an additional and detailed research of the criminal procedural character of the physical examination is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extra care housing (ECH) is a type of housing with care and support designed to enable older people to age in place. Approximately one fifth of residents living in ECH are living with dementia and yet, there remains gaps as to how best to support people to live well with dementia in the context. ECH stock across the United Kingdom (UK) includes a diverse range of options that can be grouped into integrated, specialist and separated accommodation. Integrated models involve residents with dementia living alongside residents without dementia. Specialist ECH offer accommodation exclusively for people living with dementia. Separated models offer a separate area for residents with dementia within a larger, integrated site. How these different models work for residents living with dementia is little known and has remained a significant gap in knowledge that impairs both professionals and people living with dementia when choosing housing and care. This paper reports on findings from a large study of residents living with dementia in ECH. The focus is on the potential benefits and challenges of different models of provision. Data were generated from interviews with 100 participants (residents, family members, staff, and adult social care professionals) at eight case study sites across England. Findings demonstrated that there are potential benefits and challenges within each model, but the limited diversity of stock limits choice. Multiple variables beyond the model of provision affect the lived experience, meaning that there is no universal model of optimal support. Rather, the approach and resources of each site is more important than the model of provision. Suggestions for future research directions are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The European Union stipulates transnational recognition of professional qualifications for several sectoral professions, including medical doctors. The Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS), in its "Charter on Training of Medical Specialists," defines the principles for high-level medical training. These principles are manifested in the framework for European Training Requirements (ETR), ensuring medical training reflects modern medical practice and current scientific findings. In 1998, the European Society for Paediatric Research developed the first ETR for Neonatology. We present the ETR Neonatology in its third iteration (ETR III), ratified by the European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP), and approved by UEMS in 2021. Methods: In generating the ETR III, existing European policy documents on training requirements, including national syllabi and the European Standards of Care for Newborn Health were considered. To ensure the ETR III meets a pan-European standard of expertise in Neonatology, input from representatives from 27 European national paediatric/neonatal societies, and a European parent organisation, was sought. Results: The ETR III summarises the requirements of contemporary training programs in Neonatology and offers a system for accrediting trainers and training centres. We describe the content of the ETR III training syllabus and means of gaining and assessing competency as a medical care provider in Neonatology. Conclusion: Graduates of courses following the ETR III Neonatology will obtain a certificate of satisfactory training completion which should be accepted by all European member states as a baseline qualification to practice as a specialist in neonatal medicine, enabling mutual recognition of status throughout Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans have substantially transformed the global land surface, resulting in the decline in variation in biotic communities across scales, a phenomenon known as "biological homogenization." However, different biota are affected by biological homogenization to varying degrees, but this variation and the underlying mechanisms remain little studied, particularly in soil systems. To address this topic, we used metabarcoding to investigate the biogeography of soil protists and their prey/hosts (prokaryotes, fungi, and meso‐ and macrofauna) in three human land‐use ecosystem types (farmlands, residential areas, and parks) and natural forest ecosystems across subtropical and temperate regions in China. Our results showed that the degree of community homogenization largely differed between taxa and functional groups of soil protists, and was strongly and positively linked to their colonization ability of human land‐use systems. Removal analysis showed that the introduction of widespread, generalist taxa (OTUs, operational taxonomic units) rather than the loss of narrow‐ranged, specialist OTUs was the major cause of biological homogenization. This increase in generalist OTUs seemingly alleviated the negative impact of land use on specialist taxa, but carried the risk of losing functional diversity. Finally, homogenization of prey/host biota and environmental conditions were also important drivers of biological homogenization in human land‐use systems, with their importance being more pronounced in phagotrophic than parasitic and phototrophic protists. Overall, our study showed that the variation in biological homogenization strongly depends on the colonization ability of taxa in human land‐use systems, but is also affected by the homogenization of resources and environmental conditions. Importantly, biological homogenization is not the major cause of the decline in the diversity of soil protists, and conservation and study efforts should target at taxa highly sensitive to local extinction, such as parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The misdiagnosis of headache disorders is a serious issue, and AI-based headache model diagnoses with external validation are scarce. We previously developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-based headache diagnosis model using a database of 4000 patients' questionnaires in a headache-specializing clinic and herein performed external validation prospectively. The validation cohort of 59 headache patients was prospectively collected from August 2023 to February 2024 at our or collaborating multicenter institutions. The ground truth was specialists' diagnoses based on the initial questionnaire and at least a one-month headache diary after the initial consultation. The diagnostic performance of the AI model was evaluated. The mean age was 42.55 ± 12.74 years, and 51/59 (86.67%) of the patients were female. No missing values were reported. Of the 59 patients, 56 (89.83%) had migraines or medication-overuse headaches, and 3 (5.08%) had tension-type headaches. No one had trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias or other headaches. The models' overall accuracy and kappa for the ground truth were 94.92% and 0.65 (95%CI 0.21–1.00), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F values for migraines were 98.21%, 66.67%, 98.21%, and 98.21%, respectively. There was disagreement between the AI diagnosis and the ground truth by headache specialists in two patients. This is the first external validation of the AI headache diagnosis model. Further data collection and external validation are required to strengthen and improve its performance in real-world settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Land-use change can cause decreases in plant abundance and richness and the replacement of wild plants with domesticated plants. Changes in plant community composition disrupt mutualistic plant-pollinator interactions with ecological consequences for plants and pollinators, and especially for specialists that rely on certain plants. Objectives: We assessed the effects of land-use change and subsequent shifts in plant communities on resource collection and body size for a bee pollinator, Habropoda laboriosa, a purported specialist of blueberries and related Ericaceae plants. Methods: We collected Habropoda laboriosa across a gradient of land use in north-central Florida including agricultural, natural, and urban habitats. We assessed landcover and floral community composition at each site and related these to bee body size (intertegular distance) and resource use (proportion host plant pollen and pollen diversity collected). Results: Host plant pollen collection and bee body size generally responded similarly to the landscape, both increasing with habitats containing host plants (blueberry farms and natural habitat) but decreasing with urban development. However, host pollen collection and bee body size responded in opposite ways to overall cropland in the landscape, with cropland negatively affecting body size despite positively affecting host pollen collection, indicating other factors associated with cropland might drive declines in bee body size. Conclusions: Land-use change can adversely affect bee diet and body size, and changes in diet likely contribute to changes in body size over time. Specialists are particularly at risk for negative impacts of land-use change due to their inability to shift plant hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No abstract available.

BackgroundProgress in neonatal care has resulted in a 51% decrease in global neonatal mortality rates from 1990 to 2017. Enhanced survival will put pressure on health care systems to provide appropriate post-discharge, follow-up care but the scale of need for such care is poorly defined.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of newborns discharged from 23 public hospital neonatal units (NBUs) in Kenya between January 2018 and June 2023 to identify initial follow-up needs. We first determined pragmatic follow-up categories based on survivors’ clinical conditions and morbidities. We then used individual phenotypes of individual babies to assign them to needing one or more forms of specialized clinical follow-up. We use descriptive statistics to estimate proportions of those with specific needs and patterns of need.FindingsAmong 136,249/159,792 (85.3%) neonates discharged, around one-third (33%) were low birth weight (

Premium organic retailers are specialist retailers that exclusively offer organic products. Prior literature has not studied their entry, focusing instead on the impact of generalist store entry. This study examines the impact of premium organic specialist store entry on category performance at incumbent generalist stores for 47 packaged food and beverage categories. The results indicate that incumbent stores lose sales after a local organic store entry and that the impact of price on sales at generalist stores becomes stronger. The authors postulate that incumbent stores can reduce sales losses by reducing the relative distinctiveness of the entrant along three dimensions: variety, price–quality, and authenticity. Empirical results show that more variety in organic products, as well as more organic feature and display advertising, protect generalist stores from premium organic specialist store entry. Assortments composed of premium organic products are harmed less, whereas assortments in which organic products are subject to more frequent and deeper price promotions are harmed more. Furthermore, including products from an organic specialist brand in generalists' organic assortments offers additional protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students of Applied Arts study courses of scientific & educational photography that concentrate on designing multimedia software and how to use it in education. Also, students of education technology study educational multimedia course. Educational multimedia has great potentials to ease students’ comprehension and keep them active, as it stimulates their senses of hearing and seeing and make them interact with the subject containing multimedia. Multimedia includes texts, graphics, maps, infographics, teacher’s sound illustration, music and sound effects that provide suitable atmosphere for understanding topics of the study. The researcher suggests that the best way to convince students of education technology with the effectiveness of multimedia, is to teach them this technology by using multimedia software produced by them. Through using educational multimedia software, student teachers will discover by themselves the value of the course they study, and will be fully trusted in something they learn to deliver in the market. The software included theoretical information as well as skills that students should acquire to produce instructional software. 3rd year students at department of education technology, who study instructional multimedia course were the sample of the study and were divided into control and experimental groups. After applying the pretest, training was applied on the experimental group and the posttest was conducted on the two groups to examine the skills acquired through the practical test to measure the skills of operating various multimedia software to be merged in one software. The posttest also examined the degree of proficiency and mastering skills of operating the program and the accomplishment speed of in the specific time of the posttest. Through statistical analysis of posttest results, the practical experiment approved that the software is effective in increasing students’ achievement of theoretical information and concepts as well as practical performance. The marks of experimental group increased by 500%.

To improve the methods of portrait identification, the authors have analyzed the current state of the examination technology, requirements for the means and methods of its conduct. They have also studied the particularities of specialists’ interaction in the field of digital image analysis. The need to supplement the methodology with biometric and intelligent technologies is specifically noted. The importance of including in the research procedure the techniques for analyzing the digital media of portrait information to identify both the characteristics of the media itself and the parameters of formation, storage, and changes in the information on it is highlighted. Attention is focused on the expansion of the complex of features of a person’s appearance used in portrait identification with dynamic features for the study of which it is necessary to use mathematical comparison techniques. It is revealed that the solution of problems related to the identification of a person in the future should be carried out by comparing the entire complex of signs of anatomical and accompanying characteristics of the elements of appearance. In addition to traditional “qualitative-descriptive” research methods, it is necessary to use objective analytical methods, biometric recognition, artificial intelligence and involve specialists from related expert fields to develop methods of rapid diagnosis of facts specific to the study of digital portraits.

Currently, in connection with the social and scientific and practical metamorphoses, special attention is paid to the problems of differentiation of forensic expert’s and specialist’s specialized knowledge, as well as the results of their activities (expert and specialist opinions). This is facilitated by the relatively vague legislative structure that regulates them, as well as its very arbitrary interpretation in law enforcement. At the same time, the current judicial and investigative practice of using these institutions in legal proceedings cannot be recognized as fully consistent with the letter of the law and the tasks of justice.In this article, based on the analysis of legislation, doctrinal sources and judicial practice, the criteria for delimiting the competence of a specialist and an expert, as well as the procedural documents emanating from them are considered. The authors note the widespread substitution of concepts and the substantive component of the specialized knowledge of a forensic expert and the conclusion drawn up by him based on the results of a forensic expert study, on the one hand, and the specialized knowledge of a specialist and his conclusion prepared on their basis, but without conducting a study, on the other. The streamlining and systematization of the considered sources of evidentiary information is carried out in strict accordance with the normative regulation.The authors propose options of the definitive norms, revealing the content and purpose of forensic examination, specialist’s specialized knowledge, as a unified basis for sectoral procedural legislation, and also give other recommendations aimed at unifying law enforcement in the field of the use of specialized knowledge in legal proceedings.It is recommended to differentiate “specialized knowledge” into: “specialist’s specialized knowledge”, “specialized knowledge of a forensic expert”, “specialized knowledge in an expert specialty (a specific expert specialty should be indicated)”. For example, a specialist’s specialized knowledge is a system of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the field of specific science, technology, art, craft, which are acquired through higher education and practical experience in a certain field of social and legal activity (using specialist’s specialized knowledge to meet the needs of legal proceedings). It is also necessary to create a System of voluntary certification of the competence of forensic experts and specialists based on the Russian Federal Chamber of Forensic Experts, within which voluntary certification of the competence of specialists whose involvement is in demand in the administration of justice will be carried out.Information about specialists certified as persons with specialized forensic knowledge (handwriting specialists, construction specialists, etc.) should be placed in a special Register of forensic experts and specialists to meet the needs of legal proceedings on the official website of the Russian Federal Chamber of Forensic Experts. The formation of clear rules and criteria for the involvement of persons with specialist expertise in the administration of justice, combined with strict compliance with the law, are necessary components for making a just and fair decision on a case.

Background Aim Methods Results Conclusion The second European Consensus Workshop on Education in Periodontology was commissioned, as a result of the changes in the discipline and the advances in educational methods/technology, to update the 2009 Consensus report of the first European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) Workshop on the same topic that was jointly authored by the Association for Dental Education in Europe.To identify and propose changes necessary in periodontal education at three levels, namely undergraduate, specialist and continuing professional development (CPD), with respect to learning outcomes, competencies and methods of learning/training and evaluation.Four working groups (WGs) considered education in periodontology at the undergraduate, specialist and CPD levels, and education methods. Four commissioned position papers, one per WG, summarized the relevant information. Workshop participants gathered at an in‐person consensus meeting to discuss the individual reviews, and this consensus report summarizes the conclusions.The learning outcomes for undergraduate and specialist education in periodontology have been updated, and a proposal for learning outcomes for CPD programmes was made. Learning/teaching/training and evaluation methods were proposed for each level of education, which included face‐to‐face, virtual and blended learning methods.Developments in oral/dental medicine and in contemporary educational technologies have been translated into updated learning outcomes and learning/teaching/ training/evaluation methods relevant to education in periodontology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly all organisms must cope with parasitic infestation, and most research on parasite ecology in marine systems has focused on the variety of both direct and indirect impacts that parasites can have on hosts. In coral reef ecosystems, gnathiid isopods are one of the most common ectoparasites of fishes. For individuals infested with gnathiids, there is a heavy reliance on intraspecific mutualisms where specialist species groom or "clean" parasites off host fishes. However, gnathiids spend most of their time free-living and not associated with a host and are thus susceptible to consumption by non-cleaner fish species. Here, we investigated if non-cleaner and facultative (less specialized) cleaner fish consume ectoparasitic gnathiid isopods as often or in similar quantities as dedicated (highly specialized) cleaners. To do so, we sampled the gut contents of 797 fishes, representing 61 species and including both cleaner and non-cleaner fishes, to compare their consumption of gnathiid isopods. We found that although there is some site level variation, cleaner fishes eat significantly more gnathiids, and eat them more frequently, compared to non-cleaner fishes. Our results highlight the importance of both dedicated and facultative cleaners as consumers of ectoparasites and show that their role is unlikely to be supplanted by non-cleaner consumers. Furthermore, we suggest that different cleaner species act as complementary rather than redundant specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining how environmental conditions contribute to divergence among populations and drive speciation is fundamental to resolving mechanisms and understanding outcomes in evolutionary biology. Postglacial freshwater fish species in the Northern Hemisphere are ideal biological systems to explore the effects of environment on diversification in morphology, ecology, and genetics (ecomorph divergences) within lakes. To date, various environmental factors have been implicated in the presence of multiple ecomorphs within particular lakes or regions. However, concerted evidence for generalizable patterns in environmental variables associated with speciation across geographical regions and across species and genera has been lacking. Here, we aimed to identify key biotic and abiotic factors associated with ecological divergence of postglacial freshwater fish species into multiple sympatric ecomorphs, focusing on species in the well‐studied, widespread, and co‐distributed genera Gasterosteus, Salvelinus, and Coregonus (stickleback, charr, and whitefish, respectively). We found that the presence of multiple sympatric ecomorphs tended to be associated with increasing lake surface area, maximum depth, and nutrient availability. In addition, predation, competition, and prey availability were suggested to play a role in divergence into multiple ecomorphs, but the effects of biotic factors require further study. Although we identified several environmental factors correlated with the presence of multiple ecomorphs, there were substantial data gaps across species and regions. An improved understanding of these systems may provide insight into both generalizable environmental factors involved in speciation in other systems, and potential ecological and evolutionary responses of species complexes when these variables are altered by environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the scientific article, scientific publications on the specified issues were analyzed and it was established that special knowledge in the investigation of criminal proceedings under Art. 205-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, are used for the purpose of: 1) identifying traces of this type of crime: (for example, identifying signs of making changes to documents that are the subject of a crime; identifying the person who entered false information into the document; the original content of the document, etc.); 2) application of methods of studying documents within the scope of their review (non-destructive methods and technical means); 3) fixation of S(R) D using technical means; 4) seizure of material evidence (computer equipment, documents and other traces, things or other objects); 5) obtaining advice on the preparation of materials for expert research (for example, determining the types of forensic examinations that should be assigned for the study of seized documents and other objects, formulating expert tasks, selecting samples for comparative research, etc.); 6) modeling the mechanism of the crime in order to propose versions and plan the next stage of the investigation; 7) conducting expert research; 8) obtaining data during the interrogation of an expert as a witness regarding the research he conducted, etc. It was established that the use of special knowledge during a pre-trial investigation into the forgery of documents that are submitted for state registration of a legal entity and individual entrepreneurs takes place in two forms: 1) procedural: involving a specialist to participate in the pre-trial investigation, appointing forensic experts, obtaining a written explanation of a specialist, questioning as witnesses of specialists or forensic experts who participated in conducting forensic examinations; 2) non-procedural: advisory assistance of specialists on matters requiring special knowledge, departmental documentary audits and checks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For any criminal prosecution officer, the crime scene investigation is one of the most important criminal prosecution actions and in most cases, it is also the starting point of investigations. Here, the traces left by the offender can be discovered, they can be visible or less visible, left due to negligence, haste, fear or on purpose. The traces, waiting to be discovered, form a significant part of the object of the forensic investigation. Being created in the environment through the actions of those involved in the commission of the offense, the traces contain a lot of information, including individual features of the perpetrator, and in turn are waiting to be discovered for the identification of the last. A hasty decision, a wrong step is able to compromise the deciphering of the crime scene and consequently the identification of the perpetrator. There is no such thing as a perfect crime, and in this initial work, the experience and knowledge of the criminal prosecution officer are essential to help him search, have a broad view and best understand the information he has already obtained. Professional experience is a condition of activation of the imagination, which will help him restoring the event of the offense in the form of its forensic characteristic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Addressing current health challenges requires the integrated and continuous health care services. The collaboration between primary care providers (PCPs) and medical specialists other than general practice is the most common means of achieving this objective. The patterns and effect of collaborative working between different disciplines has a direct impact on the quality of integrated service delivery, which is critical to improving patient health outcomes. Objective To systematically review the characteristics of studies related to collaboration patterns between PCPs and medical specialists, contents of collaboration patterns and effects reported by the authors by using scoping review methods. Methods On September 3 in 2022, PubMed, EmBase, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform were searched for literature related to collaboration between PCPs and medical specialists from inception to the date of search. The characteristics of literature, collaboration patterns and effects were extracted. The elemental decomposition of collaboration patterns was performed based on Mulave 'Gearing Up' model and the contents of collaboration patterns were integrated and demonstrated using content analysis method. Results A total of 420 relevant papers were included, of which 214 (51.0%) were committed to evaluating the effects of collaboration patterns, but specific contents of collaboration patterns could be extracted from 82 (19.5%) papers. The distinctive characteristics revealed by the extraction of limited information on the details of collaboration patterns included clear and formalized collaboration patterns, evidence-based guidelines/norms support for collaborative service contents, information systems and dedicated coordinators support for the collaboration between PCPs and specialists. Among the 82 papers, a total of 54 (65.9%) papers clearly reported indicators of effect, of which 90.7% (49/54) reported positive impact on service delivery and outcomes, ranging from service provision process, service utilization and health-related outcome indicators, however, higher proportion (90.7%, 49/54) of studies reporting positive effects could not exclude the presence of publication bias. Conclusion When collaboration patterns between PCPs and medical specialists other than general practice are implemented in integrated health services, it is necessary to ensure that approaches and contents of collaboration are specified, as well as the focus on the support of information systems and coordinators. Intervention studies related to health system and policy should emphasize describing the details of intervention design and implementation processes. Methodological quality assessment and meta-analysis are necessary to conduct in future studies on this topic.

Background: Primary- and specialist-level palliative care services are needed. They should work collaboratively and synergistically. Although several service models have been described, these remain open to different interpretations and deployment. Aim: This article describes a conceptual framework, the Consultation-Shared Care-Takeover (C-S-T) Framework, its evolution and its applications. Design: An iterative process informed the development of the Framework. This included a symposium, literature searches, results from three studies, and real-life applications. Results: The C-S-T Framework represents a spectrum anchored by the Consultation model at one end, the Takeover model at the other end, and the Shared Care model in the center. Indicators, divided into five domains, help differentiate one model from the other. The domains are (1) Scope (What aspects of care are addressed by the palliative care clinician?); (2) Prescriber (Who prescribes the treatments?); (3) Communication (What communication occurs between the palliative care clinician and the patient's attending clinician?); (4) Follow-up (Who provides the follow-up visits and what is their frequency?); and (5) Most responsible practitioner (MRP) (Who is identified as MRP?). Each model demonstrates strengths, limitations, uses, and roles. Conclusions: The C-S-T Framework can be used to better describe, understand, assess, and monitor models being used by specialist palliative care teams in their interactions with primary care providers and other specialist services. Large studies are needed to test the application of the Framework on a broader scale in health care systems.

The article considers particular reasons for the start of a pre-trial investigation, which are associated with the participation of persons having specialized knowledge in the proceedings.By using a number of methods of cognition of the circumstances of reality, the authors identify the issues that require resolution at the intersectoral level. Among the problematic aspects that cause the violation of citizens’ rights, there is a premature start of the pre-trial investigation, which is also due to the inconsistency and unreliability of the conclusions of experts and specialists involved both before and during the pre-trial investigation.To improve the studied sphere of public relations, proposals are made on overcoming of organizational and legal shortcomings of operational investigative activities, reasons for starting a pre-trial investigation, as well as filling the gaps in the current legislation, in terms of bringing experts and specialists to administrative and criminal responsibility.

Soichiro Hozawa,1 Keita Ono,2 Naoyuki Makita,3 Hitomi Uchimura,3 Yoshifumi Arita,3 Takehiro Hirai,2 Naoki Tashiro3 1Hiroshima Allergy and Respiratory Clinic, Hiroshima, Japan; 2AstraZeneca K.K., Tokyo, Japan; 3AstraZeneca K.K., Osaka, JapanCorrespondence: Soichiro Hozawa, Hiroshima Allergy and Respiratory Clinic, 6F, 1-9-28 Hikari-machi, Higashi-ku, Hiroshima, 732-0052, Japan, Tel +81-82-568-1167, Fax +81-82-568-1239, Email hozawa@vesta.ocn.ne.jpPurpose: Japanese guidelines recommend that patients with uncontrolled asthma be referred by non-specialists to specialists (allergists and/or pulmonologists). This study investigated the reality of clinical practice in asthma patients referred to specialists in Japan.Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective, observational cohort study of asthma patients in a health insurance claim database (Cross Fact) referred from facilities with non-specialists to those with specialists from January 2016 to December 2018. The referred asthma patients were defined as patients with ≥ 4 inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-containing prescriptions during a 1-year baseline period, with an asthma diagnosis, and who had visited a facility with specialists. Asthma exacerbation, maintenance treatment, laboratory tests, and medical procedures before and after referral were analyzed.Results: Data for 2135 patients were extracted, of which 420 with referral codes were analyzed. The proportion of patients with asthma exacerbations was 50.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 45.4– 55.1%) before referral and 37.4% (95% CI: 32.7– 42.2%) after, a significant decrease (P< 0.001; McNemar test). The proportions of patients prescribed ICS alone, long-acting beta-agonists (LABA), and ICS/LABA were lower after referral than before, but the proportions of patients prescribed long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA), ICS/LABA/LAMA, and biologics increased after referral. More asthma-related laboratory tests were performed after referral, and spirometry incidence increased from 16.4% before referral to 51.4% after referral.Conclusion: This study shows a decrease in asthma exacerbations, change in asthma treatments, and increase in laboratory tests after referral to a specialist, suggesting that referrals to specialists lead to better management of asthma.Keywords: asthma, database, referral, specialist, symptom exacerbation

The article discusses various approaches used for labor market research, analyzes their advantages and disadvantages, which makes it possible to substantiate the institutional approach as the most relevant for studying the improvement of the regional labor market for specialists in modern conditions of technological transformation based on digitalization. The result of the study is presented, which is the development of an organizational and managerial mechanism in the form of a comprehensive system of management stages, including certain organizational and economic activities implemented at all levels of management of the regional labor market of specialists as a specific category of workers.

When plants are sequentially attacked by multiple herbivores, herbivore identity and host specialization can greatly influence the patterns of herbivore–herbivore and plant–herbivore interactions. However, how prior herbivory and the resulting induced plant responses potentially affect subsequent herbivores deserves further investigation. In this study, we conducted a common‐garden experiment that manipulated sequential herbivory by the specialist caterpillar Gadirtha fusca Pogue (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) and the generalist caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Chinese tallow, Triadica sebifera (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae). We tested how prior exposure to herbivores with different levels of host specialization affected the performance of subsequently arriving con‐ and heterospecifics, as well as plant growth and defense responses under subsequent herbivory. We found that prior exposure to the specialist G. fusca facilitated the performance of subsequent conspecifics, resulting in a significant decrease in the growth (height and stem diameter at ground level) of tallow plants. However, prior exposure to the generalist S. litura did not affect the feeding of subsequent con‐ or heterospecifics or the growth of tallow plants. Sequential herbivory by specialist and generalist conspecifics resulted in lower levels of tannins and flavonoids, respectively, in leaves of tallow plants, whereas sequential herbivory by the two species did not affect the levels of tannins or flavonoids, compared to a single damage event. We conclude that herbivore species‐specific plant responses appear to be more important than herbivore identity or specialization in determining herbivore–herbivore interactions and plant responses to sequential herbivore attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Divergent host specialization by phytophagous insects is often detected as local adaptation and is thought to have played an important role in their diversification even within an ecological specialist. The phytophagous ladybird beetle Henosepilachna niponica Lewis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predominantly depends on thistles (Cirsium spp., Asteraceae). The distribution of H. niponica occupies multiple areas dominated by different thistle species. This implies the possibility of the occurrence of host‐associated divergent specialization of H. niponica. In this study, we investigated the pattern of host‐use ability of three allopatric H. niponica populations (Aomori, Iwate, and Yamagata) on three thistle species – Cirsium alpicola Nakai, Cirsium nipponicum (Maxim.) Makino, and Cirsium tonense Nakai – under laboratory conditions. The results displayed asymmetric local adaptation by the beetles. The adults and larvae of the Aomori population showed sufficient acceptance and performance on C. nipponicum and C. tonense, the hosts of the Iwate and Yamagata populations, respectively. On the other hand, the Iwate and Yamagata populations fed small amounts of and performed poorly on C. alpicola, the host of the Aomori population. In contrast, the adults from all the populations clearly preferred feeding on C. nipponicum or C. tonense to C. alpicola. We concluded that the small but significant population differentiation and asymmetric local adaptation by beetles to congeneric host plant species could be a sign of the earliest stage of population divergence by divergent natural selection, given that these divergences will act as 'immigrant inviability' and 'habitat isolation' at least asymmetrically when these populations come into contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the key differences between interviewing for a faculty versus clinical specialist position based on personal experience and available literature. Topics discussed include way many institutions conducts screening interviews, how interviews for clinical specialist positions may be conducted, and differences between faculty interviews and clinical specialist interviews.

Effective conservation of threatened populations requires identification of the processes limiting recovery. When multiple population processes are potentially limiting, they are sometimes analyzed independently, often using different datasets. Analytically, this is suboptimal, as processes are often correlated, which can lead to biased estimates of parameters and quantities of interest. Integrated population models (IPMs) can synthesize several data streams in the same probabilistic framework to circumvent these issues. Lack of prey was identified as one of the primary threats to recovery of critically endangered southern resident killer whales (SRKWs), Orcinus orca. Previous studies have correlated SRKW demographic rates with indices of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha abundance, but these approaches have modeled reproduction and survival independently. We developed an IPM for SRKWs that models both processes simultaneously, as a function of Chinook salmon abundance along the west coast of North America. We used this model to evaluate the relationship between Chinook salmon abundance and demographic rates of SRKWs, with the goal of updating our understanding of a potential causal relationship between prey availability and SRKW population dynamics, and how these relationships may have changed over time. Results suggest that SRKW mortality rates are more strongly associated with Chinook salmon abundance than birth rates. Our analysis also suggests northern resident killer whale abundance could also be affecting SRKW carrying capacity, possibly through competition over shared prey resources. The IPM fit observed total abundance data well and predicted temporal changes in population demographics with reasonable accuracy, but small sample size may have opacified model selection. Our approach offers a valuable tool for predicting the response of the SRKW population to alternative management strategies involving the recovery of Chinook salmon stocks in the eastern Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Given the inherent relationship between topography and land-use history in certain areas, we aimed at separating and estimating their relative contributions to the syntaxonomic and structural differentiation of the calcareous, semi-dry grassland communities. Study area: Western Cluj Hills (Transylvania, Romania). Methods: Exhaustive surveys of all vascular plant species were performed in 14 plots of 25 m2 each randomly distributed among two contrasting habitats i.e., recent grasslands recovered from former crops on hill ridges (HR) and ancient grasslands on sunny hillslopes (SS). Multivariate analyses (direct ordination) and generalised regressions were used to estimate the effects of terrain slope and grassland continuity on species composition, richness and guild proportions. Results: A statistically significant compositional dissimilarity was detected between the two groups of grassland communities, which were assigned to different plant associations: Festuco rupicolae-Brachypodietum pinnati (relatively more mesophilous) and Carici humilis-Brachypodietum pinnati (relatively more xerophilous). Total species richness and the fractions of species tolerant of drought/nutrient scarcity increased whereas the proportion of N-fixing species decreased steadily along the slope gradient. The proportion of short-lived ruderals (therophytes) was significantly larger in the recent grasslands, but was not affected by the terrain declivity. The finer plant specialisation allowed for higher species packing in the open SS grasslands, whereas intense asymmetric competition for light probably prevented the establishment of small, shade-intolerant species in the closed, more fertile HR grasslands. Conclusions: The difference in terrain slope was one of the main factors leading to the observed structural differentiation, whereas grassland continuity had a lower but not negligible contribution to compositional variation. To a large extent, ours results confirm the previous findings and provide further evidence of patterns induced by both land topography and traditional management continuity in structuring the calcareous, semi-dry grasslands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An emergency presentation of colorectal cancer is expected to be a poor prognostic factor as this mode of presentation usually indicates an advanced disease. The contribution of surgical expertise on the outcome of patients with CRC in an emergency setting is unknown. Objectives: An observational study of retrospective collected data of emergency CRC patients who undergo urgent surgical procedures. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Thisstudy was conducted in the colorectal unit of a tertiary teaching hospital in London, UK. Patients (Materials) and Methods: Between 2013 and 2017, all patients who underwent an emergency surgery for CRC were enrolled. One group was operated on by colorectal surgeons (CRS) and the other by acute general surgeons (AGS). Main Outcome Measures: Indications for emergency surgery included intestinal bleeding, peritonitis, intra‑abdominal abscess, or complete bowel obstruction at presentation. All cases had a preliminary diagnosis of colon cancer. The differences between patients who underwent emergency surgery by CRS and AGS were assessed on four main levels: patient demographics, surgical pathology, and short‑ and long‑term outcomes. Sample Size: One hundred and one patients were analyzed, of which 61.4% were male. The median age was 68.2 years, and 71.3% of the patients were operated on by a CRS. Results: Sixteen procedures were done laparoscopically, all by CRS (P = 0.002). CRS were more likely to perform a tumor resection with primary anastomosis (P = 0.009) and a segmental resection with stoma formation (P = 0.02) compared to AGS who were more likely to perform palliative procedures (P = 0.045). Multivariate analysis showed that overall surgical intervention from a CRS correlated with a lower recurrence rate of ‑1.60 [odds ratio (OR) = 2.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.84–6.62] and death rate of 0.169 (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.3–1.8); however, these were not statistically significant. The 5‑year overall survival rate for stage I and II tumors was statistically significant and in favor of CRS than AGS (P = 0.003, P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: We conclude that colorectal surgical expertise influences the procedures performed in an emergency setting and specialty may have an impact on the long‑term survival and recurrence rates in CRC. Limitations: As a retrospective study, this study has certain limitations. The data for this study was collected from electronic records and databases of patients after they had completed follow‑up. Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why many herbivorous insects are host plant specialists, with non‐negligible exceptions, is a conundrum of evolutionary biology, especially because the host plants are not necessarily optimal larval diets. Here, I present a novel model of host plant preference evolution of two insect species. Because habitat preference evolution is contingent upon demographic dynamics, I integrate the evolutionary framework with the modern coexistence theory. The results show that the two insect species can evolve into a habitat specialist and generalist, when they experience both negative and positive frequency‐dependent community dynamics. This happens because the joint action of positive and negative frequency dependence creates multiple (up to nine) eco‐evolutionary equilibria. Furthermore, initial condition dependence due to positive frequency dependence allows specialization to poor habitats. Thus, evolved habitat preferences do not necessarily correlate with the performances. The model provides explanations for counterintuitive empirical patterns and mechanistic interpretations for phenomenological models of niche breadth evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dominance of neotropical tree communities by a few species is widely documented, but dominant trees show a variety of distributional patterns still poorly understood. Here, we used 503 forest inventory plots (93,719 individuals ≥2.5 cm diameter, 2609 species) to explore the relationships between local abundance, regional frequency and spatial aggregation of dominant species in four main habitat types in western Amazonia. Although the abundance‐occupancy relationship is positive for the full dataset, we found that among dominant Amazonian tree species, there is a strong negative relationship between local abundance and regional frequency and/or spatial aggregation across habitat types. Our findings suggest an ecological trade‐off whereby dominant species can be locally abundant (local dominants) or regionally widespread (widespread dominants), but rarely both (oligarchs). Given the importance of dominant species as drivers of diversity and ecosystem functioning, unravelling different dominance patterns is a research priority to direct conservation efforts in Amazonian forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the induction of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in maize after the attack of two piercing-sucking maize hoppers: the specialist Dalbulus maidis and the oligophagous Peregrinus maidis. We analyzed VOCs in plants after feeding and oviposition by females of both species. We also contrasted VOCs induced by D. maidis males with those induced by females' infestation that comprised oviposition, to evaluate which VOC could be responsible for attracting an egg parasitoid. We quantified the damage performed by both hoppers and tested the behavioral response of the egg parasitoid Anagrus virlai to VOCs emitted by infested and healthy plants. Plants infested by D. maidis females released significantly more VOCs than the other treatments: healthy plants, plants infested by P. maidis females and plants infested by D. maidis males. β-Caryophyllene, α-bergamotene, β-farnesene and cis-3-hexenyl acetate dominated the volatile blend (46%) in plants infested by D. maidis females, while in those plants infested by P. maidis these compounds represented only 17%. Females of both hoppers inflicted a comparable amount of damage, in terms of feeding injuries and number of eggs laid. β-Caryophyllene and cis-3-hexenyl acetate were not induced in plants infested by D. maidis males, that had no oviposited eggs. Finally, females of the egg parasitoid oriented toward VOCs from plants infested by females of the specialist D. maidis, rather than those infested by the oligophagous P. maidis or those infested by D. maidis males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this expert consensus process was to identify the competencies that lifestyle medicine (LM) Intensivists should be expected to have within their skill set. Methods: Expert panel members with experience in intensive, therapeutic lifestyle change (ITLC) updated and expanded a previously published set of competencies for this intensive LM practice, using an established process for developing consensus statements adapted for the topic. The previously published set of competencies was discussed for possible revision and expansion. Proposed changes were assessed for consensus using a modified Delphi process. Results: The expert panel revised the original list of 34 competencies, maintaining the 6 initial proposed topics that were previously published as Specialist Competencies: (1) Practice-Based Learning and Improvement, (2) Patient Care and Procedural Skills (3) Systems-Based Practice, (4) Medical Knowledge, (5) Interpersonal and Communication Skills, and (6) Professionalism. After a series of meetings and an iterative Delphi process of voting and revision, a final set of 46 competency statements for LM Intensivists achieved consensus. Conclusion: These competencies define the scope of practice and desired skill set for LM Intensivists. Further, these competencies establish a standard for certification of LM Intensivists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population aging is a global phenomenon observed in many developed economies. On the one hand, this trend suggests significant opportunities for healthcare providers due to increasing service demand. On the other hand, it also implies that the industry requires new managerial knowledge to accommodate older adult consumers. In this research, we propose and examine the impact of older adult consumers on healthcare provider performance and identify boundary conditions related to two types of competition: intra‐ and inter‐competition. Using longitudinal data on healthcare provider revenues, we find that an increase in the older adult population increases the revenues of generalists but decreases those of specialists. Second, the positive effect of elderly consumers on generalists is amplified when intra‐competition (from same‐type physicians) increases and diminishes when inter‐competition (from different‐type physicians) intensifies. Third, for specialist healthcare providers, the negative impact of older adult population is mitigated by intra‐competition but exacerbated when inter‐competition becomes strong. Our results offer theoretical implications for the healthcare service marketing literature and managerial insights into decisions related to healthcare service locations. Specifically, our findings suggest that healthcare providers need to carefully consider the proportion of older adult consumers, the presence of local competitors, and their own specialties, as these factors all have a meaningful impact on performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Pedagogical Sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context. Habitat loss and fragmentation are leading causes of biodiversity decline worldwide. In Australia, woodland habitat has been extensively cleared and fragmented yet there has been limited research on the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on semi-arid reptiles, impeding conservation planning and recovery efforts. Aims. We aimed to investigate factors influencing the distribution and occurrence of habitat specialist and generalist reptile species on a large agricultural holding in south-eastern Australia that has experienced habitat loss and fragmentation. Methods. Reptiles were surveyed using pitfall and funnel traps and active searches across 20 sites stratified by land use and vegetation type. Twelve sites were established in remnant woodland patches embedded within an agricultural matrix and eight sites were established in a private conservation reserve on the same property. Generalised linear models were used to explore relationships between the occurrence of eight reptile species and predictor variables describing site, landscape and vegetation variables. Key results. Of the 31 reptile species that were detected, eight were modelled. The results revealed that four specialist species, the eastern mallee dragon (Ctenophorus spinodomus), nobbi dragon (Diporiphora nobbi), barred wedge-snouted ctenotus (Ctenotus schomburgkii) and shrubland pale-flecked morethia (Morethia obscura), were closely associated with the conservation reserve, and that the southern spinifex ctenotus (Ctenotus atlas) had a strong association with spinifex (Triodia scariosa) dominated vegetation community. Conclusions. Reptile habitat specialists are particularly sensitive to habitat loss and fragmentation and are at a higher risk of local extinction compared with habitat generalists. Reptile occurrence wasreduced in remnant woodland patches, but remnant patches also supported a suite of habitat generalists. Implications. A suite of semi-arid reptile species are sensitive to the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation and are susceptible to localised extinction. However, the presence of habitat generalists within woodland remnants highlights the value of retaining representative habitat patches in agricultural landscapes. Conservation of semi-arid woodland reptiles will depend on the retention of large tracts of protected vegetation across a broad range of soil types to maintain habitat heterogeneity and reptile diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The procedural and organizational-tactical bases of the involvement of a specialist in a search in criminal proceedings on the appropriation, embezzlement of property or taking possession of it by abuse of official position are investigated. Data from official statistics testify to the low quality of investigations into official embezzlement in Ukraine. The main subjects investigating the criminal offense provided for in Article 191 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are investigators of the National Police. Accordingly, a forensic specialist of the National Police or a forensic expert of the Expert Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is most often involved in the search in such criminal proceedings. Emphasis is placed on the mandatory participation of a specialist during the search in the investigation of official embezzlement with the aim of continuous video recording of its progress in the event that witnesses cannot participate. The factors that are guided by the investigator when determining which specialist should be involved in the search are highlighted. It was concluded that in the studied category of criminal proceedings, it is advisable to involve specialists from various fields in the search, whose functions will depend on the stages of the investigative (search) action. The joint actions of the investigator and the specialist at the preparatory, working and final stages of the search are revealed. The recommendation to involve in the search the specialist who participated in the previous procedural actions was supported. Proposals have been made to engage relevant specialists to inspect computer equipment and extract electronic (digital) information. The procedure for removing electronic (digital) information at the scene of a search in criminal proceedings on the appropriation, waste of property or possession of it by abuse of official position has been revealed. It was emphasized that in criminal proceedings under Article 191 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, specialists during a search: use scientific and technical means to identify certain objects, their hiding places; recognize the essence of objects, things, documents, examine them beforehand; provide consultation and reference assistance regarding the collection of evidence, the appointment of examinations for the identified objects; technical means are used to record the progress and results of the search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Habitat heterogeneity leads to genome-wide differentiation and morphological and ecological differentiation, which will progress along the speciation continuum, eventually leading to speciation. Phragmites hirsuta and Phragmites australis are sympatric congeners that coexist in saline-alkaline meadow soil (SAS) and sandy soil (SS) habitats of the Songnen Meadow. The results provided genetic evidence for two separate species of reeds. Genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure supported the specialist-generalist variation hypothesis (SGVH) in these two sympatric reed species, suggesting that P. australis is a generalist and P. hirsuta is a habitat specialist. When we compared these different species with respect to phenotypic and genetic variation patterns in different habitats, we found that the phenotypic differentiation of P. australis between the two habitats was higher than that of P. hirsuta. Multiple subtle differences in morphology, genetic background, and habitat use collectively contribute to ecological success for similar congeners. This study provided evidence of the two reed congeners, which should contribute to their success in harsh environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Palliative care (PC) pharmacists are an integral member of the PC team. Essential roles have been defined and entrustable professional activities (EPAs) have been recently developed for hospice and PC pharmacists. Case Description: We review four different complex patient cases where the specialist PC pharmacist worked with the interdisciplinary team to address whole patient suffering. Through the case series, we highlight the various components of HAPC pharmacist EPAs across the continuum of care. Case Management, Outcome, and Conclusion: Through the case series discussion, we brought to light PC pharmacists' EPAs in pharmacotherapy consultation, assessing and optimizing medication therapy, symptom management, deprescribing, participating in goals-of-care discussions, managing medication therapy in the withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy in collaboration with interdisciplinary team in alignment with patient and family values, prognosis, and plan of care. We also emphasized the importance of PC pharmacists contributing to the advancement of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-trophic and multispecies interactions among family of arthropods assemblages are ubiquitous and include all type of interactions from mutualistic to antagonistic. To better inform the biological control of aphids, the multitrophic interactions between aphids, coccinellids and their parasitoids in natural and managed plant systems were examined over a span of 4 years. Coccinellid larvae naturally found feeding on aphids on two non-crop plants growing in agricultural landscapes in Pakistan were studied; Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on Calotropis procera Aiton, and Nerium oleander L, and four crop host; Lipaphis erysimi Kalt (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on Eurica sativa Mill. and Brassica campestris L., Uroleucon compositae Theobold (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on Carthamus tinctorius L., and Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on Hordeum vulgare L.; were collected throughout the aphid season and reared on their respective aphid-plant combinations in the laboratory conditions to identify coccinellid species, their parasitoids and asses their performance in items of survival and pupal weight. The coccinellid pupal weight on different host plant-aphid combinations varied from 3.4 to 11.2 mg, as did the mortality of coccinellid larvae due to diseases and unknown causes (5 to 31%). Parasitism of coccinellid larvae by Homalotylus flaminus (Dalman) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) ranged from approximately 10 to 30 in B. campestris and E. sativa, respectively. The parasitism of coccinellid pupae by Oomyzus scaposus (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) ranged between 17 (C. procera) to 41% (B. compestris). One Dinocampus coccinellae Schrank (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was reared. Coccinellids displayed selectivity towards host plants and aphids. Some coccinellids were never or rarely recorded on a particular aphid-plant combination, suggesting that their prey selection is more specific than often assumed. Management decision and conservation biological control cannot be based on superficial categories such as "aphids" and "coccinellids" but need to be plant and species specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Oral cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Screening and mobile Health (mHealth)-based approach facilitates early detection remotely in a resource-limited settings. Recent advances in eHealth technology have enabled remote monitoring and triage to detect oral cancer in its early stages. Although studies have been conducted to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of remote specialists, to our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to evaluate the consistency of remote specialists. The aim of this study was to evaluate interobserver agreement between specialists through telemedicine systems in real-world settings using store-and-forward technology. Materials and methods: The two remote specialists independently diagnosed clinical images (n=822) from image archives. The onsite specialist diagnosed the same participants using conventional visual examination, which was tabulated. The diagnostic accuracy of two remote specialists was compared with that of the onsite specialist. Images that were confirmed histopathologically were compared with the onsite diagnoses and the two remote specialists. Results: There was moderate agreement (k= 0.682) between two remote specialists and (k= 0.629) between the onsite specialist and two remote specialists in the diagnosis of oral lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of remote specialist 1 were 92.7% and 83.3%, respectively, and those of remote specialist 2 were 95.8% and 60%, respectively, each compared with histopathology. Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of the two remote specialists was optimal, suggesting that "store and forward" technology and telehealth can be an effective tool for triage and monitoring of patients. Clinical relevance: Telemedicine is a good tool for triage and enables faster patient care in real-world settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that war suddenly disrupts the legal order and suspends, within the limits of its action, the proper application of the rules of law. The rules that are developed and operate in times of peace are, largely, ineffective in times of armed conflict, and the rules adopted in times of war are nullified when peace is restored. This situation largely affects the investigation and detection of crime. The investigation of war crimes requires the maximum concentration of professional efforts and capacities, appropriate qualifications and experience in this field, as well as knowledge of the organization of law enforcement, its planning, the operational implementation of special investigative measures and prosecutorial actions. The implementation of organizational measures in this area will contribute to the efficiency of the war crimes investigation process and the collection of evidence of war crimes committed by the belligerent parties to the armed conflict. This study focuses on the system, specifics and content of measures for the organization of war crimes investigations, which are in fact an important component of qualitative investigations, their detection and the punishment of war criminals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]