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The article reveals some features of statehood formation in the Republic of Belarus and the role of culture in this process. We are talking about the difficult historical conditions in which the formation of the state took place, the accumulation of material cultural heritage, spiritual values, folk traditions, customs and rituals. Modern problems of pressure on young people from Western liberal ideology pose a threat to the formation of civil identity in the Republic of Belarus. Updating the role of the traditional cultural heritage of the Belarusian people is becoming an important factor in countering this. The goal of the research is to reveal the features of socio-cultural construction in the Republic at the present stage. The method of socio-historical analysis is used. The special role of the Soviet period of social development has been highlighted, when the cultural life of the country received a new breath. It has also been noted that in the first half of the 21st century, the formation of the Union State, the economic growth and cultural development of the country played a huge role in the formation of a rich material and spiritual heritage, and the education of civic and patriotic personality traits in young people. Material is presented on improving the status of cultural institutions in the republic. As a result, it has been concluded that an important factor in the growth of authority and recognition of the Republic of Belarus in the international arena was its peace-loving policy and stabilization of public life, the adoption of the Constitution, state symbols «anthem, coat of arms and flag», decisions of the People’s Assembly, Presidential decrees and government regulations.

The purpose of the research to study the current state of Ukrainian musical culture and to prove the importance of its European integration. Research methodology. To achieve the set goals, the following research methods were used: historical - to study the emergence, formation and development of Ukrainian musical culture; systematic method - for a comprehensive study of the musical culture of Ukraine; cultural - which reveals the complexity of socio-cultural processes and phenomena; axiological method - which allowed to investigate the phenomena of mass culture in view of their valuable nature. Scientific novelty the article consists in the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the influence of the European space on the Europeanisation of Ukrainian culture in Ukraine and beyond. Conclusions. The disclosure of the concept of Ukrainian culture showed that the constituent parts of any culture are the people with their customs, beliefs, traditions, as well as innovations in this field, which are closely intertwined with the past heritage. Enrichment of culture is possible only if the experience of past generations is successfully combined with modern manifestations of cultural development. Having considered the main factors and determining factors of national culture, we proved that art itself, in particular music, are determining factors of culture. It is music that is capable of enriching and elevating the spiritual value of the Ukrainian people, because the feeling of beauty aesthetically directs the personality, contributes to value orientations and conscious being. The interpenetration of different cultures and generations leads to the development of innovations, while the use of some of the latest technologies loses the meaning of national culture. It is necessary to enrich the spiritual culture of Ukraine - as an important factor in the development of a modern, educated personality. National musical heritage is the primary source of formation of national consciousness and identity. Integration processes and cultural dialogue are a necessary condition for the development of Ukrainian musical culture, as well as any culture in general. A dialogue that involves active interaction, mutual enrichment of equal cultural subjects, a desire to understand one's own and others' peculiarities and uniqueness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The development of athletics is pivotal to China's aspiration of becoming a modern competitive sports powerhouse. Spiritual culture, being its core component, also serves as an intrinsic driving force. A nuanced understanding of the formation of spiritual and cultural differences between Chinese and Western competitive sports is essential for the connotative construction of China's competitive sports strength. Methodology: This study employs qualitative text analysis to examine 46 texts in both Chinese and English. The aim is to investigate the mechanisms underlying the cultural differences between Chinese and Western sportsmanship and to construct a theoretical model. Findings: The study identifies five key dimensions—mindset, internal and external drive, traditional paradigm, code of conduct, and spiritual pillars—that collectively contribute to the cultural differences in Chinese and Western competitive sportsmanship. Among these, mindset, internal and external drive, and traditional paradigm are the causative factors, while codes of conduct and spiritual pillars represent the actions and outcomes that shape these cultural differences. Value: This study aims to elucidate the specific spiritual and cultural differences between Chinese and Western competitive sports, and the reasons behind these differences. By constructing a mechanism for the formation of these cultural differences, the study seeks to foster a conducive cultural environment for the development of competitive sports in China. This, in turn, is expected to accelerate China's transition from a major sports nation to a leading sports power on the global stage.

The relevance of this study is due to the current state of the information space associated with the rapid development of globalization processes. Under these conditions, traditional Belarusian culture may finally lose its identity, which will subsequently inevitably lead to the dissolution or complete loss of its unique mental traits. The article is devoted to the analysis of the mythological ideas of Belarusians, the peculiarities of their life, traditional holidays and rituals using fire as an important sacred element of the Belarusian national culture. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that fire is perceived by Belarusians as an element of ambivalent nature. Moreover, in their minds, fire is often presented as a phenomenon that has a positive effect on their way of life. Also in Belarusian traditions and rituals there is an inextricable connection between the cult of fire and the cult of ancestors. The author argues that at the present stage, the symbolism of fire plays an important role in the formation of a positive attitude towards the cultural heritage of Belarus. The “participation” of fire in the preservation and development of Belarusian national traditions has a positive impact on the formation of value orientations of society, including the younger generation.

The paraliturgical songs of Greek-Catholics in the Carpathians are a powerful testimony to the cultural-religious memory of this community. The most convincing proof of their religious and cultural integrity is the fact that they spontaneously and memorably sing and recite the prescribed prayers, liturgical texts and the relevant parts of the services. Even in the creation and use of paraliturgical hymns, they concentrate on emphasizing their own cultural integrity and awareness. Folk religiosity is evident in a number of paraliturgical songs in which fasting and penitence are depicted. The study is materially limited to Cyrillic manuscript song collections from the 18th and 19th centuries, which are related to the environment of eastern Slovakia. The paraliturgical songs of the pre-Lenten and Lenten period among Greek Catholics in the Carpathian Mountains are dominated not only by the Biblical stories of the Publican and the Pharisee, of the Prodigal Son, of the terrible or Last Judgment, of the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise, of Christ's Passion and entombment, but also, and above all, by the vivid folk understanding of the value of returning to God's embrace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the background of many complex problems threatening the sustainable development of world civilization, the dialectic of tradition and innovation is considered as a pattern of social evolution. The specifics of its implementation are determined by specific historical conditions that allow us to distinguish three stages of development – with the dominance of tradition, the predominance of innovation, the unity of tradition and innovation. The need for such unity in a digital society is due to its characteristics of a “complex society”, a risk society, an increase in the number of social ontologies, and changes in indicators of human subjectivity. The disappearing unambiguity of cause-and-effect relationships, growing social uncertainty create the danger of going off the trajectory of sustainable and effective development, generating the need for a guideline that protects from mistakes. Centuries-old cultural experience, which appears in the modern world as a tradition, can become such a reference point. The mechanism of unity of tradition and innovation is revealed by relying on the structure of spiritual culture, which has a level character and has behavioral, ideological and genetic formations. The realization of their potential is presented as considering the requirements that have developed over thousands of years, and in the form of meanings and archetypes, often inexplicable, but encouraging certain choices and actions. In general, we are talking about the transition from one social type of thinking and activity to another, corresponding to the digital civilization and capable of ensuring the sustainable development of society and the individual.

Cultural and spiritual tourism activities are the development trend of Vietnam tourism. It not only brings socio - economic benefits to the locality but also contributes to improving the spiritual life of tourists. An Giang province, Vietnam, has many humanistic tourism resources, which is a condition for developing spiritual and cultural tourism. Exploiting spiritu al and cultural tourism in An Giang has been going on for a long time, but many issues still need attention. The article uses surveying 120 tourists on the conditions for developing spiritual and cultural tourism and assessing the factors affecting th e development of spiritual and cultural tourism in An Giang province. Research results analyzed by SPSS 20.0 show five factors influencing the growth of spiritual and cultural tourism in An Giang province: service prices, human resources and amenities; security, order and safety; goods and environmental protection; transportation; and facilities. The analysis results show that the conditions for developing spiritual and cultural tourism in An Giang province are only quite average. The artic le has proposed some development solutions for this type of tourism.

This article puts forward the thesis that the ancient Greek culture of the classical period was not spiritual, thus treating it as “the childhood of mankind, where it developed most beautifully” (K. Marx). The latter statement should be further explained. For this purpose, we defined the meanings of the concept of spirituality stemming from our more profound understanding of the concept of spirit. Our findings reveal that spirituality is the human ability, i.e., a reflection of spiritual culture in an individual overtaken by it. However, spirituality can also have a negative meaning and turn into quasi-spirituality, the essence of which was uncovered as part of our analysis. It was shown that quasi-spirituality (similarly to the lack of spirituality) manifests the disintegration of culture involved in the process during which an individual creates themselves, as well as a form of inferiority of life, its simplification. Such “spirituality” is an abstraction of life and a sublimated spirit that replaced the lack of spirituality, vulgarity that rules “below”, “eternal” and “exalted” spirit. As an airy, stilted, broken, and pretentious, it is a ghost spirit, a surrogate spirit. Viewed from this perspective, the culture of the ancient Greeks was not spiritual. The above conclusion was confirmed by appealing to the concept of soma (body) as denoting the integrity of a personality, a unity of body and spirit (on the mental level).

In the article the current situation in the field of religious education of people with disabilities, namely the actual non-involvement of deaf and hard of hearing in the life of Muslim and Orthodox communities are analyzed, and also recommendations for its resolution are given. Since clergymen are engaged not only in the education of faith, but in many cases are the main communicant for parishioners with disabilities, the authors of the article consider it necessary to organize their training, believe that it is necessary to start teaching sign language in seminaries and madrassas. Today, a large number of publications related to the religious sphere are published, but their adapted translation into Russian Sign Language causes difficulties, which is due to the lack of special means of expressing certain religious concepts in sign language, therefore, professional assistance of translators and clergymen, is required.

This article raises the question of preserving and broadcasting the traditional values and culture of the peoples living in the Altai. The focus is on the problem of globalization, which has an impact on the loss of ethnic and cultural characteristics of individual peoples. At the same time, it is noted that globalization has had a significant impact on the culture of the peoples living in Altai, it can be called special, since many ethnic groups live on the same territory, which have managed to preserve their identity. As stated in the article, their peculiarity lies in the elevation of a person, the affirmation of the principles of mutual respect and harmony of private and public interests. All the above-mentioned traditional values were preserved only thanks to cultural exchange and the continuity of generations. The close interrelation of culture and nature is emphasized, and the need to turn to the value-semantic systems of the earth, sky, sun, wildlife, plants, mountains, rivers and lakes is noted in order to understand the essence of the spiritual culture of Altai. The main idea of the development of the spiritual culture of Altai is revealed. Purpose. Cultural and philosophical reception of the problem of preserving traditions, values and cultural characteristics of the Altai peoples. Methodology. The methodology of the research is cultural philosophical and axiological approaches, and the key method is socio-cultural analysis. Results. The main result of the article is a generalization of the factors of preservation of traditional values and their features are revealed.

The purpose of the article is to analyse the state of recording and studying the spiritual foundations of Ukrainian culture based on archival, written sources, and scientific works with a projection on the calendar ritual as one of the basic constants of the civilizational progress of Ukrainians. To achieve this goal, it is important to consider the chronological principles of structuring folk culture, as well as the mutual influence of the religious and secular components as integral components in the context of studying the sacred sphere. The methodological basis of the study is based on the principles of scientific knowledge: historicism, generalization, and a systematic approach for a comprehensive and reliable analysis of the topic, as well as a combination of general scientific methods with special historical methods. The scientific novelty and conclusions. Introducing new source material on traditional and modern Ukrainian calendar rituals collected during the author's field ethnographic expeditions in 1997-2012 into scientific circulation. A detailed study of the source base of this issue makes it possible to state that the mutual influence of the religious and secular components of the proposed topic requires a thorough scientific supplement. In the context of Russia's war against Ukraine and aft er its ending, there is a need for an eff ective program of state-level measures aimed at reviving and promoting traditional spiritual culture to form a unified political and civil Ukrainian nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the interrelationship between the moral sphere of the personality and its self-determination in a legal space in philosophical and psychological heritage of I. A. Ilyin and philosophical- psychological concept of the personality of S. L. Rubinstein. The unity of the process of identity formation and legal consciousness formation is shown. The problem of a role of legal selfdetermination in saving integrity of the personality, her stability, compliance of own spiritual entity in any situations, in particular, in the conditions of radical socio-political conversions is delivered. Designated an important factor in the formation of legal consciousness of identity — assimilation of the spiritual culture of the Motherland.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the history of the discovery of and research into medieval monuments of sacred architecture and their complexes from the princely Halych and Volhynian territory, carried out during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It reflects the circumstances and conditions for researching the territory, which, due to historical events, were part of different empires (namely, the Russian and Habsburg). It is noted which scientists and institutions were engaged in the study of antiquities and under whose control such study took place. The article presents the main results of archaeological and architectural studies of sacred architecture, the complex of remains of wooden and brick temples held in Volhynia and Podillia, namely in Lutsk, Volodymyr and the surrounding area, Bakota on the Dniester, as well as in Eastern Galicia and Bukovyna, namely Halych and its environs, and Vasyliv. In this context, the discovery of burials within or outside churches and in church cemeteries was noted. Emphasis was made on the discoveries of the remains of the princes in the Assumption Cathedral in Volodymyr.

This article examines the problem of choosing the optimal civilized strategy in the conditions of post-modernism - the noosphere model. Altai belongs to the basic (model) territories that possess the noosphere resource. This research is based on the idea of development of "culture-civilization" in the context of post-neoclassical mentality pertaining to the values of traditional and ethnic cultures. The subject of this work is fundamental for the Altai traditional culture concept - sacral center - a specific type of cultural landscape, which includes a number of qualities that allow characterizing Altai as the noosphere resource. The author's special contribution consists of the determination of phenomeno of the meaningful concept for the Altai people's traditional culture - the "sacral center" and its place within the regional model of noosphere civilized development. This work also presents certain practical solutions aimed at the establishment of noosphere model, based on the territory of the Altai region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The results from the research presented in this article were carried out to capture the changes or eventual disappearance of phenomena of traditional Romani spiritual culture, specifically manifestations of magical thinking. This contribution aims to discuss selected manifestations of magical thinking in the Roma communities in Brno, which have not been mapped so far. These are mainly manifestations of magic that are aimed at harming individuals. Specific attention is paid to acts such as "pokerování" and evil eye "zoči". Objectives: The present article focuses on understanding how and to what extent magical practices are still used in the environment of Brno's Slovak and Hungarian Roma communities. One of the aims was to take note of the memories of those respondents about the magical practices they had encountered in the past and the related occult practices performed by Romani people in earlier times. Methods: The paper relies mainly on the collection of material obtained during field research carried out in 2019 and 2020 in Brno. The primary research method was field interviews and the research focused on the environment of the sub-ethnic groups servika and ungrika Roma. The interviews were conducted in Czech. The type of interview was chosen depending on the nature of the informants and whether they agreed to be recorded. In some cases, semi-structured interviews were used and audio recordings were always made. It was difficult to achieve complete privacy in the research and in most cases, the interviews were conducted collectively. In only two cases were we completely alone with the respondents. Given the undeniable intimacy of the topic, the "ero-epic" interview was used as an appropriate method, where we indirectly accessed the topic. In addition to interviews, the participant observation method was also used. Conclusion: The signs of magical thinking are present or not are summarised. Although it appears that magical practices are still abundantly represented in the majority, in comparison with the Slovak-Romani environment we can see their gradual disappearance. A significant factor in keeping these practices alive is by maintaining active contact with their relatives from Slovakia. It helps them continue these practices fluently and also they are able to mediate the services of a specialist from the original Slovak-Romani environment. One of the important factors of their extinction in the Czech environment is the disappearance of the original Roma specialists who have no successors. Similarly, the influence of the majority society and the rapid progress of globalisation is unquestionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Marmara University Journal of Turkology / Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is indicated that morality in the traditional national spiritual culture has always had priority in constructing an ontological image of the world. Morality is quite difficult to shape in the conditions of mass culture because it declares the identity of material and spiritual values that act as products of mass consumption. It is pointed out that traditional values have ceased to be traditional because they are unable to meet the contemporary spiritual needs of people. The content and essence of moral norms change with changes in the social life of society. The most important crisis moments in the life of contemporary youth are analyzed. In the 21st century, such manifestations as intolerance, conflict, aggression, terrorism, and war became a particular threat to the moral values of young people. Now morality becomes global as global problems take precedence over regional problems. These are problems like the survival of mankind. Such problems bring with them the need to create a new vision of the world, to create a new moral paradigm that will significantly reevaluate traditional moral values. Such a system should be based on the common interest of human with all their conflicts and contradictions. One of the aspects of shaping the spiritual culture of youth, both innovative and consistent with high moral values, should be considered the conceptual approach within the so-called "culture of peace" that should be pursued not only as the goal of certain shaping influences, but as a strategic resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text arises from discussions arising from the discipline of Advanced Seminar IV, developed within the scope of the Graduate Program in Education at the Lutheran University of Brazil - ULBRA. Religious diversity is today one of the most discussed topics in the social context. Therefore, disseminating the discourse on African religions, in particular Umbanda, is undoubtedly an important step towards containing prejudiced habits and practices. The objective of this text is to present Umbanda as a genuinely Brazilian religion, emphasizing the importance of bodies and their movements to the sound of atabaques in the analogous process of worship for the followers of the faith. The results show that the lack of knowledge of the Umbanda religious movement, its sacred objects/symbols and its cults/rites is the driving factor that leverages both religious intolerance and the prejudice and religious exclusion of its members and participants. In conclusion, we highlight the urgent need for strategies capable of promoting respect for religious diversity and the fight against intolerance; after all, Umbanda is an originally Brazilian religion that expresses aspects of our culture, our people and its socio-historical trajectory contributes to the materialization of acts and expressions rooted in our imagination, thus being able to contribute to the social, cultural and individual, as well as minimize prejudice and religious intolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hileya: Scientific Bulletin / Gileya is the property of GILEYA Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hileya: Scientific Bulletin / Gileya is the property of GILEYA Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is to present Nikolai Berdyaev's view on democracy. Berdyaev regarded the metaphysics of democratism as a manifestation of human hubris and a fall into what is mediocre and devoid of deeper spirituality. Mediocrity was revealed in civilization. Berdyaev's critique of democracy was grounded in the conviction that power should be aristocratic, not egalitarian. In his view, only the chosen, few, the eminent, possessed the ability to guide the masses toward the highest values and beauty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of the analysis of the source base for the purpose of holistic study of the investigated problem, clarification and specification of the categorical and conceptual apparatus of the research, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of the main concepts of its terminological field, which dynamically and comprehensively reflect the ways of development of the system of spiritual and moral upbringing and education of Ukrainian youth in the pedagogical heritage of G. Vashchenko. In the context of the study, the concept of "spirituality" is defined as one of the scientific categories; therefore, we will begin the analysis of the terminological apparatus with an encyclopedic-dictionary interpretation of the category "spirituality" and related definitions. Justifying the importance of using the definition "spirituality" in relation to the legacy of G. Vashchenko, let us emphasize the need to clarify the term "spirit", which is the root of the concept of "spirituality" and reflects its initial essence. Summarizing the data of the terminological analysis of literary sources, it is important to emphasize that the categories "spirituality", "spirit" and "soul" are interpreted in the most general sense as: - a person's ability to personal, meaningful self-determination, self-creation and culture creation; - a property that provides an opportunity to complement individual existence with the world of moral, cultural, religious values and to play the role of a guiding principle for other abilities; - a set of mental phenomena that reveal the individual world of a person, its main features; ideals, beliefs, moral qualities, explain the individual's motivation towards ideal (knowing the world) and social (living for other's needs); - the quality of a person, which is manifested in his ability to appreciate his place in the history of the people and to create good, beauty, bear the truth, and protect nature. The analysis of research on the content and application options of the definition of "spirituality" in the legacy of G. Vashchenko shows that the teacher considered it in inseparable unity with the concepts of "folk culture", "folk creativity", since these concepts are interrelated and interdependent constants, according to the scientist, play a major role in the education of young people. The conducted research allows us to state that the concept of "spirituality" is considered, firstly, as a person's ability for meaningful self-determination, self-creation and creation of cultural values; secondly, as a property that provides the possibility of filling the individual being with the world of moral, cultural, religious values; thirdly, as a set of mental phenomena that reveals the individual world of a person, its main features: beliefs, ideals, moral qualities. This gives reason to consider the category "spirituality" as a phenomenon and as a sign of the pedagogical process. "Morality" as a category that refers to customs, regulates human behavior in all spheres of social life and thus supports certain social norms, order in life, communication. A detailed analysis of the terminological-conceptual apparatus of the research made it possible to find out that the pedagogical essence of spiritual and moral values and norms in the legacy of G. Vashchenko are revealed through a specific sphere of definitions and concepts that outline the ways defined by the teacher for the formation of the spiritual and moral consciousness of young people and mastering its moral and ethical qualities on national and religious grounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the possible search for a solution to the “power-knowledge” dilemma in the context of the formation of a civil society in Ukraine. The articles examines the causes and the need for carrying out constructive reforms in education, in order to overcome the alienated nature of the power-to-education relationship. The problem is viewed alongside current research on reforming national education, including by contemporary theorists of educational philosophy such as Jose Ortego-i-Gasset, Marek Queck, Andy Greene, Karl Popper, and Paulo Freire. We argue that it is the critical consciousness in the field of pedagogical activity that shapes the creative approach to modern education and science. In the Ukraine, it is possible to obtain positive results in educational reform through the democratization of educational activity. Only through overcoming the contradiction of “power-knowledge” – and other forms of alienation of education from power can one gain a positive constructive in the field of educational activity.

Copyright of Journal of History / Habaršy Tarihi Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Motif Academy Journal of Folklore is the property of Motif Yayincilik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Society, Each Individual Thinks In His Own Way, Each Has His Own Personal Self- Consciousness. To Realize The Natural Right To A Special Place In Society, It Is Necessary To Make Efforts. Without Denying The Rights Of The Individual, One Should Not Absolutize The Individualization Of Social Existence. Ultimately, All People Are The Product Of Social Development, Are Included In The Historical Process And Express The Content And Character Of The Historical Epoch By Their Actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity in studying the influence of the oral folklore of the Azerbaijani community on contemporary language processes is determined by its consequence in the formation of national identity, enriching the constructive potential of people and expanding their worldview. Generally, improving language skills influences the human`s spiritual world, the culture of communication, and his attitude to the world. At the same time, the modern Azerbaijani language is influenced by social networks, the wide migration of its speakers, urban lifestyle. All these factors estrange people, deprive them of direct communication. Social relations have helped people for centuries to constitute and develop life forms, which were strengthened through compound work and cognition. Here were used the possibilities of the language, which developed as a special symbolic system, constantly expanding and subsequently playing an extremely important role in the socialization of a person, the development of their creative capabilities and abilities. Astounding is the diversity that can be observed in the language, when considering the options of certain genres of folklore, this is especially evident when comparing the folklore of various peoples, including Turkic-speaking. At the same time, the parallel process of globalization, actively influencing the formation of the native language vocabulary, and leading to widespread bilingualism, is reflected in the susceptibility of the native speaker to its most ancient layer, namely folklore. Obviously, folklore is gradually losing its position here. The position of the vocabulary coming from folklore is also somewhat difficult. It is known that the earliest examples of oral folk literature were the thoughts of primitive people about their livelihoods, natural phenomena, hunting, labor etc. They were born in ancient times and lived and developed a material culture that passed from person to person, from generation to generation. Folklore samples have a long history. Over the past 100–120 years, idioms, dialects and jargons have become significantly “poorer”, the use in everyday life, customs, traditions of various genres of folklore have cardinally decreased. Very few ritual songs are performed, including at weddings, agricultural work, cattle care, at various festivals, in the speech of only representatives of the older generation, one can meet the said proverb, saying, riddle, fairy tale, and other kinds of oral folk art genres. It is shown that over the past one and a half years, the language of the country’s inhabitants has undergone essential changes associated with the simplification and impoverishment of the linguistic composition. Folklore – oral folk literature – is less and less absorbed by native speakers, since it ceases to live in the minds of people. Today the linguistic richness of folklore is preserved only in the writings of storytellers. From year to year, the number of revolutions and expressions used, narrated legends and legends decreases. It is proposed to introduce a number of measures to promote and study samples of oral folk art in the media through the educational system, the development of business communication, etc. Each style of modern spoken language should be enriched based on a folklore dictionary.

Against the background of the multiple contemporary artistic manifestations we realize that the famous artistic creations, from the first masterpieces of the prehistoric caves to the great painters, sculptors and architects of all time (like Phidias and Praxiteles, Raphael and Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Caravaggio, Bernini and Bramante, Rubens and Rembrandt, Picasso and Brâncuşi etc.) constituted the millenary spiritual culture of the human society.

This paper explores the influence of performance based on spiritual culture in the context of excellent service to realise community satisfaction. Spiritual culture develops a general conceptual model of the relationship between life integration, worship integration, relationship integration and excellent service -- primary data and secondary data through the distribution of questionnaires, document collection and interviews were used in this study. The data was descriptive, by taking documents and questionnaires on employee descriptions. Quantitative data was analysed using Partial Least Square ('PLS') analysis against 300 employees as a sample at 10 Tax Service Offices under the Regional Office of the Directorate General of East Java. Our findings contribute to understanding how the integration of relationships will affect the integration of worship when there is a life integration variable. Organisational culture will continuously affect one's worship to provide excellent service that impacts community satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article analyzes materials collected by Ulyumdzhi D. Dushan (1892–1974) among the Kalmyks in the 1920s to 1930s, the former serving as a valuable folklore and ethnographic source. Being a professional physician to have received a classical European medical education, he displayed an interest in the traditional ethnic culture in its various aspects. First, he was attracted by the Kalmyk culture as a sum of traditional knowledge of the world and man; secondly, due to his professional duty, he could not help emphasizing those features of the traditional Kalmyk lifestyles that required certain intervention so as to be transformed ― everyday life and traditional mentality ― from Socialist perspectives. The 2016 publication of U. D. Dushan’s works provides an opportunity to scrutinize into his research heritage which ― along with most valuable ethnographic descriptions of the material and spiritual culture of the Kalmyks, their pre-Buddhist religious ideas — contain his characteristics of separate folklore genres, narrative texts, and quite numerous examples of the aphoristic genres of Kalmyk folklore.

The article considers state-legal views of the Russian thinker I.A. Ilyin and aims at identifying their theoretical potential and role in the Russian history of sociology. The research is based on the works of Ilyin and researchers of his legacy. The relevance of such a study is determined, on the one hand, by Ilyin’s specific outlook that in many respects can explain the transformations of the Russian society at the turn of the 21st century; on the other hand, by the sociological need to search for specific Russian solutions. In the first part of the article, the authors consider Ilyin’s theory of law, legal consciousness, power and the state, focusing on the essence of natural law, category “normal legal consciousness” and its three axioms. When considering power and the state, Ilyin emphasized their legal nature and the differences between monarchical and republican legal consciousness. In the second part of the article, the authors compare Ilyin’s theoretical conclusions with the contemporary Russian society. They argue that Ilyin saw the roots of Russia’s fundamental problems in the general transformation of human culture, i.e. consistent dechristianization of all social spheres. This trend led to catastrophic events in Russia - the Revolution of 1917, establishment of the atheistic Soviet system, and the predicted disintegration of the country in the post-Soviet period. The main Ilyin’s recommendations for overcoming the system crisis are reforms of the state-legal sphere, in particular revival of the “normal legal consciousness” and update of the national idea so that patriotism would take the leading position. In the state building Ilyin preferred strong power and authoritative leadership, and also implementation of “creative” democracy principles such as the rule of law, legality, fair trial and civil initiative.

The production growth, industrial revolution, expansion of external and internal economic relations and prevalence of rationalizing attitudes contributed to the further development of scientific thought in the 19th century, collection of field data: folklore, archaeological, ethnographic materials, monuments of law, etc. in the national peripheries of the Russian Empire. Kalmyk Steppe inhabited by a non-Russian population which was of some interest not only as an object to be introduced into the common economic space of the Empire but also as an object of research - was not an exception. The article aims to determine the role of supervisory administration as administrative leverage in the formation and development of ethnographic science in Kalmyk Steppe in the latter half of the 19th century. With evidence from archival materials and published sources, the process of state-initiated ethnographic material collection was analyzed; the analysis revealed interest towards the material culture of the Kalmyks and the territory of Kalmyk Steppe (Astrakhan Governorate). At various times for various reasons, Kalmyk-inhabited territories were visited by a variety of people who published their observations and notes for a wide range of readers interested in manners and everyday life of the Empire’s peoples. Those include such persons as F.A. Bühler, J.V. Bentkowski, J.P. Dubrova, F.I. Leontovich, P.I. Nebolsin, M.G. Novoletov, etc. The article emphasizes that the trend was determined by the increase in economic growth rate, expansion of external and internal economic relations and prevalence of rationalizing attitudes which contributed to the further development of scientific thought, collection of field data: folklore, archaeological, ethnographic materials, monuments of law, etc. in the national peripheries of the Russian Empire in the 19th century. The paper analyses the contents of corresponding survey tools (questionnaires) and describes their appearances. Special attention is paid to the roles of the Governorate administration, Central office of Kalmyk National Directorate and Petrovskoe Society of Astrakhan Region’s Explorers in preservation of the Kalmyk people’s ethnic distinctiveness and identity. The research resulted in the author’s conclusion that supervisory administration represented by Kalmyk National Directorate (Directorate for Governing the Kalmyk People) acted as a special mediator between the scientific community and the Kalmyk population promoting further collection of ethnographic materials and, as a result, the very formation of Kalmykia’s ethnographic science. It was hardly possible to apply any other methods of field data collection during the mentioned period since there was no developed system of transport and social infrastructure. As is historically known, the population - especially representatives of elites - willingly assisted the researchers providing them with objects of material culture to be introduced into their collections as well as transport means, etc.

The article considers the creativity of one of the brightest representatives of the Kalmyk literary emigration - Sanzhi Basanovich Balykov (1892-1943). The stories «The Crushed Tulip», «At the Hidden Wall» written in Russian are original especially in the artistic vision. Studying problems of people's lives "from within", national originality and traditional values of the national picture of the world was on the focus of the author's attention.

The article presents the results of sociological research of the dynamics of the positions of youth during 2012- 2014 on the preferences given to it by various forms of carrying out leisure.

Everything in the world is reflected in a language, because the language is an invaluable wealth, which determines the spiritual culture and worldview of any nation, its intellectual and moral development. Many linguistic problems are associated with the development and movement of the language system and especially the lexical subsystem, which remains unresolved up to this day. These problems include the little-studied area of Bashkir linguistics - Bashkir philosophical language, an unexplored area on the periphery of linguistics and philosophy. The topicality of the problem of nationality in Bashkir philosophy is due to the fact that the sovereignization of public life requires the development of ethnic and national self-awareness, a theoretical understanding of fundamentals and tendencies of the national worldview. This is an extremely multifaceted subject of study. In addition, the history of the Bashkir national social-philosophical thought itself still has a lot of "white spots" and needs considerable replenishment and renewal. The objective of the article is to study the specifics of the Bashkir philosophical language, which allows to understand Bashkir cultural traditions, ethnic, and national identity, its originality and specificity, as well as the influence of Arabic and Arabic-Islamic philosophy, which have a huge role in the development of Bashkir philosophy, its essence and content. In this article we used the descriptive and comparative methods of study and methods of semantic analysis of linguistic material. It is determined that the Bashkir philosophical language does not have a certain strict canonical form, mainly associated with specifics of the author's thought, that belong to either scientific, or artistic, or religious discourse. A huge impact on the development of Bashkir philosophical thought and Bashkir philosophical language was made by Arabic-Islamic philosophy, which began to penetrate into the inner world of the Bashkir people along with Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the issues of improving the methodology of teaching the Russian language and the effectiveness of teaching the Russian language in a multicultural environment with the inclusion of elements of spiritual culture (including folklore) in educational institutions (humanitarian gymnasiums, high schools and institutions of higher education) of the Republic of Mari El. The authors demonstrate differences in the use of folklore in the main (class, out-of-class and out-of-school) activities of the experimental network institutions (Federal Institute for the Development of Education, Moscow) and the training workshop ('Prosveshchenie' Publishing House). It is concluded that projects aimed at socio-cultural adaptation, successful socialization and enculturation of Russian youth are of great importance from different angles, including the issue of harmonizing interpersonal and intercultural relations in modern Russian society. The authors' experience (E. A. Plotnikova, M. N. Pirogova) in introducing certain units of Russian traditional culture into the study of the Russian language by foreign students also had certain positive reviews. It is obvious that at the initial stage of training, students should receive a certain linguistic minimum, including knowledge of the country's culture, traditions, features of verbal and non-verbal communication, etc. Application of innovative educational technologies, including quests and competitions, gives good results in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author considers the special nature of the penetration of the Sufi tradition in the spiritual culture of the Golden Horde. Being a part of the spiritual culture, literary monuments from the Golden Horde epoch played a significant role in the spread of Islam in the Golden Horde. Islam rooted in the Golden Horde thanks to the fact that Sufism gave the Muslim form to the Turkic-Mongolian beliefs. The «Nahj al-Faradis» («Pathway to the Heavens»), the literary monument from the Golden Horde era, narrates about the introduction and diffusion of Islam in the Turkic-Mongolian religious and mundane traditions.