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Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different anesthetic agents on electroretinograms (ERGs) in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats (SDT fatty rats). Methods: The ERG recordings were measured under general anesthesia using pentobarbital or a combination of medetomidine hydrochloride, midazolam, and butorphanol (MMB) tartrate anesthesia in 12 9-week-old normal Sprague-Dawley rats (Jcl:SD rats) and 16 SDT fatty rats. Each animal model was divided into 2 groups, the pentobarbital group and MMB group. The amplitudes and peak times of the a- and b-waves and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were measured from 0.0001 candela per square meter (cd.s/m2) to 10.0 cd.s/m2. Results: The amplitude of the a-wave was significantly higher in the MMB group of Jcl:SD rats, but there was no significant difference in amplitude between the two groups of SDT fatty rats. There was no significant difference in the OP1 amplitude between both groups of Jcl:SD rats, but the OP1 amplitude was significantly higher in the MMB group of SDT fatty rats. The OP2 amplitude was significantly higher in the pentobarbital group in both the Jcl:SD rats and SDT fatty rats. There was no significant difference in the OP3 amplitude between the Jcl:SD and SDT fatty rat groups. The amplitude of the OP4 waves was significantly higher in the MMB group for both Jcl:SD and SDT fatty rats. There was no significant difference in the sums of the OP1 to OP4 (ΣOPs) amplitudes between the Jcl:SD and SDT fatty rat groups. There was no significant difference in the b-wave amplitude between the Jcl:SD rat groups, but the b-wave amplitude was significantly higher in the SDT fatty rats that received pentobarbital. The peak times for a-wave, OP1, OP2, OP3, OP4, and ΣOPs were significantly longer in the pentobarbital group of SD rats. The peak time of the b-wave was significantly longer in the MMB group of Jcl:SD rats, but the same result was obtained in the SDT fatty rats except that there was no significant difference in the a-wave. Conclusion: The overall ERG results vary depending on the anesthetic agent used. The OPs can be observed in detail when using MMB. Since the SDT fatty rat is a diabetic model animal, we recommend MMB as the anesthesia of choice when studying the OP waves in detail.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate protective effects of endurance exercise training against diabetic kidney disease (DKD) with muscle weakness by using male spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats as type 2 diabetic animal models with obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Methods: Eight-week-old SDT fatty rats (n = 12) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 10) were randomly divided into exercise (Ex; SDT-Ex: n = 6, SD-Ex: n = 5) and sedentary groups (SDT-Cont: n = 6, SD-Cont: n = 5), respectively. Each group underwent regular treadmill exercise 4 times a week from ages 8–16 weeks. Results: The exercise attenuated hypertension and hyperlipidemia and prevented increases in renal parameter levels without affecting blood glucose levels. In the SDT fatty rats, it prevented induction of renal morphological abnormalities in the interstitium of the superficial and intermediate layers of the cortex. Downregulated expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the glomerulus of the SDT fatty rats was significantly upregulated by the exercise. The exercise upregulated the renal expressions of both medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α related to fatty acid metabolism. It increased muscle strength and both muscle weight and cross-sectional area of type IIb muscle fibers in the extensor digitorum longus muscle in the SDT fatty rats. Conclusion: Endurance exercise training in type 2 diabetes ameliorates DKD by improving endothelial abnormality and enhancing fatty acid metabolism in addition to attenuated hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and muscle weakness independently of blood glucose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different anesthetic agents on electroretinograms (ERGs) in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats (SDT fatty rats)., Methods: The ERG recordings were measured under general anesthesia using pentobarbital or a combination of medetomidine hydrochloride, midazolam, and butorphanol (MMB) tartrate anesthesia in 12 9-week-old normal Sprague-Dawley rats (Jcl:SD rats) and 16 SDT fatty rats. Each animal model was divided into 2 groups, the pentobarbital group and MMB group. The amplitudes and peak times of the a- and b-waves and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were measured from 0.0001 candela per square meter (cd.s/m 2 ) to 10.0 cd.s/m 2 ., Results: The amplitude of the a-wave was significantly higher in the MMB group of Jcl:SD rats, but there was no significant difference in amplitude between the two groups of SDT fatty rats. There was no significant difference in the OP1 amplitude between both groups of Jcl:SD rats, but the OP1 amplitude was significantly higher in the MMB group of SDT fatty rats. The OP2 amplitude was significantly higher in the pentobarbital group in both the Jcl:SD rats and SDT fatty rats. There was no significant difference in the OP3 amplitude between the Jcl:SD and SDT fatty rat groups. The amplitude of the OP4 waves was significantly higher in the MMB group for both Jcl:SD and SDT fatty rats. There was no significant difference in the sums of the OP1 to OP4 (ΣOPs) amplitudes between the Jcl:SD and SDT fatty rat groups. There was no significant difference in the b-wave amplitude between the Jcl:SD rat groups, but the b-wave amplitude was significantly higher in the SDT fatty rats that received pentobarbital. The peak times for a-wave, OP1, OP2, OP3, OP4, and ΣOPs were significantly longer in the pentobarbital group of SD rats. The peak time of the b-wave was significantly longer in the MMB group of Jcl:SD rats, but the same result was obtained in the SDT fatty rats except that there was no significant difference in the a-wave., Conclusion: The overall ERG results vary depending on the anesthetic agent used. The OPs can be observed in detail when using MMB. Since the SDT fatty rat is a diabetic model animal, we recommend MMB as the anesthesia of choice when studying the OP waves in detail., Competing Interests: All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Shinohara and Kageyama are employees of CLEA Japan, Inc. Sasase is an employee of Japan Tobacco Inc., (Copyright © 2022 by The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Aim: To investigate the histological features of the liver in spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats compared with age-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats., Methods: Female SDT Lepr(fa) (SDT fatty) rats and age-matched SD rats were fed ad libitum. Body weight and biochemical parameters, such as serum glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels as well as fatty acid and TG accumulation in the liver were evaluated at 8 wk of age in the non-fasting state and at 8-wk intervals from 8 to 40 wk of age. Histopathological examinations of the liver were performed using hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius Red staining as well as double staining for ED-1 and toluidine blue. The expression of genes involved in TG synthesis, inflammation, and fibrosis was examined in the liver., Results: SDT fatty rats showed significantly increased body weight compared with SD rats. Serum glucose, TG, and TC levels were significantly higher in SDT fatty rats compared with SD rats. The serum AST and ALT levels in SDT fatty rats were significantly elevated at 8 wk of age compared with the levels in SD rats. Hepatic TG content was marked in SDT fatty rats from 8 to 32 wk of age. Histopathologically, severe hepatosteatosis accompanied by inflammation was observed at 8 wk of age, and fibrosis started to occur at 32 wk of age. Furthermore, Sirius Red and ED-1 staining were increased in the liver at 32 wk of age. Hepatic gene expression related to TG synthesis, inflammation and fibrosis tended to increase in SDT fatty rats compared with SD rats, and the gene expression related to TG secretion was decreased in SDT fatty rats compared with SD rats., Conclusion: Female SDT fatty rats have the potential to become an important animal model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with type 2 diabetes and obesity.