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Purpose: This study examined whether physical demands during soccer matches differ between sea level and altitude, considering variations by playing position. Methods: Thirty-seven professional players were monitored during 22 matches (11 at sea level and 11 at altitudes of 2200–4090 m) with global navigation satellite systems. Independent mean differences were used to compare in-match physical demands (ie, total distance, distance covered at specific speed intervals, accelerations [ACCs] and decelerations [DECs], and maximal speed) between locations for 5 playing positions (central defenders, fullbacks, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and forwards). Results: At altitude, players covered shorter total distances (P <.001) and less distance in the 14.4- to 19.8-km/h (P <.001), 19.8- to 25.2-km/h (P <.001), and >25.2-km/h (P <.001) speed ranges. They also performed fewer ACCs (2.0–3.5 m/s2, P <.001; 3.5–6.0 m/s2, P <.001) and DECs (−3.5 to −2 m/s2, P <.001; −6.0 to −3.5 m/s2, P <.001) and achieved lower maximal speeds (P <.001). The impact of altitude varied by position: Central midfielders showed reduced performance in all variables, while central defenders (distance > 25.2 km/h, ACCs [2.0 and 3.5 m/s2], DECs [−3.5 and −2.0 m/s2], and maximal speed), fullbacks (distance > 25.2 km/h, ACCs, and DECs [−3.5 and −2.0 m/s2]), and forwards (distances [total, 19.8–25.2 km/h, and >25.2 km/h] and ACCs [−3.5 and −6.0 m/s2]) presented unclear differences (P >.05) between locations. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of considering playing positions when assessing the in-match activity profiles of sea-level resident soccer players competing at moderate to high altitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore the association of the load–velocity (L-V) relationship variables and ability to maintain maximal mechanical performance during the prone bench-pull exercise with sprint swimming performance and in-water forces. Methods: Eleven competitive adult male swimmers (50-m front crawl World Aquatics points: 488 [66], performance level 4) performed 1 experimental session. The L-V relationship variables (L0 [ie, maximal theoretical load at 0 velocity]; v0 [ie, maximal theoretical velocity at 0 load], and Aline [ie, area under the L-V relationship]) and maximal mechanical maintenance capacity were assessed at the beginning of the session. Afterward, sprint swimming performance and in-water force production were tested through a 50-m front-crawl all-out trial and 15-s fully-tethered swimming, respectively. Results: Only v0 presented high positive associations with 50-m time and swimming kinematics (r >.532; P <.046). The L0, v0, and Aline showed very high positive associations with the in-water forces during tethered swimming (r >.523; P <.049). However, the ability to maintain maximal mechanical performance, assessed by the mean velocity decline during the prone bench pull, was only significantly correlated with stroke rate (r = −.647; P =.016) and stroke index (r =.614; P =.022). Conclusions: These findings indicate that maximal neuromuscular capacities, especially v0, have a stronger correlation with swimming performance and in-water force production than the ability to maintain maximal mechanical performance in level 4 swimmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop age-specific reference intervals for physical performance test outcomes relevant to male youth Middle Eastern football players. Methods: We analyzed mixed-longitudinal data (observations range: 1751–1943 assessments) from a sample of 441 male youth outfield football players (chronological age range: 11.7–18.4 y) as part of the Qatar Football Association and Aspire Academy development program over 14 competitive seasons. Semiparametric generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape estimated age-specific reference centiles for 10-m sprinting, 40-m sprinting, countermovement jump height, and maximal aerobic speed variables. Results: The estimated reference intervals indicated that the distribution of the physical performance test scores increased monotonically and nonlinearly with advancing chronological age for sprinting and countermovement jump outcome measures, reaching a plateau after 16 years common to each of these performance variables. The maximal aerobic speed median score increased substantially until ∼14.5 years, with the nonlinear trend flattening off toward relatively older chronological ages. Conclusions: We developed age-related reference intervals for physical performance test outcomes relevant to youth Qatari football players. Country-wide age-specific reference intervals can assist in the longitudinal tracking of the individual players' progress over time against benchmark values derived from the reference population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAmong individuals with hypertension and low diastolic blood pressure (DBP), the optimal BP target remains controversial due to concerns that BP lowering may reduce coronary perfusion. We determined the impact of intensive BP control among individuals with elevated systolic BP who have low DBP and elevated hs-cTnT (high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T) levels.Methods and resultsA total of 8828 participants in SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) were stratified by baseline DBP. Those with low DBP (

Female football has had a considerable rise in popularity with millions of fans after matches during the recent Women's World Cup. Despite this, the football scientific literature is still biased toward male footballers; therefore, this review aims to present the most recent literature and best practices for assessing linear and multidirectional speed and underpinning physical qualities, and to offer practical recommendations based on the most recent evidence and authors' expertise for practitioners working with female football players. This review categorizes tests as on-field and off-field, highlighting common protocols, their advantages, and the existing limitations. Among the most common on-field tests, we found the change of direction speed, horizontal deceleration, linear sprinting, and curved sprinting; although the suggested off-field tests are multi-joint isometric, single-joint isometric, isokinetic dynamometry, Nordic hamstring, and vertical jumps. These tests are valuable tools for assessing players' physical abilities, serving as a benchmark for tracking physical changes throughout the season, and aiding practitioners in individualizing and optimizing training protocols. This review highlights that strength (eccentric, isometric, concentric, and reactive) and rapid force production are crucial for generating braking and propulsive forces, which underpin linear and multidirectional motion. In conclusion, the evidence and practical suggestions reported in this review will improve the practitioners' knowledge of which tests and the consequent training protocols can be used in senior and elite female football players. But practitioners need to be aware about the scarcity of comprehensive studies on female soccer that hinders a complete understanding of the reliability of all assessment protocols used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the effects of a sled push priming session on performance in 20 m sprint times, vertical jump, and perceived recovery, in comparison to a control condition, during competitive microcycles. Sixteen young semi-professional football players completed two conditions: priming... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soccer is a team sport in which players expend high-intensity intermittent efforts that require the production of sprints, accelerations, decelerations, changes of direction, and jumps. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of training with portable and low-cost flywheel devices, using multi-directional exercises over 8 weeks, on the performance of linear sprint, curve sprint, and change of direction in senior soccer players. Thirty-three players participated in the research, divided into a control group and an experimental group. The latter group performed the training protocol in addition to the technical–tactical soccer training. Before and after the application of the training protocol, the linear and curve sprint and change of direction (V-cut) were evaluated. At the end of the training program, significant improvements (p < 0.05) were found in change of direction and in curve sprint with respect to the control group. The results suggested that resistance training with flywheel devices with low training volumes improves performance in change of direction and in curve sprint, which are key performance variables in soccer. Therefore, this type of training could be added to technical–tactical soccer training to enhance the variables that are essential to reach high-performance metrics in soccer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Among the myriad of injuries affecting football players, hamstring strains have emerged as a persistent and debilitating concern, underscoring the need for novel approaches to reduce strain rates. The current study aims to analyze the impact of improved running technique on reducing hamstring injuries in football players. (2) Methods: Twenty-two male < 19 years old footballers were randomly assigned to an intervention and a control groups (n = 14 vs. 8), the former performing a running technique program of six weeks. Three-dimensional kinematics, using a markerless motion capture system, assessed linear and angular variables during touchdown and toe-off instants to evaluate pre- and post-intervention. Independent and repeated measure t-tests and effect size calculations were employed. (3) Results: A decrease in hip flexion and thorax external rotation during the touchdown (−2.39° and −2.02°, p ≤ 0.05) and a decrease in pelvic external rotation and an increase in stride length (−3.22° and 0.06 m, p ≤ 0.05) during toe-off for the players that engaged in the running technique development was observed. (4) Conclusions: These findings emphasize the significant impact of improved running technique and sprint mechanics, suggesting a potential decrease in the risk of hamstring injuries during high-speed running in football players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the minimum playing time in matches required to produce reliable acceleration – speed (AS) profiles from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data. The playing time of 25 professional rugby union players was recorded using GNSS technology and segmented into four sections from 40, 80, 120 and 160 minutes of play. For each interval, the impact of integrating new match data on the AS profile was assessed, aiming to identify the saturation point where additional data did not induce significant changes in the profile outputs. A repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were applied to examine the variations of AS profile between time intervals. This led to identify the saturation point for assessing “robust” values of theoretical maximum acceleration (A0) and maximum speed (S0). A substantial lack of significant effect was observed for A0 (p = 1.00) and S0 (p = 0.99) in the section of 160 minutes, with an intra-subject variability of 1.50 and 1.20% for A0 and S0, respectively. Determining AS profiles for rugby players is essential for monitoring performance in training and match contexts. Our findings indicate that an equivalent of two full rugby union matches is required to generate a reliable AS profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This systematic review and meta-analysis compared muscle damage markers and physical performance measures between 2 bouts of multiarticular exercises and determined whether intensity and volume of muscle-damaging exercises affected the outcomes. The eligibility criteria consisted of (a) healthy male and female adults; (b) multiarticular exercises to cause muscle damage across 2 bouts; (c) outcome measures were compared at 24-48 hours after the first and second bouts of muscle-damaging exercise; (d) at least one of the following outcome measures: creatine kinase (CK), delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), muscle strength, and running economy. Study appraisal was conducted using the Kmet tool, whereas forest plots were derived to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) and statistical significance and alpha set a 0.05. After screening, 20 studies were included. The levels of DOMSand CK were significantly greater during the first bout when compared with the second bout at T24 and T48 (p<0.001;SMD = 0.51-1.23). Muscular strength and vertical jump performance were significantly lower during the first bout compared with the second bout at T24 and T48 (p ≤ 0.05; SMD = -0.27 to -0.40), whereas oxygen consumption and rating of perceived exertion were significantly greater during the first bout at T24 and T48 (p<0.05; SMD=0.28-0.65) during running economy protocols. The meta-analyses were unaffected by changes in intensity and volume of muscle-damaging exercises between bouts. Multiarticular exercises exhibited a repeated bout effect, suggesting that a single bout of commonly performed exercises involving eccentric contractions may provide protection against exercise-induced muscle damage for subsequent bouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to observe changes in anaerobic power and capacity (resistance to fatigue) over an annual training cycle (ATC) in 14 Division I female soccer athletes (19.4 ± 1.0 years, 60.8 ± 5.4 kg, 164.9 ± 6.2 cm, 19.5±3.2% body fat, and 48.9±3.9 kg fat free mass). All subjects were evaluated across the ATC at 5 testing blocks (B1-B5) representing seasonal transitions: postcompetition I (B1), prespring (B2), postspring training (B3), precompetition (B4), and postcompetition II (B5) using 3 tests: countermovement vertical jump to measure peak vertical power (PVP), 40-yard sprint to measure peak horizontal power (PHP), and 35-m running anaerobic sprint test to measure anaerobic capacity via fatigue index (FI). Repeated measures analysis of variance was used with the Bonferroni post hoc test when relevant along with Cohen's d to evaluate effect size. Data are represented as mean ± SD; significance set to p < 0.05. Significant performance increases were observed from postseason I to spring season training (B1-B3) in PVP (6.61 ± 3.18 and 7.71 ± 3.20; p < 0.01, d = 1.12) while changes occurred from prespring season to postspring season (B2-B3) in PVP (6.84=3.15 and 7.71=3.20; p=0.03, d = 0.93) and PHP (6.65 ± 0.97 and 7.55 ± 1.26; p < 0.01, d = 1.06) with no change in body composition. No other significant changes were observed across the ATC (p > 0.05). Increases in PHP and PVP occurred with directed training after B3 and then declined remaining so across the competitive season. Peak horizontal power and PVP may be more sensitive to coaching style and seasonal transition compared with FI and body composition changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pre-game warm-up is integral to athletes' preparation before a basketball game. The main objectives of this study were to compare specific performance indicators before and immediately after a basketball pre-game warm-up, and examine the individualized players' responses. The impact of rest intervals after warm-up (9–23 min) was also examined. A total of 20 male basketball players (age: 21.15 ± 2.2 years; body mass: 82.23 ± 10.78 kg; body height: 184.18 ± 7.9 cm) performed a pre-game warm-up and were assessed in selected indicators such as heart rate (HR), flexibility, running speed, and countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJAS) before, immediately after, 9 min and 23 min after warm-up. Immediately after warm-up, HR increased to all players (mean change: 69.78%), while flexibility (mean change: 20.14%) and CMJAS (mean change: 4.95%) increased to the majority of players (except one and two players, respectively). The individualized results regarding speed were conflicting, showing a decrease or increase. However, 9 and 23 min after warm-up, there was a decrease in HR, speed, and CMJAS (p < 0.5), while flexibility remained stable (p > 0.5) in the total sample, with great change variations among players. In conclusion, it seems that each player's individuality may affect the warm-up's efficiency. Thus, it is important to carefully design the pre-game warm-up so that all players will be in the most suitable condition to meet the demands of their competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to examine the dynamics of changes in sprint and long jump performance and the age of gender divergence in well-trained young athletes specialising in athletics. Data were collected from 1249 male and 1497 female athletes aged 10 to 15 years who participated in the final round of the annual national athletics tournament "Shipovka Yunykh" from 2017 to 2019. The top 50 results in each age group for the 60-metre sprint and long jump were analysed. Boys showed significantly higher performance than girls in both events from ages 11 and 12. Significant performance improvements were noted between ages 12 and 13 for boys in the long jump and 10–11 in the sprint. Girls showed significant improvements between ages 12 and 13 in the long jump and 11–12 in the sprint. Gender divergence in sprint and long jump performance occurs around age 11. The dynamics of performance changes are influenced by the timing of the growth spurt, highlighting the need for age-specific competition categories in athletics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All the software products developed will need testing to ensure the quality and accuracy of the product. It makes the life of testers much easier when they can optimize on the effort spent and predict defects for the upcoming modules in the Agile era. The functionality being discussed in this paper is to predict the defects using Random Forest Algorithm. Predictive analytics draws on information from the past to create forecasts about the outcomes of future events. Product team always have the difficulty in delivering the product as per schedule. As we are in the agile era, the requirement keeps changing and team is unsure on upcoming releases. Prediction helps the team to focus on the complex and error prone modules in upcoming releases. The Predictive analytics model designed, can predict defects with an accuracy rate of 88% with the help of historical data. By predicting, testers can focus on the module where there are a greater number of defects predicted by the model and left shift the delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effect of 6-week training to improve horizontal deceleration ability on sprint acceleration and countermovement jump (CMJ) neuromuscular performance (NMP) parameters. Twenty male soccer players were divided into the training (TRA), and the control (CON) group. Pre-and post-training players performed an acceleration-deceleration ability test (ADA) and a jump on a vertical axis dual force plate. ADA deceleration parameters were analysed using Kinovea Software. Distance-to-stop (DTS), time-to-stop (TTS), 20 m sprint time (t20 m), CMJ parameters were measured at pre-post-training. The largest improvement was determined in the TRA in the t20 m (effect size = 0.88). Despite the increase in the weight of the TRA, t20 m was shortened by 5.62% in TRA and 1.91% in CON. Deceleration ability was evaluated with CMJ eccentric parameters. While the percentage change of eccentric peak force differed between the groups, eccentric peak power (11.84 vs. 14.57 W·kg–1, ds: 0.72) and velocity (0.91 vs. 1.05 m.s–1, ds: 0.70) increased. Accordingly, it was determined that the improvement in CMJ eccentric and concentric peak velocity was due to speed-based power output. The training improved the maximum horizontal deceleration ability and confirmed that concentric peak velocity, as well as CMJ eccentric parameters, is an important NMP determinant of horizontal deceleration ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the acute effect of exposure to a potentiation warm-up protocol compared to a usual warm-up program. Design: Randomized parallel control trial. Setting: Synthetic grass in the club's facilities (Portugal). Participants: Seventeen female football players (age: 23.9 ± 3.9 years), were randomly allocated to a control (n = 8) and an experimental group (n = 9). To allocate the players, a table was computer-generated by a research team member with no involvement in the trial. Intervention: The control group performed their usual warm-up program, while the experimental group performed a potentiation warm-up protocol with jumps combined with sprints with change of direction. Main outcomes measures: The players were tested pre- and post-intervention for a 40-m linear sprint and pre-planned change of direction using the T-test. Statistical analysis: An intention-to-treat analysis was performed, with all the participants originally randomized being involved. The normal distribution was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The assumption of sphericity was analyzed. Effect sizes were calculated using partial eta squared. Results: No significant pre-post differences in the T-test and in the 40-m sprint were detected for any group. However, in the T-test, large effect sizes in time increments were observed within the experimental (0.27 s; p > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.176) and control groups (0.06 s; p > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.176). Also, in the 40-m sprint, large effect sizes in time increments were observed within the experimental (0.05 s; p > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.251) and control groups (0.09 s; p > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.251). Conclusions: The performance-enhancing ability of the potentiation method performed at warm-up was not verified when applied to female football players. Thus, the potentiation methods may not improve sprint and COD ability for this population. However, the lack of statistical significance may have been due to reduced statistical power, as three of four effects suggest acute performance impairment after a supposed potentiation-oriented warm-up. Nevertheless, the presence of a statistical type 2 error cannot be ruled out. Registration number (retrospectively registered): NCT06555185; Project URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06555185. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quadricep muscles are commonly targeted for electrical muscle stimulation (EMS), while the gastrocnemius muscles, despite their crucial role in push-off, are often overlooked. The purpose was to investigate whether incorporating EMS into gastrocnemius training could optimize athletic performance. Two groups of athletes received regular gastrocnemius training (Training-only) or combined EMS into training (Training + EMS) over four weeks. The sprint time, jump height, take-off ground reaction forces, ankle and knee joint power, and electromyography were assessed before and after the training sessions. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was performed to determine any significant effect. Both training-only and training + EMS groups showed increased jump height and faster sprint time after training (P < 0. 0 0 1). The participants in the two groups also generated higher take-off force and larger ankle and knee powers after training (P < 0. 0 0 1). EMS adds no significant improvement in performance outcomes (P > 0. 0 5). This study implicates that both training-only and training + EMS can enhance sports performance and take-off force and lower-limb joint powers of the athletes, but the use of EMS can only induce minimal added improvements on gastrocnemius training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the validity and reliability of the power slap test (PS) as an assessment for upper body pulling power to predict water polo functional performance and competitive experience of female water polo players. Seventeen female water polo players from the national and development squads were recruited. Subjects completed test-retest sessions of PS testing and 1 session of functional performance tests for the 15-m arms-only sprint (15 mAOS) and the 5-m maximum shooting velocity (5 mMSV). All PS, 15 mAOS and 5 mMSV results were compared for predictability. Power slap scores demonstrated high reliability for left PS (intraclass correlations [ICC]: 0.96, 90% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91-0.98), right PS (ICC: 0.96, 90% CI: 0.90-0.98), left and right center of mass (COM) displacement (ICC: 0.98, 90% CI: 0.96-0.99; ICC: 0.95, 90% CI: 0.88-0.98), and summed PS (ICC: 0.96, 90% CI: 0.92-0.99). All absolute PS scores and left COM displacement (COMdispL) demonstrated large correlations with the 15 mAOS times (r520.542 to 20.52, r2 5 0.27-0.29, p, 0.05). No performance parameters of the PS were correlated with the 5 mMSV performance (p. 0.05). This study validates the reliability of the PS as a dryland assessment tool for upper body pulling power. Only absolute PS scores and COMdisp were validated as weak predictors of the arms-only sprint times over 15 m. Its predictive power significantly improved when considered in combination with shooting performance. All absolute and normalized kinetic and kinematic PS parameters did not predict functional performance and competitive experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the acute effects of ingesting a beverage containing guarana (Paullinia cupana) seed powder on performance during field tests related to physical capacities that are determinants of soccer performance, such as lower limb power, sprint, agility, and the capacity to carry out intermittent exercise. Methods: The study was conducted using a randomized, crossover, and counterbalanced design, with a beverage containing guarana or placebo administered in a double-blind manner. Twenty-seven under-17 soccer players of a professional soccer club performed a battery of tests 60 min after the ingestion of guarana (3 g of the fruit seed powder) or placebo. Trials were performed with a 7-day washout period. The battery of tests included a countermovement jump test, sprints of 10 and 20 m, an Illinois agility test, and a Yo–Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIR1). Results: Guarana ingestion did not improve countermovement jump, sprints, or agility (p > 0.05). However, guarana ingestion increased the distance covered in the YYIR1, compared with placebo ingestion (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Acute ingestion of guarana improves the capacity to perform intermittent exercise in soccer players but seems to be ineffective to improve lower limb power, sprint, and agility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Silent myocardial infarction (SMI) frequently goes undetected, yet it is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The impact of intensive systolic blood pressure (SBP) lowering on the risk of SMI in those with hypertension remains uncertain. Methods: In this post hoc analysis of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT), participants with serial electrocardiograms (ECGs) during the trial were included. SPRINT investigated the benefit of intensive SBP lowering, aiming for < 120 mmHg compared to the standard SBP goal of < 140 mmHg. Incident SMI was defined as evidence of new MI on an ECG without adjudicated recognized myocardial infarction (RMI). Results: During a median follow‐up of 3.9 years, a total of 234 MI events (55 SMI and 179 RMI) occurred. Intensive, compared to standard, SBP lowering resulted in a lower rate of SMI (incidence rate 1.1 vs. 2.3 cases per 1000 person‐years, respectively; HR [95% CI]: 0.48 [0.27–0.84]). Similarly, intensive, compared to standard, BP lowering reduced the risk of RMI (incidence rate 4.6 vs. 6.5 cases per 1000 person‐years, respectively; HR [95% CI]: 0.71 [0.52–0.95]). No significant differences were noted between the strength of the association of intensive BP control on lowering the risk of SMI and RMI (p‐value for HR differences = 0.23). Conclusions: This study shows that in adults with hypertension, the benefits of intensive SBP lowering, compared with standard BP lowering, go beyond the prevention of RMI to include the prevention of SMI. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01206062. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to provide percentile curves, peak performance age for all sprint distances, and two linear regression models in order to analyse the individual trajectories of Spanish sprinters to explain the achievement of the senior category. A retrospective analysis was undertaken using rankings of the Spanish Athletics Federation. We analysed 4398 sprint athletes between 2004 and 2021. Our results show that the percentile curves are farther apart as the distance increased. Peak performance age was reached earlier in males than females in all distance categories (25.31 ± 0.12 and 25.79 ± 0.70 years for 100 m, 25.45 ± 0.16 and 27.40 ± 0.31 years for 200 m, and 25.61 ± 0.24 and 27.46 ± 2.28 years for 400 m in males and females, respectively). The two linear regressions display the importance of consistent high performance in junior categories (p < 0.01; ß = -1.92 and p = 0.15; ß = -1.22, respectively) together with the best results in the U23 category (p < 0.001; ß = 0.51 and p < 0.001; ß = 0.51, respectively) to achieve participation in the senior category. We conclude that as the running distance increases, the differences between percentiles also increase, the peak performance age occurs earlier in Spanish sprinters than shown in previous research for all sprint distances, and attaining the senior category depends upon achieving the best results in previous categories and gaining extensive experience (consistent high-performance participation) in the event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is a phenomenon that has been used as a warm-up strategy to enhance subsequent muscular performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a flywheel warm-up to elicit a PAPE effect in eight male youth rugby athletes. Participants completed three warm-up interventions (flywheel, stationary cycle, and no warm-up) across three days, each separated by 24 hours. A 5-minute rest followed each warm-up before assessing posterior chain flexibility, countermovement jump (CMJ), and linear acceleration. The results showed a significant increase (p < .05) in posterior chain flexibility and 10 m sprint performance following the flywheel warm-up compared to stationary cycling and no warm-up. However, the interventions had no significant differences in CMJ peak power or jump height (p > .05). The current findings suggest that the flywheel warm-up is effective in improving posterior chain flexibility and sprint performance in youth rugby players.

El entrenamiento de sprint por intervalos (SIT) mejora el desempeño aeróbico, así como los marcadores de salud y aptitud física en la población no atlética; sin embargo, no existe información suficiente sobre el desempeño cuando se interrumpe el SIT. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar las alteraciones en el proceso de desentrenamiento de la evolución de la aptitud física adaptativa causadas por el entrenamiento de sprint por intervalos de corta duración. El diseño general del estudio se clasificó como antes del SIT, período de entrenamiento, después del SIT y medidas del período de desentrenamiento. Los sujetos (n = 26) completaron las mediciones de base de la prueba de carrera de 20 m y después fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en grupos de entrenamiento y de control. El grupo de control mantuvo su rutina diaria y el grupo de entrenamiento realizó el SIT durante 4 semanas. La prueba de carrera de 20 m fue aplicada antes y después del entrenamiento y en las semanas 4 y 8 del desentrenamiento. Después del período de entrenamiento, el desempeño aeróbico aumentó en el grupo de entrenamiento (p < .05). Además, los aumentos del desempeño aeróbico se mantuvieron durante las 4 semanas del desentrenamiento (p < .05). Por su parte, los aumentos de desempeño desaparecieron en la octava semana del desentrenamiento (p > .05). Hacer una pausa en el programa de ejercicios por más de cuatro semanas en individuos jóvenes saludables puede hacer que los efectos positivos del SIT en el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) desaparezcan. Los participantes en el SIT no deben hacer una pausa en el ejercicio por más de cuatro semanas para mantener la ganancia aeróbica.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the acute effect of exposure to a potentiation warm-up protocol compared to a usual warm-up program. Design Randomized parallel control trial. Setting Synthetic grass in the club’s facilities (Portugal). Participants Seventeen female football players (age: 23.9 ± 3.9 years), were randomly allocated to a control (n = 8) and an experimental group (n = 9). To allocate the players, a table was computer-generated by a research team member with no involvement in the trial. Intervention The control group performed their usual warm-up program, while the experimental group performed a potentiation warm-up protocol with jumps combined with sprints with change of direction. Main outcomes measures The players were tested pre- and post-intervention for a 40-m linear sprint and pre-planned change of direction using the T-test. Statistical analysis An intention-to-treat analysis was performed, with all the participants originally randomized being involved. The normal distribution was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The assumption of sphericity was analyzed. Effect sizes were calculated using partial eta squared. Results No significant pre-post differences in the T-test and in the 40-m sprint were detected for any group. However, in the T-test, large effect sizes in time increments were observed within the experimental (0.27 s; p > 0.05, ηp 2 = 0.176) and control groups (0.06 s; p > 0.05, ηp 2 = 0.176). Also, in the 40-m sprint, large effect sizes in time increments were observed within the experimental (0.05 s; p > 0.05, ηp 2 = 0.251) and control groups (0.09 s; p > 0.05, ηp 2 = 0.251). Conclusions The performance-enhancing ability of the potentiation method performed at warm-up was not verified when applied to female football players. Thus, the potentiation methods may not improve sprint and COD ability for this population. However, the lack of statistical significance may have been due to reduced statistical power, as three of four effects suggest acute performance impairment after a supposed potentiation-oriented warm-up. Nevertheless, the presence of a statistical type 2 error cannot be ruled out. Registration number (retrospectively registered) NCT06555185; Project URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06555185 .

Abstract Background Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), and their reduced forms (NADH and NADPH) are the vital cofactors for most cellular oxidation/reduction reactions and therefore influence most critical pathways in cellular metabolism. This study aimed to predict the trends of age-related changes in erythrocyte NAD+ and NADP+ concentrations in elite athletes compared to untrained controls and to assess whether life-long physical training stimulates favorable adaptations in erythrocyte NAD(P)+ concentrations. Methods Erythrocyte concentrations of NAD+ and NADP+ were measured in 68 elite endurance runners (20–81 years), 58 elite sprinters (21–90 years), and 62 untrained individuals (20–68 years). Linear regression analyses were performed to estimate longitudinal relationships and cross-sectional rates of change between age and erythrocyte NAD+ and NADP+ levels. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine differences between the studied groups. Results In all three groups, the erythrocyte NAD+ and NADP+ concentrations significantly decreased with advancing age, suggesting gradual deterioration of NAD-related regulatory functions in older individuals. However, the concentration of erythrocyte NAD(P)+, regardless of age category, was higher in the athletic groups compared to less active controls. Conclusions Our research shows that systematic sports participation, especially of a sprint-oriented nature, can be treated as a natural and effective strategy promoting cellular NAD(P)+ anabolism and thus cells’ energy and redox metabolism. Trial registration The study was retrospectively registered in the clinical trials registry on 2021-11-09 (NCT05113914).

Background and Study Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of whole-body vibration applied to the dominant and non-dominant leg during repetitive lunge movements on jump and sprint performance. Material and Methods. Thirty-five male students from the Faculty of Sport Sciences voluntarily participated in the study. Participants performed squat jumps and countermovement jumps, and a 30-m sprint test on a non-motorized treadmill as pre- and post-tests. Participants were divided into the experimental group (n = 19, age: 22.0 ± 1.9 years, height: 177.7 ± 6.3 cm, body weight: 75.5 ± 12.6 kg) and the control group (n = 16, age: 21.9 ± 1.9 years, height: 173.4 ± 4.1 cm, body weight: 67.7 ± 7.1 kg). In the experimental group, a whole-body vibration of 50 Hz frequency and 4 mm amplitude was continuously applied to the dominant front leg. This was done on the whole-body vibration platform for 60 seconds throughout the repetitive lunge movement. At the end of the time, the leg was changed, and whole-body vibration was applied to the non-dominant leg using the same method. The control group performed the same movement without whole-body vibration. Pre- and post-test results were compared with an independent sample t-test within the group and a paired sample t-test between the groups. The statistical significance level was determined as p ≤ 0.05. Results. The experimental group showed statistically significant pre-test and post-test differences in 30-m sprint power, non-dominant leg power, and non-dominant leg horizontal force parameters (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.05, respectively). It was determined that performing dynamic lunge movements with the dominant and non-dominant legs using whole-body vibration significantly increased mean power and non-dominant leg horizontal force. Conclusions. The acute effect on power, particularly on non-dominant leg power and non-dominant leg horizontal force during the 30-m sprint, was significant. This showed that whole-body vibration can be used as a short-term training method. In studies aiming to determine the acute and chronic effects of exercises with whole-body vibration on various performance parameters, it is important to focus on the frequency and amplitude differences in certain protocols.

Abstract Background In contrast with Advanced Footwear Technology-AFT running shoes for long-distance, little is known about AFT sprint spikes on performance and acceleration parameters. However, their use has become widespread since the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, and knowledge of their effects would seem to be an essential starting point before any clinical or socio-economic considerations. Objectives Our objectives were to determine intra- and inter-subject sprinting performance modifications with Nike® AFT spikes (NAS) compared to standard spiked-shoes (SS). Methods Healthy regional to national sprint athletes (n = 21, ≥ 750 pts World Athletics) performed 16 repetitions of 30-m sprints with either the NAS or SS condition during a single session, based on the multiple N-of-1 method, with pairwise randomisation and double-blind procedure. Time on 30-m sprints (Stalker radar), force-velocity profile (F 0, V 0, V max, P max, RF, D RF and FVP slope), and confounding factors (wind and shoe mass) were measured. Statistical analyses included a mixed linear regression model for group analyses, and randomisation test inversion and non-overlap-of-all-pair (NAP) methods for intra-individual analysis. Results NAS improved 30-m time by a mean of − 0.02 s (SMD = 0.4, p = 0.014), with no interaction with any confounding factors. Significant changes were seen in velocity (V max : SMD = 0.9, p

BACKGROUND: Superior lower limb mobility is regarded as one of the prerequisites for winning competitions. Wearable resistance training can effectively overcome the deficiency in the transfer efficiency of traditional strength training in enhancing lower limb mobility. Considering that the impact of wearable resistance training based on different body parts on lower limb mobility may have significant differentiated characteristics, it is particularly important to review and summarize the specific application strategies and acute and chronic intervention effects. OBJECTIVE: To comb and analyze acute and chronic intervention effects of wearable resistance training based on different body parts on lower limb mobility, in order to provide insightful and methodological references for optimizing application strategies for lower limb movement ability. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Web of Science, Medline, SPORTDiscus, and PubMed databases for publications up to October 2023. Chinese and English search terms were “arm, forearm, limb, leg, lower extremity, vest, trunk, resist, weight, load, sprint, agility, change of direction”. A total of 60 articles were ultimately included for review after screening the retrieval results. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Trunk loading of 6-20% of body mass is suitable for optimizing acceleration in sprinting, while trunk loading of ≤6% body mass is suitable for optimizing high-speed running. A trunk load of 5% body mass is applicable for optimizing change-of-direction movement; forearm, calf, or thigh loading often uses 1% or 2% body mass. (2) Trunk loading optimizes the functional performance of the lower limb stretch-shortening cycle by increasing vertical load. This enhances the efficiency of ground reaction force utilization and strengthens the coordinated stability control of the whole body musculature. Forearm loading effectively enhances the driving force of the upper limb swing, improves the propulsive force of the lower limb sprint, and optimizes the efficiency of inter-limb coordination. Calf loading can impose restrictions on the function of the hip joint, thereby leading to localized load stimulation and compensatory functional enhancement in the knee or ankle joint. Thigh loading partially restricts the peak extension angle and speed of the knee joint, creates specific load stimulation at the hip joint, and significantly improves its rotational kinetic energy output. (3) During larger-angle change-of-direction movements, the impact of calf loading is more significant than thigh loading. Thigh loading stimulation helps to enhance power output, while calf loading stimulation aids in improving stability control and directional change. (4) Currently, wearable resistance training has been proven to be an effective way to improve sprint and change-ofdirection performance. The methodological strategies to improve sprint performance are relatively mature, but the optimal application scheme to improve change-of-direction performance needs to be further refined and optimized. Further research is recommended to supplement this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the relationship between bilateral electrical activity in the biceps femoris and the variation of triaxial acceleration in three 50 m sprints. Methods: Biceps femoris muscle activation and acceleration in the anterior–posterior, mediolateral, and superior–inferior axes were measured in three 50 m sprints in nine national-level sprinters. Results: There was significant asymmetry between both legs, and the variations between axes were significant between the anterior–posterior with respect to the lateral and superior–inferior, and between the lateral and superior–inferior (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Increased biceps femoris activation during running increases speed regardless of asymmetry in force application. In the maintenance of horizontal velocity, acceleration of the anterior–posterior axis is the most relevant and depends on the flexion-extension muscle actions contained in the lateral axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), and their reduced forms (NADH and NADPH) are the vital cofactors for most cellular oxidation/reduction reactions and therefore influence most critical pathways in cellular metabolism. This study aimed to predict the trends of age-related changes in erythrocyte NAD+ and NADP+ concentrations in elite athletes compared to untrained controls and to assess whether life-long physical training stimulates favorable adaptations in erythrocyte NAD(P)+ concentrations. Methods: Erythrocyte concentrations of NAD+ and NADP+ were measured in 68 elite endurance runners (20–81 years), 58 elite sprinters (21–90 years), and 62 untrained individuals (20–68 years). Linear regression analyses were performed to estimate longitudinal relationships and cross-sectional rates of change between age and erythrocyte NAD+ and NADP+ levels. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine differences between the studied groups. Results: In all three groups, the erythrocyte NAD+ and NADP+ concentrations significantly decreased with advancing age, suggesting gradual deterioration of NAD-related regulatory functions in older individuals. However, the concentration of erythrocyte NAD(P)+, regardless of age category, was higher in the athletic groups compared to less active controls. Conclusions: Our research shows that systematic sports participation, especially of a sprint-oriented nature, can be treated as a natural and effective strategy promoting cellular NAD(P)+ anabolism and thus cells' energy and redox metabolism. Trial registration: The study was retrospectively registered in the clinical trials registry on 2021-11-09 (NCT05113914). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes use either an eight-step or a seven-step strategy to reach the first hurdle in the 110 m hurdles event. This study investigates the effect of step strategy on the hurdle clearance technique and spatio-temporal parameters of the four steps prior to hurdle clearance. Two-dimensional video data were collected in the sagittal plane from 12 male sprinters, grouped as seven-step (n = 6) or eight-step (n = 6) strategists. The take-off distance was 0.20 m further from the hurdle and the touchdown was 0.42 m closer to the hurdle for seven-step athletes. Additionally, seven-step athletes reduced the length of the final step before hurdle take-off by 0.14 m compared with the previous step, whereas the eight-step athletes extended their final step by 0.17 m. There was negligible difference between the mean horizontal velocities of the two groups throughout the hurdle clearance (0.02 m/s) or the approach time to the first hurdle from the block clearance (0.01 s). This presents an important first insight into the effect of the step strategy on the first hurdle kinematics. Our findings identify the take-off and touchdown distance parameters of the hurdle clearance technique, and approach step characteristics for a successful seven- or eight-step approach strategy to be employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increased awareness of the multifactorial nature of Hamstring Strain Injury (HSI), the role of running biomechanics remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate whether an association exists between running biomechanics and HSI. Five databases were searched from inception to January 2021. Eligibility criteria included epidemiological studies that provide data on running biomechanics in athletes who have sustained a HSI (retrospectively or prospectively) and compared to control data. Searches yielded 4,798 articles. Twelve met the selection criteria. Biomechanical analysis differed considerably across studies, thus meta-analyses was not possible. Studies largely found either no differences or contradicting findings between running biomechanics of athletes who have sustained a HSI (retrospectively or prospectively) and controls, with the exception of lateral trunk kinematics and horizontal propulsive forces. It is important to note some concern regarding the quality of included studies, particularly sample size, increasing the risk of bias associated with results. Further research utilising validated methods of biomechanical analysis, is needed to determine if an association exists between running biomechanics and HSI. Until then, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn as to whether specific biomechanical interventions should be included in injury prevention and/or rehabilitation programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sprinting ability is important for successful performance in sports. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between force-velocity-power relationship of a whole-body movement and sprint performance. Twelve male participants performed maximal squat jumps with additional loads ranging from 0% to 100% body weight to obtain force-velocity profiles. The mean force and velocity were calculated during the push-off phase for each jump, which resulted in a force-velocity curve. The theoretical maximal force (F0), theoretical maximal velocity (V0) and theoretical maximum power (P0) were computed via extrapolation of the force and velocity data. In the second session, participants performed two 60 m sprints and the time to cover 20 m (t20), time to cover 60 m (t60), and maximum sprint velocity (Vmax) were calculated from the best 60 m trial. Correlation analyses revealed strong and significant correlations between V0 and t20 (r = −0.60), V0 and t60 (r = −0.60), P0 and t20 (r = −0.75) and P0 and t60 (r = −0.78). Multiple linear regression indicated that P0 explained 56%, 61% and 60% of the variability in t20, t60 and Vmax, respectively. Our results emphasise the importance of developing power production capabilities to improve sprint performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to compare the selected physical fitness variables between state level Wrestler and swimmers of Ranchi, Jharkhand. A total 30 male players in which 15 from Wrestling and 15 players from swimming were selected. The age group was delimited to 20-28 years were randomly selected as subjects. The selected subjects were tested on sprinting by 30-meter dash test, explosive strength by standing broad jump test and agility by 3 x 10 meter shuttle run test which was selected as criterion variable. It was hypothesized that there may be significant difference between state level Wrestler and swimmers on selected physical fitness variables. To find out the significant difference in physical fitness variables "t" test was applied and the level of significance was set at 0.05 level. The result showed that No significance differences was found in explosive strength and significance difference was found in Sprinting and agility among swimmers & wrestlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This meta-analysis examines the impact of different combinations of plyometric training (complexity, training volume, and rest intervals) on immediate vertical jump and sprint performance in athletes. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in four databases, and Cochrane guidelines were used to evaluate the quality of included studies. Review Manager 5.4 software was employed to analyze outcome measures. Nineteen randomized controlled trials involving 293 participants were included. Results: Single plyometric training-induced post-activation potentiation (PAP) had a slight positive effect on vertical jump performance [SMD = -0.24, 95% CI (-0.38, -0.1), P = 0.0009]. Optimal results were observed with rest intervals of 0.3-4 min (SMD = 0.30, P = 0.0008). Sprint performance showed slight improvement [SMD = 0.27, 95% CI (0.03, 0.52), P = 0.03]. Complex plyometric training had a moderate effect on vertical jump performance [SMD = 0.58, 95% CI (-0.86, -0.23), P = 0.002], with the best outcomes seen with rest intervals exceeding 8 min (SMD = 0.77). Sprint performance also improved significantly [SMD = 0.8, 95% CI (0.01, 1.59), P = 0.05]. Singlesession plyometric training did not significantly enhance vertical jump performance [SMD = -0.19, 95% CI (-0.41, -0.02), P = 0.07], but had a notable effect on sprint performance [SMD = 0.8, 95% CI (0.01, 1.59), P = 0.05], particularly with rest intervals exceeding 8 min (SMD = 0.77). Multiplesession plyometric training improved vertical jump (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI [0.01, 1.59), P = 0.00001 < 0.05], with optimal effects observed at rest intervals of 5-7 min (SMD = 0.64). Sprint performance also improved [SMD = 0.46, 95% CI (0.01, 0.81), P = 0.01 < 0.05]. Conclusion: Plyometric training as an activation method has significant enhancing effects, depending on training complexity, volume, and rest intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of differences in the level of change in linear speed and velocity in the modified change of direction test (COD) and to determine the relationship between speed deficits resulting from changes of direction and functional performance between groups of Polish U19 Volleyball National Team and Polish Women's Basketball 3 × 3 National Team. A total of 23 athletes: 12 volleyball players (age: 18 ± 0 years; body height: 183 ± 7 cm; body weight: 70 ± 8 kg) and 11 basketball players (age: 26 ± 4 years; body height: 180 ± 6 cm; body weight: 73 ± 10 kg) participated in the study. Athletes were tested for the following measures: Functional Movement Screen test (FMS), dynamic balance test Y-Balance, joints range of motion measurements, maximal sprint test (14 m), modified COD test (14 m) and change of direction deficit (CODD). A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was no significant correlation between sprint and CODD results in basketball team. In volleyball team there was a positive and significant correlation between COD, sprint and CODD. There was a negative and significant correlation between Y-Balance scores and sprint test results in the basketball team. Basketball team had a positive significant correlation between hip rotations and COD results. There was a negative significant correlation between shoulder movements and COD and CODD results in volleyball team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a focal vibration protocol added to an activation protocol with active muscle contractions and to see what repercussions it has on sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ), and lower limb isometric strength. A double‐blind randomized clinical trial was conducted in the Functional Anatomy Laboratory and the sample consisted of 70 athletes. The main outcome measures were knee extension force, CMJ, sprint, and surface electromyography. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance revealed significant improvements. They were found in the within‐group analysis for the Experimental Group in the isometric extension force (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.368), CMJ (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.301) and 30 m sprint (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.376). In the electromyography, there are changes in the Sham Group in all muscles, in CMJ and Sprint tests, and no differences in the Experimental Group, except for the RF muscle. In the between‐group analysis, statistically significant differences were found only in favor of the Experimental Group in CMJ (p = 0.017; η2 = 0.81) and 30 m sprint (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.152). These results confirm a significant improvement in the sprint, CMJ performance, and quadriceps strength, after a focal vibration protocol, added to a muscle active contraction, compared to a focal vibration sham protocol. Therefore, our results suggest that the focal vibration can be a very useful tool in sports involving high‐powered actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The similarity between movement patterns and force-vector specificity of training exercises and the target movement will likely result in the greatest transfer of the practiced skills and physical abilities to the intended sports skill performance. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate whether specific adaptations in athletic performance would be observed following direction specific exercise training. Methodology: The literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE. Studies comparing acute (post-activation potentiation enhancement) and short-term (>2 weeks) effects of horizontally vs. vertically oriented resistance and plyometric training on athletic performance of recreationally active participants of either sex were included. The effect sizes were determined using a robust variance estimation random-effects model and were reported as Hedge's g. Results: Twenty-two studies were included. For acute studies (n = 4), a small non-significant effect favoring horizontal training (HT) for sprint performance improvements (g = −0.19, p = 0.17) was evident. For short-term studies (n = 18), the results showed non-significant, small to large differences between HT and vertical training (VT) in pooled vertical and horizontal jump improvements (g = 0.06, p = 0.67), vertical (g = 0.21, p = 0.17) and horizontal jump (g = −0.15, p = 0.40), pooled vertical and horizontal maximal strength (g = 0.27, p = 0.42), horizontal (g = −0.83, p = 0.16) and vertical maximal strength (g = 0.78, p = 0.28), pooled short and medium distance sprint (g = −0.23, p = 0.16), short (g = −0.33 [−0.85, 0.19], p = 0.19) and medium (g = −0.12 [−0.37, 0.13], p = 0.28) distance sprint, and COD speed and maneuverability (g = −0.45, p = 0.26). Conclusions: HT and VT were both equally effective in improving vertically and horizontally athletic performance, potentially refuting the theory of directional specificity of training on athletic performance outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte is the property of Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As athletes pursue excellence, training techniques continue to advance, making structured physical activity an essential tool for enhancing performance. To optimize athletic performance in modern competitive sports, the balance of physical performance and mental clarity is required. This study seeks to examine the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on cognitive and physical skills in basketball and soccer players. A 3-week HIIT protocol was incorporated based on the Wingate technique. This study included 10 soccer players and 10 basketball players with an average age of 22.79 ± 1.90 years. Participants performed pre- and post-intervention assessments. Physical proficiency was assessed using 20 m sprint, change-of-direction (COD) and dribbling tests, while cognitive skills were assessed using motion object tracking (MOT), working memory, perceptual load (PL), and attention window (AW) tests. The HIIT intervention significantly improved cognitive performance in particular; noteworthy observations were a 15% improvement in motion object tracking test scores and a 16% increase in working memory test scores for basketball players. The attention window test scores showed a 32% increase, and perceptual load test scores were 31% decreased for soccer players post-intervention. There were significant improvements in physical skills; for example, sprint times were decreased by 6%, and change-of-direction and dribbling times were reduced by 8% and 7%, respectively, indicating improved agility, speed, and ball control abilities. In conclusion, both groups performed significantly better on cognitive and physical skill tests post-HIIT intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In contrast with Advanced Footwear Technology-AFT running shoes for long-distance, little is known about AFT sprint spikes on performance and acceleration parameters. However, their use has become widespread since the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, and knowledge of their effects would seem to be an essential starting point before any clinical or socio-economic considerations. Objectives: Our objectives were to determine intra- and inter-subject sprinting performance modifications with Nike® AFT spikes (NAS) compared to standard spiked-shoes (SS). Methods: Healthy regional to national sprint athletes (n = 21, ≥ 750 pts World Athletics) performed 16 repetitions of 30-m sprints with either the NAS or SS condition during a single session, based on the multiple N-of-1 method, with pairwise randomisation and double-blind procedure. Time on 30-m sprints (Stalker radar), force-velocity profile (F0, V0, Vmax, Pmax, RF, DRF and FVP slope), and confounding factors (wind and shoe mass) were measured. Statistical analyses included a mixed linear regression model for group analyses, and randomisation test inversion and non-overlap-of-all-pair (NAP) methods for intra-individual analysis. Results: NAS improved 30-m time by a mean of − 0.02 s (SMD = 0.4, p = 0.014), with no interaction with any confounding factors. Significant changes were seen in velocity (Vmax : SMD = 0.9, p < 0.001; V0: SMD = 0.7, p < 0.001) and the horizontal ratio of force (RFmax: SMD = 0.5, p = 0.043), with no changes observed in force production. Whatever the footwear, one unit of positive wind (+ 1 m.s− 1) improved performance by − 0.03 s (p < 0.001). At an individual level, four athletes improved (NAP ≥ 0.69), and one had a statistical decrease in performance. Changes in F-V profiles were largely individual. Conclusions: A positive effect on sprint acceleration characteristics was observed when using Nike® AFT spikes, due to an increase in velocity and the horizontal ratio of force. A major variability in inter-individual response justifies single-case experimental designs for research on the topic. Trial Registration Number: NCT05881148. Key Points: •Compared to AFT long-distance running shoes, little is known about trademarked AFT spikes on performance and acceleration parameters. •The use of Nike® AFT spikes in regional-to-national sprinters resulted in a slight improvement (less than that of a + 1 m.s− 1 wind) in short sprint performance, with a large effect on maximal velocity which could raise the question of muscle strain injuries. •Trials addressing the question of AFT spikes' effect on max velocity endurance should be designed. The significant rate of non-responders highlights the importance of single-case experimental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: A high level of specific metabolic capacity is essential for maximal sprinting in both male and female athletes. Various factors dictate sex differences in maximal power production and energy utilization. This study aims to compare the contribution of energy systems between male and female athletes with similar sport-specific physiological adaptations during a 15-s sprint exercise. Methods: The endurance group consisted of 17 males (23 ± 7 y) and 17 females (20 ± 2 y). The speed-power group included 14 males (21.1 ± 2.6 y) and 14 females (20 ± 3 y). The contribution of phosphagen, glycolytic, and aerobic systems was determined using the three-component PCr-LA-O2 method. Results: Significant differences were observed in the energy expenditure for all systems and total energy expenditure between males and females in both groups (p = 0.001–0.013). The energy expenditure in kJ for individual systems (phosphagen–glycolytic–aerobic) was 35:25:7 vs. 20:16:5 in endurance males vs. female athletes, respectively. In the speed-power group, male athletes expended 33:37:6 kJ and female athletes expended 21:25:4 kJ, respectively. The percentage proportions did not differ between males and females in any system. The contribution of the phosphagen–glycolytic–aerobic systems was 52:37:11 vs. 48:39:13 in endurance male and female athletes, respectively. For speed-power males vs. female athletes, the proportions were 42:50:8 vs. 41:50:9, respectively. Conclusions: Despite the differences in body composition, mechanical output, and absolute energy expenditure, the energy system contribution appears to have a similar metabolic effect between male and female athletes engaged in sprint exercises with similar sport-related adaptations. The magnitude and profile of sex differences are related to sports discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the acute effects of the FIFA 11+ and static stretching protocols on agility, speed, and flexibility in soccer players. A total of 24 soccer players (mean age: 20.13±1.51; height: 175.5±4.25; body mass: 69±5.81 participated voluntarily in the study. The study utilized a cross-controlled experimental design, randomly assigning participants into two groups: Group A and Group B, over two sessions. During session 1, Group A performed the FIFA 11+ protocol, while Group B followed the static stretching protocol. After a 48-hour rest period, the groups were reversed at session 2. The participants underwent measurements for 20-meter speed, Illinois agility test, and goniometric (quadriceps and hamstring muscles) respectively. Independent sample t-tests were used for normally distributed data. The results showed that FIFA 11+ protocol produced significant improvements in 20-meter speed and agility performances while the static stretching protocol led to significant improvements in dominant leg hamstring flexibility (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed between the protocols in non-dominant leg hamstring flexibility and dominant-non-dominant leg quadriceps flexibility (p>0.05). In conclusion, considering that speed, agility, and flexibility are used intensively in many actions in soccer, it can be concluded that the purposeful application of FIFA11+ and static stretching protocols may be more beneficial in the context of athletic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although plyometric exercises are one of the best training methods with proven effectiveness in different sports, especially in improving physical performance, no study of young women running 800 m has been found. Therefore, this study examines the effects of plyometric exercises included in the traditional training program on the physical performance and race time of 800-m young female runners. Twenty young female (mean age: 16.6 years) 800-m run athletes voluntarily participated in this study. Athletes were randomly assigned a plyometric training group (PTG, n = 10) or a traditional training group (TTG, n = 10). Both TTG and PTG completed an 8-week training protocol of 70 min per day each. PTG performed plyometric training on two non-consecutive days of five days, while TTG performed only traditional training for five days, Before and after the training program, the athletes conducted a series of tests including a 20-m sprint, vertical jump, and 6 × 35-m running anaerobic sprint test (RAST). Both training models induced significant improvements in all parameters tested (P < 0.05). PTG achieved greater improvement than TTG in vertical jump height (5% vs. 2.45%, P < 0.05), explosive power (7.82% vs. 3.84%, P < 0.05), anaerobic power (5.8% vs. 3.2%, P < 0.05), 20-m sprint (3.47% vs 2.11%, P < 0.05), and race time (1.36% vs. 0.66%). This study revealed that plyometric exercise has a more significant effect than traditional training in improving the physical performance characteristics and competition times of young female athletes running 800 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the effects of squat training with different velocity loss (VL) thresholds on squat strength, heavy-load squat velocity (HLSV), light-load squat velocity (LLSV), countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and sprint time (ST). A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted. Meta-analysis was used to examine effects of trainings with different VL thresholds and used meta-regression to examine the interaction effects (correlation) between training effects and VL in different performance-based outcomes. Our systematic search yielded 1017 articles, 13 of which were included in the present study. Meta-analysis revealed that resistance training with both low (0%–20%) and high (30%–45%) VL thresholds improved squat strength, HLSV, LLSV, and CMJ height, but only low VL improved ST (p < 0.05). Training gains for HLSV, LLSV, CMJ (p = 0.088), and ST with low VL were superior to those with high VL (p < 0.05). Meta-regression revealed that CMJ (p = 0.076) and ST (p = 0.010) demonstrated improvements as VL decreased in the range of 0% to 45%. In conclusion, squat resistance training with low (≤20%) VL provides relatively more effective training stimuli, improving performance in power and speed tasks. Optimal VL ranges may be in the range 10% to 20%, ≤20%, and ≤10% for the HLSV and LLSV, CMJ, and ST, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]