Search

Energy saving issues occupy a leading position in all control systems. This article provides a detailed analysis of control systems and is conducted by considering the complexity of implementation and response to the control action. The implementation of energy-saving control systems is directly related to the selected control system and the proposed energy-efficient algorithm. A system with direct torque control is proposed, which provides energy savings in the mechanisms for moving goods. A detailed analysis of the implementation of systems with direct torque control is carried out. New methods to save energy in the control system by minimizing the stator current have been proposed.

The relevance. The share of electricity generated by installations based on renewable energy is constantly growing, and therefore the need for the development of power supply systems and automatic control of electrical machines underlying wind and hydro generators is still relevant. As part of such alternating current generator sets, synchronous electric machines, induction generator with phase and squirrel-cage rotor are used. Frequency converters installed in the stator and rotor circuits of induction motor make it possible to control their excitation, however, to start generation, additional external power sources must be used. Due to the residual magnetization in the magnetic circuit, it is possible to ensure the process of guaranteed self-excitation of the induction generator by connecting the capacitor banks to the electrical circuit of its stator without using an additional external power source. The proposed method of non-stationary capacitor excitation makes it possible to ensure the adaptation of the generator set to the change in operating modes under conditions of decentralized power supply. The main aim of the research is to study the proposed voltage stabilization system of induction generator with a short-circuit rotor with variable capacitor excitation as part of a renewable energy source. Methods. To achieve the goal of the research, theoretical and experimental research methods were used. Theoretical research methods include the theory of differential equations, methods for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, the theory of electric drives, the theory of electrical machines, numerical methods for approximating data. The basis of experimental research is testing an induction generator with non-stationary capacitor excitation on a developed test bench in order to obtain load characteristics and oscillograms of voltages on the stator windings of an induction generator with a short-circuit rotor in different operating modes. Results. An original experimental setup with a unit imitating the operation of a turbine, an electromechanical energy converter in the form of an induction generator with a short circuit with non-stationary capacitor excitation has been developed and manufactured. The control system is made in the form of a galvanically isolated module integrated with the power unit in a moisture-resistant design using a wireless Bluetooth communication interface. A method for switching capacitor banks using thyristors as a controlled switch with two-way conduction is described and tested. The analysis of the obtained load characteristics shows the fundamental possibility of ensuring a guaranteed generation of electricity with voltage stabilization within the limits of load power variation. The system of automatic switching of capacitors with a capacitance varying depending on the power consumption applied as part of the experimental setup made it possible to provide an acceptable time for dynamic response to a disturbing effect under nonstationary load.

Purpose. Development of a method for calculating mechanical characteristics of induction motors, taking into consideration saturation of the magnetic path and displacement of the current in the rotor bars. Methodology. The algorithm is based on calculating the steady-state mode of induction motor operation for a set slip, described by a system of non-linear algebraic equations of electrical equilibrium, whereas the mechanical characteristic is evaluated as a set of steady-state modes using parameter continuation method. The idea of the steady-state mode calculation consists in determining vectors of currents and flux linkages of the motor circuits, using which makes it possible to evaluate the electromagnetic torque, active and reactive powers, etc. Results. The study resulted in the development of a method and algorithm for calculating static characteristics of induction motors, which allows looking into the effect of different laws of voltage regulation on the mechanical characteristics, depending on the frequency change. Originality. An algorithm for calculating mechanical characteristics of the squirrel-cage induction motor was developed based on the mathematical model of the induction motor in which electromagnetic parameters are calculated using real saturation curves for the main magnetic flux and leakage fluxes, and displacement of the current in the rotor bars is evaluated by presenting the rotor winding as a multi-layer structure. Applying the transformation of the electrical equilibrium equations into the orthogonal axes enabled a significant reduction of calculation volume without impairing the accuracy of the results. Practical value. The developed algorithm allows studying the effect of different laws of scalar regulation of the voltage on the mechanical characteristics of the induction motor in order to obtain the necessary torque-speed curves for their optimization. It can be used for programming frequency converters.

In the late 19th century, the three-phase induction motor was the central element of productivity increase in the second industrial revolution in Europe and the United States. Currently, it is the main load on electrical systems in global terms, reaching approximately 70% of electrical energy consumption in the industrial sector worldwide. During the 20th century, electric motors underwent intense technological innovations that enabled significant performance gains. Thus, this work analyses the performance changes in squirrel-cage rotor three-phase induction electric motors (SCIMs) with mechanical powers of 3.7 kW, 37 kW, and 150 kW and speed ranges corresponding to two poles and eight poles, connected to a low voltage at a frequency of 60 Hz and tested between 1945 and 2020. The study confirms accumulated performance gains of above 10% in some cases. Insulating materials for electrical conductors have gone through several generations (cotton, silk, and currently, varnish). Improvements to the housing for cooling, the bearings, the quality of active materials, and the design were the elements that enabled the high gains in performance. The first commercial two-pole SCIM with a shaft power of 4.4 kW was marketed in 1891, with a weight/power ratio of 86 kg/kW, and until the 2000s, this value gradually decreased, eventually reaching 4.8 kg/kW. Between 2000 and 2020, this ratio showed a reversed trend based on improvements in the performance of SCIMs. More active materials were used, causing the weight/power ratio to reach 8.6 kg/kW. The MEPS (minimum energy performance standards) of SCIMs had an essential role in the performance gain over the last three decades. Data collection was via tests at the Electrical Machines Laboratory of the Institute of Energy and Environment of the University of São Paulo. The laboratory has a history of tests on electrical equipment dating from 1911.