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Introduction: Pear decline (PD) is one of the most devastating diseases of Pyrus communis in Europe and North America. It is caused by the pathogen 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri' and transmitted by pear psyllids (Cacopsylla pyri, C. pyricola, and C. pyrisuga). Identifying attractant and repellent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could improve the development of alternative plant protection measurements like push-pull or attract-and-kill strategies against pear psyllids. Our objective was to investigate which chemical cues of the host plant could influence the host-seeking behavior of pear psyllids, and if cedarwood (CWO) and cinnamon bark (CBO) essential oils could serve as repellents. Results and discussion: Based on the literature, the five most abundant VOCs from pear plants elicited EAG responses in both C. pyri and C. pyrisuga psyllid species. In Y-olfactometer trials, single compounds were not attractive to C. pyri. However, the main compound mixture was attractive to C. pyri and C. pyrisuga females. CWO and CBO were repellent against C. pyri, and when formulated into nanofibers (NF), both were repellent in olfactometer trials. However, CBO nanoformulation was ineffective in masking the odors of pear plants. In a field trial, attractive, repellent CWO and blank formulated NF were inserted in attractive green sticky traps. C. pyri captures in traps with CWO NF were statistically lower than in traps with the attractive mixture. Nevertheless, no statistical differences in the numbers of caught specimens were observed between CWO NF and those captured in green traps baited with blank NF. Transparent traps captured fewer psyllids than green ones. In a second field study with a completed different design (push-and-count design), dispensers filled with CBO were distributed within the plantation, and attractive green sticky traps were placed around the plantation. The numbers of trapped pear psyllids increased significantly in the border of the treated plantation, showing that psyllids were repelled by the EOs in the plantation. Although further field evaluation is needed to assess and improve their effectiveness, our results show that these aromatic compounds, repellent or attractive both in nanoformulations and marking pen dispensers, offer great potential as an environmentally sustainable alternative to currently applied methods for managing pear decline vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to correctly identify and keep track of the abundance of thrips species on infested host crops to understand their population dynamics and implement control measures promptly. The current study was conducted to evaluate the performance of sticky traps in monitoring thrips species in exporters' eggplant and chili farms and to assess the impact of weather factors on thrips population dynamics. Thrips species were monitored using blue, yellow, and white sticky traps on chili and eggplant farms in Tuba, respectively, in 2020 and 2021. Each field was divided into 8 blocks, and in each replicate, all colors representing 3 treatments were randomly tied to stakes at the center of the respective crop. Data loggers were installed to record hourly weather variables. Three thrips species [ Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Franklinella schultzei Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] were identified from both farms and the different species showed varied attractiveness to trap color for both seasons, with white proving more attractive to T. parvispinus. The population dynamics of the species varied significantly with the season and weather but not with the crop. Optimum temperatures (28–31 °C) and relative humidity (60%–78%) showed a positive linear relationship between the trapped insects with temperature and RH, while extreme temperatures (35 °C) negatively affected their abundance. All sticky trap colors attracted several nontarget organisms; however, yellow colors had higher populations, including the predator, Orius insidiosus. White sticky traps are recommended for inclusion in the country-wide monitoring for thrips, especially T. parvispinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of thrips in the High Plains of Texas (USA) was investigated using sticky traps during the 2021 and 2022 seasons. Yellow sticky traps were placed in wheat fields and collected and replaced weekly and thrips were counted under a dissecting scope. Weekly wheat reflectance measurements were taken using a hyperspectral radiometer from which normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated for each measurement. Temperature (degree day) and NDVI values were then related to weekly thrips incidence using regression. Thrips incidence curvilinearly increased over time during each of the two seasons and reached a maximum in the middle of June, after which it declined sharply. There was a strong positive relationship between degree days and thrips incidence until the incidence reached a maximum, whereas the incidence was negatively related to NDVI values. Analysis of the thrips changes over time progress with the two variables together showed that degree day has greater impact on thrips incidence than NDVI. However, the steep decline in thrips abundance after its peak in mid‐June suggests that senesced wheat fields with NDVI values near zero are not significant sources of thrips, signifying the importance of wheat growth stages in the seasonal population dynamics of thrips. Overall, the 2‐year results were generally consistent in trends of thrips incidence during the season, which may need to be considered when choosing vegetable planting dates in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Silverfish are more abundant on lower floors. • Overall insect catch is proportional to the number of traps set. • Catch may be a function of the room perimeter. • Infestations change catch rate, maximum catch on traps and proportion of active traps. Insects can damage museum collections. Heritage organisations are increasingly alert to such risk, so have moved towards integrated pest management which sees monitoring as important to conservation strategies. Museum insects are usually monitored using sticky traps, although the records these provide are not always easy to interpret or analyse, so scoring methods, pest occurrence indices and zone systems have been used to use the observations to manage pests. A six-year trapping programme at almost 700 sites (i.e. traps) across six floors of a large museum in Austria provided a total catch of ∼30 000 arthropods. Catch rate (catch per trap) was higher on lower floors although there was a substantial year-to-year variation. In addition to blunder traps, a proportion using pheromones as an attractant were effective at catching T. bisselliella. The pheromone is not attractive to silverfish (Zygentoma) yet the shy insects appear to take cover in the pheromone traps. In contrast Attagenus spp. were caught at equal rates on both pheromone and blunder traps. The study examined what factors influence the catch of insects in traps. The overall catch in a room is proportional to the number of traps set out. Catch increases with the size of the room, but this may arise because the number of traps is also related to room size. More specifically catch seems proportional to square root of room area, suggesting it relates to its perimeter. Infestations are revealed by high catch rate, maximum catches on a set of traps and the proportion of traps that are active in catching insects. The study aims to assess which parameters that might assist in identifying infested locations in museums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionPear decline (PD) is one of the most devastating diseases of Pyrus communis in Europe and North America. It is caused by the pathogen ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ and transmitted by pear psyllids (Cacopsylla pyri, C. pyricola, and C. pyrisuga). Identifying attractant and repellent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could improve the development of alternative plant protection measurements like push-pull or attract-and-kill strategies against pear psyllids. Our objective was to investigate which chemical cues of the host plant could influence the host-seeking behavior of pear psyllids, and if cedarwood (CWO) and cinnamon bark (CBO) essential oils could serve as repellents.Results and discussionBased on the literature, the five most abundant VOCs from pear plants elicited EAG responses in both C. pyri and C. pyrisuga psyllid species. In Y-olfactometer trials, single compounds were not attractive to C. pyri. However, the main compound mixture was attractive to C. pyri and C. pyrisuga females. CWO and CBO were repellent against C. pyri, and when formulated into nanofibers (NF), both were repellent in olfactometer trials. However, CBO nanoformulation was ineffective in masking the odors of pear plants. In a field trial, attractive, repellent CWO and blank formulated NF were inserted in attractive green sticky traps. C. pyri captures in traps with CWO NF were statistically lower than in traps with the attractive mixture. Nevertheless, no statistical differences in the numbers of caught specimens were observed between CWO NF and those captured in green traps baited with blank NF. Transparent traps captured fewer psyllids than green ones. In a second field study with a completed different design (push-and-count design), dispensers filled with CBO were distributed within the plantation, and attractive green sticky traps were placed around the plantation. The numbers of trapped pear psyllids increased significantly in the border of the treated plantation, showing that psyllids were repelled by the EOs in the plantation. Although further field evaluation is needed to assess and improve their effectiveness, our results show that these aromatic compounds, repellent or attractive both in nanoformulations and marking pen dispensers, offer great potential as an environmentally sustainable alternative to currently applied methods for managing pear decline vectors.

Biological control, a well-established plant protection method, has garnered substantial attention in recent decades. Various approaches, including biological control agents (BCA), catch crops, biofumigation, sticky traps, and pheromones, have been extensively explored. While the effectiveness of these methods varies depending on specific circumstances, their collective significance has grown amid mounting pressures to curtail or eliminate conventional synthetic plant protection products. Previous review articles have highlighted the benefits of using two or more BCAs simultaneously, yet limited information exists regarding the concurrent use of diverse biological control methods. This comprehensive review incorporates a thorough literature search to assess the benefit of concurrently employing two or more of these methods, followed by a discussion on perspectives of holistic management and mimicking complex natural systems, shedding light on the vast potential and need for further research in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sticky traps are one of the most important tools for monitoring and mass trapping of insect pests. Their effectiveness depends on attracting and capturing target pests efficiently. Trap colour strongly affects capture rates, but currently a principled approach to identifying optimal trap colour for a given pest and growing context is lacking. Here we propose that modelling pest colour vision enables identification of trap colours that optimise pest capture rates. We test this novel approach to trap design in field trials on Western flower thrips (WFT) Frankiniella occidentalis, an economically damaging pest of agriculture and horticulture worldwide. Prior studies have reported that WFT prefer blue and yellow sticky traps, aligning with recent evidence that WFT have trichromatic colour vision with peak sensitivities in the UV, blue and green portion of the visual spectrum and a blue-green colour opponent mechanism. Therefore, we hypothesised that a shade of blue that maximally stimulates the blue photoreceptor whilst minimally stimulating the green photoreceptor would improve sticky trap capture rates, while a shade of blue that decreased the opponent response would reduce capture rates. In three field experiments, we found strong support for this hypothesis: the optimised blue colour captured 1.3–2.6 times more WFT than current commercial trap colours. Our results also demonstrated that visual modelling can identify optimally contrasting colours for two-colour traps that further improve capture rates. This study provides a novel and principled approach to the design of visual traps that could be extended to other pest management contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial distribution of saproxylic beetles landing and climbing stems of 12 grown and healthy Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) was examined in detail during a 3‐year trial. The beetles were sampled using sticky traps attached to the tree trunk at three tree parts (i.e., the trunk base, middle part of the trunk, and trunk in crown). Each tree part was sampled using two sticky traps facing opposite cardinal directions (north and south).In total, 4063 individuals representing 169 taxa of saproxylic beetles were yielded in the 1405 obtained samples.Remarkable interstrata diversification of saproxylic beetle assemblages reflecting distribution of breeding substrates in the forest stand was observed. Overall, species richness decreased considerably from the trunk base to the crown, with intermediate values for the middle part of the trunk. However, the abundance of mycetophages and saproxylophages decreased from the trunk base to the crown, with xylophages being the most abundant in the tree crown.The cardinal direction exhibited overall weak effects on abundance, species richness, and composition, but the occurrence of a few particular species was significantly associated with the south (13 species) or north (3 species) facing part of the trunk.Our results suggest that primary attraction and random landing strategies are combined during the substrate selection by many species.High variability in the importance of the studied explanatory variables was observed among taxa, which shows how the species composition recorded in any study might alter its general outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sticky traps are widely used for monitoring Bemisia tabaci populations, and their efficiency is affected by their design and location within crops. Exist few information about these factors, especially on pepper crops (Capsicum annuum L.) under open field conditions, therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the efficiency of sticky traps with different shapes, background colors, and locations to monitor B. tabaci adults within Anaheim pepper. In the first part of this study, two assays with six trap shapes and seven colored backgrounds were evaluated. A significantly higher number of adults were captured on triangular, rectangular, and ellipsoid traps in comparison with the other shapes. The sticky traps with yellow and black backgrounds showed no significant difference on the number of insects between them but they did with the other colors. In the second part, three assays were done to evaluate the effect of four different trap orientations, five side distances from the center of row to the inter-row space and five trap heights. While as trap orientation did not have a significant effect on insects captured, traps installed at 0–40 cm aside from the row center during the early crop growth and 0–60 cm during the reproductive phase caught a significant highest number of adults. Traps placed at a height of 0 cm during the vegetative phase, and at 0–20 cm during the reproductive phase captured the maximum number of adults. This study provides new useful insights for monitoring whiteflies with sticky traps in open field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many nuisance arthropods occur in homes. In this study, nuisance arthropods are defined as any arthropod other than cockroaches and bed bugs. We examined nuisance arthropods found on sticky traps in 1,581 low-income apartments in four cities in New Jersey during 2018–2019 as part of a study for monitoring cockroach infestations. Four sticky traps (three in the kitchen, one in the bathroom) were placed in each apartment for approximately two weeks. Forty two percent of the apartments had nuisance arthropods on sticky traps. The relative abundance of different groups of arthropods were flies—36%, beetles—23%, spiders—14%, ants—10%, booklice—5%, and others—12%.The flies were further grouped into the following subgroups and their relative abundance were fungus gnats—42%, phorid flies—18%, moth flies—17%, fruit flies—10%, midges—8%, and others—5%. Among the beetles, 82% were stored product beetles (including spider beetles). Summer months (May–July) had a much higher frequency of nuisance arthropods occurrence than winter months (November–January). In addition to installing sticky traps, we also conducted interviews with 1,020 residents. Only 13% of the interviewed residents indicated sightings of nuisance arthropods. Resident interviews revealed a much higher relative frequency of sightings for flies (58%), much lower frequency for beetles (4%), and much higher frequency for mosquitoes compared to those captured on sticky traps. We conclude that sticky traps provide much more accurate information on indoor nuisance arthropod abundance and diversity than resident interviews and are a valuable tool for monitoring indoor nuisance arthropods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Aphids are sap‐sucking insect pests of economic importance. They exhibit polyphenism, producing two kinds of morphotypes; winged (alate) and wingless (aptera) morphs. While wingless morphs can be controlled by insecticides, winged morphs are a challenge for targeted control measures as they can fly. Although colored sticky traps are used to control and monitor winged aphids, only a small population is trapped, making sticky traps less effective in controlling aphids. Studies have shown that fragrant oils applied to sticky traps increased attraction of sap‐sucking insects like whiteflies and thrips. Here, we tested selected essential oils for their attractiveness to winged Aphis gossypii in potato fields. RESULTS: In field assays, selected essential oils with yellow or colorless sticky traps attracted more winged A. gossypii than controls. The combination of yellow traps baited with essential oils attracted ~2–3‐fold more winged A. gossypii than did colorless traps baited with essential oils. In a multi‐cycle 2 year study, yellow sticky traps baited with basil oil consistently attracted more winged A. gossypii than yellow sticky traps baited with lavender, geranium or tea tree oils. In electrophysiological studies, winged A. gossypii's antennae responded consistently to estragole in basil oil. In olfactometer assays with estragole, winged A. gossypii spent significantly more time in the treatment arm of the olfactometer than in the control arm, validating estragole's attractiveness. Furthermore, yellow sticky traps baited with pure estragole, in potato fields, attracted similar number of winged A. gossypii as yellow sticky traps baited with basil oil. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate the potential of using basil oil as a potential attractant to improve the efficacy of sticky traps in the monitoring and control of winged aphids. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow sticky traps are used to monitor sap-sucking insects in their roles as both pests and vectors across a broad range of crops including vineyards. They are also used to understand different aspects of insect biology, and for this purpose, a number of studies have been conducted to determine the daily flight activity of leafhoppers and thrips. In a vineyard in north-eastern Italy, the daily flight activities of leafhoppers [e.g. Empoasca vitis (Gothe), Zygina rhamni Ferrari, Scaphoideus titanus Ball], as well as the vine thrips Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel, were studied with yellow sticky traps during different monitoring days of the growing season. The traps were placed in both shady and sunny positions with respect to the grapevine foliage, and in inter-rows. They were routinely replaced every hour from the start of dawn to the end of dusk, while during the hours of darkness there was no replacement, except on one monitoring day. E. vitis, S. titanus and D. reuteri were mainly captured in sunny positions, while Z. rhamni was captured in shady positions. E. vitis exhibits bimodal daily flight activity with two peaks respectively at the dawn-sunrise and sunset-dusk. Z. rhamni prefers to fly around sunrise, when daily temperatures are lower, and S. titanus flies continuously from sunset to sunrise. The vine thrips flies only during sunshine hours. The daily hours with higher flight activity are mostly associated with changes in light intensity. The moderate light intensity that occurs immediately after sunrise and just before sunset inhibits the flight activity of leafhoppers outside the canopy but not inside. Knowing the daily flying activity and behaviour of leafhoppers and thrips can have important implications for establishing the optimal sampling time because in the hours of the highest flying activity counting adults can be more difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Sticky traps are effective for monitoring and managing insect pests. In addition to pest insects, beneficial insects are also caught in sticky traps. Hence, it is necessary to use traps to catch pest insects selectively. The attraction of different insect groups to coloured sticky traps was studied as an attempt to suppress the insect populations selectively in the field. Research Method: Sticky traps: yellow, blue, luminous green, white, and transparent (control) were set in the field for 24 hours, and the insects caught in traps were collected and identified by their ecological role: pests, beneficial and neutral insects as well as the taxonomic group in relation to the trap colour. Findings: Significant variation was found among the total numbers of insects attracted to different colour traps (χ2 =107 df=4 P<0.05). The highest number of insects was found in the luminous green trap (29.1%) followed by yellow (22.0%), white (18.8%), blue (17.9%), and transparent (12.2%). All colour traps attracted pest, beneficial and neutral insects. Data was inconsistent to specify trap colour to catch more pests and less beneficials. More dipterans (40.7%) were attracted to traps, and many of them were neutral. Blue-traps caught less number of neutral (29.1%) and beneficial insects (29.4%) compared with other coloured traps. Originality/Value: The behavioral response of different insect groups to colour was demonstrated. As sticky traps catch both beneficial and pest insects, sticky traps should be used under careful monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrips attack several crops causing considerable economic damage. To prevent this damage, sticky traps can be used to monitor their population for the timely execution of management interventions. Ridged gourd or turia (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxy) is an important Asian vegetable exported regularly to the European Union market from Ghana. However, this vegetable has been intercepted severally at the point of entry because of thrips infestation. The current study is aimed at identifying and monitoring thrips population on turia using blue and yellow sticky traps in six export vegetable production sites in Ghana for two consecutive seasons and three trapping periods. The results showed that Thrips parvispinus (Karny) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was the commonest and only species of thrips found attacking turia. The highest and lowest mean number of thrips were recorded from the blue and yellow sticky traps during the dry and the late part of the major rainy seasons, respectively. Thrips population build-up was observed to reach its peak at the flowering stage of the crop. This is the first report of T. parvispinus in Ghana. The implications of this finding on the export of turia to the EU market has been discussed.

Simple Summary: Over the past two decades, researchers around the world have conducted studies to identify volatile compounds that serve as attractants for one of the most important agricultural pests, the western flower thrips (WFT). In this review, the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to find published studies and to extract the information generated worldwide to determine the overall attraction of the reported compounds using a meta-analysis approach. This systematic review shows that the most-used compounds worldwide are those based on pyridines, which show a high attraction ratio. Methyl isonicotinate is the most studied of these compounds. Data from the meta-analysis accurately estimated the potential attraction of other novel compounds that could be used for integrated pest management strategies, such as monitoring WFT populations or mass trapping. A call for new research evaluating and developing new products with these novel compounds is made. The study of the semiochemicals of the western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a relevant topic that spans the last two decades. Approximately a hundred articles published on this subject from 2000 to 2022 can be found in academic databases, representing approximately 5% of the research on this important pest. These topics have generated a platform for novel research with a high potential for development. However, to move on to a new research step, an effectiveness evaluation of the compounds discovered so far is necessary. This review conducted a systematic analysis of the research focused on the semiochemicals (kairomones, pheromones, and attractants) for this pest. Papers from the past three decades on WFT attraction to semiochemicals were collected from databases using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The number of individuals attracted to compounds was extracted from the papers and compiled for analysis. With this information, an attraction ratio was calculated. Forty-one possible attractants were found in the literature, with methyl isonicotinate being the most-studied compound so far, with the third-highest attraction ratio. δ-Decalactone was the compound with the highest attraction ratio, but it was one of the least studied. A meta-analysis of the WFT choosing proportion was performed for the compounds with more trials found in the literature. The predicted mean choice percentages for methyl isonicotinate (MIN) and Lurem-TR, the MIN's commercial product, were 76.6% and 66.6%, respectively. There was a convergence among the analyzed studies showing a high degree of research focus on the same group of nitrogen-containing compounds (mainly the pyridine structure). These findings call for future research to diversify the discovery and evaluation of attractive compounds in this relevant study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological control, a well-established plant protection method, has garnered substantial attention in recent decades. Various approaches, including biological control agents (BCA), catch crops, biofumigation, sticky traps, and pheromones, have been extensively explored. While the effectiveness of these methods varies depending on specific circumstances, their collective significance has grown amid mounting pressures to curtail or eliminate conventional synthetic plant protection products. Previous review articles have highlighted the benefits of using two or more BCAs simultaneously, yet limited information exists regarding the concurrent use of diverse biological control methods. This comprehensive review incorporates a thorough literature search to assess the benefit of concurrently employing two or more of these methods, followed by a discussion on perspectives of holistic management and mimicking complex natural systems, shedding light on the vast potential and need for further research in this domain.

The study of the semiochemicals of the western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a relevant topic that spans the last two decades. Approximately a hundred articles published on this subject from 2000 to 2022 can be found in academic databases, representing approximately 5% of the research on this important pest. These topics have generated a platform for novel research with a high potential for development. However, to move on to a new research step, an effectiveness evaluation of the compounds discovered so far is necessary. This review conducted a systematic analysis of the research focused on the semiochemicals (kairomones, pheromones, and attractants) for this pest. Papers from the past three decades on WFT attraction to semiochemicals were collected from databases using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The number of individuals attracted to compounds was extracted from the papers and compiled for analysis. With this information, an attraction ratio was calculated. Forty-one possible attractants were found in the literature, with methyl isonicotinate being the most-studied compound so far, with the third-highest attraction ratio. δ-Decalactone was the compound with the highest attraction ratio, but it was one of the least studied. A meta-analysis of the WFT choosing proportion was performed for the compounds with more trials found in the literature. The predicted mean choice percentages for methyl isonicotinate (MIN) and Lurem-TR, the MIN’s commercial product, were 76.6% and 66.6%, respectively. There was a convergence among the analyzed studies showing a high degree of research focus on the same group of nitrogen-containing compounds (mainly the pyridine structure). These findings call for future research to diversify the discovery and evaluation of attractive compounds in this relevant study area.

This study tested the hypothesis that color affects the behavior of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) adults in the riparian zone of a gravel-bed river in northern Japan. EPT abundance was measured using plot scale surveys and a color-choice experiment that utilized non-shiny sticky traps in two contrasting colors, yellow and blue. Chloroperlidae and Hydrobiosidae were caught more abundantly in yellow and blue traps, respectively, whereas other taxa exhibited little or no color-affected responses. We proposed that Chloroperlidae responses were driven by relatively strong diurnal activity compared with those of other taxa. Hydrobiosidae's preference of blue remained unknown. Understanding the evolutionary background of color preferences in relation to other possibly interfering factors, such as reflection–polarization characteristics, at the species level will help advance the visual sensory ecology of aquatic insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill; Solanaceae) is one of the major horticultural crops cultivated in India. In order to ensure year-round availability of tomatoes, farmers are shifting to protected cultivation practices. Although the name 'protected cultivation' suggests freedom from biotic as well as abiotic hindrances in crop cultivation, incidence of pests have been reported in crops grown under polyhouses. This causes net house cultivators to use more chemical insecticides. Thus, an environmentally safe and economical method, comprising sticky traps, was evaluated for the management of sucking pests of tomato grown under protected conditions. Sticky traps of different shapes (rectangle, circle and triangle) and colours (yellow, blue and silver) were evaluated against sucking pests of tomato in 2018. The sticky trap, which found most efficient during 2018, was installed at different rates (2, 4 and 6 traps/250 m2) in the year 2019. Among the various sticky traps evaluated, yellow colour and rectangular trap proved best among the other shapes and colours against the aphids and whiteflies infesting tomato under protected conditions. On standardization of yellow-rectangular trap in 2019, a rate of installation of 4, 6 and 2, 4, 6 traps per 250 m2 were effective in reducing the population of aphids and whiteflies, respectively. Hence it could be concluded that yellow-rectangular sticky trap installed at a rate of 4 per 250 m2 proved effective against sucking pests of tomato grown under protected conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The olive leaf gall midge (Dasineura oleae) is a gall-inducing insect on leaves, branches and stems of flowers of olive trees. Heavy infestation with the insect causes significant reduction in olive production. The outbreak of the insect occurs in various local regions of olive production in the Mediterranean countries since 2010 causing serious damage on infested trees. No previous revisions have been made on the control measures of D. oleae, and no specific integrated control programs of this insect were implemented to manage the insect outbreak. Therefore, the present review aimed at, first, revising and discussing the research conducted on the control measures of D. oleae and then suggesting a specific integrated control program for a better management of this insect during the outbreaks. The suggested program is mainly relying on biological control of D. oleae using native parasitoids as the main component. The other components of the program (e.g., using yellow sticky traps, pruning infested olive organs with the insect then burning them, and irrigating trees properly during the hot months of summer and fall seasons) should be applied if the suppression of the insect population by the native parasitoids is not enough. This review discusses the potential implementation of the suggested program and provides some conclusions and recommendations for guiding and improving the future research on this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sticky traps are generally viewed as interceptive sand fly sampling methods; although no previous experimental evidence has supported this assumption. In this study, we tested this assumption experimentally for Phlebotomus orientalis, the principal vector of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa, and propose an explanation for the highly male-biased collection of sticky traps. Methods A number of field experiments were carried out in March–June 2016–2019, in Gedarif state, eastern Sudan. In the first experiment, we compared numbers of P. orientalis caught on sticky traps made of black, red, transparent, white, yellow, green and blue A4 size papers set simultaneously at different lunar light conditions. In the second and third experiments, we compared numbers of P. orientalis captured on sticky traps placed side-by-side horizontally or vertically on the ground, or horizontally on a 15 cm height stool. We also witnessed mating behaviour of sand flies following their landing on un-sticky papers placed on the ground. Results Phlebotomus orientalis showed significant attraction to white, yellow and transparent traps, with negligible numbers caught on the black and the red traps. Similarly, significantly higher numbers of P. orientalis were attracted to the horizontal traps, resulting in an 8-fold increase in sand fly trapping efficacy as compared to the vertical traps. Placing the traps on the stools resulted in significant reduction in this attraction. In contrast to the sticky traps that captured only very few females; we found that when male sand flies land on un-sticky white paper they successfully lure females and copulate with them. Conclusions We demonstrate that, for P. orientalis, sticky traps are more attractant-based than interception-based sampling tools. Further, our findings support the notion that males of this sand fly species likely utilize the bright surface of the trap papers to perform mating rituals that attract the females for copulation. However, pre-mature death in the sticky oil hampers the completion of these rituals, and thus results in failure to attract the females. These findings inform our understanding of P. orientalis behaviour and have important implications for optimization of sticky trap design for vector surveillance purposes.

The housefly Musca domestica is a cosmopolitan insect nuisance pest, also known as a carrier of numerous pathogens both to humans and animals. Animal farms, as a very important source of house flies, simultaneously allow for all stages of their development. Having vast quantities of constantly present manure, pig units represent perfect environment for house fly breeding. This fact, coupled with the known resistance to majority of available insecticides, creates difficulties in house fly control. The present study was performed to evaluate different types of monitoring methods for indoor use: (a) spot deposit records on the cardboard; (b) fly trappings by: glue coated cardboard; (c) sticky fly strips; (d) yellow sticky cards; (e) visual records of flies on the cardboard. This study provided a clear differentiation of efficacy/usefulness of the tested methods for various house fly densities. In animal breeding units or other areas with very abundant fly population, less sensitive methods (traps are less efficient) should be selected. For these circumstances, glued cardboard or yellow sticky cards should be chosen. The “more sensitive” methods, spot cards and sticky fly strips, should be used for lower abundance of the fly population. Except for this purpose, these highly sensitive methods should be selected also in the areas where the flies should not be tolerated at any density. Although the levels of the observed fly activity significantly differ from each other, in the majority of cases they depict the similar trend of the population dynamics and relative density. The only exception to the rule was the visual method, which could not reflect the changes in the population density in the current study.

Introduction: Pear decline (PD) is one of the most devastating diseases of Pyrus communis in Europe and North America. It is caused by the pathogen 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri' and transmitted by pear psyllids ( Cacopsylla pyri , C. pyricola , and C. pyrisuga ). Identifying attractant and repellent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could improve the development of alternative plant protection measurements like push-pull or attract-and-kill strategies against pear psyllids. Our objective was to investigate which chemical cues of the host plant could influence the host-seeking behavior of pear psyllids, and if cedarwood (CWO) and cinnamon bark (CBO) essential oils could serve as repellents., Results and Discussion: Based on the literature, the five most abundant VOCs from pear plants elicited EAG responses in both C. pyri and C. pyrisuga psyllid species. In Y-olfactometer trials, single compounds were not attractive to C. pyri . However, the main compound mixture was attractive to C. pyri and C. pyrisuga females. CWO and CBO were repellent against C. pyri , and when formulated into nanofibers (NF), both were repellent in olfactometer trials. However, CBO nanoformulation was ineffective in masking the odors of pear plants. In a field trial, attractive, repellent CWO and blank formulated NF were inserted in attractive green sticky traps. C. pyri captures in traps with CWO NF were statistically lower than in traps with the attractive mixture. Nevertheless, no statistical differences in the numbers of caught specimens were observed between CWO NF and those captured in green traps baited with blank NF. Transparent traps captured fewer psyllids than green ones. In a second field study with a completed different design (push-and-count design), dispensers filled with CBO were distributed within the plantation, and attractive green sticky traps were placed around the plantation. The numbers of trapped pear psyllids increased significantly in the border of the treated plantation, showing that psyllids were repelled by the EOs in the plantation. Although further field evaluation is needed to assess and improve their effectiveness, our results show that these aromatic compounds, repellent or attractive both in nanoformulations and marking pen dispensers, offer great potential as an environmentally sustainable alternative to currently applied methods for managing pear decline vectors., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Czarnobai De Jorge, Koßmann, Hummel and Gross.)

Commercial flower crops in Colombia are largely grown within plastic greenhouses in the Sabana de Bogotá (Bogota Plateau). This study examined the abundance and flight activity of thrips in a chrysanthemum crop, estimated from plant samples, commercial yellow sticky traps, and non-commercial (self-crafted) yellow sticky tape traps installed in the crop. Frankliniella occidentalis was the dominant species present associated with all plant phenological stages. Abundance of larvae and adults was not evenly distributed throughout the greenhouse. An absolute method of plant sampling found 2.5 times more thrips larvae than the relative method of sampling plants by beating. For non-commercial traps, there was no difference in the number of thrips at different trap heights; however, traps facing the south-west caught significantly more thrips than traps facing north-west, north-east, and south-east. A moderate positive correlation was found between the number of thrips sampled on plants and the spatial location of the commercial sticky traps. The results found here provide a basis to design and standardize direct sampling methods for thrips on plants and indirect sampling using yellow sticky traps for monitoring and managing thrips in ornamental crops under plastic covers in Colombia.

Due to the risk posed by the imminent invasion of Xylella fastidiosa in Mediterranean countries, scientific focus has shifted towards studies on the ecology of the bacteria's potential vectors belonging to the Auchenorrhyncha suborder. In order to gain knowledge regarding the management of this pest,it is essential to evaluate the potential impact of Auchenorrhyncha weed hosts and their population composition on the ecology of these species. Under this light, the relationship between Auchenorrhyncha species abundance and composition and wild plant species of a citrus orchard in central Greece (Attica) was studied. The orchard was divided in two sections based on weed management treatments: one with weeds being removed by mowing and the other without any weed treatment. Yellow sticky traps, replaced in a weekly basis, were installed in each orchard section while a migration Malaise trap was installed in the border of the two sections. Additional sampling from different weed species and citrus trees using an entomological net was carried out weekly. Results showed that the presence of weeds (especially those belonging to the Poaceae family), affected both auchenorrhynchan insect diversity and population levels. A marked preference of insects for weed plants compared with citrus trees was observed with the later plants usually being visited only after weed removal. The implications of the above observation on weed management as a means of controlling potential Xylella fastidiosa vectors belonging to the auchenorrhynchan species was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to evaluate efficiency sticky traps on attraction Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) infested Carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) under glasshouse conditions at two locations (governorates) El-Orman Garden (Giza governorate) and International Garden (Alexandria Governorate) during 2020 season. This study is divided into three parts, first part studied the evaluation efficiency color of the sticky trap on attraction T. vaporariorum through a comparison between five colors (yellow, blue, red, green and white). Results showed that the traps which have yellow color more efficiency than others which have (blue, red, green and white) color, respectively. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the efficiency height of the yellow sticky traps on attraction T. vaporariorum thorough comparison between four heights (2m, 1.5m, 1m and 0.5m) above the ground. Results showed that the trap which has 2m height above the ground more efficiency than others which have (1.5m, 1m and 0.5m) heights, respectively. The third experiment aimed to evaluate the efficiency orientation of the yellow sticky traps on attraction T. vaporariorum thorough comparison between four orientations (North, South, East and West). Results showed that had no clear effect of the trap orientation on attraction T. vaporariorum at both two locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disorder of cattle caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) which can induce severe infections leading to high economic losses. Being of African origin, the first LSD outbreaks in Europe occurred in Greece and later in the Balkan region. Little is known about the mode of transmission, especially in relation to the potential role of arthropods vectors. The purpose of our study was to investigate the role of Stomoxys calcitrans in the transmission of LSDV and their presence at different farms in Switzerland. Laboratory-reared flies were exposed to LSDV spiked-blood and incubated under a realistic fluctuating temperature regime. Body parts, regurgitated blood, and faecal samples were analysed by qPCR for the presence of viral DNA and infectious virus at different time points post-feeding (p.f.). LSDV DNA was detected in heads, bodies, and regurgitated blood up to three days p.f. and up to two days p.f. in the faeces. Infectious virus was isolated from bodies and faeces up to two days and in the regurgitated blood up to 12 h p.f. There was no increase in viral load, consolidating the role of S. calcitrans as mechanical vectors for LSDV. Stomoxys flies were present at all eight farms investigated, including a farm located at 2128 m asl. The persistence of LSDV in S. calcitrans in combination with the long flight ranges of this abundant and widespread fly might have implications on LSD epidemiology and on implementing control measures during disease outbreaks.

Terrestrial reptiles are threatened by numerous anthropogenic activities, including agriculture. Many agricultural methods and techniques affect the herpetofauna located in the oldest known tree crops in the Mediterranean Basin, olive trees. For the first time, we present a case of unintentional capture (and killing) of 12 snake-eyed skinks Ablepharus kitaibelii (Bibron & Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1833) on an insect control sticky trap in an olive grove in central Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern, Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence, and western, D. virgifera virgifera LeConte, corn rootworms are major economic pests of corn, Zea mays L., in the United States. This research was conducted to determine the geographic distribution, abundance, and species composition of Diabrotica species in North Dakota, and to compare effectiveness of unbaited green Scentry™ Multigard and unbaited yellow Pherocon® AM/NB sticky traps for monitoring. Fifty‐one corn fields were monitored using traps from July through October of the 2013, 2014, and 2015 growing seasons for rootworm beetle activity. The overall species composition was 61% D. barberi and 39% D. v. virgifera. Both species were frequently captured, and the highest densities (i.e. >10 beetles per trap per week) were found in southeastern North Dakota. Low densities (i.e. <0.1 beetles per trap per week) of D. barberi were found in areas further north, but no D. v. virgifera were captured in those fields. The two different coloured sticky traps were not significantly different across 38 sites for D. barberi and across 21 sites for D. v. virgifera. However, green Scentry™ Multigard traps captured more D. barberi beetles than yellow Pherocon® AM/NB traps at 68% of the 38 fields. In contrast, the yellow Pherocon® AM/NB traps captured more D. v. virgifera beetles at 57% of the 21 fields. Findings also indicated that, although D. barberi was the predominant species in surveyed fields, populations rarely reached the economic threshold. Our study observed that economic populations of corn rootworms were infrequent among the field sites trapped in North Dakota. As a result, producers should scout fields regularly for corn rootworm populations levels to make sound pest management decisions. This knowledge can enable producers to effectively protect their crop when control is economically justified, and the information can also provide input cost savings when populations do not warrant control efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field study was carried out to assess the efficacy of some botanicals in the control of field insect pests in two varieties of okra. Dry leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) and fresh and dry root extracts of Boerhavia diffusa served as treatments which were compared with Lambda-cyhalothrin and a control. The experiment was fitted into a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data collected were subjected to Spearman’s correlation analysis and a two-way analysis of variance and significant different means were separated using Fishers Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5 % level of probability. The results revealed that treated plants generally performed better than the untreated plants as they were taller, had more leaves, branches, wider stem girths and gave higher fruit yield. Fresh root extract of B. diffusa performed better in most parameters measured. A significant positive correlation was observed between insect pest populations, and between growth and yield parameters, while there was a significant negative correlation between overall yield and insect pest population. NHAe 47-4 okra variety performed better than F1-Lucky variety. Fresh root extract of B. diffusa is recommended for management of B. tabaci (Genadius, 1889) and Amrasca biguttula Ishida, 1912 in okra.

Abstract Background Widespread deforestation occurring in the tropics is hypothesized to impact the transmission of vector-borne diseases (VBD). Predicting how environmental changes will impact VBD transmission is dependent on understanding the ecology and behaviour of potential vector species outside of domestic settings. However there are few reliable sampling tools for measuring the habitat preference and host choice of mosquito vectors; with almost none suitable for sampling recently blood-fed, resting mosquitoes. This study evaluated the use of two mosquito traps: the resting bucket (RB) and sticky resting bucket (SRB) traps relative to CDC backpack aspiration (CDC) for sampling mosquitoes resting in a range of habitats representing a gradient of deforestation. Eight habitats were selected for sampling around two villages in Kudat District, Malaysian Borneo, to reflect the range of habitats available to mosquitoes in and around human dwellings, and nearby forest habitats where reservoir hosts are present: secondary forest (edge, interior and canopy); plantations (palm and rubber); and human settlements (inside, under and around houses). Results Over 31 days, 2243 mosquitoes were collected in 5748 discrete collections. Nine mosquito genera were sampled with Aedes and Culex species being present in all habitats and most abundant. RB and CDC backpack aspiration were most efficient for sampling Culex whereas CDC backpack aspiration and SRB were most efficient for Aedes. Most Aedes identified to species level were Ae. albopictus (91%), with their abundance being highest in forest edge habitats. In contrast, Culex were most abundant under houses. Most blood-fed mosquitoes (76%) were found in human settlements; with humans and chickens being the only blood source. Conclusions RB and SRB traps proved capable of sampling mosquitoes resting in all sampled habitats. However, sampling efficiency was generally low (c.0.1 per trap per day), necessitating traps to be deployed in high numbers for mosquito detection. None of the traps were effective for sampling zoonotic malaria vectors; however, SRB collected relatively higher numbers of the dengue vector Ae. albopictus. The higher abundance of mosquitoes in forest edge habitats indicates the potential value of these traps for investigating sylvatic dengue transmission. This study has demonstrated the merits in application of simple resting traps for characterising mosquito vector resting behaviour outside of the home.

We previously described a putative aggregation pheromone in adults of the sugar beet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (von Röder) (Diptera: Ulidiidae), comprising nine compounds identified from males. Here, we conducted a series of experiments aimed at simplifying the blend of compounds necessary to achieve attraction as well as determining the dose that maximizes captures when formulated into an attractant lure. In all experiments, females showed stronger and more consistent evidence of attraction than males. White sticky traps baited with different blends of pheromone compounds that included the major component, (R)‐(−)‐2‐nonanol, showed significantly higher female captures relative to those baited with blends that excluded the major component. (R)‐(−)‐2‐nonanol alone was at least as effective as any blend that included this compound with other minor pheromone components. Lures using racemic 2‐nonanol were as effective as the (R) enantiomer for both females and males, with some evidence of weak attraction to the (S) enantiomer (which is not produced by males) observed as well. Maximum capture rates using racemic 2‐nonanol were estimated to occur with doses of ca. 795.5 and 621.6 mg for females and males, respectively. Addition of 2‐nonanol lures to standard orange sticky stake traps currently used to monitor flies increased captures of both sexes. The pheromone lure developed here could improve trapping efficiency of current monitoring programs for T. myopaeformis and may also be used to develop other management tools for this important pest of sugar beet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to evaluate efficiency sticky traps on attraction Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on strawberry plants Fragaria ananassa (L.) (Three strawberry varieties i.e. Sweet charli, Chandler and Festival) under glasshouse conditions at two locations (governorates), Nobariya (Behera governorate) and Perkash (Giza governorate) during season 2019/2020. This study contains three experiments; the first experiment aimed to evaluate the efficiency color of the sticky trap on attraction T. vaporariorum throughout comparison between four colors (yellow, red, white and blue). Results showed that the traps which have yellow color more efficiency on attractive T. vaporariorum than others which have (blue, red, and white) color, respectively. Second experiment aimed to evaluation efficiency height of the yellow sticky trap on attraction T. vaporariorum through comparison between four heights (2m, 1.5m, 1m and 0.5m) above the ground. Results showed that the trap which have 2m height above the ground more efficiency on attractive T. vaporariorum than others which have (1.5m, 1m and 0.5m) heights, respectively. Third experiment aimed to evaluation efficiency orientation of the yellow sticky trap on attraction T. vaporariorum through comparison between four orientations (North, South, East and West). Results showed that had no clearly effect of the trap orientation on attraction T. vaporariorum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sticky traps are generally viewed as interceptive sand fly sampling methods; although no previous experimental evidence has supported this assumption. In this study, we tested this assumption experimentally for Phlebotomus orientalis, the principal vector of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa, and propose an explanation for the highly male-biased collection of sticky traps. Methods: A number of field experiments were carried out in March–June 2016–2019, in Gedarif state, eastern Sudan. In the first experiment, we compared numbers of P. orientalis caught on sticky traps made of black, red, transparent, white, yellow, green and blue A4 size papers set simultaneously at different lunar light conditions. In the second and third experiments, we compared numbers of P. orientalis captured on sticky traps placed side-by-side horizontally or vertically on the ground, or horizontally on a 15 cm height stool. We also witnessed mating behaviour of sand flies following their landing on un-sticky papers placed on the ground. Results: Phlebotomus orientalis showed significant attraction to white, yellow and transparent traps, with negligible numbers caught on the black and the red traps. Similarly, significantly higher numbers of P. orientalis were attracted to the horizontal traps, resulting in an 8-fold increase in sand fly trapping efficacy as compared to the vertical traps. Placing the traps on the stools resulted in significant reduction in this attraction. In contrast to the sticky traps that captured only very few females; we found that when male sand flies land on un-sticky white paper they successfully lure females and copulate with them. Conclusions: We demonstrate that, for P. orientalis, sticky traps are more attractant-based than interception-based sampling tools. Further, our findings support the notion that males of this sand fly species likely utilize the bright surface of the trap papers to perform mating rituals that attract the females for copulation. However, pre-mature death in the sticky oil hampers the completion of these rituals, and thus results in failure to attract the females. These findings inform our understanding of P. orientalis behaviour and have important implications for optimization of sticky trap design for vector surveillance purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field experiment was carried out in the orchard, Horticultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore from September 2016 to April 2017 to monitor the seasonal abundance of insect pests by installing colored sticky traps. The experiment result showed that the maximum number of A. gosypii was trapped on yellow sticky traps with the meantrap catches of 50.68 A. gosypii per trap per week followed by 9.75 A. gosypii in blue sticky traps as against the minimum number of 1.70 A. gosypii in a red sticky trap. The maximum number of A. dispersus was trapped on yellow sticky traps with the mean trap catches of 34.82 per trap per week followed by 10.46 in blue sticky traps as against the minimum number of 1.68 spiraling whiteflies in a red sticky trap. The maximum number of B. tabaci was trapped on yellow sticky traps with the meantrap catches of 14.83 per trap per week followed by 6.01 in blue sticky traps as against the minimum number of 0.73 whiteflies in a red sticky trap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to evaluate efficiency sticky traps on attraction Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on squash plants Cucurbita pepo L. (three squash varieties i.e. Arkan, Sama 740 and Andro 174) under greenhouse conditions at Perkash (Giza governorate) during 2017, 2018 seasons. This study contains three experiments, The first experiment aimed to evaluate the efficiency color of the sticky trap on attraction B. tabaci through comparison between four colors (yellow, blue, red and white). This experiment was carried out on squash plants during the period (February - March). Results showed that the traps which have yellow color more efficiency than others which have (blue, red, and white) color, respectively. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the efficiency height of the yellow sticky trap on attraction B. tabaci through comparison between four heights (2m, 1.5m, 1m and 0.5m) above the ground. And this experiment was carried out on squash plants during the period (April - May). Results showed that the trap which has 2m height above the ground more efficiency than others which have (1.5m, 1m and 0.5m) heights, respectively. The third experiment aimed to evaluation efficiency orientation of the yellow sticky trap on attraction B. tabaci through comparison between four orientations (North, South, East and West). And this experiment was carried out on squash plants during the period (June - July). Results showed that had no clear effect of the trap orientation on attraction B. tabaci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Taiwan Agricultural Research is the property of Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The South African citrus thrips, Scirtothrips aurantii, is a recently confirmed economic pest in South African avocado. Scarring damage by thrips results in corky tissue development, making the fruit unsuitable for export and potentially costing the country in lost export revenue. Thrips management is complicated by the multiple and protracted flowering patterns of susceptible cultivars. In addition, widespread pesticide resistance of thrips and the negative environmental effects along with minimum residue levels for export fruit limit the application of pesticides for thrips control. Monitoring an insect pest's presence and abundance is the first step in thrips management. This study aimed to investigate S. aurantii's colour preferences, establish the distribution of thrips in the orchard and populationdynamics from flowering to fruit establishment. Attractiveness followed the order yellow > blue, white, clear>red, black, purple and orange. Thrips were evenly distributed throughout the orchard, with the highest populations occurring during flowering (August), declining sharply and picking up in the summer months starting December. Yellow sticky cards are recommended as a monitoring tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vegetables, as well as in other crops, insect pests cause yield losses, therefore, in the search to solve this problem and as part of an integrated pest management, this research aimed to evaluate trapping efficiency of sticky traps for phytophagous insects present in leafy vegetables. For this, traps of different colors were installed in chard crops (Beta vulgaris), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and coriander (Coriandrium sativum). The most common insects were thrips (Frankliniella sp.), Cicadelline leafhoppers (Borongonalia sp.), aphids (Myzus persicae and Myzus sp.), psyllid (Russelliana sp.) and root fly (Diptera-Anthomiidae). Light blue and white sticky traps, show capture efficiency for thrips in 30% and 28% respectively; adults of root fly were captured with efficiency of 23% of all insects on white traps and 17% on light blue traps. Yellow traps efficiently attract aphids by 26% and by green traps by 20%; the greatest attraction of cicadelline leafhoppers occurred on orange (21%) and yellow (20%) traps; for psyllids, traps of orange, green and yellow colors show captures of 21%, 20% and 18%, respectively. The lower efficient traps were pink, red and black, with caught of 10%, 8% and 6%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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