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Earthquakes with magnitudes of 6–7 have been reported even in various active tectonic settings where fault deformation topography have not been detected. Therefore, delineating concealed active faults generating such earthquakes is necessary to reduce earthquake damage; however, few studies exist to provide its clues regarding such faults. The 1984 Western Nagano Earthquake in Japan was a main shock with a magnitude of Mj 6.8 and a depth of 2 km at the source. Solid bedrocks are well‐exposed in the earthquake source region; however, no surface rupture have been identified, and the active fault is known to be concealed. In this study, we collected data on striations observed in fractures by geological survey around the source area of the 1984 Western Nagano Earthquake. Using the collected data, the multiple inverse method was used to estimate the stresses that affected the striation formation. Consequently, stresses similar to acting faults in this area were detected in minor faults around the known concealed active fault. This suggests that the minor faults might be part of the damage zone that has been developed around the concealed active fault. Some minor faults were recognized in Quaternary volcanic rocks, confirming that they experienced displacements recently. This study indicates the possibility of detecting concealed active faults in the bedrock by geological survey. Plain Language Summary: The activity of active faults causes earthquakes. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the distribution of active faults to prepare for earthquakes in advance. However, earthquakes can also occur where active faults have not been recognized. In this case, the active fault cannot be recognized on the surface but might be concealed. In this study, we collected data on many slip marks on fractures in the bedrock where a concealed active fault has been inferred and estimated the stress required to form the slip marks to examine whether a clue to the existence of a concealed active fault can be obtained from a surface approach. Consequently, similar stresses to currently acting faults in this area were obtained in the area directly above the concealed active fault. This discovery shows that there are many recently moved slip marks directly above the concealed active fault, which might be related to the activity of the fault. This result indicates the possibility of recognizing the concealed active fault from surface approaches. Key Points: We collected minor faults‐slip data around the 1984 Western Nagano Earthquake region, and conducted a multiple inverse methodAs results, the minor faults were active in the recent stress are concentrated just above the concealed active faultIt shows the possibility of understanding the existence of the concealed active fault by using our method even in no active fault areas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for high-performance materials in aerospace, automotive, and power generation industries has led to the development and utilization of advanced superalloys. Nimonic C-263/263, a nickel-based superalloy, is widely employed in critical components of jet engines, such as combustion chambers, heat exchangers, reformer tubes, gas turbine power generation components like turbine discs, shafts, and blades, due to its exceptional high-temperature strength, corrosion resistance, and creep properties. However, the inherent hardness and toughness of this alloy pose significant challenges for conventional machining processes. Abrasive waterjet cutting (AWJC) emerges as a promising alternative for the efficient machining of such difficult-to-cut superalloy materials. This paper presents an in-depth investigation on the machinability of thick Nimonic 263 superalloy plate material using AWJC, aiming to provide insights into the effects of process parameters, cutting performances, and resulting surface integrity due to change in declination angle measurement. An examination was also conducted on the pattern of striation formation under varying process parameters, utilizing digital microscopic images. The goal of the study is to establish a link between the parameters of striation production and the angle of jet impingement. The results indicate that a decrease in striation during the water jet processing of Nimonic 263 superalloy is caused by an increase in the declination angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of S235JR structural steel materials is common in the manufacturing industry. These materials are typically supplied as plates and cut to the desired dimensions. However, conventional machining methods used to obtain smaller parts from these plates have quality, cost and time difficulties. Advanced manufacturing methods for mass production can cut materials in bulk, resulting in more parts in a shorter time. This study investigates the effects of an abrasive water jet on stacked plates through multi-simultaneous cutting. The experimental parameter of the gap distance between the stacks was varied to examine its effect on surface roughness and kerf widths. The results were used to explain the cutting mechanisms. Based on an analysis of surface and kerf performance, it was found that an inter-stack distance of 2 mm behaves like a single plate cutting for the stacks. The implemented concept defines inter-stack distance values that contain the optimum cutting performance outputs for multi-simultaneous cutting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jinchuan mining district has undergone a complex tectonic evolution history, and detailed analysis of the post-mineralization deformation characteristics and stress field evolution stages needs to be completed. This paper employs structural analysis methods to stage and correlate the faults in the bedrock of the Jinchuan mining district, determining the structural deformation sequence. It identifies four significant fault combinations in the region, including NE-trending thrust faults and NW-trending strike-slip faults, NE-trending strike-slip faults and NW-trending thrust faults, NW-trending normal faults, and NEE-trending strike-slip faults. The paleo-tectonic stress field of fault is reconstructed by using the lower hemisphere stereographic projection method on the base of studying faults and striations. Combining the paleo-tectonic stress field results with the regional tectonic evolution history, the study accurately defines the stress field evolution stages in the Jinchuan mining district after the mineralization period, which is crucial for understanding regional tectonic evolution and the development of new prospective areas. The results indicate that the Jinchuan mining district experienced four phases of paleo-tectonic stress field after the mineralization period, characterized by multi-stage compression or extension in different directions. These phases responds to a series of regional tectonic thermal events since the Mesozoic respectively: Phase I exhibits a NW–SE compression stress field during the early to middle Jurassic (J1-2); Phase II shows a NE–SW compression stress field during the late Jurassic (J3); Phase III reflects a NE–SW extensional stress field during the Early Cretaceous (K1); Phase IV represents a NE–SW compression stress field since the Late Cretaceous (K2).

This study aimed to enhance the performance of Ag-stabilized high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes with a focus on reducing magnetization losses. Two approaches were employed: dividing the tapes into narrower widths and introducing striation at the level of the superconducting layer. The process of laser ablation proved to be an effective method for implementing these modifications. The quality of the cut edges and grooves was assessed using scanning electron microscopy. To evaluate the electrical properties, measurements were conducted on the critical current and magnetization loss in samples at different stages: in their initial state, after cutting, and after the striation process. Of the two modifications, the striation process more effectively reduced the AC losses in the HTS tapes, approximately by one order of magnitude. The retention of critical current remained high after cutting, but varied with the number of created filaments after the striation process. Subsequently, a short cable was wound from the cut and striated HTS tape. This cable demonstrated a remarkable sixfold reduction in AC losses compared to the initial HTS tape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Shape memory alloys (SMA) made of nickel–titanium (NiTi) have grown in popularity because of their functionality and mechanical qualities. Vanadium (V) was added as an alloying element to the regular binary NiTi shape memory alloy for enhancement of its ability to retain memory at high temperatures. In this research, the machined surface roughness (Ra) and material removal rate (MRR) of fiber-laser cutting of Ni50Ti48V2 SMA were investigated using Box-Behnken design (BBD) experimentation. The surface characteristics in terms of Ra decreased by 57.79% while cutting speed and laser power decreased and the frequency level gradually increased. The microhardness was high due to the resolidified molten layer on the machined surface. A surface morphology study indicated the formation of debris and striations due to the flow of nitrogen gas. DSC analysis reveals a minimal variation in the shape memory property even after laser machining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fractal dimension of a micrograph is a quantitative parameter of its geometric patterns' complexity, morphological irregularities and characteristics in their spatial arrangements and configurations. Material defects growing during fatigue process are described in terms of f r a c t a l s . The experimental assessment of fractal dimensions of the novel flaky electron fractographs comprising the 3D planar topography of branched secondary cracks with distinctively oriented striations' i s l a n d s and tearing ridges' n e t w o r k s on the 'fatigue crack propagation area' in three different Zr–Nb alloys have been carried out and correlated with their corresponding low cycle fatigue responses at different temperatures. Image texture analysis has also been implemented to understand the relative 'energy generation' of the hierarchical fatigue crack propagation during f a t i g u e − f r a c t u r e process of these materials as a function of test temperature. The detail invasive fractal character and chaos of these crack/striations' i s l a n d s and tearing ridge n e t w o r k morphologies after f a t i g u e − f r a c t u r e have been convincingly revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increased requirement of miniaturization structures on hard and brittle substrates, micro abrasive air jet turning technology has become a promising machining technology for manufacturing miniaturization structures. This paper presents an investigation on multi-pass radial-mode micro abrasive air jet turning of fused silica. The effect of machining parameters on the depth of cut and materials removal rate was analyzed. The waviness and striation formation mechanisms were studied. It was found that increasing the number of passes significantly increases the depth of cut and materials removal rate. When the surface speed is reduced, the depth of cut and materials removal rate significantly increases. The waviness may be attributed to the intersection and overlap of the adjoint jet footprint. The crossed striations have been found, which may lead to the elimination of the striation. A predictive model of the material removal rate was developed using the dimensional analysis method. The model was assessed and shown to be able to give adequate predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increased requirement of miniaturization structures on hard and brittle substrates, micro abrasive air jet turning technology has become a promising machining technology for manufacturing miniaturization structures. This paper presents an investigation on multi-pass radial-mode micro abrasive air jet turning of fused silica. The effect of machining parameters on the depth of cut and materials removal rate was analyzed. The waviness and striation formation mechanisms were studied. It was found that increasing the number of passes significantly increases the depth of cut and materials removal rate. When the surface speed is reduced, the depth of cut and materials removal rate significantly increases. The waviness may be attributed to the intersection and overlap of the adjoint jet footprint. The crossed striations have been found, which may lead to the elimination of the striation. A predictive model of the material removal rate was developed using the dimensional analysis method. The model was assessed and shown to be able to give adequate predictions.

A 5‐year‐old, clinically normal intact female Miniature Schnauzer was presented for demonstrative ultrasonography in a seminar. She had two pregnancies in the past and had a natural mating 2 months previously. Ultrasonography revealed a segmental and circumferential mural thickening of the right uterine horn. The endometrium was markedly thickened with multiple organized hyperechoic linear striations, perpendicular to the mucosal surface. Histology revealed focal endometrial hyperplasia resembling the maternal tissue of the normal canine placenta. A diagnosis of spontaneous pseudo‐placentational endometrial hyperplasia (PEH) was made. This study described a unique ultrasonographic appearance of PEH, which may facilitate the diagnosis of PEH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steel grades have been proposed for structural applications in fusion reactors since the 1990s by several countries. The European reference RAFM steel EUROFER97 has been produced in four batches since 1998. It is intended for fabrication of Test Blanket Modules (TBM) for ITER as well as the blanket first wall and divertor cassettes of DEMO. RCC-MRx is the design code developed for high-temperature, research and fusion reactors by AFCEN. Its latest edition contains a provisional section dedicated to EUROFER97, aggregating properties of the first two batches, whereas a full qualification and final inclusion of a material requires three batches minimum. The completion of the code is required for the design assessment of TBM units in the frame of the nuclear licensing process. The EUROfusion project coordinates efforts to broaden the knowledge of EUROFER97 properties, which will be used for closing the database gaps in RCC-MRx. Low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests are a significant part of the EUROfusion test programme, since the material fatigue properties are indispensable for the component assessment owing to the cyclic nature of a tokamak operation. In this work we report the results of interlaboratory LCF tests on EUROFER97 batch 3 performed in a temperature range relevant for its application in ITER (RT–550 °C), wide selection of total strain ranges (0.3–1.5 %) and two values of strain ratio R ε (0 and –1). Along with the estimated fatigue life and cyclic behaviour, a fractographic analysis done with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the leather materials are used in various industries such as shoes, fashion, furniture and automotive industries, it is essential to introduce laser technology on cutting leathers with intricate geometries under better environmental conditions. In this investigation, an effort was made to analyze the effects of laser power diode on environmental measures such as carbonization, striations and dross formation in leather cutting. It was attempted to compute the optimal factors using TGRA methodology. It was inferred that laser power diode cutting process can eliminate the striations and dross formation on leather cutting due to elimination of mechanical impact energy. Laser power diode can reduce the carbonization effect on leather cutting owing to the lower and concentrated energy. The optimal process parameters combination of laser power diode based leather cutting process was found with tolerance of 4.6%. Standoff-distance highly influences on determining the lower carbonization region and kerf width in laser power diode based leather cutting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterjet machining is a particularly flexible and powerful tool for processing of high-performance materials which are difficult to machine conventionally. Waterjet cutting is a non-conventional and time efficient cutting technique without any significant thermal influence. However, it is difficult to handle as contour damages such as striations and taper angle arise in the component for 3D cutting applications. Consequently, it is mainly used in industry just for simple cutting tasks. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to compensate the contour damages of 3D cutting applications by employing an optimized model for 3D waterjet cutting. By using the optimized model with a particular dynamic process control, the necessary required inputs of the currently prevailing 3D waterjet processing are decreased. Moreover, these processes have been optimized in terms of reducing the striation and taper angle formation. By overcoming the contour damages during 3D waterjet cutting, the utilization potential of the waterjet machining for modern productions has been increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first results of the geostructural and tectonophysical studies of the crustal stress state in the Catoca kimberlite pipe area at the southwestern flank of the Kasai Shield in the northeasternAngola. In the evolution of the crustal stress state, six main stages are distinguished by analyzing the displacements of markers, fold hinges, long axes of boudins, granite dikes of various intrusion phases and kimberlites, as well as fractures with striations. For each of these stages, a dominating horizontal tectonic stress and its orientation is identified. During stage 1 (NW extension and shearing) and at the beginning of stage 2 (NW compression), structures formed in the host rocks in brittle-plastic conditions. The replacement of plastic deformation by faulting could occur about 530–510 Ma ago, when the continental crust ofAfricahad completely formed. Stage 3 (radial, mainly NW extension) and stage 4 (shearing, NW extension, and NE compression) were the most important for kimberlite occurrence: in the Early Cretaceous, radial extension was replaced by shearing. Both stages are related to opening of the central segment of theSouth Atlantic. The main kimberlite magmas occurred during the break-up of the Angola-Brazilian segment of Gondwana. In the course of all the four stages, stress was mainly released by the NE- and E-NE-striking faults and, to a lesser extent, by the NW-striking and latitudinal faults. The initial stage of kimberlite magmatism is associated with the NE- and E-NE-striking faults due to the presence of the Precambrian zones of flow and schistosity, which facilitated the NW-trending subhorizontal extension. Stage 5 (NE compression) began in the second half of the Cretaceous and possibly lasted until the end of the Paleogene, and compression occurred mainly along the NW-striking faults. Regionally, it corresponds to two stages of inversion movements in the southern regions of Africa, during which theAngoladome-shaped uplift emerged and the shoulders of the East African rifts began to take shape. Stage 6 (horizontal extension, mainly in the N-NE direction) is related to the processes that took place in the southern segment of theTanganyikarift and the eastern coast of theAtlantic. Based on the results of our studies, it became for the first time possible to get an idea of the main stages in the evolution of the studied region. Further geostructural measurements and dating of the host rocks will provide for a more precise definition of the proposed stages.

Gearbox of a conveyor belt at a sinter plant failed prematurely during service. It led to an interruption in the supply of raw materials for sinter making and therefore affected the productivity. Detailed analysis of the failure of the gearbox was carried out. Observation reveals material chip off from teeth portion with multiple beach marks and striations confirming fatigue mode of failure. However, no gross metallurgical abnormality was observed as the material was supplied in quenched and tempered condition with a suitable case depth in teeth without any discernible nonmetallic inclusions. This directed the investigation toward maintenance-related issues, and it came out that the viscosity of the lubricant in use was significantly lower. Also, investigation of earlier ferrography suggested that the lubricant contained dark metal oxides and wear debris which may lead to inefficient lubrication. Therefore, it was concluded that gear failed in fatigue mode due to lubrication related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a two-parameter mechanistic model for the fatigue crack growth has been developed. Fatigue failure is the major causes of mechanical structural failure. The fatigue failure progress in three stages crack initiation, crack growth and final failure. The fatigue crack growth has been modelled by different approaches, however these approaches are generally empirical. In this paper, a mechanistic fatigue crack growth model is proposed. The striation and its relation to the cyclic load is used for the model development. Scanning electronic microscope results are used to establish relation between striation and crack growth. The developed model is two-parameters. The model has been implemented and validated using experimental data from the literature. The model prediction is satisfactory in region II of the crack growth curve. However, in region I and region III the model deviates from experimental data. It is suggested to incorporate interaction of monotonic and cyclic loading in the mechanistic modelling for the fatigue growth.

Seven Indian copper coins of the Kushan Period (1st–3rd centuries C.E.) were studied by multi-analytical techniques like WD-XRF, XRD, and FESEM-EDX to understand coin composition and the metallurgical process of fabrication. Analytical results reveal a compositional gradient in the distribution of elements between the external surface and the inner core of the coins, and the coins show isolated patches of surface mineralization leading to the formation of copper oxides, magnesium silicate, and silica. The analysis also showed the probable use of sulfide ore of copper for smelting and poor workmanship for this hoard. The impurities like sulfur, iron, silica, etc. could not be removed due to low firing temperature and improper poling during smelting. Striations have formed in the coin interior, with grain boundaries showing micro-cracks due to stress like punching or hammering with the die. The coins under study are a single-phase copper with associated impurities of Si, Al, P, and Mg in all coins and black spots of copper sulfide in coin inner core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The susceptibility of low nickel content type 316L austenitic stainless steel to hydrogen was quantified using low strain rate tensile tests and strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue life measurements. Both tests were performed under air condition after charging with high-pressure 10-MPa hydrogen gas at 300 °C for eight days. No significant influence of hydrogen was recognized in 0.2% proof stress, but the strain at fracture and reduction area was decreased significantly in both hydrogen pre-charged and in gaseous hydrogen conditions compared to companion tests conducted in air. The decrease of fatigue life in the high strain amplitude region was related to a significant decrease in the plastic component while the effect of hydrogen on the elastic component was negligible. Highly localized deformation and a pronounced martensite transformation occurred near the site of the fracture surface in the high strain amplitude regime, resulting in the early formation of abundant micro-surface cracks in this regime of the hydrogen pre-charged samples. • Effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of low Ni content type 316L was evaluated. • HE was more severe in gaseous hydrogen environment than pre-charged hydrogen. • Loss of fatigue strength was only observed in the plastic component of fatigue life. • Fatigue limit was not degraded in the presence of hydrogen environment. • Pronounced strain induced-martensite transformation occurred at high strain amplitude regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are generally used for ship identification. However, the SAR can only be used to classify surface ships without any underwater target. In contrast, since sonar can receive radiated noises from both vessels and underwater targets, its images can be used to effectively identify targets at different depths. However, due to the shortage of underwater target data and the difficulty in modeling, sonar images are hardly used for deep learning (DL). To solve such problems, this letter proposes a compound convolutional neural network (CSDN) based on a shared latent sparse feature (SLS) and a deep belief network (DBN) to learn striation-based sonar images. This letter has three contributions. First, this letter uses striation images to overcome the lack of training data for CNNs. Second, the DBN is applied to optimize fuzzy or discontinuous fringes, and an SLS feature is proposed to represent the interference fringe. Finally, the two features are exploited to separately train CNNs, combined with weight, to enhance the accuracy of classifying water targets. The experimental results indicate that, compared with the other DL-based models—VGG, SSD, RFCN, and SCDAE—a CSDN is more stable for different datasets and has the highest accuracy of up to 93.34%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Striation and kerf taper are two main defects of abrasive water jet cutting. Improving these two defects will help in improving the cutting quality. Firstly, the nozzle tilt cutting method for striation improvement and the nozzle tilt cutting method for kerf taper improvement were analyzed in this paper. On this basis, by integrating these two methods, the method of 3D nozzle tilt cutting was proposed. The characteristics of the method were analyzed based on experiments. Finally, the effect of the method of 3D nozzle tilt cutting on cutting quality was experimented. The results show that the method can improve the striation and the kerf taper simultaneously under the premise of keeping the cutting efficiency unchanged, which greatly improved the quality of abrasive water jet cutting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abrasive water jet cutting (AWJC) technology has been widely used in metal processing field. However, the generation of striations deteriorates cutting quality. In this paper, Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) coupled Finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate and analyze the cutting process of AISI 304 stainless steel. The results show that the declining jet angle will result in uneven erosion of abrasive particles, which is caused by the generation of striation phenomenon. The research can deepen the understanding of striation phenomena in metal machining process.

Pyrite is a common sulfide mineral, which has arisen early interest by its euhedral shape and by its metallic glow similar to gold. However, it is only in our century that we began to understand pyrite crystal growth, considering the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of crystal formation as a function of temperature and concentration of the elements present in the medium. This article reports an analysis by molecular mechanics of 11 surfaces associated to observed morphologies in order to explain the growth of natural and synthesized minerals. The lowest surface and attachment energies (respectively 1.04 J/m2 and -20.3 kJ/mol) were obtained for the (001) plane, indicating that it is the most stable surface and that kinetic growth also preferentially occurs on this plane. Less known properties, such as crystal striations along the directions, are also discussed.

The object of this study is to clarify fatigue limit and fatigue crack growth characteristic of SBHS700 base metal which is 780 MPa class steel. This study carried out the fatigue tests of SBHS700 base metal containing different defect size, and the fatigue limit was compared with that of the conventional steel. Test results indicate that the fatigue limit increased with decrease initial defect size, and can be precisely evaluated by using area parameter model. This paper also presents that crack growth characteristic was almost the same as that of the conventional steel from the observation of striations by using Scanning electron microscope and length of beach marks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RE2Ti2O7 (RE = Y, Yb, Ho, Er) pyrochlores are very interesting as potential candidates for host materials for applications in transition-metal ions lasers. Y2Ti2O7 crystals were grown by the optical floating zone (OFZ) method. The shape of the growth interface is of paramount importance for the growth of single crystals. As striation and the growth interface have the same shape, we observed the striations in as-grown crystals under polarized light. The degree of overheating of the molten zone influences the shape of the growth interface. An increase of power supplied to the molten zone combined with a decrease of both, thermal conductivity and the amount of heat dissipated by the seed-rod, causes an increase in the degree of overheating of the floating zone. Under a high degree of overheating, the interface of the crystal grown is less convex, with smaller curvature. With the speed of rotation of these crystals decreasing from 30 to 7 rpm, the curvature of striations decreases and the shape of the growth interface changes from convex to less convex, and finally to concave.

Bulletmatching is a process used todeterminewhether twobulletsmayhave beenfired fromthe same gun barrel.Historically, this has been amanual process performed by trained forensic examiners. Recent work, however, has shown that it is possible to add statistical validity and objectivity to the procedure. In this article, we build upon the algorithms explored in AutomaticMatching of Bullet Lands (Hare, Hofmann& Carriquiry (2017), Automatic matching of bullet lands. ArXiv E-Prints) by formalizing and defining a set of features, computed on pairs of bullet lands, which can be used inmachine learning models to assess the probability of a match. We then use these features to perform an analysis of the two Hamby (Hamby, Brundage & Thorpe (2009), The identification of bullets fired from 10 consecutively rifled 9 mm Ruger pistol barrels: a research project involving 507 participants from20 countries. AFTE J., 41, 99-110) bullet sets (Set 252 and Set 44), to assess the presence of microscope operator effects in scanning.We also take some first steps to address the issue of degraded bullet lands and provide a range of degradation at which the matching algorithm still performs well. Finally, we discuss generalizing land-to-land comparisons to full bullet comparisons as would be used for this procedure in a criminal justice situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A scalable laser lithographic process has been used to striate second-generation high-temperature superconducting coated conductors manufactured with a rolling-assisted biaxially textured substrate and metal organic deposition process by American Superconductor Corporation to reduce ac losses for electric power applications. The process involves laser patterning a resist coating and etching, which can be scaled up for commercial production. The results show that the critical current, I , is not degraded for striation widths greater than 150 μm and that the ac losses for the 150-μm wide striations are reduced from the unpatterned 1-cm wide conductor by a factor of 15 for a 60-mT perpendicular peak magnetic field at 50 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the β phase of Ti-5553-type metastable β-Ti alloys, striations in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) bright- and dark-field images have been frequently observed but their origin has not been sufficiently investigated. In the present work, this phenomenon is studied in depth from the macroscopic scale by neutron diffraction to the atomic scale by high-resolution TEM. The results reveal that the β phase contains homogeneously distributed modulated structures, intermediate between that of the β phase (cubic) and that of the α phase or the ω phase (hexagonal), giving rise to the appearance of additional diffraction spots at 1/2, 1/3 and 2/3 β diffraction positions. The intermediate structure between β and α is formed by the atomic displacements on each second {110}β plane in the direction, whereas that between β and ω is formed by atomic displacements on each second and third {112}β plane in the opposite direction. Because of these atomic displacements, the {110}β and {112}β planes become faulted, resulting in the streaking of β diffraction spots and the formation of extinction fringes in TEM bright- and dark-field images, the commonly observed striations. The present work reveals the origin of the striations and the intrinsic correlation with the additional electron reflections of the β phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deploying an everyday life approach, this article focuses on the kindergarten meal, defined as a space in which humans, materials and discursive elements interact. The article identifies and discusses two co-existing perspectives on the everyday meals that emphasise children as future beings and here-and-now beings. Through the concepts of smoothing and striation the paper discusses how these perspectives produce different mechanisms of regulation and agency, and position the eaters differently. The paper emphasises kindergarten mealtime as an ambiguous space that does not offer simple discussions about good and bad meal situations. The paper thereby adds to the existing literature within children’s geographies which emphasise interactional, relational and material aspects of children’s lives. It does so by revisiting some concepts, striation and smoothing, that has been used to explore children’s spaces and child–adult relations, but argue that these concepts describe ambivalent and complex processes in children’s and adult’s everyday lives. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In active sonar processing, the discrimination of the target versus clutter can be a significant challenge. Whereas conventional processing often uses target kinematics to limit the possible target tracks, it has recently been shown that frequency domain information (based on the waveguide invariant principle) can also be incorporated to further limit the possible target tracks in an environmentally robust fashion. This paper presents physics-based signal processing methods to extract information about the target track from striations in a target spectrogram formed from the echo spectra at each active sonar pulse repetition interval. The target tracking information is formulated as a post-track likeliness statistic that is extracted from the sonar data with image processing techniques. Results are demonstrated with shallow water sonar data collected during the 2013 Target and Reverberation Experiment (TREX13). It is expected that the physics-based signal processing algorithms discussed here will provide enhanced clutter rejection and improve tracking performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]