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The study aimed to examine the development of literary criticism throughout its history from structuralism to postmodernism, using Edward Said's criticism of Orientalism as a case study. A discourse- grounded analysis approach was used to analyze critical texts and articles related to this development. The results showed, according to Said, that the traditional Western depiction of the East is biased and based on power relations, which influenced postcolonial philosophy and the literary canon (Smith, 2018). Said sought to expose biases in Western literature’s depiction of the East (Jones, 2016). His writings have sparked debate about the role of the critic in shaping literary discourse, shifting critical focus toward questions of power, representation, and identity, and increasing opportunities for underrepresented groups to have their voices heard (Brown & Johnson, 2019). Said's critique of Orientalism has influenced contemporary literary criticism, opening the door to a more diverse and comprehensive literary study (Garcia & Lee, 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the structural patterns of two radically distinct genres, namely techno-thriller and visionary fiction, by focusing on the actantial elements of fictional works. It seeks to clarify misconceptions about traditional literary analysis by comparing the novels Rumi’s Daughter by Maufroy (2004) and Deception Point by Brown (2001). The actant theory, first introduced by Greimas (1971) and later amended by Hébert (2020), is employed to analyze the roles of characters, exploring both their similarities and differences within the internal narrative structure of the selected novels. The study investigates narratives’ universal “grammar” by focusing on three pairings of binary oppositions, that is, subject/object, sender/receiver, and helper/opponent. Despite the differences in theme, culture, characters, and genre, the study shows that the characters’ narrative structure and actantial function are the same, proving Greimas’ claim that the actantial theory applies to all narratives. This study contributes to the basic understanding of the fundamental patterns that connect human narratives, despite the apparent differences between the civilizations they belong to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Forty years of scholarship in the history of sexuality and gender studies have delivered a considerable amount of knowledge, framed by an encompassing premise: power is paramount. A preferred object of this kind of attention are the erotic cultures of ancient Greece and Rome. The focus on power leads contemporary scholars to adopt binary thinking, namely the attribution to ancient writers and thinkers of dichotomies such as domination versus subjection, or activity versus passivity. This is a fixist view that obliterates the dialectic of desire and, therefore, its fundamental mobility. Desire aims at the other person's desire; roles are exchanged; age and social status can play in surprising ways; hyperactivity can become subjugation. It is time for a change. It is time to look at what mattered for the Ancients themselves: the subjective experience of sensations, bodies and situations; the felicitous, ironic, or tragic reversals of intersubjective games. More importantly: the quest for pleasure, rather than the use of pleasures. The Greeks thought the sexual experience as sensuality. And sensuality inflects what they thought about gender. In poetry, narrations and philosophy, concrete details draw our attention to the felt phenomena of lived bodies – in the plural. When we look for the logic of gender, we discover that bodies can be compared, not as totalities, but as bundles of multiple discreet qualities, ready to be combined and recombined, allotted and exchanged. Qualities can be bits and pieces of anatomy, manners and garments; but also fragments of experience, moments of sensory awareness. The logic of the concrete meets the phenomenal body. For the body is a challenge, to be taken up – as a cinematic life, frame after frame. Sensations can be shared across the boundaries of female and male, which are adjectives, not substances. A granular, corpuscular, pointilliste redistribution of traits, distinctive – or not. Sensuality is queer. Like Plato's pharmacy, erotic materialism can deliver us, beautifully, cathartically, refreshingly from the modern strictures of binary thinking. This is what the Greeks have to tell us. Let us listen! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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John Maclean's 1988 call 'Marxism and IR: A Strange Case of Mutual Neglect' has generated a rich bounty of Marxist studies and paradigms in International Relations (IR). This cross-pollination merged in the 1990s with the 'historical turn' and shaped the sub-fields of International Historical Sociology and International Political Economy. But has it left its mark on how IR is practised today? We argue that while Marxism has spoken significantly to the discipline, mainstream IR, even Historical IR, has been largely impervious to Marxist arguments, drawing the standard charge of economism and structuralism. Rectifying these critiques, we suggest that conventional historical studies of 'the international' remain methodologically and substantively impoverished. We exemplify this by showing how leading Historical IR studies of 'systems change' fail to explain the inside/outside and public/private differentiations constitutive of the modern international order and to integrate the 'levels of analysis' they presuppose. We further argue that this rejection has been facilitated by influential Marxist IR paradigms, which ultimately privilege structuralism over historicism: While Neo-Gramscians initially mobilised 'historicism' to dissolve claims about the 'sameness' of international relations across time and space, the approach became identified with the reified master-category of 'hegemony'. Uneven and Combined Development, in turn, has gravitated towards matching Neo-realism's claim to theoretical universality by insisting on transhistorical model-building and nomological 'grand theory'. Both approaches remain over-sociologised and fail to address international politics. Drawing on radically historicist Political Marxism, this article shows how its substantive socio-political premises explain the historical formation of the contemporary international order and re-unite the 'levels of analysis' theoretically to provide a framework for non-reductionist and non-economistic accounts of historical international relations. This requires an answer to the agentic challenge of Neo-Classical Realism by reincorporating grand strategy, diplomacy, and international politics into a reformulated perspective of Geopolitical Marxism to track the full historicity of the making of international orders. Keywords: Agency, geopolicy, historical sociology of international politics, method, historicity, Introduction: The Initial Wager Concluding Beyond Realism and Marxism, Andrew Linklater (1990) ventured a prediction that proved to be both right and wrong. Considering the intersection between Marxism and Historical [...]

In the context of the current discussion about the ethical boundaries of humor, the study attempts to show that an approach based on Mukařovský’s functional theory is not only applicable to the discussion but also competitive. In the first part of the article, the author tries to answer the question of inserting a joke into the field of functions. He understands a joke as a sign that has in its most typical version a dominant f ictive-communicative function. It is precisely in the dominance of the fictive-communicative function of the joke that he sees the reason for the borderline position of the joke between art and life. The fictiveness of jokes creates, on the one hand, the impression that they have as fictitious statements greater independence from nonaesthetic norms, similar to what works of art have. On the other hand, because of the communicative moment jokes have more potential to offend us than do artifacts with a dominant aesthetic function. The second part of the study is dedicated to the relationship between the joke and the listener and attempts to describe other forms in which the semantic energy of the joke can reveal itself.

In this article, the author analyzes visual discourses of physicality in modern porn discourse through the prism of structuralist theory proposed by Russian researcher Vladimir Propp. The article is one of the first attempts in modern historiography to transplant the methods and principles proposed by Vladimir Propp to analyze the current state of porn in popular culture. The purpose of the article is to analyze the relationships and interdependencies between modern porn culture, presented in visual forms, and its historical predecessors. It is assumed that the origins of pornographic discourse, which operates in visual forms, can be localized in folk traditional culture. Forms and dimensions of physicality and actions of the heroes of modern pornographic discourse are perceived as structural elements of mass culture. The results of the study can be summarized in the following way: 1) the visual structure of modern porn has lost its uniqueness and originality in the consumer society; 2) the plots and sequence of actions of the heroes of modern pornographic discourse can be compared with similar plots and behavioral strategies of folk discourse; 3) porn in modern society plays roles that are similar to ones played by fairy tales in the traditional culture of pre-modern societies. The author believes that modern porn discourse imitates reality, although initially the behavior of the characters and the plots are fantastic and unrealistic in their nature. It is shown that the development of porn became a reaction to the demand of consumer society for visualized narrative constructions based on the archetypes of traditional folk culture.

This article argues that a series of dances made by choreographer and dancer Trisha Brown between 1971 and 1975 using accumulation can be understood as performative structure-objects. This is a form of art that paved the way for two current tendencies in art and dance: the generalization of dance into art and the development of the role of the dancer as artist. The concept of the performative structure-object unfolds in the article through a close analysis of Brown's dances in dialogue with the concept of structure found in Gilles Deleuze's essay "How Do We Recognize Structuralism?" (1967). His article emphasizes a concept of structure understood as both subject and object, as well as a site of practice. While research has been undertaken in dance studies on Brown and the importance of structures in her work, this article expands this research by reconstructing a philosophical concept of structure in her work that has not yet been explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines Zellig Harris's 1946 work "From morpheme to utterance," highlighting its departure from the structuralist framework of immediate constituency. Topics discussed include Harris's rejection of traditional syntactic analysis, the introduction of substitution techniques for morpheme sequences, and the implications of his approach for contemporary grammatical theory.

The article presents a formalized procedure for describing utterances based on sequences of morphemes rather than individual morphemes, aiming to provide a compact description of utterance structure in a language. Topics discussed include the classification of morphemes through substitution, the challenges of syntactic analysis due to a lack of explicit methods, and the implications of treating repeated morphemes as single units in syntactic description.

This article explores the lack of diversity in the field of philosophy and the efforts being made to address this issue. It argues that diversity is crucial for an open-minded and critical discipline, and that current practices often exclude marginalized groups. The authors emphasize the need for structural changes and the importance of challenging traditional methods and priorities. They also discuss the impact of socio-economic factors and the need to combat discrimination in academia. The article provides theoretical and practical resources for transforming philosophy into a more inclusive and diverse community. Additionally, it introduces a web resource called "The Philosophy Exception" that aims to promote equity, diversity, inclusion, and decolonization in philosophy. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the lack of demographic data and underrepresentation of certain groups, particularly women, in academic philosophy. It highlights the low percentage of women earning philosophy PhDs and holding professor positions. The representation of BIPOC students in philosophy PhD programs is also significantly lower compared to other fields. The article compares philosophy to other disciplines and emphasizes the need for more data and efforts to address underrepresentation. Additionally, it mentions a website called the Philosophy Exception that provides resources and information on equity, diversity, and inclusion in philosophy. [Extracted from the article]

David Chalmers has recently developed a novel strategy of refuting external world skepticism, one he dubs the structuralist solution. In this paper, I make three primary claims: First, structuralism does not vindicate knowledge of other minds, even if it is combined with a functionalist approach to the metaphysics of minds. Second, because structuralism does not vindicate knowledge of other minds, the structuralist solution vindicates far less worldly knowledge than we would hope for from a solution to skepticism. For, solipsism threatens surprisingly vast swathes of worldly knowledge across multiple domains, including at least some knowledge about: political affairs, religious practices, artistic movements, historical events, and cultural trends. Third, the significance of these results exceeds their implications for the structuralist solution; these results suggest that no solution to external world skepticism which does not also solve the problem of other minds will ultimately yield the kind of solution we might have hoped for. Relatedly, these results suggest that the problem of external world skepticism should perhaps be construed as two different problems, since the problem might turn out to require two substantively different solutions, one for knowledge of the kind that is not dependent on other minds and one for knowledge that is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a discussion of Sigmund Freud's note on 'The Perversions in General' from the 1905 edition of his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. To summarise its argument, the article proposes that what Freud calls 'perversion' is itself to be properly understood as a form of sexual generalisation. It goes on to contend that Freudian perversion thus has larger implications for our understanding of the new sciences of sexual generalisation (sexology, psychoanalysis, structuralism, genealogy) that are beginning to emerge from the end of the nineteenth century onwards. If perverse sexuality is arguably the defining libidinal object of Krafft-Ebing's sexual taxonomy, for example, the article argues that perversion is already in itself a form of perverse sexual taxonomy. In conclusion, the article argues that Freud's perversion is consequently a form of structural 'dis-content' that cannot be contained within the modern sciences of sex which extend from Krafft-Ebing's sexology to Foucault's history of sexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin American neostructuralism emerged within the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean by 1990. As such, it was aimed at reviewing original Latin American structuralism and updating those contributions to the new phase of global capitalism. Notwithstanding this institutional point of view, this article argues that neostructuralism did not represent an update to Latin American structuralism but rather a differentiation from its critical and original contributions, which relies mainly on the displacement of the center-periphery concept. In the framework of the neoliberal offensive, this change toward capitalism was the result of the greater influence of theories and approaches generated in the center to problematize Latin America's development, as well as of the requirement to depoliticize the discussion of development. JEL Classification : B2, B5, O1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kultur Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Taking the manuscript On the Dual Essence of Language as a starting point, the article follows the scholarly tradition of reexamining the position of Ferdinand de Saussure's linguistics regarding twentieth-century semiotics and structuralism. After half a century of research on Saussure's manuscript legacy, the manuscript discovered in 1996 and published for the first time in 2002 develops aspects of Saussure's linguistic thought that cannot be inferred on the basis of previously known texts. One of these aspects concerns the crucial question of the nature of the linguistic sign and the process of signification, as well as the role of linguistic science in understanding such problems. The current text aims at reconstructing Saussure's ideas on these points through an analysis of the notion of final quaternion, claiming that this notion presents an alternative concept of the linguistic sign and signification process that hasn't been explored so far. It involves a five-sided relationship of non-pregiven elements in one signifying complex that is neither signifier, nor signified, and in the end, brings to the fore the material dimension of verbal language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1.Introduction Human thought is rooted in systematic principles and structures, essential not only for intellectual and scientific accomplishments, but also for a more enriching human life. The existing social system, the order in interactions among people, and the development of various sciences are all outcomes of these structures. Another instance of these structures can be found in works of art, especially in literature. Literature, as the most visible layer of thought, has a high capacity to reveal those hidden structures. From this, we can propose the notion that every literary text operates within a discernible framework and structure. In essence, even the most seemingly unstructured literary works are purposefully situated within an underlying structure. This issue can be recovered both in Classical and modern works. Literary works throughout old and modern history consistently follow a format that includes a preface, body, and conclusion. Such a process is also established in modern narratives, and it is expressed in three structures: Begining, Climax, and Ending. Newer narratives may seem confusing, but they shape the text to fit narrative needs and ideological principles. It is worth noting that the macrostructure consists of structures that can also be divided into microstructures. The microstructures serve as the foundational elements for the triple structures, which ultimately determine the overall structure of the literary work. The upcoming research will concentrate on examining the role of prefaces as an essential component within a systematic whole. This presents an opportunity to shed light on the underlying structure of prefaces in classical Persian prose works. Methodology A descriptive and analytical approach is used to align with the qualitative nature of the research. Within this framework, the focus will be on the general definition of structural thinking rather than a specific theory. At data collection level, the historical approach will be used. In order to achieve accurate results in the study, the Quota Sample has been implemented, taking into account the multitude of prefaces that existed in the classical Iranian Literature. The researchers have submitted five Classical Prose works: Kalla wa-Dimna, Gulistan, Asrar al-Tawhid, Tarikh-e-Jahangushay, and KTmaye-Saadat. Prefaces from a variety of fields have been chosen, including history, scholarship, ethics, and education, to showcase the attributes of theoretical receptivity discussed in the study.. Discussion There is a structure in the prefaces of Persian classical prose works that have managed to remain sustainable despite various historical and social developments. Here we point to three sections of this structure: praise to God, political issues, and motivational factors. All the authors began their work with the praise of God. They praise God for his various attributes. A part of these praises is enumerating various attributes of God. These attributes are selected according to the general content of the work, the author's introverted or extroverted attitude, social conditions and other factors. Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrollah effectively generates polarization by pitting two distinct groups, "allies" and "enemies," against each other. This creates a dual dynamic that is prevalent in his political discourse. The authors in other parts of the prefaces have paid attention to politics and institutions of power. In other words, in a hierarchical movement, while moving from top to bottom, the authors have moved towards the institution of power as a link between heaven (God and religion) and earth (politics and society). Such an approach, on the one hand, is the result of trying to give legitimacy to the rulers, and on the other hand, trying to immortalize their works by presenting them to the officials. Also, the authors of the Prefaces have paid attention to the motivation factors. Their motivation to write the works is either human or spiritual. Human factors are classified into three categories: First: The group is of lower status than the author, and is evident in the didactic, mystic, or moral prefaces. Second: The author and his friends are equal, which exists in the Preface of Sa'di's Gulistan. Third: Owners of political power, such as the king or the minister, constitute another group of motivation factors. They are in a higher status than the authors. This can be observed in: Kalla wa-Dimna. 4. Conclusion Persian prose works demonstrate a threefold structure, comprised of a Preface, a substantial body, and a conclusion. However, prefaces, as part of this three-part structure, can have a specific and tangible structure. This research shows that the prefaces of various classical Persian prose works, including five under study, follow a similar structured pattern despite differences in genre. There are some variations in the components, but the overall macrostructure remains the same. They are limited or expanded according to the author's mental postures, the perspective of the work and some other metatextual or intertextual factors. The mentioned structural pattern is composed of nine elements, which can be generalized in other Persian prose works. These nine elements have acted as a guiding force for authors in the creation of their works prefaces. From a more structuralist perspective, the constructions of prefaces can be summarized in three macrostructures titled "other", "self", "other". On the other hand, the existence of a single structure that is hidden in the prefaces of Persian prose texts means that the author of the prose text was faced with a limited and predetermined framework in writing the preface, and he had to perform artistic and literary innovation within this assumed framework. find, an issue that, while challenging the literary abilities of the authors, reveals the extent of their artistic ability and literary innovation within a framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This essay is a re-application of the language codes of Roland Barthes and Jonathan Culler's concept for Structuralist Poetics. The approach I use explores the codes demonstrated in Barthes' well-known text, S/Z with slight modifications for their application to poetry. The concepts borrowed from Mr. Culler are from his book of the same title: Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature (Cornell University Press, 1975). Culler's main argument is that there must be other, un-attempted strategies combined with conventional approaches in literature of that time period. His answer to this problem was to develop a set of linguistic-based concepts to compensate for the reader in the analysis of literary works. I have applied in this essay my approach based on Culler's methodology and the language codes of Roland Barthes: semantic, symbolic, cultural-referential, actional and hermeneutic. I apply Culler's concepts to a reading of poetry followed by an application of the language codes as a further development of my work in revitalizing this never-before applied method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biostratigraphic data accumulated to date on the subdivision of the Phanerozoic marine sequences make it possible to interpret the evolution features of not only low-ranking biotic taxa but also paleocommunities (assemblages), which can be considered as biotic groupings historically formed under certain conditions. Examples of their evolution stages in various Geomerida marine ecosystems are given. The opinion is stated about the need to intensify the research on this topic with the involvement of both geologists and biologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Asli and Karam are among the Turkish oral love stories that have been popular among the people of Iran, Caucasus, Central Asia and Asia Minor. The action of discourse, space creation, characterization, which are interconnected with the plot of this oral story shows its coherent narrative structure. Today, narratology is one of the most influential and successful fields under structuralism. In this research, we have analyzed the narrative chains, action pattern and semantic square in the main story of Asli and Karam throug qualitative and quantitative analysis using library and documentary methods and based on Grimas's theory of narratology. Our findings show that this story has a consistent plot, and six components of Grimas' narratological action model have a meaningful match with the narrative components in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic referencing, though very significant in scholarship, has not been an easy task for both students and researchers, especially when one is restricted to following a particular referencing style either as instructed by one's educational institution or by a publishing house through which one seeks a publication. In biblical scholarship, the philosophies of structuralism and deconstruction are very significant, especially as much as textual translation and interpretation are concerned. Several proponents have shared their scholarly views on how they individually appreciate these philosophical concepts. In an attempt to unravel some of such works without neglecting the authors and their central discussions, this paper employed a methodology through the construction of annotated bibliographies of such works. Findings indicated that while structuralism mainly studies the meaning of a text independently of its history and culture, deconstruction considers the world of the audience in line with the author's intention and how that intention could be relevant to the new audience, taking into account the history of the text and the culture of the audience. Also, some of the key proponents of structuralism and its philosophical development include de Saussure, Levi-Strauss, Sasková and Titchener. Key proponents of deconstruction include Derrida, Norris, Ekem, Kuwornu-Adjaottor, Mugambi, and Nida. Significantly, with a maximum word count of 150 words and not less than 50 words, readers would understand key information contained in the sampled works of the authors through the annotations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how French philosophy reflected the revolutionary changes of 1968. In particular, it focuses on the problems of desire and otherness in the works of Luce Irigaray and Gilles Deleuze with Félix Guattari. The confrontation of these two philosophical positions opens up a broader view of French thought in and after 1968, articulating the relationships between feminism, psychoanalysis and structuralism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo is known for its ability to grow at a high speed, with strong sustainability indicators and remarkable strength properties. However, despite these qualities, the practice of designing bamboo structures is still in its early stages in many regions. This paper aims to review the current approaches to structural analysis and design for bamboo structures as found in the existing literature. Through this comprehensive review, this study seeks to identify existing research gaps and areas that require further exploration. The limited design philosophy for bamboo structures can be attributed to the scarcity of studies on the characteristics and mechanics of bamboo material. These findings highlight the necessity for more comprehensive guidelines and standards to enhance the structural analysis and design of bamboo structures. This study identifies gaps in the following areas: lack of consideration for bamboo fiber distribution, lack of guidelines for load parameters specific to bamboo structures, inadequate coverage of bamboo culm connections, inadequate coverage on connection stiffness, limited scope on connection types, and species-specific limitations in standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recent criticism, the search for neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs) is still at the core of a contemporary neuroscience of consciousness. One common aim is to distinguish merely statistical correlates from "NCCs proper", i.e., NCCs that are uniquely associated with a conscious experience and lend themselves to a metaphysical interpretation. We should then distinguish between NCCs as data and NCCs as hypotheses, where the first is just recorded data while the second goes beyond any set of recorded data. Still, such NCC-hypotheses ought to be testable. Here, I present a framework for so-called "sufficiency tests." We can distinguish four different classes of such tests, depending on whether they predict creature consciousness (which systems are conscious), state consciousness (when a system is conscious), phenomenal content (what a system is conscious of), or phenomenal character (how a system experiences). For each kind of test, I provide examples from the empirical literature. I also argue that tests for phenomenal character (How-Tests) are preferable because they bracket problematic aspects of the other kinds of tests. However, How-Tests imply a metaphysical tie between the neural and phenomenal domain that is stronger than supervenience, delivers explanations but does not close the explanatory gap, uses first-person methods to test hypotheses, and thereby relies on a form of direct neurophenomenal structuralism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Untranslatability, the word and the thing, appear frequently in the texts of the first period of Czech functional structuralism, from 1926 to 1948. According to the particular dynamic and systematic perspective observed by the authors of the Prague Circle, any text is always and in any case untranslatable, because it is impossible to transpose the set of functional interactions and correlations in which the original was imbricated. Indeed, untranslatability, in one way or another, has historically always haunted any theory of translation. During the classical period and also the during linguistic paradigm of the second half of the 20th century, the fact of essential inter- or intralinguistic untranslatability was either denied or tragically experienced as an irreparable loss. After the so-called cultural turn in translation studies, a shift occurred whereby untranslatability has come to be considered as a zone of emergence of creativity and generation of innovations. In this paper, I will focus on two articles written by V. Procházka and P. Eisner in order to examine how they can enrich the current conceptions of translation and evolution of literary systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article extends the recent revisions to the two-sector model of Latin American structuralism, following the classical tradition approach, to a small economy with an advanced stage of industrialisation. After considering the incorporation of a third sector, which produces capital goods and is controlled by foreign capital, the relationships between distribution and balance of payments are analysed. The extended model enables an analytical formulation of O'Donnell's 'Pendulum', by putting forward various distributive configuration alternatives on the basis of different types of alliances between the classes described therein, as well as by identifying the limitations faced by each coalition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we focus on the moral responsibility of organized groups in light of historicism. Historicism is the view that any morally responsible agent must satisfy certain historical conditions, such as not having been manipulated. We set out four examples involving morally responsible organized groups that pose problems for existing accounts of historicism. We then pose a trilemma: one can reject group responsibility, reject historicism, or revise historicism. We pursue the third option. We formulate a Manipulation Condition and a Guarding Condition as addendums to historicism that are necessary to accommodate our cases of group responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the longer-term effects of poststructuralism and its principles, in particular deconstruction, has been to direct fresh attention to reading as an ethical practice. A re-focus on the ethical responsibility of the reader is part of a large, historic process of moving beyond 'structuralism' – a name for the formerly-dominant paradigm of the academic disciplines, which embedded false ideas based on sexism, racism, and scientism in the heart of philosophical theory. We will consider how ethics applies to reading in our local milieu; a nation founded on a bilateral relationship between British settlers and iwi Māori, which was inscribed in 1840 in a national treaty, the Treaty of Waitangi/Te Tiriti o Waitangi. We read everything we see around us as part of a system of meanings determined by local histories and cultures. What does it mean to be 'read' as a Māori, a Pacific, or a Pākehā/White person in the local educational contexts of university and school, and what are the implications of different (cultural) forms of reading in a complex community? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In Brown' novel, the use of suspense creates a sense of conflict and tension that drives the narrative forward. By examining specific scenes and passages, it is possible to see how and uncanny and binary opposition are used to create suspense and contribute to the novel's overall sense of mystery and intrigue. All of these elements work together to create a cohesive narrative that engages the reader and keeps them on edge until the very end. In conclusion, the use of suspenseful elements such as uncanny and binary oppositions creates a sense of tension and intrigue that keeps the reader engaged throughout the narrative. Applying a structuralist approach to analyzing these elements allows for a deeper understanding of how they contribute to the overall suspense of the novel. As I move on to the next section on ambiguity, I will continue to apply structuralist theory to uncover how the novel creates uncertainty and how this uncertainty contributes to its themes and message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of the present paper is to make a mathematical study of the differences and relations among possible structures inherent in an object, as well as of the whole structure constituted by them (i.e., the structure of structures), against the background of the structuralism by Claude Lévi-Strauss and others. Our discussion focuses on Blanchard's categorical reformulation of the notion of structure species introduced originally by Bourbaki. Under the equivalence between structure species and constructive functors (in the sense of Blanchard), we discuss the issue of how much information concerning a given category is contained in the knowledge about structure species on that category. The main result of the present paper asserts that a category can be reconstructed, up to a certain slight indeterminacy, from the category of structure species on it. This result is partially motivated by various reconstruction theorems that have been shown in the context of anabelian geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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