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Many students use their obsession with material possessions as a means of expressing their confidence and sense of self-worth. Therefore, the study looked at how materialism affected students’ lives and academic achievement at a rural South African university in the province of Limpopo. To explore materialism’s effects on students’ lifestyles and academic performance a qualitative approach was adopted. The impact of materialism on students’ lives and education was examined using an exploratory research design. The fourth-year male and female students were selected using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. Semi-structured in-person interviews were conducted to gather comprehensive data on the educational and lifestyle background of the students. The thematic analysis method was employed in the study to identify trends, and their lifestyles influencing the acquisition of numerous material possessions, leading to severe psychological and financial problems attributed to strained interpersonal relationships, low self-esteem, financial debt, and poor academic performance. Students are largely influenced by peer pressure, parental lifestyle, personality, culture, poverty and social media to spend a lot of money frivolously. Preoccupation with acquiring material goods leaves a trail of unpayable debts, mental illness and strained relationships. The study serves as an awareness creation campaign for various stakeholders such as tertiary institutions, parents, guardians, scholarships and bursary funders to intervene regarding materialistic attitudes.

This research aims to analyze the relationship between online game addiction and social interaction and its implications for students' enthusiasm for learning. This research used a quantitative approach with a survey method involving 100 Surakarta students selected through purposive sampling. The instrument used to measure Social Interaction was adapted from (2024) with a reliability coefficient (alpha) of 0.915. And the Online Game Addiction Scale, adapted fromArua et al., (2023) with a reliability coefficient (alpha) of 0.853. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, assumption tests, Pearson correlation, t-test, and coefficient of determination. The results showed that the majority of respondents had a moderate level of online gaming addiction, with a significant negative correlation between gaming addiction and social interaction. Addiction rates were higher in men than women. Interventions should target social and individual contexts, combining education and social support to reduce online gaming addiction among students. Students addicted to online games tend to spend more time in the virtual world; this can divert students' enthusiasm from learning activities. Students become less focused, get tired quickly, or lose enthusiasm for learning because more time and energy is devoted to playing games.

Performance is a widely debated concept in the literature, especially in the field of business. The performance of a public institution in general, and of an educational institution in particular, is much more difficult to quantify, mainly because of the specifics of the activity and the form of funding. Simply measuring performance is not enough to improve it, and the need arises to implement a performance management system. The Balanced Scorecard is widely used in Romania and has been implemented over the last two decades in both public institutions and companies. This paper aims to propose a Balanced Scorecard for the performance management of state universities in Romania.

Background: By examining the comprehensive system for evaluating the academic progress of general medical students, often the objectives of the cognitive domain and the form of cumulative evaluation were used, and the tests were not used much for feedback to the students. The aim of the study is to develop a model that fits the levels of Miller's evaluation pyramid in formative-cumulative forms. Methods: The search was started in Iranian and international databases, magazines, curriculum of prestigious universities in the world. To find out about the latest events in the field of assessment, AMEE international virtual conferences in August 2021 and the summary booklet of medical education articles of Shahid Motahari 1400 (the 22nd national conference of medical education) were reviewed. Data analysis was done by Beredy's adaptive model. The search and analysis lasted for 11 months. Finally, a model was developed according to Miller's evaluation pyramid. Its validation was done in the focus group meeting in two ways, in person at Mashhad Medical School and virtual. Results: According to the extracted data, the approach of assessment is towards formative assessment format and improvement of traditional methods along with modern methods, which was clearly observed in the study of the curriculum of Harvard-Stanford University in America and Oxford University in England. Integrating the results with Miller's evaluation levels, and the formative and cumulative evaluation format, led to the formulation of a model with the most favorable opinions of experts. In addition, the majority of opinions and suggestions of experts were related to the change in the way of executive policies of universities and providing a context for the emergence of new idea. Conclusion: A model including measurement methods according to the levels of Miller's evaluation pyramid was developed in formative-cumulative. It is suggested that the model be reviewed by the relevant experts and notified by taking into account the implementation conditions for the correct evaluation process.

Aim and Background: The use of social networks (USN) is very common among students. Excessive USN can negatively affect their psychosocial performance. Students' health is affected by the amount of use of social networks. Uncontrolled USN affects people's social, academic and professional life. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between the USN with failure tolerance and irrational beliefs in female students. Methods and Materials: The present study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The statistical population of the study is all female students in Azad university of Tehran, Saveh and Tonekabon in year of 2020-2021. 240 female students were selected using the available sampling method. The Irrational beliefs questionnaire, failure tolerance questionnaire, and virtual networks tendency questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis using the SPSS version 25. Findings: There was a negative relationship between the USN and failure tolerance (r=0.70, P

This study has the purpose of explaining the trend of library development in Indonesia from 2017-2021, studying the significance, and analysing the effects on the development of literacy skills in schools. This study was designed as a quantitative descriptive, comparison, and correlational analysis. The results of this study indicate that the trend of Library Growth in Indonesia continuously increased except in 2018 due to a regrouping policy for primary schools. Secondly, the library growth in Indonesia has shown a significant difference each year in public and private schools. Although in 2018, there was no significant difference in terms of the average percentage of library growth for schools in both public and private environments, what happened in 2019 and 2020 showed different things. Both public and private school libraries have demonstrated significant differences in the average percentage growth of libraries to schools in 2019 and 2020. Even in 2021, the average accumulation percentage of growth in the number of libraries in public schools is already above 90%, while in private schools, it is still below 90%. Lastly, a significant moderate positive relationship between the national average libraries to school ratio and Alibaca Index/Reading Literacy Score means that a library's presence in schools has moderately influenced students' literacy skills.

This study aims to describe the psychological impact of toxic language in the comment section and the urgency of using good language on TikTok relating to mental health and character development, especially for high school students. This study used a qualitative method for data analysis by involving high school students aged 12-17 years old. Moreover, it uses questionnaires using a Google form that is shared with the respondents using linked messages via WhatsApp messenger and adding additional data with some screenshots from TikTok for the data collection. The hermeneutic technique is also used for the data analytics technique. The results of this study indicated that junior high school students used the TikTok application more often than high school students. In addition, there were still many negative comments with toxic language found by middle and high school students on social media, especially on TikTok. It can affect the quality of their mental health and their character development. Thus, students should be able to apply filter culture before sharing and still need supervision from the surrounding environment, such as teachers and parents.

The research aims to explain the development of literacy programs in school libraries in Indonesia. This research is field research with a phenomenological approach with research locations in 10 junior high school libraries in Indonesia. Data collection is carried out using interviews, observations and documentation. Data analysis with reduction, classification, and verification. The results of this study found that the development of literacy programs in school libraries was carried out through habituation and learning activities. Habituation activities are carried out by inviting students to carry out literacy activities based on writing, religion, digital, reading angles, literacy ambassadors, reading challenges, and awarding. While learning activities are carried out by holding a class literacy club, mandatory visits to the library, and procuring class making.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) mahasiswa jurusan pendidikan fisika dalam mereduksi miskonsepsi peserta didik pada materi gerak lurus. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu tes diagnostik, vignette dan wawancara. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan yaitu peneliti sendiri sebagai instrumen utama dan instrumen bantu yakni soal tes diagnostik, persoalan dalam vignette dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PCK mahasiswa jurusan pendidikan fisika memiliki keterbatasan dalam pengetahuan konten. Pengetahuan pedagogik mahasiswa jurusan pendidikan fisika juga masih perlu ditingkatkan. Terdapat mahasiswa pendidikan fisika yang memiliki PCK dengan keterbatasan baik pengetahuan konten, pengetahuan pedagogik serta kurang dalam menimbang situasi dan kondisi peserta didik. Hal ini terlihat dari kemampuan mahasiswa jurusan pendidikan fisika dalam mengidentifikasi miskonsepsi dan penyebab miskonsepsi peserta didik serta cara untuk menanganinya. Kata kunci: PCK; miskonsepsi; mahasiswa. ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) students majoring in physics education in reduce student misconceptions on the material of straight motion. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques are diagnostic tests, vignettes and interviews. The research instrument used was the researcher himself as the main instrument and the assistive instrument, namely the diagnostic test questions, the problems in the vignette and the interview. The results of the study show that PCK student majoring in physics education have limitation in content knowledge. There are still student majoring in physics education who have PCK due to limitations in content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge and lack of considering the situation and condition of students. This can be see from the ability of student majoring in physics education in identify misconceptions and the causes of student misconceptions and ways to deal with them Keywords: PCK; misconception; student.

Đại dịch COVID-19 đã tạo áp lực đối với ngành giáo dục nhưng qua đó cũng tạo cơ hội và động lực để ngành giáo dục tiếp cận với xu hướng chuyển đổi số. Các trường đại học hiện nay đều chọn phương pháp học trực tuyến để đảm bảo an toàn và tính chủ động trong bối cảnh hiện tại. Nghiên cứu này nhằm xác định các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến chất lượng học trực tuyến trong bối cảnh COVID-19. Kết quả phân tích hồi quy tuyến tính từ cuộc khảo sát 424 sinh viên của một số trường Đại học trên địa bàn thành phố Đà Nẵng cho thấy 6 nhân tố tác động đến chất lượng học trực tuyến trong bối cảnh COVID-19 gồm: (1) Thiết kế giảng dạy; (2) Nội dung giảng dạy; (3) Đặc điểm giảng viên; (4) Đặc điểm sinh viên; (5) Hỗ trợ công nghệ; (6) Điều kiện học tập. Nghiên cứu cũng đưa ra một số gợi ý đối với giảng viên, sinh viên và nhà trường nhằm nâng cao chất lượng dạy và học trực tuyến. ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has put pressure on the education industry, but it also creates opportunities and impetus for the education industry to approach the trend of digital transformation. Currently, universities are choosing online learning methods to ensure safety and initiative in the current context. This study aims to determine the factors affecting the quality of E-Learning during COVID – 19 pandemic. The regression analysis results from a survey of 424 students at several universities in the city of Danang showed that 6 factors included: (1) Course design; (2) Course content; (3) Lecturer characteristics; (4) Student characteristics; (5) Technolgy support; (6) learning conditions. The analysis results will suggest some orientations for lecturer, student and university to enhance the quality of E-Learning.

The aim of this study was to determine the anthropometric profile data and physical fitness of elementary school children aged 10-12 years 11 Tanjung Batu public elementary school 2020-2021. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive method by measuring and testing TKJI 2010, the total sample is 25 students. The results of the research obtained on the anthropometric profile to see the body mass index obtained the nutritional status of 18 underweight students, 7 normal people, on the physical fitness test, 5 people were in good category, 16 people were enough, and 4 people were enough, and there was a relationship between anthropometric profiles. with students' physical fitness. After the data has been obtained, the teachers at the 11 Tanjung Batu public elementrary school can review and make a reference in the upcoming learning process, so that anthropometric data and the level of student’s physical fitness can improve from before and will be even better.

The article examines some corruption risks that exist in the field of higher education in Kazakhstan. Currently, the identification of corruption risks in the activities of higher education institutions is one of the most effective mechanisms to prevent the occurrence of corruption in the field of education. In this regard, the anti-corruption authorities in the Republic of Kazakhstan pay special attention to this problem. The paper provides examples of ongoing activities initiated by both state bodies: the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Anti-Corruption Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan (carried out by departments of the Anti-Corruption Service), and higher education organiza-tions and their associations (the League of Academic Integrity), as well as public associations registered on the territory of the state, which contribute to the identification of corruption risk factors. A brief description of certain types of corruption risks in the field of higher education is given. Among them: low wages, violations in the distribution of state grants, non-compliance with the principles of academic integrity. Proposals have been developed to reduce corruption risks, as a result of which the factors of corruption risk will be minimized, which will lead to the elimination of corruption in higher education institutions.

Since emotional intelligence receives much attention in the context of academic success and intellectual humility is frequently studied in the context of career path, research concerning the relationship between emotional intelligence and intellectual humility on academic achievement is a necessity. This study aims to investigate that relationship while contributing to higher education on the insight to an employable graduate. The quantitative approach was implemented as the research framework by applying independent t-test and multiple regression in the first and second phases respectively. We found that the total score of intellectual humility and emotional intelligence for students (male and female) in the first year have a significant effect, while only the total score of intellectual humility among male in the second year has a significant effect on GPA (n = 531). Acknowledging academic achievement is an important variable in student’s academic process and intellectual humility to continuously plan, adapt, adjust, and evaluate their set of competencies, while simultaneously their engagement in a non-academic activity should be fostered. Besides, we suggest a mentor programme on both career and academic dimensions to make them enjoy and comfortable during their educational process. An understanding of IH during the educational process is impossible without serious attention to emotion, including the religious dimension.

The knowledge of morphological development and their impact on motor skills in short-distance athletes should be one of the main concerns of athletics coaches, because any scientific research in the field of physical culture and sports is about proving the development and evaluation of anthropological characteristics which are responsible for achieving success in athletics. The purpose of this paper is to confirm the impact of some anthropometric characteristics in the execution of running speeds on short distances, specifically in running at 100, 200 and 400 meters to students aged 18 ± 6 years of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Prishtina. The sample of this research has included a total of 60 students aged 18 years of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Prishtina. The measurements were executed during September in the hall of the Faculty, while the 100, 200, and 400 meter runs in the stadium "Fadil Vokrri" Prishtina. The only condition that was used during the determination of the sample was: that the students are involved in regular physical education classes (and on the day of the measurement be healthy, without the flu, cold or other symptoms). The variables which are applied in this research have been 8 anthropometric variables and 3 motor-specific variables. The results obtained after their processing indicate that the impact of anthropometric variables is higher in running at 100, 200 and 400 meters. Short distance running and long distance running reduces the impact of anthropometric parameters whereas the influence of metabolic factors of energy production is increased. These results were also confirmed using regression analysis, so that groups of predictors of anthropometric characteristics, specific motor skills that statistically significantly influenced each variable of individual criteria. The world records below the 10-second limit, in the 100 m, near the 9-meter limit, show not only the high level of sports, but also the strong impact on the growth, especially of strength indicators, speed-strength, explosive force, as main and applied motor skills in sports and athlete’s everyday life.

The knowledge of morphological development and their impact on motor skills in short-distance athletes should be one of the main concerns of athletics coaches, because any scientific research in the field of physical culture and sports is about proving the development and evaluation of anthropological characteristics which are responsible for achieving success in athletics. This paper explores the impact of some anthropometric features on running 200 meters. The aim is to establish the link between the anthropometric and specific characteristics of running 200 meters, as a predictive system of running at 200 meters as a criterion system. The research was conducted by 60 male students aged 17±6months, in the gymnasium "Zenel Hajdini” Gjilan. The measurements were executed during September in the hall of the gymnasium, while the 200, meter runs in the stadium "City stadium "Gjilan. The only condition that was used during the determination of the sample was: that the students are involved in regular physical education classes (and on the day of the measurement be healthy, without the flu, cold or other symptoms).The variables which are applied in this research have been 8 anthropometric variables and 1 motor-specific variables. The results obtained after their processing indicate that the impact of anthropometric variables is higher in running at 200 meters. Short distance running and long-distance running reduces the impact of anthropometric parameters whereas the influence of metabolic factors of energy production is increased. These results were also confirmed using regression analysis, so that groups of predictors of anthropometric characteristics, specific motor skills that statistically significantly influenced each variable of individual criteria. The world records below the 19.20-second limit, in the 200 m, near the 19-meter limit, show not only the high level of sports, but also the strong impact on the growth, especially of strength indicators, speed-strength, explosive force, as main and applied motor skills in sports and athlete’s everyday life.

The aim of this paper was to prove the relationship between motor skills and anthropometric characteristics as a predictive system with effectiveness and results in running the discipline at 400 meters as situational-motor variables of the criteria system. The research was done by testing 60 samples of men 18 years old, ± 6 months, of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Prishtina. Regarding the anthropometric variable, bigger correlation has been shown by the variable dermal tipple of the arm (AMTP) which correlate positively with running in 400 meter, from which we can conclude that the fullest in the upper limbs are students, the more slowly realize running in the 400 meters and conversely. The measurements were executed during September in the hall of the Faculty, in 400 meter runs in the stadium "FadilVokrri" Prishtina. The only condition that was used during the determination of the sample was: that the students are involved in regular physical education classes (and on the day of the measurement be healthy, without the flu, cold or other symptoms). The variables which are applied in this research have been 8 anthropometric variables and 1 motor-specific variables. The results obtained after their processing indicate that the impact of anthropometric variables is higher in running 400 meters. Short distance running and long distance running reduces the impact of anthropometric parameters whereas the influence of metabolic factors of energy production is increased. These results were also confirmed using regression analysis, so that groups of predictors of anthropometric characteristics, specific motor skills that statistically significantly influenced each variable of individual criteria. The results obtained from regression analysis indicate that in the variable 400 m running from low start (MV400MU) does not affect any anthropometric variables applied.We can emphasize that the test (F-test) is more valuable if the multiple correlation is greater, in the concrete case of this paper is significant (Sig = 0.645), because the value of the F-test is = 0.753.

Academic dishonesty becomes an exciting phenomenon to be examined. This research aimed to examine the effect of subjective norms on academic dishonesty. Data were collected from 426 accounting students from public and private universities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The data were analyzed with the J48 algorithm decision tree. The interest that happened in the low subjective norms node was divided into public universities and private universities. Based on the decision of tree visualization, male students with the more extended length of study in public universities tended to have lower subjective norms but higher academic dishonesty than their counterparts. The results were discussed, and recommendations were also provided to several relevant parties.

The knowledge of morphological development and their impact on motor skills in short-distance athletes should be one of the main concerns of athletics coaches, because any scientific research in the field of physical culture and sports is about proving the development and evaluation of anthropological characteristics which are responsible for achieving success in athletics. The purpose of this paper is to confirm the impact of some anthropometric characteristics in the execution of running speeds on short distances, specifically in running at 100 meters to students aged 18 ± 6 years of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Prishtina. The sample of this research has included a total of 60 students aged 18 years of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Prishtina. The measurements were executed during September in the hall of the Faculty, while the 100 meter runs in the stadium "Fadil Vokrri" Prishtina. The only condition that was used during the determination of the sample was: that the students are involved in regular physical education classes (and on the day of the measurement be healthy, without the flu, cold or other symptoms). The variables which are applied in this research have been 8 anthropometric variables and 1 motor-specific variables. The results obtained after their processing indicate that the impact of anthropometric variables is higher in running at 100 meters. Short distance running and long distance running reduces the impact of anthropometric parameters whereas the influence of metabolic factors of energy production is increased. These results were also confirmed using regression analysis, so that groups of predictors of anthropometric characteristics, specific motor skills that statistically significantly influenced each variable of individual criteria. The world records below the 10-second limit, in the 100 m, near the 9-meter limit, show not only the high level of sports, but also the strong impact on the growth, especially of strength indicators, speed-strength, explosive force, as main and applied motor skills in sports and athlete’s everyday life.

Background and Objectives: Uncivil behaviors against morals in nursing students are increasing and it can be transferred to the nursing professional environment. Therefore, it is necessary to manage the incivility of students through appropriate strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of student mannerchr('39')s training on the uncivil behavior of nursing students in Qom University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed by participation of 83 second and third year nursing students from February to March 2019. Students were divided into two experimental and control groups. Intervention of student mannerchr('39')s training was conducted during four weeks. Questionnaire of incivility in nursing education was used for data collection. Data were analyzed by independent and paired t-test. Results: The mean scores of students’ incivility before intervention in the experimental and control groups were 45.37 ± 10.56 and 42.80 ± 13.50, respectively. After intervention, these values ​​were 38.23 ± 13.28 and 41.94 ± 8.25, respectively. The difference between the mean incivility of the intervention group in the pre and post training stages was significant (p

Background : The implementation of this research was motivated by the results of researchers’ observations on students who still had many difficulties in listening. Students still have difficulties to listen in English due to the position of Indonesian students as foreign learners. Objective : The objective of this research is to know the influence of dictation strategy in teaching listening for Senior High School students and to find out the advantages of dictation strategy in teaching listening. Methods : The research method used in this research is survey method. The population of this research was the students of SMA Swasta Assisi. Therefore, the sample was the XI Social 1 students of SMA Swasta Assisi. Results : The results of this research were described through surveys distributed by researchers to students. The survey was filled by students based on their perceptions of dictation. The results of this research stated that dictation could affect the ability to hear students. Conslusion : Based on the research conducted by the researchers, we conclude that dictation was truly affected students’ listening skills based on their perceptions and experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Given the importance of academic resilience in studentschr('39') academic life, the aim of this study was the validity and reliability of the academic resilience scale in undergraduate students of Ahvaz universities. Methods: In this descriptive psychometric study, the number of 306 undergraduate students from Ahvaz universities (Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Islamic azad University) were selected using Voluntary sampling method and responded to the Cassidy Academic resilience Scale and Fredericks et al. Academic Engagement Scale. Reliability using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient, Convergent validity using Pearson correlation coefficient, and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis were calculated.The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-23 and AMOS-21 software. Result: Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the ratio χ2/df is 1.89 for three factor structure and fit indexes of model were satisfactory and reasonable. Reliability according to Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient for Academic resilience Scale was reported 0.85 (perseverance = 0.75, reflecting and adaptive help-seeking= 0.76, negative affect and emotional response= 0.78). There is also a positive and significant correlation between academic resilience and Academic Engagement and Convergent validity is confirmed (r= 0.35). Conclusion: According to the results of current research, the Academic resilience Scale is a reliable instrument with valid psychometric properties to measure Academic Adjustment in Iranian students and students with lower academic resilience can be identified And take appropriate psychological measures for them.

The research is based on investigating the relationship between mental well-being and psychological resilience of university students according to some demographic variables. For this purpose, 57 university students whose ages ranged from 18 to 24 were administered the “Psychological Resilience Scale” and the “Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale”. The “Personal Information Form” was also used to determine demographic information. As a result of the study, it was observed that the students' mental well-being (with a score of 51.85 ± 9.99) and psychological resilience were “good”. It was found that the scores obtained from mental well-being and psychological resilience scale did not differ significantly according to gender groups. When the relationship between mental well-being and psychological resilience of the students is examined; the subscale of ’social resources’ of the Psychological Resilience Scale was found to have a negative and low significant correlation with mental well-being. No significant correlational relationship was observed between other subscales of psychological resilience and mental well-being.

Introduction: Academic adjustment which involves constructive adaptation of students to academic challenges, can improve academic and psychological empowerment. Given the importance of academic adjustment in students' academic life; this study endeavors to examine the reliability and validity of the academic adjustment scale in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2019. Methods: in this descriptive psychometric study, 250 students from Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences were selected using Voluntary sampling method. The selected students were solicited through the Anderson et al. Academic Adjustment Scale and Fredericks et al. Academic Engagement Scale. While the reliability of the scales was computed through Cronbach's alpha, their convergent validity and construct validity were computed through Pearson correlation coefficient, and confirmatory factor analysis, respectively. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the ratio χ2/df is 2.13 for three factor structure and fit indexes of model (RMSEA= 0.068, TLI=0.949, NFI=0.944, CFI=0.969, AGFI= 0.928, GFI=0.966). Internal consistency of MFQ-9 were satisfactory. Reliability according to Cronbach's alpha coefficient for Academic Adjustment Scale was reported 0.80 (Academic lifestyle= 0.70, Academic Achievement= 0.77, Academic motivation= 0.76). There was also a positive and significant correlation between academic adjustment and academic engagement (P>0.01) and concurrent validity is confirmed. Conclusion: According to the results, the Academic Adjustment Scale is a reliable instrument with valid psychometric properties to measure academic adjustment in Iranian higher education contexts.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of self-regulated learning and achievement goals in predicting academic burnout among 384 male and female students of Payam-e-Noor University of Shiraz in the 2018. The research method was correlational. Multi-stage random cluster sampling was used to select the sample. Finally, 204 female students and 180 male students were included in the study sample. Data collection was performed using the Pentrich and De Groot Self-regulated Learning Strategies Questionnaire, Middleton and Midgley Goal-Orientation Questionnaire, and Maslash Burnout Inventory. Structural Equation Modeling confirmed the good fit of the initial theoretical model with the data, and after modifying the model, excellent fit of the final model to the data was obtained. The results indicated self-regulated learning leads to students' motivational orientation and this can lead to long-term academic achievement and success or stress and burnout in students. In addition, the achievement goals have a critical role in predicting academic burnout because of its impact on the right or wrong approach of learning.

Introduction: Mental problems such as anxiety and depression, reduced self-esteem can be improved by having recreation activities such as browsing the purchasing and purchasing areas. This study aimed to determine the effect of purchasing style on mental health in physical education students of Islamic Azad University. Methods: This interventional study was performed on 477 students in five regions of the country. Subjects completed the Mental Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) as pre-test and one month later as post-test and during this time, they were asked not to make purchases. Recreation purchasing style was measured by the Sproles and kendall questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient and T-test were used to determine the effect of purchasing style on mental health and depression. Results: The mean score of pre- and post-test of mental health questionnaire was 22.57 ± 9.12 and 30.90 ± 11.27, respectively. Also, 32.28% and 60.59% of subjects were in poor mental health situation in pre- and post- time of intervention, respectively. The difference between pre- and post-test mental health was significant (p= 0.020). There was a significant difference between the two measures in dimensions of depression, weakness in social functioning and anxiety (p

Introduction: It has been reported that there is a rather deep gap in clinical skills training and clinical practice. Mentorship is one of the modern educational approaches. The aim of study was to review the works on mentorship method systematically for clinical education of nursing students. Methods: This was a systematic review. The Farsi search was conducted in IranMedex, Magiran and SID. The English search was done in ERIC, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Ovide, Elsevier and ProQuest with the keywords Mentor, Mentorship, Mentoring, Student, Nursing and Mentee from 2007 to 2018. Result: On the whole, 26 articles were obtained related to the subject srom which 19 articles were in Latin and 7 in Persian. Of these, only 5 papers were selected for analysis. Although studies were different in terms of the number of participants, Mentor and the educated contents to nursing students, they all noted that the implementation of the mentorship program promoted the clinical competence of the students. Conclusion: Using Mentoring approach in clinical education is effective on learning, retention, acquisition of skills and enhancement of clinical competence of nursing students. It is recommended that the mentorship program be used for clinical education of nursing and paramedical students. Citation: Sharifi KH, Mirbagher Ajorpaz N, Aghajani M. Mentorship method in Clinical Education of Nursing Students: A Systematic Review. Journal of Development Strategies in Medical Education 2019;6(2):39-49.

The aim of this paper is to present a digital environment teaching model, based on critically observed problems in teaching the foreign language for specific purposes and the analysis of the educational potentials of digital technologies, in the context of the current strategies and legal solutions in the field of education in Serbia, which would advance and improve the teaching of the foreign language for specific purposes at the faculties of social sciences and humanities in Serbia. The subject of this research has been examined from both theoretical-conceptual and evaluation aspects. The theoretical and conceptual aspect is based on the scientific, theoretical and methodological connotation of teaching the foreign language for specific purposes and educational technology, as factors which are relevant to university teaching. The evaluation aspect refers to a critical analysis of digital technologies which can be efficiently and effectively used in creating a model for teaching a foreign language for specific purposes. The theoretical starting points of SAMR and TPACK models as well as the possibilities and challenges of using digital technology in teaching of the foreign language for specific purposes are considered. The conducted analysis shows that teachers have the opportunity to apply smart devices, web applications and tools for preparing, implementing and evaluating teaching, but that they are not prepared to engage in the planning and construction of a digital teaching environment, since they have not been trained for this type of teaching during initial education.

The article presents the opinion of students on undergraduate majoring in “Aviation Security” in Polish Air Force Academy. The aim of the study was to describe the training and propose changes in the educational process of students for the security. The article presents the aims and tasks of public education for the security of the State and analysis of the results that have been obtained on the basis of a questionnaire. The result of the research of the proposed changes might be to introduce students in the education process for the security of the state, to increase the efficiency of the process. presented she stayed proposal of changes in the requirements for the education of students for the security of the state and in the program and plan of full-time studies of the first degree in “Aviation Security” in Polish Air Force Academy

Penelitian ini menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai yang dirasakan untuk menciptakan kepuasan mahasiswa di Fakultas Teknik Universitas Ibn Khaldun Bogor. Penelitian ini mengembangkan sebuah model penelitian. Responden dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 105 orang mahasiswa di Fakultas Teknik Universitas Ibn Khaldun Bogor.Penelitian ini menggunakan Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) yang dijalankan melalui program AMOS 18 sebagai alat analisisnya. Hasil Analisis data menunjukkan bahwa model penelitian dan hasilnya dapat diterima. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa citra merek (brand image) dan kualitas pelayanan mempunyai pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai yang dirasakan. Implikasi manajerial dari penelitian ini adalah pihak manajemen fakultas perlu memberikan perhatian lebih untuk mengevaluasi dan meningkatkan kepuasan mahasiswa serta selalu mempromosikan jurusan-jurusan yang ada di Fakultas Teknik Universitas Ibn Khaldun Bogor.

IntroductionSince students' academic performance holds significant information which provides feedback to teachers, educational planners, and students, identification of effective variables on academic performance is considered a significant priority. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the relationship between academic performance of students in medical university of Isfahan with demographic, scholastic and statistics knowledge factors. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with all the students from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences participating, during 2011- 2014. To answer the research questions, necessary information about the participants was taken from computing services office, and then analyzed using SPSS program version 24, through tables, central and dispersion indices, independent t-test, ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Results: Research findings shows that there exist a statistically significant relation between academic performance of students with the variables including sex, age, marital status and statistics knowledge. However, place of accommodation and educational grade were not correlated with academic performance. Conclusion: Considering the significant role of statistics for medical fields and its relevance with academic performance, it is a essential to improve statistics teaching methods. Better academic performance is expected from the students this way. Citation: Keyvanara M, Hosseini SM, Naderi B. Investigation of the Relationship between Academic Performance of Students at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences with Demographic Academic and Statistics Education. Journal of Development Strategies in Medical Education 2018; 5(2): 13-21.

Objective: To know the teacher perspective on the pedagogical relationship with the students and to identify the main manifestations in the relational domain. Methods: This is a descriptive and exploratory study of a qualitative approach, with twelve nutrition teachers. Data collection was carried out by menas of one-on-one interviews and application of a semistructured script. Categories were identified after content analysis. Results: It was observed that 58% of the teachers evaluated the relationship as successful and 42% unsuccessful. Positive attitudes were considered: dialogue, participation, responsability and recognition; and negatives were: passivity, resistance to new pedagogical approaches and disinterest. Conclusions: The evaluation of the relationship based on the attitudes of some teachers and their students refers to the presence or absence indicador, because corroborated with the pedagogical discourses ofthe university, of wich, there is a forecast of appropriation of certain knowledge, development of essential faculties for professional training.

This article was written based on research into jilbab (veil) wearing practices in the Muslim Student Organization KAMMI (Indonesian Muslim Student Action Unit), IMM (Muhammadiyah Student Organization), and KMNU (Nahdlatul Ulama Student Family) Yogyakarta. This study uses qualitative methods by conducting in-depth interviews. The approach is psychological-phenomenological. The principal argument of this study, the veil is used not only the theological issues and commitment to the organization, but also because of the search process that is influenced by psychological aspects.It finds that wearing of the jilbab is a process of identity formation, with individual students being influenced by their intellectualdevelopment, accumulated experiences, and psycho-social situation.

This article reveals two things concerning about the religion plurality among STAIN Kudus students. The first, “what is the meaning of religion plurality from the student point of view?” The second, “how will the course give a contribution about the religion plurality for the students?” Based on the result of research among students of STAIN Kudus, expressed that the students have their own meanings and assumptions depend on their knowledge and experiences. These are: firstly, with the religious pluralism which will show that there are some differences religions surround us to be respected each other’s. Secondly, there is the attitude to respect and appreciate or to be tolerant to other religions. Thirdly, there is the belief that all religions are good, but they still believe that the best and the true one is Islam. The most of students defined the religion plurality is to respect and appreciate another people beliefs and doctrines. It was needed to avoid horizontal conflict among the people in the grass roots. The other side, the implementation of the concept of religion plurality through the comparative of religion course will give the insight to the students to make balance between theory and practices.

THEIMPLEMENTATIONOFMORALSANDINDEPENDENCE- BASED CONTEXTUAL LEARNING MODELS (Class Action Research on Moral Subjects in MAN 1 Pontianak): This study explores the implementation of contextual learning in order to improve student’s learning independence. The study was conducted in MAN I Pontianak using analytical models of Miles and Huerman. The study concludes that : (1) the process of learning using traditional methods tends to generate negative output marked with : (a) students are not accustomed to think analytically, (b) unable to give an opinion, (c) do not focus on learning, and (4) have a low absorption level; (2) On the contrary, through contextual learning methods, students are able : (a) to design and to build their knowledge, (b) to conduct a question and answer with a critical, systematic, analytical and logical; to be able to solve the problem together, (c) to check the results of learning, and to apply the knowledge gained. (3) Contextual learning model proves to be effective in improving student learning independence.

The research is devoted to the study of the subject-subject interaction at the higher educational institutions.The concept essence of subject-subject interaction has been clarified and its structure has been stipulated in the article. The authors have defined the components of the subject-subject interaction. They are the following: motivational, communicative and activity ones. The psycho-pedagogical conditions of the subject-subject interaction at the higher educational institutions have been justified. Thecriteria and indicators to estimate the subject-subject interaction level have been defined. The features of subject-subject interaction at the higher educational institutions have been empirically determined, namely: 1) favourable communicative atmosphere being provided by equal positions of teachers and students; the communicative positions formation, searching common ground for effective joint activities in the process of subject-subject interaction; 2) the content of educational material and selection of forms and means of educational-cognitive activity; 3) mutual activity of interaction subjects. The results obtained while having implemented the substantiated programme gave the possibility to stipulate the practical recommendations to the teachers of higher educational institutions in order to raise the interaction level in classes and develop military professionals’ competence.The evidence testified the hypotheses. The analysis of scientific sources shows that the study of interaction in psychology is carried out in such basic directions: the clarification of the categories of the status of the concept of «interaction», the isolation of the components of its structure and content, the definition of its place in the development of mental processes of the individual, as well as in system processes of higher order.

Charzyńska-Gula Marianna, Gębka Magdalena, Kachaniuk Hanna, Szymczak Agnieszka, Zięba-Kołodziej Beata. Zdrowie własnej rodziny w świetle opinii włoskich i polskich uczniów = The opinions of Italian and Polish students on their families' health. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(8):54-66. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.59744 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3727 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.07.2016. Revised 25.07.2016. Accepted: 28.07.2016. Zdrowie własnej rodziny w świetle opinii włoskich i polskich uczniów The opinions of Italian and Polish students on their families' health Marianna Charzyńska-Gula 1, Magdalena Gębka 2, Hanna Kachaniuk 3, Agnieszka Szymczak 2, Beata Zięba-Kołodziej 1 1 Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. prof. Stanisława Tarnowskiego w Tarnobrzegu/Professor Stanisław Tarnowski State Higher Vocational School in Tarnobrzeg 2 Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Kliniczny nr 4 w Lublinie/ Independent Public Teaching Hospital No. 4 in Lublin 3 Katedra Onkologii i Środowiskowej Opieki Zdrowotnej Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie/Department of Oncology and Community Health Care, Medical University of Lublin Streszczenie Rodzina jest dla dziecka miejscem „tworzenia się zdrowia” w największym stopniu zaspokajającym jego psychospołeczne potrzeby i dającym początek najwcześniejszym przyzwyczajeniom i nawykom wypełniającym później pro- lub anty-zdrowotny styl życia. Celem badań było poznanie opinii na temat zdrowia własnej rodziny wyrażanych przez włoskich i polskich uczniów i ustalenie, na ile wybrane cechy społeczno-demograficzne oraz zachowania zdrowotne członków tych rodzin wiążą się ze stosunkiem uczniów do zadania, jakim jest dbałość o zdrowie przez całe życie. Badano 175 uczniów (90 z Polski i 85 z Włoch (średnia wieku 16,95 lat). Zastosowano sondaż diagnostyczny z autorskim kwestionariuszem ankiety. Badania prowadzono w Polsce i Włoszech w okresie od marca 2014 do marca 2015 roku. Wyniki wskazują na brak związku między wybranymi cechami rodzin a świadomością zdrowotną uczniów. Włoscy rodzice, mimo, że są lepiej wykształceni od polskich częściej palą tytoń, a ich dzieci wyraźnie częściej niż ich rówieśnicy z Polski nie widzą potrzeby dbania o zdrowie przez całe życie. Polscy rodzice mimo słabszego wykształcenia, rzadziej są osobami palącymi tytoń i ich dzieci znacząco częściej, niż włoscy rówieśnicy mają właściwy stosunek do dbałości o zdrowie. Uzyskane dane wskazują na różną w obu społecznościach aktywność szkół w działaniach profilaktycznych, która mogła wypełniać luki rodzinnej edukacji na rzecz zdrowia. Słowa kluczowe: zdrowie rodziny, zachowania zdrowotne, uczeń. Abstract For children family is a source of health; it meets their psychosocial needs and shapes their earliest habits, which later can turn into a healthy or unhealthy lifestyle. The objectives of the study was to identify the opinions of Italian and Polish students on their families' health and to determine the extent to which selected socio-demographic characteristics and health behaviour of the analysed families are related to the students' attitude towards the duty of caring for their health throughout their lives. The surveyed group included 175 students (90 from Poland and 85 from Italy (average age: 16.95 years). The diagnostic survey method was applied, with the use of a self-designed questionnaire. The surveys were carried out in Poland and Italy from March 2014 to March 2015. The results point to the lack of correlation between the selected characteristics of the analysed families and the students' health awareness. Italian parents, despite their higher education in comparison to Polish parents, more often smoke tobacco and are more frequently unable to assess their body weight. Their children substantially more often than their peers from Poland do not consider it necessary to care for their health throughout their lives. Polish parents, in spite of having lower education, less frequently smoke tobacco. Their children significantly more often than their Italian peers have an appropriate attitude to caring for their health. The obtained data show differences observed in both communities in the activity of schools in terms of prophylactic measures, which could fill the gaps in family health education. Key words: family's health, health behaviour, student.

Introduction: In motivation and learning areas, achievement goals are of special importance whose behavioral outcome is academic achievement. Goal Orientation (GO) is based on the premise that human behavior is purposeful and people are driven by goals. Therefore, it has motivational implications for learning and performance. The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between GO and academic achievement in dental students. Methods: This study was a descriptive, cross-sectional research. The population consisted of all dental students of Shiraz University in 2013-14 who had passed the basic sciences course. A total of 120 dental students (Shiraz university=60, international branch=60) were selected by simple random sampling. Students’ grade-point average and Buffard’s academic goal orientation questionnaire were respectively the criteria for academic achievement and assessing GO. Data were analyzed by means of Pearson correlation coefficient and two-way ANOVA. Results: Students’ mean scores were 33.17±3.36 (out of 30) for the mastery GO, 27.85±3.51 for the performance GO, and 23.20±5.23 (out of 35) for the avoidance GO. Academic achievement had a positive relationship with mastery GO (p

The principal objective of this study is to examine the relationship between human values and compassionate love of highly gifted students, and to make a comparison of the levels of compassionate love and human values between highly gifted students and their normal peers. One of the quantitative models, associative patterns, were implemented in this research. These are the models used for the determining of levels and the existence of change between two or more variables. With ease of accessibility, 8th grade normal students (N=200) from Balıkesir and Manisa (Turkey) and highly gifted students (N=200) of BILSEM were selected to gather data. 102 of the normal students were female, while 98 were male. 108 of the highly gifted students were female and 92 of them male. In this research, the Human Values Scale and Compassionate Love Scale were applied in order to determine levels of human values and compassionate love of the students. In conclusion, the highly gifted students were observed to have higher levels of human values than their normal peers, and to be more sensitive regarding love.

Learning strategy is a teacher effort to create environment system that enable student to learn, or choice of teacher-student activity pattern at learning process. There are several different strategies, but only at its accentuation, namely as abstract conception thought versus its operation on three activity i.e. pre-instructional, instructional, and evaluation. As criteria to choose learning strategy there are: learning goal, skill at lesson, media being used, evaluation system, and student as subject and teacher as implementer.

Friend at school ideally have role as a partner, to motivate other student to do learning activity. Meanwhile, teacher role is as mentor, facilitator, supervisor, and role model for student. However, fact shows that bullying and violence case at school reaching frightened level. Bullying is a serious problem that can cause traumatic effect to the victim. Several factors causing bullying are family background, individual character, and school environment. Bullying can take a form like averse nickname, alienating, wrong issue, expelling, physical violence and aggression (pushing, beating, kicking), intimidation, theft, and with religion, ethnic, or gender based. Several strategies to stop bullying are adequate monitoring to student, and giving effective and distinct punishment to performer. Better communication between parent and teacher also important to resolute this problem. Theater have to give positive role model and give reinforcement, and school must proactive to formulate social skill learning program, problem solving, conflict management, and character education.

The present study examined the effectiveness of participation in group existential analysis sessions on worry. A high level of worry affects various aspects of existence, including biological, psychological and social changes that result in unadaptability. Existential analysis sessions focused on exploring free will, loneliness, death and the meaning of life, the factors which are considered the definite outcomes and phenomena of human’s existence by the existence-oriented psychotherapists. For this research, a pre-post test model was implemented together with a control group and with a semi-experimental method. 30 of female undergraduate students of Razi university, who were volunteers to participate in the research, were assigned randomly into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. 15 persons of experimental group participated in 9sessions, each lasting 90-minutes, during 6 weeks. The 15 persons in the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. The data collection tool was the why worry questionnaire (WWQ-II). The data analysis was performed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA(. The findings of the research indicate the ineffectiveness of participation in group existential analysis sessions in reducing worry in female students. Thus, participation in these sessions had no statistically significant effectiveness in reducing worry.

This article analyzes students’ statements regarding the teaching of “controversial issues” during the first cycle of secondary school. The survey covered 1,210 Chilean students in a random, stratified, non-probabilistic sample. Descriptive statistics were used and a typology of teachers was defined. The most controversial issues correspond to human rights violations. There is no correlation between the level of controversy of a topic and its teaching. The teachers present different interpretations and develop innovative activities, strategies, teaching procedures and evaluations. Students play an active role, value dialogue, ask for their teacher’s’ opinion, and want to construct their own interpretations about history. However, in order for a pedagogical transformation to occur, empowering and transformative practices must be deployed

The purpose of this study is to present secondary school students' emotions and thoughts about physical education class through their metaphors. The participants of this study consist of 482 students. A paper including the sentence "Physical Education is like (a/an)………because………" was used to collect the data. The participants were asked to complete this sentence and the metaphors that they created were analyzed in five steps: naming the data, classifying the data, categorizing the data, testing the validity and reliability, and computerizing the data, respectively. As a result, the 6th grade secondary school students created 60, the 7th grade students 61 and the 8th grade students 79 different metaphors towards the concept of "Physical Education".

Introduction: Environmental factors, motivational characteristics, and cognitive strategies play an important role in students’ academic performance. The main objective of this study was to investigate the role of achievement goals orientation and self-regulation in predicting academic performance among male and female college students. Methods: This study was conducted based on assumptions of correlational studies. Sample included 280 students of nursing and midwifery randomly selected from Mahabad Islamic Azad University during 2011-2012 academic years. Predicting variables were achievement goals orientation as well as self-regulation strategies, and academic performance was criterion variable. Measurement tools included a demographic checklist, achievement goals and self-regulation strategies questionnaires and grade point average of students’ academic performance. Results: Correlation matrix showed that the highest correlation was observable respectively between variables of self-regulation and academic performance, mastery goal orientation and performance - approach goals, and finally self-regulation with performance-approach goals. Path analysis showed that self-regulation has positive and significant direct effect on students, and the performance - approach goals has negative and significant direct effect on academic performance. Finally, the effect of mastery orientation was positive and significant on academic performance. Conclusion: According to the findings, self-regulation makes a significant mediate role between motivational factors and academic performance for nursing and midwifery students. There was a significant directional association between performance-trend orientation and dominance orientation with self-regulation.

Introduction: Identifying the factors influencing effective teaching, prioritizing these factors, and aligning them in order to improve teaching, may help in learning process improvement. The aim of current study is to prioritize the factors influencing effective teaching from the viewpoint of students of Allied Medicine School in Tehran University of Medical Sciences in year 2011 using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Methods: In this descriptive analytical study, 200 BS students of Allied Medicine School of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected using random sampling method and surveyed according to Cochran's formula. Data collection tools were two researcher-made questionnaires. Content validity was approved by the experts and reliability was confirmed by calculating the Cronbach's alpha. Data was analyzed using mean scores and Expert Choice 11 software. Results: Out of 200 distributed questionnaires in each phase, 139 in first phase and 119 in second were filled and returned. From 37 criteria studied in the first phase, 9 criteria with highest mean scores were selected and used in the second phase. In the second phase, the results of criteria prioritization by the students indicated that the factor of “fluent and uncomplicated expression and clear lesson conveyance” had the highest priority with 0.27%, and “ease of access to teacher out of class hours” and “in-class, mid-term and final term assessments” criterion with 0.04%, had the lowest priority among factors influencing effective teaching, respectively. Conclusion: The factor of “fluent and uncomplicated expression and clear lesson conveyance” criterion had the most weight from the viewpoint of study population and was the first priority. This result shows the noticeable value of teaching method and its role in conveying the content effectively which requires for more attention by teachers.

AbstractIntroduction: Empathy between dental practitioners and dental patients increases communication between them, resulting in improvements in patient satisfaction and efficacy of oral health care. Proper communication and empathy between dental practitioners and patients are major concerns of professors, managers and education programmers. The aim of this study was to evaluate empathy between undergraduate and postgraduate dental students and their patients in Isfahan Faculty of Dentistry in 2011.Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study 205 randomly selected participants, 91 postgraduate and 114 undergraduate students in Isfahan Faculty of Dentistry, completed the Farsi version of Jefferson questionnaire of physician empathy. The undergraduate students were selected from those in the clinical period of their studies in 2011. Data was analyzed by SPSS 11.5 using t-test, ANOVA, a post hoc Tukey test and descriptive statistics (α=0.05).Results: The mean empathy scores in female and male students were 88.93 and 88.24, respectively. The scores in postgraduate and undergraduate dental students were 85.97 and 90.61, respectively. The means of empathy scores did not significantly decrease in female and male students and with an increase in the educational levels (p value = 0.219 and p value = 0.173). There was a significant difference in empathy scores between third-year undergraduate students and postgraduate students (p value = 0.00).Conclusion: The empathy scores of undergraduate dental students based on educational level and postgraduate students are less than the ideal and acceptable levels (120‒140). It is necessary to design proper educational programs to improve empathy scores in dental students. Key words: Dentistry, Education, Empathy, Student.

Introduction: One of the reasons causing academic failure among students is disregarding factors affecting learning. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between academic achievement of nursing and midwifery students and their learning characteristics including study style, control locus, and self-organized learning factors which are modifiable issues in learning. Methods: In this correlational study, all nursing and midwifery students with average grade of 17 and above (high academic achievement) or average grade of 14 and lower (low academic achievement) in Tabriz School of Nursing and Midwifery were investigated through census sampling method in the year 2005-2006. Data was gathered using questionnaires of "Kolb's Learning Styles Inventory," "Karami Study Methods," "Julian Rotter Locus of Control," and "Motivational Strategies for Learning" and then, was analyzed through descriptive statistics and logistic regression test by SPSS software. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that control locus (P=0.008) and motivational strategies for learning (P= 0.032) had a significant relationship with academic achievement of students. Conclusion: Control locus and motivational strategies for learning, were recognized as determining factors in academic achievement. Taking the results of this study into consideration, running workshops or seminars on the issue of "Locus of control related to learning" and "motivational strategies for learning" are recommended for learning improvement in first year students.

Introduction: Identifying effective factors in learning is one of the important issues considered by researchers. The aim of this study was to determine nursing and midwifery students’ learning styles in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: In a descriptive study performed in 2005, 250 nursing and midwifery students were selected by census sampling method. The research tool was David A. Kolb's Learning Style Inventory including 12 questions which was distributed and collected as group administered. The analysis of data based on LSI guide was done by SPSS. Results: The majority of nursing and midwifery students were converger (54.2%). Also, 32.1, 7.5 and 6.2 percent of them were assimilator, accommodator, and diverger, respectively. Conclusion: Considering the use of converger and assimilator learning styles among students, it is recommended that faculty members use visual methods, diagrams, teacher’s handouts, lecture and self-learning methods.

Introduction: Program evaluation is one of the strategies for developing and improving educational programs in every discipline and level of study. It also helps to improve the program effectiveness and efficacy. The aim of this study was to determine the doctoral nursing students’ viewpoints about the nursing PhD curriculum. Methods: A descriptive study was performed on 20 randomly selected doctoral nursing students from different universities of Iran in 2004. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews. Then, data was categorized and presented as frequency distribution. Results: The participants mentioned that the courses of PhD program could make their views towards patients more holistic. Ninety five percent of the participants requested an increase in the credit hours of “Nursing theory”, “Nursing research methods” and, “Philosophy” courses. Seventy five percent of them mentioned that “Testing and evaluation methods”, “Evaluation principles”, and “Psychology and Learning theories” courses had overlap with some courses in master program. Ninety percent emphasized on the importance of English course in PhD curriculum. Fifty five percent mentioned that the content of computer courses could not increase students’ capabilities in regard to the course objectives. Conclusion: The content of nursing PhD program is not flexible, the courses are mandatory, and the content of some courses have overlap with some courses in master program. Revising and planning educational programs according to society’s needs, can help to promote this profession.

Bearing in mind the growing trend of drug abuse in societies, the application of appropriate tools for identifying drug abusers and those who are exposed to the high risk of drug abuse is one of the basic requirements of the current Iranian society. At the moment, the only way for identifying drug addicts is the use of morphine- detecting kits that examine the person’s urine and is based on a medical model. It only indicates the existence of morphine in urine and cannot be relied upon as a certain method for detecting the person’s addiction. Within this framework, it seems necessary to use psychological tests for identifying individuals that are exposed to the risk of drug abuse. Based on this necessity and with the aim of normalization and preparation of three sub-scales of addiction acknowledgement scale (AAS), addiction potential (APS) and Mac Andrew Alcoholism Scale Revised (MAC.R) from the Minnesota Multi-Phasic Personality Inventory a questionnaire is prepared comprising 90 questions. The plan was conducted among 1000 male high school students of Tehran using the random sample-taking from 4 districts (7,5,3,18) as well as 200 volunteers who seek to give up addiction. The following questions were raised: 1. Does the addiction test for identifying students exposed to addiction risk enjoy reliability? 2. Does the AAS scale aimed at identifying students that suffer from drug abuse enjoy reliability? and indirect observations. The statistical grouping of the research includes the admitted students and eventually 483 female and 53 male students in seven provinces constituted the statistical samples of the study. It was concluded that the separation plan is facing numerous problems at the current juncture. The relevant procedures and the manner of inter-organizational cooperation are not sufficient and the admission process has to undergo changes. Welfare facilities at the centers are not sufficient and keeping the students at the dorms for a long time will bring about many problems for them. Hence, the existence of a strong observation system as well as social workers are among the requisites for keeping up the implementation of the plan. Moreover, attention must be paid to other substitute methods so that the student would be able to study in his normal living environment and in this way reduce possible risks.