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Goal. In this work, the performance of an integrated planar inductor with a square geometric shape using different materials for the substrate: Ni-Fe, Mn-Zn and Ni-Zn have been analyzed and investigated in order to assess the impact of the substrate material on the performance of the integrated planar inductor and to determine the optimal material in the various applications of power modules in power electronics. Methods. To this end, we carried out an in-depth analysis of the geometric dimensions of the integrated planar inductor, by calculating all the geometric parameters of the proposed structure, to establish an equivalent physical model of the integrated planar inductor in order to evaluate its different electrical specifications. The numerical simulation, based on the threedimensional mathematical model of the system using Maxwell’s equations, was realized by COMSOL Multiphysics software. Results show the importance of the substrate material for the performance of the integrated planar inductor, and specify that the use of Ni-Fe ferrite as a substrate of the integrated planar inductor gives very interesting performance compared to other materials studied. The presented results provide valuable information on the influence of substrate material on the performance of embedded integrated planar inductor and can help to design and optimize these components for use in power electronic systems. Practical value. These results are significant for a wide range of applications, where the integrated planar inductor performance and efficiency can have a significant impact on the overall performance and cost-effectiveness of the power electronic device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effects of adhesive, substrate material and ambient temperature on the mechanical properties of the adhesive joint, the quasi-static tensile mechanical properties of the single lap adhesive joint were studied. The results show that the bonding strength of epoxy resin adhesive is better than that of polyurethane adhesive, but the polyurethane adhesive shows good ductility. The differences of substrate materials would affect the strength of the adhesive joint. The plastic deformation at the lap end of aluminum substrate would accelerate of the failure process of adhesive layer, leading to the reduction of the joint strength. With the increase of temperature, the strength and stiffness of the adhesive joint decreases, but the decrease is related to the type of adhesive. It is mainly related to the glass transition temperature of the adhesive. In addition, the failure mode of the joint is affected by the ambient temperature. At high temperature, the joint is more prone to adhesive failure. The study provides a more comprehensive guidance for the application of single lap adhesive joint in the actual service environment of automobiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal. In this work, the performance of an integrated planar inductor with a square geometric shape using different materials for the substrate: Ni-Fe, Mn-Zn and Ni-Zn have been analyzed and investigated in order to assess the impact of the substrate material on the performance of the integrated planar inductor and to determine the optimal material in the various applications of power modules in power electronics. Methods. To this end, we carried out an in-depth analysis of the geometric dimensions of the integrated planar inductor, by calculating all the geometric parameters of the proposed structure, to establish an equivalent physical model of the integrated planar inductor in order to evaluate its different electrical specifications. The numerical simulation, based on the three-dimensional mathematical model of the system using Maxwell’s equations, was realized by COMSOL Multiphysics software. Results show the importance of the substrate material for the performance of the integrated planar inductor, and specify that the use of Ni-Fe ferrite as a substrate of the integrated planar inductor gives very interesting performance compared to other materials studied. The presented results provide valuable information on the influence of substrate material on the performance of embedded integrated planar inductor and can help to design and optimize these components for use in power electronic systems. Practical value. These results are significant for a wide range of applications, where the integrated planar inductor performance and efficiency can have a significant impact on the overall performance and cost-effectiveness of the power electronic device. References 37, tables 2, figures 7.

The research was planned to determine the usability of natural diatomite in aquaculture conditions. The effects of using two different sizes and three different amounts of raw diatomite mineral on aquaculture water parameters for freshwater species and their usage characteristics were investigated. The research was carried out in two separate stages. In the first experimental setup, the effects of two different sizes (100–125 µm powder and 3–5 mm granule) and three different amounts of diatomite (2, 4, 6 g/0.5 L freshwater) on water parameters were investigated. At the end of the first stage, a second experimental setup was prepared to determine the possibility of diatomite abrasion and mixing into water. Based on the ideal size and amount of diatomite determined in the first stage, the diatomites were placed in the WP-300F internal filter (with filter sponge), and a trial setup was formed with two groups in three repetitions. As a result of this research, it was determined that 3–5 mm diatomite, at a rate of 6 g per 0.5 L of water, can be recommended to be used for filtration as filtration material and substrate material for freshwater aquaculture applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the major methods for implementing flexible sensing technology—flexible surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors—are summarized; the working principles and device characteristics of the flexible SAW sensors are introduced; and the latest achievements of the flexible SAW sensors in the selection of the substrate materials, the development of the piezoelectric thin films, and the structural design of the interdigital transducers are discussed. This paper focuses on analyzing the research status of physical flexible SAW sensors such as temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet radiation, including the sensing mechanism, bending strain performance, device performance parameters, advantages and disadvantages, etc. It also looks forward to the development of future chemical flexible SAW sensors for gases, the optimization of the direction of the overall device design, and systematic research on acoustic sensing theory under strain. This will enable the manufacturing of multifunctional and diverse sensors that better meet human needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work presents a comprehensive review on the electrochemical synthesis and functional properties of metal and alloy-based composition coatings. Nowadays, electrochemical synthesis is considered a versatile and widely used technique for producing metal and alloy coatings with precisely controlled composition, thickness, and microstructure. These coatings offer a variety of functional properties that can enhance the performance and durability of various substrates. It typically involves immersing a substrate (cathode) in an electrolytic solution containing dissolved metal ions. A current is applied between the cathode and an anode, causing the metal ions to be reduced and deposited onto the cathode surface as a coating. The specific properties of the coating, such as composition, thickness, and morphology, can be controlled by various parameters, including electrolyte composition, current density and potential, temperature and pH as well as substrate material and pretreatment. The utilization of electrochemical methods in coating fabrication has gained significant attention due to their efficiency, precision, and environmental friendliness. As such, the focus of this review is on the synthesis processes, structural characterization, and functional properties of coatings comprising various metals and alloys to help understand electrochemical deposition techniques for tailored coatings with enhanced properties for diverse applications by summarizing previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the major methods for implementing flexible sensing technology—flexible surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors—are summarized; the working principles and device characteristics of the flexible SAW sensors are introduced; and the latest achievements of the flexible SAW sensors in the selection of the substrate materials, the development of the piezoelectric thin films, and the structural design of the interdigital transducers are discussed. This paper focuses on analyzing the research status of physical flexible SAW sensors such as temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet radiation, including the sensing mechanism, bending strain performance, device performance parameters, advantages and disadvantages, etc. It also looks forward to the development of future chemical flexible SAW sensors for gases, the optimization of the direction of the overall device design, and systematic research on acoustic sensing theory under strain. This will enable the manufacturing of multifunctional and diverse sensors that better meet human needs.

This article aims to examine the |S11| parameter of a multiband Coplanar Waveguide (CPW)-fed antenna. The proposed square-shaped antenna-1 (Ant.1) and antenna-2 (Ant. 2) are primarily composed of three ground terminal stubs: Terminal-1 (T1), Terminal-2 (T2), and Terminal-3 (T3), all of which have an inverted L-shaped radiating patch. The proposed antennas' resonance frequencies (fr) can be adjusted by the electrical dimension and length of the stub resonators, the dielectric constant (εr) of substrate materials, and their appropriate thicknesses. It will have an impact on their return loss (|S11|), Impedance Bandwidth (IBW), radiation pattern, and antenna performance in terms of frequency characteristics, as demonstrated in this article. The proposed structure based on Flame-Retardant fiber glass epoxy (FR4) substrate covered a wideband frequency range from 1.5 to 3.2 GHz, (IBW = 1.7 GHz) and from 3.4 to 3.65 GHz (IBW = 0.25 GHz). The total IBW is 1.95 GHz, at S11 ≤ −10 dB with three resonance frequencies of values fr1 = 1.75, fr2 = 2.65, and fr3 = 3.50 GHz) for triple-band applications. The results are compared with the research work reported earlier. The proposed Ant.1 ensured, dual and triple band applications whereas the proposed Ant. 2 ensured dual, triple and quad bands applications with reasonable antennas' sizes similar to the earlier reported works. Furthermore, the impacts of various substrate materials as well as different lengths of multi-stub resonators on the operating bands and resonance frequency are thoroughly explored and analyzed for these antennas.

An empirical method for simplified dimension estimation of patch antennas is proposed in this work based on characteristic mode analysis (CMA). This method involves generating formulae to calculate substrate-independent antenna patch widths produced from the antenna's characteristic angle. This enables the definition of a relationship between the characteristic angle and the natural resonant frequency of an antenna structure, bridging the changes of resonant frequencies contributed by possible variation in substrate properties. From here, the end 'calibrated' results can be used to generate specific formulae for each antenna to determine the width of the patch at different operating frequencies, making it time- and resource-efficient. This method was validated using conventional and slotted antennas designed using different substrates, both rigid (RO4003C, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880) and conventional (felt, denim fabric). Measurement results obtained were in satisfactory agreement with simulated results, even without considering the substrates and excitations. Finally, this method was also applied in designing dual-band antennas using flexible materials for wearable applications, indicating good agreement with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose  This study aimed to evaluate the impact of substrate material, esthetic material type and thickness, and cement shade on the final color reproduction of implant-supported fixed restorations. The goal was to identify optimal combinations for achieving clinically acceptable esthetic outcomes. Material and methods  An in vitro study was conducted using four substrate materials, hybrid polyetherketoneketone (PEEK)-based ceramic-reinforced polymer (BioHPP), chromium-cobalt alloy (CrCo), grade 5 titanium (Ti), and white zirconium oxide ceramic (WZirCAD), and three esthetic materials, lithium disilicate ceramic (e.max CAD), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and zirconia oxide ceramic (e.max ZirCAD), at five different thicknesses (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm). Color differences (ΔE*) were measured using a spectrophotometer, both with and without cement application. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Bonferroni correction to assess the effects of material combinations on color reproduction. Results  The study found that a 1 mm thickness of e.max CAD on BioHPP and CrCo substrates provided the best color matching, with ΔE* values closest to clinical acceptability. PMMA showed higher ΔE* values, indicating lower color stability compared to e.max CAD and e.max ZirCAD. Cement shade had a near-significant influence on final color perception, particularly with e.max ZirCAD on CrCo substrates. Conclusions  The study suggests that using e.max CAD at 1 mm thickness on BioHPP or CrCo substrates provides superior esthetic results, underscoring the need for careful material selection in clinical practice. Further in vivo research is recommended to validate these findings and explore long-term outcomes., Competing Interests: Human subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve human participants or tissue. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Oancea et al.)

This article aims to examine the |S11| parameter of a multiband Coplanar Waveguide (CPW)-fed antenna. The proposed square-shaped antenna-1 (Ant.1) and antenna-2 (Ant. 2) are primarily composed of three ground terminal stubs: Terminal-1 (T1), Terminal-2 (T2), and Terminal-3 (T3), all of which have an inverted L-shaped radiating patch. The proposed antennas' resonance frequencies (fr) can be adjusted by the electrical dimension and length of the stub resonators, the dielectric constant (εr) of substrate materials, and their appropriate thicknesses. It will have an impact on their return loss (|S11|), Impedance Bandwidth (IBW), radiation pattern, and antenna performance in terms of frequency characteristics, as demonstrated in this article. The proposed structure based on Flame-Retardant fiber glass epoxy (FR4) substrate covered a wideband frequency range from 1.5 to 3.2 GHz, (IBW = 1.7 GHz) and from 3.4 to 3.65 GHz (IBW = 0.25 GHz). The total IBW is 1.95 GHz, at S11 ≤ -10 dB with three resonance frequencies of values fr1 = 1.75, fr2 = 2.65, and fr3 =3.50 GHz) for triple-band applications. The results are compared with the research work reported earlier. The proposed Ant.1 ensured, dual and triple band applications whereas the proposed Ant. 2 ensured dual, triple and quad bands applications with reasonable antennas' sizes similar to the earlier reported works. Furthermore, the impacts of various substrate materials as well as different lengths of multi-stub resonators on the operating bands and resonance frequency are thoroughly explored and analyzed for these antennas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Coconut shell based CW showed better RE for Cd due to its rich organic matter content. • Coconut shell can promote the growth of plants and microbial communities in CW. • Cd significantly affects microbial community in CWs containing different substrates. • Cd accumulation was highest in biochar based via coupled physicochemical processes. This study compared the cadmium (Cd) removal performance of constructed wetlands (CWs), including gravel (G-CW), magnetite (M−CW), coconut shell (C-CW) and biochar (B-CW). C-CW exhibited superior removal efficiencies for Cd compared to other CWs, with efficiencies of 93.18 %.C-CW benefited from the rich organic matter of coconut shells and enhanced DO consumption levels, which facilitated microbial and plant removal of Cd. The total accumulation of Cd in the substrate increased from 9.16 mg/kg to 30.66 mg/kg. Concurrently, the percentage of Cd in the organic matter-bound and residue states increased from 20.52 % to 37.56 %, which effectively reduced the bioavailability of Cd. All CWs can ensure that the plant antioxidant system is not subjected to Cd stress. Saccharimonadales and Micropruina became the dominant genera in all CWs, exhibiting a high tolerance to Cd. This study provides new understanding and theoretical support for selecting substrates to effectively treat heavy metals wastewater with CWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic structure, working principle, and the development process and research status of resistive random access memory (RRAM) were outlined. Material systems, including dielectric materials, electrode materials, and substrate materials, as well as broad trends and recent researches of flexible RRAM were summarized; the performance characteristics of flexible RRAM, including storage performance and mechanics performance, were analyzed. The significance and challenge of developing flexible RRAM were explicated. Problems existing in this area and possible approaches to the problems were also put forward. It was concluded that the highly conductive stretchable electrode and the steadily stored stretchable dielectric are primary direction in the future.

Copyright of Lubrication Engineering (0254-0150) is the property of Editorial Office of LUBRICATION ENGINEERING and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents the application of photonic crystal (PCs) structures to design a microstrip patch antenna at terahertz (THz) frequency. An inset-feed rectangular microstrip antenna is proposed using 1D, 2D, 3D PCs substrate in 0.1–1 THz operating band. The spectral behaviour of 1D PCs exhibits the PCs' potential characteristics and demonstrates to use it in antenna design. The antenna radiation performance is performed using different PCs materials including air cavity (ɛr = 1), polyamide (ɛr = 3.5), paper (ɛr = 2.5), FR4 (ɛr = 4), Arlon (ɛr = 2.2) and quartz (ɛr = 3.78). It demonstrates that an air cavity photonic bandgap (PBG) type structure is more efficient than other PCs. Moreover, it reveals that 2D PCs-based antennas show a minimum reflection coefficient of −63.22 dB, maximum directivity of 6.81dBi, and radiation efficiency of 88.17% at 0.741 THz frequency. The antenna is a design and simulated by using CST microwave studio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents the design and analysis of a compact semicircular antenna for UWB applications. The paper highlights and presents the comparative study for a leaf-shaped antenna using various substrate materials. The comparative analysis has been carried out for VSWR, gain, and S11 characteristics of the antenna. The compact leaf-shaped antenna presented in this paper is designed using Rogers RT Duroid 5880 of a size 12 x 19 mm². The designed antenna achieves a very wide bandwidth of 4.6-15.01 GHz (fractional bandwidth of 106.2 %) and a maximum gain of 3.454 dBi at 12.646 GHz. This antenna can be used for UWB and X-band applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, low-power wireless sensors with high flexibility, portability and computing capability have been extensively applied in areas such as military, medicine and mechanical equipment condition monitoring. In this paper, a novel symmetrical T-shaped trapezoidal micro piezoelectric energy harvester (STTM-PEH) is proposed to supply energy for wireless sensors monitoring the vibrations of mechanical equipment. Firstly, the finite element model (FEM) of the STTM-PEH is established. Secondly, the modal analysis of the T-shaped trapezoidal piezoelectric cantilever beam is carried out by finite element software and its vibration modes are obtained. Additionally, the structural characteristics of the STTM-PEH and the composition of piezoelectric patches are described. Furthermore, the effects of resistance, acceleration coefficient, substrate materials and structural parameters of the output performance of the STTM-PEH are researched. The results indicate that the output power of the STTM-PEH rises first and then falls with a change in resistance, while the output voltage does not increase as resistance increases to a certain extent. Meanwhile, selecting copper as the piezoelectric material of the T-shaped trapezoidal piezoelectric cantilever beam can generate a higher energy output. Finally, how the structural parameters, including piezoelectric patch thickness, substrate thickness and cantilever head length, affect the output performance of the STTM-PEH is studied, which illustrates that the load range of the STTM-PEH can be appropriately broadened by adjusting the length of the cantilever beam head. This research is valuable for designing a novel high performance piezoelectric energy harvester.

Copyright of Journal of Materials Science & Engineering (1673-2812) is the property of Journal of Materials Science & Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reconfigurable antenna plays a tremendous role in the modern wireless communication engineering. Already lot of works has been proposed by researchers related to every aspect of the reconfigurable antenna development. For the future of communication engineering, researchers have to develop power efficient multiband antenna which can resonance at high frequency. For this, every design phase of reconfigurable antenna need to re-watch, start from the selection of substrate material, feeding technology, design structure to switching techniques. This review paper covers all the proposed techniques and methods for each design aspect and analysis them to determine deficiency and problem and propose as the future scope. Conclusion of each aspect will help researchers to start working in new untouched areas which will enhance the antenna performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substrate plays an important role in selective laser melting (SLM). In general, the same material substrate is utilized as the powder for SLM. However, there are considerable kinds of aluminum alloy and their physical properties are different. In this work, the effect of three aluminum substrates AlSi10Mg, 6061, and 7050 on the molten pool characteristics was investigated for SLMed AlSi10Mg thin wall parts by experimental and numerical analysis. The thermal behaviors, molten pool characteristics, microstructure, silicon distribution, and microhardness were studied as the deposited layers increase. Results show that these features of the three substrates are different at the first several layers of the thin wall parts then become the same after definite layers. Our results clarify the influence of the substrate materials on the SLM of aluminum thin wall parts, which has important theoretical significance and engineering application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Performance assessment of the bond between FRP as externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) and concrete requires establishing bond-slip characteristics using appropriate experiments, one of which is the double shear bond test. Different versions of the said test, ranging from its traditional form to improved versions, exist. Yet, the improved versions themselves are not without shortcomings. The aim of this paper is to present a simple and improved double shear test setup, customized to ease its application in FRP-concrete bond tests in addition to satisfying other important functional requirements. Designed and fabricated as a Y-hook-cylinder system to substitute half of the traditional double shear specimen size, the simple feature of traditional approach is retained in the other half. Performance of the developed setup is, first, verified against that of the traditional approach on a number of specimens. Subsequently, the proposed system is used to conduct an exploratory study on the influence of coarse aggregate type on FRP-concrete bond behavior. Two concrete types are produced; one containing fresh aggregate and the other consisting of steel slag aggregate substituting 30% of the maximum fresh aggregate size in the first concrete type. Typical bond-slip models of the two specimen types are developed and compared with several other literature sources. The results, both in terms of the debonding load and bond-slip characteristics, show improvement in bond performance when a substrate failure occur in the specimens containing steel slag aggregate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The landscape in science has been reduced to something that exists independently of the subject. The objective of the present work is to contribute in the construction of a theory that conceives it as a subject-object relationship. It has been made a broad review of the existing literature on the subject until finding the one that contains the necessary elements to identify the predominant theoretical positions. It was found that Geography and Ecology claim ownership of the concept of landscape conceived as material substrate and beauty as a quality of the real and it was concluded that the concept of landscape comes from the predominant pictorial art, which is not subject to any scientific discipline and which science must assume as a subject-object relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sr2HoNbO6 complex perovskite has been synthesized by solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction pattern reveals that Sr2HoNbO6 material crystallizes in a cubic structure, Fm3̅m space group, lattice constant a=8.018 Å, which has a lattice mismatch ~3% with YBa2Cu3O7-δ. The chemical stability of Sr2HoNbO6 with YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconducting has been studied by x-ray diffraction and measurements of magnetization as a function of temperature on Sr2HoNbO6-YBa2Cu3O7-δ composites. X-ray diffraction patterns of the composite shown that all the X-ray diffraction peaks could be indexed for either Sr2HoNbO6 or YBa2Cu3O7-δ with no extra peak detectable. This result implies that these compounds remain as two different separate phases in the composite with no chemical interaction. Magnetic response shows that superconducting transition temperature of pure YBa2Cu3O7-δ and Sr2HoNbO6-YBa2Cu3O7-δ composites is 93,5 K. These favorable characteristics of Sr2HoNbO6 show that it can be used as a potential substrate material for growth of YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconducting films.

We investigated the influence of summer rainfall on Pectinatella magnifica colonies in lotic ecosystems. Of the examined substrate materials, branches and aquatic macrophytes supported more colonies of P. magnifica than that by stones or artificial materials. The influence of rainfall on P. magnifica colonies differed in accordance with the type of substrate material at each study site. In the Geum River, little difference was noted in the number of P. magnifica colonies on branches before (mean ± SE, 24 ± 7.3 individuals) and after rainfall (20 ± 8.4 ind.); other substrate types supported fewer colonies of P. magnifica after rainfall. In contrast, in the Miryang River, rainfall had minimal effect on the number of P. magnifica colonies supported by macrophytes (13 ± 3.8 and 12 ± 4.3 ind., respectively). Artificial material was more abundant in the Banbyeon Stream where it was able to support more colonies of P. magnifica. We found that the structure of different substrates sustains P. magnifica following rainfall. In the Miryang River, free-floating and submerged plants with a relatively heterogeneous substrate surface were the dominant macrophytes, whereas in the Geum River, simple macrophytes (i.e., emergent plants) were dominant. Therefore, we conclude that the substrate type on which P. magnifica grows plays an important role in resisting physical disturbances such as rainfall.

We investigated substrate material and the effects of different fertilizers and water levels as variable factors for slope restoration. A field rainfall monitoring experiment was carried out to explore morphological changes in Amorpha fruticosa L., the water-holding capacity of its leaves under different water and nutrient gradients, and the nutrient losses from the substrate. The results showed that nutrient loss by runoff was significantly affected by fertilizer use and they increased with the increased application of fertilizers. The concentration of nitrogen in runoff was insignificant, the concentration of phosphorus was increased, and the runoff concentration of potassium was decreased after increasing water-retaining agent levels in the substrate. The concentration of nutrients in runoff from rainfall generally followed a trend of slight fluctuations, then a rise, and finally a decrease. The addition of F2 fertilizer produced the lowest nitrogen losses from substrate material and reduced the leaf area where the addition of phosphate fertilizer had a significant effect on crown diameter. At greater content of the water-retaining agent, the water in substrate material increased, resulting in increased water absorption by the plants and increased relative water content of leaves. Ultimately, W3F4 was the most favorable combination of water-retaining agent and fertilizer concentration for plant growth, which may be related to runoff losses. This combination provides optimal conditions under which the plant can maintain a perfect balance of nutrients and thus improve plant growth indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we demonstrate that standard soda‐lime glass is an electrochemically active material, which has inherent gas sensing features. However, unlike in classical sensing materials, the resistance‐based sensing response in the soda-lime glass is determined by its space-charge polarization induced by re-distribution of modifier Na + ions under DC bias, which can be further altered by interaction with atmospheric gases. This mechanism governs the sensing behaviours of not only chemically active oxidizing and reducing agents, but also chemically inert CO 2 . Moreover, CO 2 sensing response can be greatly enhanced by balancing the polarization voltage and applied DC bias. The obtained results indicate that the use of conventional soda-lime glass as a substrate material for chemiresistive gas sensing can be a source of uncertainty and may even lead to false‐positive sensing characteristics for highly resistive ceramic nanostructures of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Understorey vegetation accounts for the majority of plant diversity in boreal forest ecosystems and contributes to ecosystem functioning. In restoration of degraded forested ecosystems, however, understorey vegetation is often restored passively, contrasting to clear strategies such as informed species choice and site improvement intervention for overstorey vegetation. The choice of overstorey‐centred restoration strategy may have important consequences for understorey vegetation. We examined the effects of substrate material, overstorey type and time since reclamation (age) on understorey vegetation following reclamation of oil sands mining in Alberta, Canada. We sampled cover, richness, evenness and composition of understorey vegetation at 94 sites of conifer, mixedwood and broadleaf overstorey types on three reclamation substrates (overburden, secondary overburden and tailings sand), with age ranging from 4 to 30 years. Total, woody and non‐woody understorey cover and species richness were the highest on secondary overburden and the lowest on tailings sand, and total cover also decreased with age. Woody cover and richness were the highest under broadleaf overstorey, while non‐woody cover and richness were the lowest under conifer overstorey. Overall species evenness was not significantly affected by substrate type, overstorey type or age, but woody evenness was the highest on secondary overburden and the lowest on tailings sand, and non‐woody evenness showed overstorey‐dependent responses to age. Species composition varied with substrate type, overstorey type and age. Indicator species analysis revealed that tailings sand with conifer overstorey favoured grasses, while overburden and secondary overburden supported a mix of grasses, forbs and shrubs. Synthesis and applications. Our study demonstrates that overstorey‐centred reclamation strategies impact the abundance, diversity and composition of understorey plant communities following oil sands mining. Landforms constructed with secondary overburden substrates and revegetated with mixedwood or broadleaf tree species provide the most favourable habitats for understorey vegetation, while tailings sand provide a poor substrate for understorey species diversity and composition. We therefore recommend utilizing secondary overburden and overburden substrate material during landform construction, and employing revegetation prescriptions that target mixedwood and broadleaf overstorey types to promote productive and diverse understorey plant communities on the reclaimed landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important application forms of Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is to measure strain by pasting on the surface of structure. In order to improve the strength of surface-bonding FBG, packaging substrate in metal slice is designed and applied. On the basis of previous studies, an analytic model of the substrate-bonded FBG sensor is developed to predict the strain transfer rate. Moreover, the effects of substrate material and sizes on the strain transfer rate of substrate-bonded FBG are analyzed and compared. Finally, the theoretical analysis results are verified by experimental results. There is a good correspondence between the calculated values and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niobium carbide (NbC) exhibits important properties which make it an alternative for cutting tool material. Nowadays, the cutting tool market is dominated by the tungsten carbide, which is used in cemented carbide grades of tool materials. However, the research of a novel substrate material for cutting tool application requires mainly two aspects of study. The assessment of the cutting tool characteristics which influence the machining performance, and the machining experiments themselves. Thus, the features evaluating of the cutting tool made of niobium carbide, which indicate its potential application as the main hard phase in cutting tool substrates, were performed. Cutting tools analyses were carried out in parallel with machining experiments. Tool life experiments were carried out in external cylindrical turning conditions, in order to evaluate tool lifetimes and tool wear evolution of the cutting tools in study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

С использованием хроновольтамперометрического метода изучено влияние температуры и природы материала подложки (платина, сталь 12Х18Н10Т) на механизм процессов электрохимического окисления Mn2+ до MnOx в уксуснокислом электролите. Анализ поляризационных кривых при Т ≤ 323 К подтвердил предположение о существенном влиянии замедленной стадии гидролиза на процесс формирования окисной пленки. В области Т ≥ 323 К зафиксировано изменение характера I, E-зависимостей, выраженное в появлении дополнительного пика, что указывает на смену механизма образования оксидных соединений марганца. Установлено, что природа подложки существенно не влияет на процесс осаждения MnOx. Фазовый состав пленок, сформированных при Т ≥ 333 К, изучен методом рентгеновской дифракции. Полученные пленки представляют собой поликристаллическое образование, состоящее из смеси γ-MnO2 и Mn3O4 фаз различной кристаллографической ориентации. По интенсивности дифракционных пиков установлена зависимость соотношения форм Мn3+/Mn4+ в осадке от температуры осаждения пленки. Выявлен характер влияния температуры на степень кристалличности осадка. Методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии исследована морфология полученных осадков. Зафиксировано значительное растрескивание осадка при Т = 323 К, обусловленное изменением степени гидратации в оксиде.