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AbstractNanoliposomes are drug delivery systems that improve bioavailability by encapsulating therapeutic agents. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nanoliposomal (NL) formulation on enhancing the bioavailability of essential oil. The essential oil of Satureja hortensis (SHO) was encapsulated in nanoliposomes (SHNLs). Physicochemical characterizations of NL formulations (size, charge, polydispersity index [PDI]) were evaluated by dynamic light scattering technique. The nanoliposome encapsulation efficiency (EE) was calculated as 89.90%. The prepared bionanosystems demonstrated significant antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC as determined by the agar diffusion method and microdilution tests. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for SHNLs were found to be 5.187 µg/µL for E. coli and 2.59 µg/µL for both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Importantly, despite the lower substance content, both SHNLs and SHO exhibited comparable antibacterial activity against all tested strains. Furthermore, in order to determine the toxicity profile and possible effects on DNA damage or repair both the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of SHNLs were assessed using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) method in human lymphocyte cultures. The experimental data collectively indicate that the NL formulation of the S. hortensis essential oil enhances antibacterial activities and provides genoprotective effects against DNA damage. This highlights the significance of liposomal formulations of antioxidants in augmenting their biological activity. The results indicate that SHNLs can be a safe antibacterial agent for the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the heavy metals which cause severe environmental pollution and biochemical changes in plants is Cadmium (Cd) while Selenium (Se) acts as an important anti-stress agent in plants. In the present research, the glasshouse experiment was conducted to examine the effect of Cd and Se on structure of the essential oil isolated from the savory plant, Satureja hortensis L. To do so, the plants were polluted with different Cd levels including 0 (the control), 75, 100, and 150 µM. Moreover, Se was used in the form of sodium selenite salt in concentrations of 0 (control), 10, 20, and 40 µM. The results show that carvacrol was the main constituent in most of the essential oil analyses, except for one of them (0 µM of Cd×10 µM of Se). Furthermore, differences among minor constituents in most of treatments were not significant. Therefore, these results indicate the role of Cd and Se in the compositional changes of S. hortensis essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of plant shading (covered by pearl shade nets with a 40% shade index or nonshading plants from open field) on the content and composition of essential oils extracted from summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) during the flowering stage cultivated under the ecological conditions of Serbia. The summer savory essential oil (SSEO) was extracted by Clevenger hydrodistillation. According to the GC/MS analysis of the SSEO, twenty-five and twenty-six components were detected in the non-shaded and shaded plants, respectively. The yield of SSEO from non-shaded plants was 1.64%, while SSEO from plants covered by shade nets was 1.76%. Carvracol (48.7–53.25%) and γ-terpinene (32.7%–36.8%) were found to be the main components in SSEO, followed by p-cymene (3.4%-3.2%), α-terpinene (2.9%-3.5%) and limonene (1.9-1.3%). In the DPPH assay, SSEO showed an IC50 of 0.99 μg mL−1 in shaded and an IC50 of 1.01 μg mL−1 in non-shaded plants. Additionally, SSEO exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (44.3–48 mm inhibition zone), Bacillus subtilis (34.7–41.0 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (28.3–29.0 mm) and Proteus vulgaris (21.0–24.3 mm). A possible practical application of this study would be to grow summer savory at higher plant densities, or as an intercrop, because it does not require too much light for production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garden or summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants that is cultivated in many parts of the world. Thus, in order to investigate the effect of zeolite and biofertilizer on essential oil yield, morphological and physiological characteristics of summer savory under water deficit stress, a split-factorial experiment was performed based on randomized complete block design with four replications at 2011 in Tehran, Iran. Irrigation regime with four levels (I1: 30, I2: 60, I3: 90 and I4: 120 irrigations after mm evaporation) and biofertilizer inoculation with three levels (B1: no inoculation, B2: inoculation with azospirillium + Mycorrhiza and B3: inoculation with Pseudomonas + Mycorrhiza) and zeolite with two levels (0 and 20 t/ha) were considered. The results showed that the highest essential oil yield was obtained under normal irrigation. The results showed that the biofertilizers were more effective on the content and yield of essential oil under normal irrigation conditions. Results also showed that the application of zeolite had a greater effect on increasing the essential oil yield in the absence of biofertilizer inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary & Life Sciences is the property of Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current study investigated the effects of gamma irradiation on biochemical parameters and secondary metabolite accumulation in Summer Savory under field conditions. The dry seeds of Summer Savory (with a moisture content of 12%) were exposed to gamma radiation at the doses of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 Gy. Non-irradiated seeds (0 Gy) were used as control. Our findings showed that gamma radiation at low doses (20–40 Gy) had no effect on biochemical parameters and secondary metabolites accumulation in S. hortensis. These parameters are steadily and significantly increased by raising gamma irradiation doses from 40 to 100 Gy. The highest amount of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, anthocyanin, and total phenolic and flavonoid content were observed in 80 and 100 Gy treatments. Plants exposed to 80 and 100 Gy treatments accumulated the maximum amounts of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of S. hortensis essential oil revealed that gamma radiation significantly alters its components. Carvacrol, α-Pinene, and α-Thujene levels raised dramatically compared to control with an increase in gamma irradiation dose from 20 to 100 Gy, while Thymol and α-Terpinene levels lowered. Our results showed that treatment of Summer Savory seeds with gamma radiation at 80 and 100 Gy doses could significantly be raised biochemical parameters and secondary metabolites accumulation under field conditions. The current study showed that gamma irradiation could be used as a pre-sowing elicitor to improve the quantity and quality of phytochemicals in Summer Savory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: As a critical limitation of plant growing, drought stress has always received a lot of attention from botanical researchers. This study intends to investigate the role of salicylic acid and the Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter bio-fertilizer on Satureja hortensis L. under drought stress. Materials and Methods: Salicylic acid and bio-fertilizers have been shown to improve drought tolerance in growing plants. To evaluate the synergistic effect of salicylic acid, Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress (-3.5 atm: W1), (-6.5 atm: W2), and (-10 atm: W3), a 2-year (2016 to 2018) field experiment was organized based on split-plot factorial statistical in a randomized complete block design, with three replicates. Results: The main findings of this study showed that the combinable use of bio-fertilizers and salicylic acid diminished the disadvantageous effects of drought stress. Co-application of bio-fertilizers and salicylic acid significantly increased chlorophyll a and b (22% and 31.5%), carotenoid (30.7%) contents, aerial fresh (38.3%) and dry (64.1%) weights, root fresh (55.8%), and dry (45%) weights, auxin (15%), percentage of essential oil (30.7%) in S. hortensis while it decreased the proline content (48.8%) under severe stress as compared to the control groups, which confirmed the efficacy of this approach and its role in drought tolerance. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that this new suggested treatment could effectively alleviate drought stress symptoms and improve S. hortensis growth under spreading drought conditions and limited water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts from two aromatic plants—Satureja hortensis L. (SE) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (RE), encapsulated in alginate, on—yogurt properties. The encapsulation efficiency was controlled by FTIR and SEM analysis. In both extracts, the individual polyphenol content was determined by HPLC–DAD–ESI-MS. The total polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity were spectrophotometrically quantified. The antimicrobial properties of SE and RE against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Geobacillus stearothermophilus), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Salmonella abony) and yeasts (Candida albicans) were analyzed in vitro. The encapsulated extracts were used to prepare the functional concentrated yogurt. It was established that the addition of 0.30–0.45% microencapsulated plant extracts caused the inhibition of the post-fermentation process, the improvement of the textural parameters of the yogurt during storage, thus the shelf life of the yogurt increased by seven days, compared to the yogurt simple. Mutual information analysis was applied to establish the correlation between the concentration of the encapsulated extracts on the sensory, physical-chemical, and textural characteristics of the yogurt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts from two aromatic plants—Satureja hortensis L. (SE) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (RE), encapsulated in alginate, on—yogurt properties. The encapsulation efficiency was controlled by FTIR and SEM analysis. In both extracts, the individual polyphenol content was determined by HPLC–DAD–ESI-MS. The total polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity were spectrophotometrically quantified. The antimicrobial properties of SE and RE against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Geobacillus stearothermophilus), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Salmonella abony) and yeasts (Candida albicans) were analyzed in vitro. The encapsulated extracts were used to prepare the functional concentrated yogurt. It was established that the addition of 0.30–0.45% microencapsulated plant extracts caused the inhibition of the post-fermentation process, the improvement of the textural parameters of the yogurt during storage, thus the shelf life of the yogurt increased by seven days, compared to the yogurt simple. Mutual information analysis was applied to establish the correlation between the concentration of the encapsulated extracts on the sensory, physical-chemical, and textural characteristics of the yogurt.

Copyright of Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is extensively used in various pharmaceutical and food industries. Production of this plant in controlled environments attracted lots of attention; however, the proper lighting environment needs to be designed to achieve optimum yield and quality. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of main photosynthetic light spectra on phytochemical properties and antioxidant capacity of summer savory. To do this, young summer savory plants in the four-leaf stage were grown under different light spectra including red (R), white (W), and 70% R and 30% blue (R: B) with same photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of LED sources for 50 days. Antioxidant activity, total phenol content and essential oil composition were assayed using DPPH radical inhibition, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. Moreover, anthocyanins and soluble and stored carbohydrate contents were spectrophotometrically obtained. Rgrown plants had higher anthocyanin (24.87%), starch (129.53%) and essential oil content (40.09%) compared to their levels in control (W light). In R: B-grown plants, the amount of total phenol (198.30%), soluble carbohydrates (65.31%) and essential oil (50.26%) increased compared to their amounts in control (W light). In the next step, to inspect the influence of UV-C on the phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacity, plants that were grown under three indicated light spectra were exposed to UV-C radiation (for 12 h). As a result of UV-C exposure, anthocyanin content was increased by 5.96 %, 38.96% and 9.04% in W-, R-, and R: B-grown plants, respectively. Percentage of essential oil in plants was also increased by UVC exposure by 57.37%, 50% and 43.68% in W-, R-, and R: B-grown plants, respectively. The composition of summer savory essential oil was also affected by light quality. Therefore, by exposing the plant to different light spectra, the physiological activities and phytochemical composition of summer savory can be changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant effect of tarragon and summer savory herbal essential oils (EOs) on precooked trout fillets during frozen storage period was investigated in this study. Three groups of fish fillets were treated with tarragon EO and three other groups were treated with summer savory EO and then cooked by different cooking methods (frying, oven baking and steaming). During the storage period, fat hydrolysis was evaluated through measuring free fatty acid value (FFA) and oxidation products were measured via peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances value (TBARS). During the storage period, the amount of FFA was high in oven baked samples (0.34–0.53% oleic acid) and steamed fillets (0.56–0.84% oleic acid). Following the control, the highest PV was obtained from fried fillets treated with summer savory (4.53–4.67 meq/kg) (P

Nowadays, the expansion of nanoparticles as antimicrobial and anticancer agents is one of the most exciting methods for cancer therapy and microbial diseases that can vanquish the problems of drug resistance. In this research, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was stated using Summer Savory extract. Moreover, these AgNPs by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, PSA, and zeta potential analysis were characterized, and by antimicrobial and anti-cancerous performance was evaluated. The maximum absorption peak at 472 nm by UV-Visible spectra confirmed the formation of Ag nanoparticles. The results obtained by FT-IR determined the presence of organic compounds such as amines, alkenes, alcohols, phenols, which performed significant roles in the fixating of these nanoparticles. The results obtained from FESEM, EDX, PSA, and Zeta Potential Analysis revealed that synthesized AgNPs had a hexagonal structure with a size ranging from 10 to 100 nm. The antimicrobial properties of the synthesized AgNPs were examined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration, and Minimum Fungal Concentration against five microbial strains included Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results demonstrated that biosynthesized AgNPs had the most antimicrobial activity, especially against E. Coli. The anti-cancerous results of these nanoparticles through MTT assay demonstrated exceptional anticancer effects against K-562 and MCF-7 human cancer cell lines with IC50 values 50 and 200 µg/ml, respectively.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different harvest times (ontogenetic and diurnal variability) on the yield characteristics, content and composition of essential oil in summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) in 2014 and 2015. The experiments were conducted at the experimental fields of the department of field crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University using a split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications. According to this research results, values of dry herb yield, dry leaf yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield ranged from 2.11-3.26 t ha"1, 2.07-2.79 t ha"1, 2, 55-3, 73% and 56.89-93.57 1 ha"1, respectively. Carvacrol, the first main component of the essential oil, ranged from 49.71 to 54.75%, while y-terpinene, the second main component, changed from 28.03 to 34.58%. Considering the dry leaf, essential oil yield, content and components, the harvest in 40-60% flowering period and at 12:00 pm for the cultivation of summer savory in Eskisehir ecological conditions can be suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Autoxidation is an irreversible reaction which occurs with the effect of oxygen in the air, and results in unpleasant taste and smell that are known as the signs of rancidity in oil. OBJECTIVES: In this study, the antioxidant potential of clove, summer savory and tarragon essential oils (EOs) in grape seed oil was evaluated. METHODS: Effects of EOs at different concentrations (0.3, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 %, v/v) on peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of grape seed oil at 60 ºC were investigated. RESULTS: Results showed 1.5% clove showed the lowest PV (52.13 meq/kg) at the end of the period. Among EO- treated samples, the highest PV was seen in samples treated with tarragon. There was no significant difference between the TBARS of samples containing 1% clove and 1.5% savory at day 10 of storage. TBARS of clove treated samples increased slightly toward the end of storage and similar trend was observed for savory-treated samples. TBARS values of tarragon treated samples at each storage time were higher than those for clove and savory EOs. CONCLUSIONS: The antioxidant activity of EOs in grape seed oil was as follows: clove > summer savory > tarragon.

Treatment of bacterial diseases such as bovine mastitis with antibiotics has problems such as antibiotic resistance and drug residue in animal products. Essential oil of medicinal plants have antibacterial activity and are suitable alternatives. This study examined the antimicrobial activity of Salvia officinalis (sage) and Satureja hortensis (savory) essential oils on major mastitis-causing bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli. Chemical compositions of essential oils were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of oils were determined with serial broth dilution method using autoclaved whole milk rather than synthetic broth. The effect of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of essential oils on the growth curve of tested bacteria in milk was obtained in 0, 1, 2, 4, 10, and 24 hours. Major compositions of sage and savory essential oils were carvacrol (61.01%), thymol (20.41%), 1R-α-pinene (7.88%), eucalyptol (32.45%), thymol (28.24%), and α-pinene (13.42%), respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration ranged 1.25-2.5% and 2.5-5% for savory, and 0.625-1.25% and 1.25-2.5% for sage, respectively. Savory and sage significantly decreased the S. aureus and S. agalactiae population in 4, 10, and 24 h (p < 0.05) and E. coli population in 10 and 24 h (p = 0.01). The sage and savory essential oils had antibacterial effects against three tested bacteria, and sage had a stronger effect than savory because of stronger antibacterial components (carvacrol and thymol). Further in vivo tests are recommended to evaluate the efficiency of these essential oils on the treatment of bovine mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the expansion of nanoparticles as antimicrobial and anticancer agents is one of the most exciting methods for cancer therapy and microbial diseases that can vanquish the problems of drug resistance. In this research, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was stated using Summer Savory extract. Moreover, these AgNPs by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, PSA, and zeta potential analysis were characterized, and by antimicrobial and anti-cancerous performance was evaluated. The maximum absorption peak at 472 nm by UV-Visible spectra confirmed the formation of Ag nanoparticles. The results obtained by FT-IR determined the presence of organic compounds such as amines, alkenes, alcohols, phenols, which performed significant roles in the fixating of these nanoparticles. The results obtained from FESEM, EDX, PSA, and Zeta Potential Analysis revealed that synthesized AgNPs had a hexagonal structure with a size ranging from 10 to 100 nm. The antimicrobial properties of the synthesized AgNPs were examined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration, and Minimum Fungal Concentration against five microbial strains included Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results demonstrated that biosynthesized AgNPs had the most antimicrobial activity, especially against E. Coli. The anti-cancerous results of these nanoparticles through MTT assay demonstrated exceptional anticancer effects against K-562 and MCF-7 human cancer cell lines with IC50 values 50 and 200 µg/ml, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Summer Savory extracts could be a promising pharmacological tool not only in the management of inflammation associated to Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) but also in managing the impaired secondary inflammatory mechanisms related with colorectal cancer progression, with a potential clinical use as a supplement to standard of care therapy. Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is a plant traditionally used as a food spice in the Mediterranean region. Surprisingly, not much is known about the health beneficial effects of its phenolic-rich extracts. The majority of publications have always focused on the properties of their essential oil. One of the main phenolic compounds of Summer Savory is rosmarinic acid, which has demonstrated anti-inflammatory outcomes in several animal models of inflammatory-mediated diseases. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease, in addition to Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease, frequently related with increased morbidity and even mortality due to the complications associated, including colorectal cancer. Our work has shown, to our knowledge, for the first time, that administration of a phenolic extract of Summer Savory in a mouse model of Ulcerative Colitis led to the reduction of several markers for intestinal injury, including reduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2 or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) expression, two well-known mediators of tissue inflammation and progression to cancer and led also to a reduction of the mortality. Given the chemical constitution found in the extract and the preclinical evidence of a beneficial effect of polyphenols in inflammatory processes, an opportunity arises for pharmacological modulation of pathways relevant for IBD and progression to cancer with phenolic-rich extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the most important requirements in planning production and processing of medicinal plants in order to obtain high yield and high-quality is the initial assessment of the physical and chemical properties of soil, which reduces the production cost by avoiding the use of unnecessary soil analysis. Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is one the most widely used medicinal plants that quality index of plant is related to the quantity and the constituent of its essential oil content. Understanding the relations between the quantity and quality of medicinal plants with the very physical and chemical properties of soil is very complex and the estimation of parameters changes of medicinal plants affect by soil quality characteristics is more difficult. Today, with the arrival of multivariable regression models and artificial lattice models in the research, many complex relationships found in nature is understandable. Hence the need for estimation the biomass yield of savory using fast, cheap and with acceptable accuracy is feeling. Materials and Methods: The present study was performed at the Agricultural Research Station Neyshabur as pot experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Around 53 soil samples were collected from different parts of Neyshabur city, and soil texture, organic matter, pH, salinity, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen and carbon content were selected as the easily available parameters. Before planting the parameters were measured in laboratory. Approximately 90 days after planting seeds in pots containing soil samples, the sampling of plants was done based on the treatments. For drying, samples were placed for 24 hours in an oven at 40 °C. Finally, the relationship between the biomass yield and easily available soil parameters was determined using artificial neural network by Matlab7.9 software. Results and Discussion: The results showed that soil variability, is a key element in the management of valuable information on soil properties within a field and valuable information on soil properties within a field nature puts at our disposal. In yield modeling with 10 parameters for 53 soil samples, the best makeup hidden layer with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm training as a hidden layer, 58 neurons, logsig threshold function for hidden layer and Tansig for the output layer were selected. High values of R2 and low levels of RMSE mentioned the proximity of the forecast data with measurement data and high accuracy of the model in summer savory biomass yield estimation. To obtain the most sensitive parameters, the sensitivity analysis was calculated using no-sensitive coefficient. So that, if the coefficient of a sensitive parameter is more than 1.0, the mentioned parameter, is one of the critical parameters of model. Accordingly, the parameters of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, potassium, pH, salinity, clay, silt and sand respectively were selected as the most sensitive parameters. The addition of input parameters increases the value of R2 and reduces the RMSE during training, validation and test stages. This represents an increasing in the accuracy of model in estimation of biomass yield via increasing the input parameters. Models 1(soil texture) and 2(carbon) are not enough strong for biomass yield estimation. With increasing the experiment from 1 to 2, the potency of the neural network model 3(soil texture + carbon) significantly increased. Thus with an overview, the model No. 3 suggested as an improved model because with the minimum number of imputes produced equal output comparing the models with more inputs. Conclusions: Based on the obtained results, it seems that with the improvement of artificial neural network models and determining appropriate parameters, results to understanding the soil factors involved in the formation of savory plant biomass and better planning. Till leads to a cheaper and better product. Also, results showed that the artificial neural network has high accuracy in estimating the biomass plant Summer Savory. So that, the 80% of yield variability of the study area, presents by using the data of 10 readily available properties of the soil. Yield biomass of savory, largely depends on the soil texture, organic matter, carbon and the minerals of the soil. Since, this study is the first work to estimate the biomass of medicinal plants using artificial neural network, therefore recommended to use this method to estimate the yield and essential oil of other medicinal plants.

In this study, the variability of essential oil composition in different parts of summer savory was investigated. Extraction of essential oils from air-dried leaves and healthy seeds was done using water-distillation in Clevenger-type apparatus for 4 h. In total, 23 and 24 components were identified in the leaves and seeds of summer savory, respectively. Carvacrol (46.023%), Estragole (Methyl Chavicol) (6.257%), Caryophyllene (4.753%), and E-Caryophyllene (4.753%) were the major constituents in the seeds and Carvacrol (56.537%), γ-Terpinene (21.377%), and p-Cymene (8.587%) were the major constituents in the leaves. Among all constituents, Carvacrol, Caryophyllene, E-Caryophyllene, ß-Bisabolene, cis-a-Bisabolene, Caryophyllene oxide, Z-Citral, E-Citral, γ-Terpinene, and d-3-Carene were present in both of leaves and seeds. Significant positive and negative correlations were detected between constituents for the investigated parts of summer savory. In addition, the correlation analysis of same volatile constituents in seeds and leaves indicated that some constituents in one part of summer savory have a significant correlation with another part. Also, γ-Terpinene in leaves has a negative significant correlation with γ-Terpinene in the seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antifungal effects of essential oils from Satureja species (Satureja cilicica, S. cuneifolia, S. hortensis, S. montana, S. spicigera and S. thymbra) tested for their efficacy against eight Fusarium species (Fusarium avenaceaum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. sam-bucinum, F. semitectum and F. solani). The oils of Satureja species at three levels of concentrations (10, 20 and 30 pi of each 20 ml PDA medium) mixed with the medium and then, the mediums were inoculated with fungal isolates. To evaluate the efficacy of oils against the colony growth, the diameter of colonies measured every 24 hours and compared with their controls. The results showed that essential oils have antifungal activity at 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 μ/20mL concentrations and higher levels of oils (10, 20, and 30 μ/20 ml). Some fungal isolates (Fusarium avenaceaum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. sambucinum and F. solani) could grow in the low oils concentration (0.5-5 μ/20 ml) especially when the fungal isolates treated with the 5. cuneifolia oil. The higher concentrations of oil (10, 20, and 30 μ/20 ml) prevents the colony growth of Fusarium in the medium. The oils showed effective control of the plant pathogenic fungi growth in the medium with 100% inhibitory rates. According to the results of this experiment, the oil of Satureja species has the potential to inhibit the growth of Fusarium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Algerian essential oil (EO) extracted by hydro-distillation from Satureja hortensis L. (S. hortensis) was characterised by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). S. hortensis (summer savory) was chemotype carvacrol (54.2%) and γ-terpinene (21.1%). In its second part, the present study was conducted to evaluate in vitro, antioxidant activity of savory EO using the 2,2-di-phenyl-1-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH•) free radical scavenging assay. Finally, the EO was screened for biological activities in liquid whole eggs (LWE). The ability of savory EO to scavenge the free radical (DPPH∙) was very high, exceeding 80%. The long-term oxidative and microbial stability of LWE was positively influenced by EO treatments, increasing the shelf life to more than eight (> 8) days under refrigeration. Therefore, the results obtained in this work confirm savory EO treatment as a promising technology to extend the commercial shelf life of liquid egg products, as well as to maintain the quality of LWE as ingredient in innovative food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satureja hortensis L. is an annual herbaceous plant of the Lamiaceae Lindl. family. S. hortensis L., related to thyme and rosemary, is used as spice and traditional medicinal herb in Europe. Mainly due to the polyphenols contained in S. hortensis L., this plant exhibits multiple biological effects. However, therapeutic effects on cells, including skin tumors, have not yet been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the composition and the resulting antioxidant as well as biological properties [on melanocytes and melanoma cells] of summer, savory growing in botanical garden of Vytautas Magnus University in middle Lithuania climatic conditions, collected during various phases of vegetation. It has been shown that the budding phase alcohol extract of this plant contains the largest amounts of polyphenols, including rutin and rosemary acid, which promote the radical scavenging activity and antioxidant properties. In contrast, the extract from the massive flowering phase already at a concentration of 12.5 µg/mL reduces the survival of melanoma cells to 60% with 90% melanocytes survival. In addition, extracts from beginning of flowering and end of flowering at a concentration of 25 µg/mL, containing significantly less rutin and rosmarinic acid, in combination with irradiation of cells with UVB, significantly increased the lipid peroxidation process, particularly in melanoma cells. These data indicate the possibility of using extracts from S. hortensis L. to modulate/differentiate the metabolism of normal and tumor skin cells.

Satureja hortensis L. presents an increased interest due to its chemical composition, abundant in monoterpenes, aglyconic and glycosylates flavonoids, and phenolic acids, leading to important biological activity. The present study compared the biological activity of volatile oil (VO) and total hydro-alcoholic extract (TE) of Satureja hortensis L. in terms of: i) antioxidant activity; ii) antimicrobial activity; and iii) viability, migration and proliferation on two healthy cell lines (keratinocytes-HaCaT and fibroblasts-1BR3) and two melanoma cell lines (human-A375 and murine-B164A5). Antioxidant activity of VO and TE showed maximal values around 72%. Antimicrobial screening highlighted the inhibitory capacity of VO against all seven tested bacteria strains, with the most pronounced effect against S. aureus and C. albicans, while TE exerted only a slight activity against three bacteria strains. VO showed greater efficacy than TE on both tumor cell lines (A375 and B164A5), the activity of the compounds was higher when low concentrations were used (5, 10 and 25 µM) while at high concentrations (50 and 100 µM) the percentages of viability were increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research was conducted to study of the essential oil content, some morphological parameters, crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc) of Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) in the west of Iran (Khorramabad region) in 2017. Weighing Lysimeters (25 cm diameter and 30 cm height) were used to measure important morphological parameters, the evapotranspiration of grass (ET0) and Summer Savory (ETc.) for the first time (Three lysimeters for each plant that was considered as replication). Irrigation was performed by the weighing method. The results showed that the essential oil content was 1.083%(w/w), and the average of plant height, stem diameters, root length, root diameter, number of leaf per plant, leaf and flower dry weight, stem dry weight were 47cm, 3.13mm, 14.5cm, 2.26mm, 630.7, 0.866 g/plant, 0.890 g/plant, respectively. Crop coefficient (Kc) can be used in predicting exact water requirement of crops. The result indicated that seasonal ET0 and ETcwere884.26 mm and 776.64mm. The best polynomial curve for Kc values as a function of the days after planting (DAP) was a third polynomial (Kc = 0.3908 + 15 × 10-4(DAP) + 3 × 10-4(DAP²) - 2 × 10-6(DAP³) stagespecific crop coefficient, based on FAO approach (FAO-56 Kc) was 0.45, 0.78and 1.3. Development of the regional Kc helps in irrigation management and water resources protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common diseases in the world. In this account, atherosclerosis is one of the main cause’s heart attacks. Coagulation activity of platelets plays an important role in atherosclerotic plaque formation, thrombosis formation and cardiovascular diseases. Aspirin is the most commonly drugs which used as anti-platelet function to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. Long-term using of aspirin sometimes has irreparable consequences, resulting in medicine doctors, have been recommended using of herbal medicine as a complementary drug. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of Summer savory extract and aspirin on platelets function. Materials and Methods: Platelets were prepared from male healthy volunteers. The platelets were treated with concentrations (250-1000 μg/ml) of Summer savory extraction and aspirin (0.31 – 1.26 μg/ml) to investigate platelet function. We applied aggregometry test to determine platelet aggregation and ELISA assay to determine platelet adhesion and protein secretion. Results: The extract of Summer Savory at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml alone inhibited the platelets acvitity by 73%, and at a concentration of 500 μg/ml and with aspirin at a concentration of 0.63 μg/ml inhibited platelets function by 52% than control (P< 0.001). Conclusion: Considering the synergic antiplatelet effects of Summer Savory extract and aspirin, it is recommended to use this extract as an appropriate anti-platelet supplement with a low dose of aspirin for cardiac patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-agar biocomposite film was developed by a solvent casting method and the effects of summer savory essential oil (SSEO) at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% v/v on antimicrobial, microstructural, mechanical and optical properties as well as water sensitivity of the films were studied. Results showed that incorporation of SSEO into the biocomposite film developed active films with good growth inhibition activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus , B. cereus and L. monocytogenes) and less powerfully against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). Addition of the SSEO at 1.0 and 1.5% increased microstructural heterogeneity of the films and hence significantly (p < 0.05) increased water vapor permeability of the films while reducing their tensile strength. In contrast, mechanical flexibility and surface hydrophobicity of the films were significantly (p < 0.05) improved as a function of SSEO addition. The active films showed substantially lower swelling ratio compared to the CMC-agar film when 1.5% SSEO was added, but the transparency of the films was reduced. Finally, the results showed that SSEO can act as an antimicrobial agent in combination with CMC-agar film. However, it modifies properties of the film depending on the applied concentration. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • An active film was developed by addition of summer savory EO to CMC-agar biocomposite. • Minimum EO content inducing antimicrobial activity in the biocomposite film was 1%. • The active films showed good antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. • Mechanical flexibility and hydrophobicity of the films were improved with the EO. • Summer savory EO increased microstructural heterogeneity and WVP of the films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Autoxidation is an irreversible reaction which occurs with the effect of oxygen in the air, and results in unpleasant taste and smell that are known as the signs of rancidity in oil. OBJECTIVES: In this study, the antioxidant potential of clove, summer savory and tarragon essential oils (EOs) in grape seed oil was evaluated. METHODS: Effects of EOs at different concentrations (0.3, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 %, v/v) on peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of grape seed oil at 60 ºC were investigated. RESULTS: Results showed 1.5% clove showed the lowest PV (52.13 meq/kg) at the end of the period. Among EO- treated samples, the highest PV was seen in samples treated with tarragon. There was no significant difference between the TBARS of samples containing 1% clove and 1.5% savory at day 10 of storage. TBARS of clove treated samples increased slightly toward the end of storage and similar trend was observed for savory-treated samples. TBARS values of tarragon treated samples at each storage time were higher than those for clove and savory EOs. CONCLUSIONS: The antioxidant activity of EOs in grape seed oil was as follows: clove > summer savory > tarragon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nowadays, Acrobasis advenella is considered a pest of the highest economic significance in black chokeberry plantations, negatively affecting the quantity and quality of fruits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Satureja hortensis essential oil and its main constituent, carvacrol, on the life cycle and physiology of A. advenella. The metabolic activity of both preparations was evaluated against insect α- and β- glucosidase, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. The results showed S. hortensis essential oil and carvacrol, are characterized by insecticidal activity against A. advenella larvae. It found an increase in catalase activity in A. advenella homogenates under the influence of carvacrol and an induction of polyphenol oxidase by S. hortensis EO with no changes in POX activity. Also, it was shown that the activity of α- and β-glucosidase significantly increased in larvae fed on inflorescences treated with the essential oil and carvacrol. These preparations particularly strongly affected β-glucosidase activity in the insect homogenates. S. hortensis essential oil reduced emergence the longevity of moths. The obtained results suggest that S. hortensis essential oil and carvacrol can be useful in protecting organic crops of black chokeberry but essential oils may be more effective biopesticides than their active ingredients separately. Graphical abstract The effect of Satureja hortensis essential oil and carvacrol on the life cycle and physiology of Acrobasis advenella. Unlabelled Image Highlights • 80% of the larvae fed inflorescences treated with the EO reached the final instars • The greatest mortality of larvae was 72 h after treatment • α-, β-glucosidase increased in larvae fed on inflorescences treated each substances • CAT increased in larvae fed on plant treated carvacrol, and PPO after used EO • S.hortensis EO and carvacrol had any effect on POX in A. advenella tissues [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate savory (Satureja hortensis L.) powder (SP) and savory methanol extract (SE) levels on ileal microbial population when fed to 1-day-old to 6-week-old broiler chicks. A total of 225-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 5 treatments with 3 replicates and fed for 42 days. Treatments included no supplement (control), 1.0% and 2.0% SP in feed, 50 and 100 ppm SE in drinking water. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and means were separated using Tukey's pairwise method. The results showed that including 1.0% or 2.0% SP in broiler feed or 50 and 100 ppm SE in the drinking water significantly (P < .05) reduced the ileal Escherichia coli population when compared to birds receiving the control treatment. The ileal Lactobacillus population was significantly (P < .05) greater from birds receiving the 50 and 100 ppm SE treatments when compared to birds receiving the control treatment. Furthermore, there were no significant effects on ileal E. coli and Lactobacillus populations among the four treatments of savory. The results revealed that SP or SE can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in broiler chicken feeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was the fabrication of encapsulated Satureja hortensis essential oil (S.EO) in chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (CS/TPP-NPs) via ionic gelation technique and investigation of its acaricidal effect. A high encapsulation efficiency of 96.17% was obtained, which shows successful encapsulation of EOs in CS-TPP nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis proved the formation of spherical S. hortensis EO-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (S.EO@NPs). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis demonstrated the presence of encapsulated S.EO in CS/TPP nanoparticles. The average size of nanoparticles was found to be 192.1 ± 11 nm using dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. Moreover, durability and fumigant acaricide activity of S.EO@NPs against Tetranychus urticae Koch were investigated. The obtained results demonstrated that there were considerable differences between pure S. hortensis EO and S.EO@NPs in their ovicidal, adulticidal, and persistence activities against T. urticae . The LC 50 values of pure EO and as-prepared S.EO@NPs against adult mite were 4.95, 46.98 µL/L after 24 h exposure and 2.02, 31.30 µL/L after 72 h exposure, respectively. Fumigation exposure for 24 and 72 h showed that the sensitivity of adults T. urticae were more than the eggs of T. urticae . The LC 50 values of fumigant toxicity of pure S.EO and S.EO@NPs against eggs of T. urticae were measured after 24 and 72 h. The experimental results for 24 h treatment showed 6.71 and 211.66 µL/L air LC 50 values for pure S.EO and S.EO@NPs, respectively. In the case of 72 h exposure, The LC 50 values of pure S.EO and S.EO@NPs were 4.15 and 107.38 µL/L air, respectively. A sustained release of S.EO from S.EO@NPs was observed during 25 days of the study, indicating the persistence acaricide activity for a long time. The as-prepared S.EO@NPs and pure S.EO illustrated 67% and 2% mortality at 18th day exposure, respectively. The notable increasing of the residual fumigant toxicity may be related to the slow and sustainable release of the active ingredient of EO. Based on this study, the S.EO@NPs showed significantly residual adulticidal activity against adults of T. urticae . S.EO@NPs would be recommended as an alternative for pure EOs and other common acaricides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is a plant traditionally used as a food spice in the Mediterranean region. Surprisingly, not much is known about the health beneficial effects of its phenolic-rich extracts. The majority of publications have always focused on the properties of their essential oil. One of the main phenolic compounds of Summer Savory is rosmarinic acid, which has demonstrated anti-inflammatory outcomes in several animal models of inflammatory-mediated diseases. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease, in addition to Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease, frequently related with increased morbidity and even mortality due to the complications associated, including colorectal cancer. Our work has shown, to our knowledge, for the first time, that administration of a phenolic extract of Summer Savory in a mouse model of Ulcerative Colitis led to the reduction of several markers for intestinal injury, including reduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2 or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) expression, two well-known mediators of tissue inflammation and progression to cancer and led also to a reduction of the mortality. Given the chemical constitution found in the extract and the preclinical evidence of a beneficial effect of polyphenols in inflammatory processes, an opportunity arises for pharmacological modulation of pathways relevant for IBD and progression to cancer with phenolic-rich extracts.

This study presents data about the chemical composition and antimicrobial effect of Satureja hortensis L. used as both dry plant and essential oil, on fresh cow’s cheese, in order to extend its shelf-life. The proximate and elemental composition of dry plant of Satureja hortensis L. highlights important level of microelements. The content of microelements increases even when small amounts of Satureja hortensis in fresh cheese were added. The addition of Satureja hortensis dry plant leads to an increase in Fe (13.46–65.54%) and Mn (8.33–88.33%) content of fresh cheese, depending on the amount of plant added. The composition of essential oil isolated from Satureja hortensis L. was analyzed by GC-MS and the main compounds found were carvacrol (19.68%), o-cymene (30.86%), and p-cymene (28.07%). In order to use Satureja hortensis L. as natural preservative in food industry, in vitro effect of plant extract and essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus Gram-positive bacteria was tested. The oil of Satureja hortensis L. showed antimicrobial activity at 0.50–1.5%, while the alcoholic extract does not inhibit Staphylococcus aureus mycelial growth. The antimicrobial effect of Satureja hortensis L. dry plant in various proportions (0.5–1.5%) and essential oil (0.1%; 0.25%; 0.5%), on fresh cow’s cheese, was assessed after 3 and 7 days by counting colonies obtained at 30°C. Results have shown that the addition of Satureja hortensis L. dry plant and essential oil led to a reduction in the total number of germs, this reduction being more significant when the essential oil was used. Regarding the effect of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus inoculated in fresh cow’s cheese, the results highlight that the essential oil of Satureja hortensis L. may be a natural solution to prevent the development of this bacteria, while the ethanol extract does not prove to be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satureja hortensis L. and Oliveria decumbens Vent. are used in traditional medicine in the world due to its antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. In this study, the antimicrobial activities in Satureja hortensis L. and Oliveria decumbens Vent. essential oils against three microbial strains were evaluated by two different methods, including: disk diffusion method and micro-broth dilution assay [with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 0.025 and 0.500 µL/mL, and minimal lethal concentration (MLC) between 0.050 and 1.000 µL/mL] and qualitative analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique (GC-MS). The peaks potentially responsible for the antimicrobial activity in essential oils samples were indicated by some linear multivariate calibration techniques with different preprocessing methods. From the studied techniques, independent component regression (ICR) was preferred to exhibit the potential antimicrobial active compounds in Satureja hortensis L. and Oliveria decumbens Vent. essential oils because of its high repeatability, simplicity, and interpretability of the regression coefficients. Independent components (ICs) can give more chemical explanation than principal components (PCs), because independence is a high-order statistic that is a much stronger condition than orthogonality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to examine the potential ameliorating effect of the methanolic extract of Satureja hortensis L. (summer savory) aerial parts against cisplatin-induced oxidative damage in renal, hepatic, and testicular tissues. S. hortensis methanol extract at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight were orally administered to Wistar rats once daily for 10 days. Toxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg of body weight) on the 5th day of the experiment. Applied treatment with S. hortensis extract restored tissue morphology, ameliorated levels of serum parameters for liver, renal and testes function, tissue oxidative stress parameters, and increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio as an indicator of apoptosis in experimental animals caused by application of cisplatin. UHPLC/DAD/HESI-MS/MS analysis revealed that S. hortensis extract was rich in phenolic compounds with rosmarinic acid (24.9 mg/g) as the main compound, followed by caffeic acid (1.28 mg/g) and naringenin (1.06 mg/g). Our findings suggest that S. hortensis may be a valuable source of dietary and pharmacologically important phenolic compounds, especially rosmarinic acid, in pharmaceutical and functional food formulations in order to maintain normal health conditions or as a remedy in various diseases caused by oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-nanotechnology is a rapidly growing scientific field of producing Nano sized particles by using biological systems. In this study the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using leaf extract of Satureja hortensis treated with different concentration of NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 150 μM) was reported. In addition, the nanoparticles were assessed against two gram-positive and one gram-negative bacteria. The biosynthesized Ag NPs were characterized using FESEM, XRD, UV/vis spectroscopy and related to the size, shape and morphology of the nanoparticles as revealed by FESEM. FTIR spectrum indicated various functional groups effective on Ag NPs biosynthesis. In each treatment, the plant extract showed color change from yellow to brownish-red after Ag NPs biosynthesis. The surface Plasmon resonance found at 450 nm confirmed the formation of Ag NPs. The highest rate of Ag NPs biosynthesis was related to 150 μM treatment. FESEM images revealed relatively spherical shape ranged from 2.9 to 3.4 nm. FTIR results expounded the functional groups of plant extract responsible for the bio-reduction of silver ions and their interaction between them. Ag NPs biosynthesis by 150 μM treatment showed the smallest size (2.9 nm) and thus the most antibacterial activity especially against Bacillus subtilis . Our results revealed that aromatic bicyclic monoterpenes have the most effective role in the biosynthesis process in 150 μM treatment. To the best of our knowledge no similar study has been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages are among the main cells involved in generation of inflammation. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Satureja hortensis (summer savory), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated J774.1 macrophages were treated with various extracts, and the expression and release of various inflammatory molecules by macrophages were examined. We showed that dichloromethane and hexane extracts reduced nitric oxide (NO) production more efficiently than other extracts. Both extracts decreased gene expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) (<0.44 fold of control), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 (<0.29 fold), interleukin (IL)-1β (<0.41 fold), IL-6 (<0.25 fold) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (<0.2 fold). The extracts reduced IL-6 and IL-1β proteins production from macrophages. Surface intensity of expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 decreased to 845 ± 28.1 (dichloromethane) and 715 ± 48.6 (hexane) compared to the control (902 ± 73.1). These findings showed that Satureja hortensis, by influencing macrophages and related mediators, could contribute to reduction of inflammation and might be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aims: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Thymus daenensis and Satureja hortensis essential oils (EOs) on the planktonic growth, biofilm formation and quorum sensing (QS) of some Staphylococcus aureus isolates (strong biofilm producers). Methods and Results: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the EOs, inhibition of biofilm formation as well as disruption of preformed Staph. aureus biofilms were assessed. The antibiofilm activity of the EOs was determined using microtitre plate test (MtP) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The QS inhibitory activity was also examined on the pregrown biofilms by gene expression analysis using quantitative real‐time RT‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of hld gene (RNAIII transcript). Moreover, tetrazolium‐based colorimetric assay (MTT) was performed to detect cytotoxic effects of these EOs on the Vero cell line. Finally, the major components of the tested EOs were determined using Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS). The MICs of T. daenensis and S. hortensis EOs against planktonic cells of the isolates were 0·0625 and 0·125 μl ml−1 respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentrations for both of the EOs was 0·125 μl ml−1. The MtP test showed a significant inhibitory effect of the EOs on the biofilm formation and disruption at sub‐MIC concentrations. These results were confirmed by SEM. Real‐time PCR revealed a significant down‐regulation of hld gene following treatment with MIC/2 concentration of S. hortensis EO. GC‐MS analysis showed that carvacrol, terpinene and thymol were the major components of the applied EOs. Conclusions: As selected EOs did not show significant cytotoxic effects even up to tenfold of MIC concentration, the applied EOs seem to be good candidates for preventing of biofilm formation of Staph. aureus cells. Significance and Impact of the Study: The present study introduced T. daenensis and S. hortensis EOs as new antibiofilm, and S. hortensis EO as anti‐QS herbal agents with natural origin against Staph. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storage situation had important role in active substances quantity and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants. A little research was focused in secondary metabolite changes after extraction. In this research, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. Treatments were three levels of storage temperature including room temperature (21 ± 2 ° C), refrigerator temperature (4 ° C) and freezer temperature (–20 ° C) and three levels of storage time (T1: no storage, T2: three months storage, T3: six months storage). Essential oils after extraction by hydro-distillation method were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed that, in each of the three storage temperatures, some compounds such as α-Thujene, β-Pinene, α-Phlandrene, α-Pinene, α-Terpinene, Myrcene and along with γ-Terpinene as Carvacrol precursors were decreased. However, Carvacrol content increased after 6 months, significantly. Also the amount of ρ-Cymene, β-Phellandrene were increased. The major constituent of the S. hortensis essential oil such as Carvacrol was increased in all three storage temperatures, so that the highest and the lowest increasing occurred at freezer and room temperatures, respectively. Storage of Summer savory essential oil in the freezer enhanced the quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of environmentally friendly and natural-based products with healing properties has become a popular trend for human health. Here, for the first time as far as known, we reported an efficient antibacterial composite nanofiber which was functionalized with the herbal extract of Satureja hortensis (SH) via electrospinning technique for wound care dressing applications. The plant which was used for this purpose is cultivated on a commercial scale in our country, Turkey, and it is relatively inexpensive and widely used. Investigation of the herbal extract demonstrated 227% higher antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and 141% higher for Pseudomonas aeruginosa when compared with a commonly used strong antibiotic of amoxicillin. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based composite nanofibers including SH with a diameter of about 734 nm for the wound dressings also showed efficient antibacterial activity against these two pathogens which can lead significant health problems and deaths. FTIR characterization confirmed that there is no chemical change of SH when it was incorporated to the composite polymeric nanofibers by the electrospinning technique. We strongly believe that the obtained results suggest a potential natural-based eco-friendly approach for wound care dressing in contrast with synthetic and metal based-antibacterial agents, which have many negative effects on human body and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satureja hortensis L. (summer savory) is herb from Lamiaceae plant family known by its usage in folk medicine and cooking. Despite these facts, this plant was not well studied regarding the application of nonconventional extraction techniques and utilization of prepared extracts. Thus, aim of this study was to prepare extract using conventional (maceration and Soxhlet) and non-conventional (ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted and subcritical water) approaches, to establish their chemical profile and biological activity using different assays and methods. Results confirmed the domination of subcritical water approach for isolation of natural compounds, following by microwave-assisted extraction. High performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) analysis confirmed the presence and domination of rosmarinic acid in conventionally prepared extracts, while rutin and quercetin dominated in non-conventionally prepared ones. Antioxidant and cytotoxic assays followed the trends of previous analysis, where the highest activity was exhibited by subcritical extract. Thus, results showed that extracts may be applied in food and pharmaceutical industries for utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summer savory essential oil is used as a flavour in food industries, treat various diseases and it has different biological activities. Essential oil production from aromatic plants is one way to utilize arid lands. Ascorbic acid plays an important role in essential oil production under arid lands. Plants subjected to various doses of ascorbic acid control (0.0), 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1. The greatest essential oil contents (0.5 - 0.6%; 79.2 - 100.8 ml Plot-1) were reported under 200 mg L-1 ascorbic acid rate. Twenty three constituents were detected in essential oil isolated under each treatment. Carvacrol and γ-terpinene were identified as major components which increased under ascorbic acid rates. 200 mg L-1 rate resulted in the highest values of major compounds {Carvacrol (46.5%) and γ-terpinene (32.4%)}. 300 mg L-1 rate produced the highest amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons (MCH, 41.4%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (SCHO, 1.4%). Control rate reported the highest value of oxygenated monoterpene (MCHO, 55.9%) while the highest value of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SCH, 4.8%) was recorded under the rates of 200 or 300 mg L-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop novel bilayer films based on alginate, chitosan and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) containing different concentrations of summer savory extract (SSE). The cold atmospheric plasma system was used to increase the surface energy of LDPE. Initially, water contact angle, surface roughness and the functional group of LDPE before and after plasma treatment were investigated. Then physical, mechanical, optical, antioxidant and microstructure properties of plasma-treated and untreated bilayer films and antioxidant films incorporated with SSE were characterized. Results showed that plasma treatment increased oxygen-containing the polar group, surface roughness and decreased water contact angle of LDPE surface (from 90.47° to 48.73°) and in result enhanced adhesion between polysaccharide coating and LDPE. Tensile strength of both alginate and chitosan coated-LDPE increased from 10.096 to 14.372 and 11.513 to 13.459 MPa, respectively after plasma pretreatment. However chitosan-based films had lower water solubility. Although, incorporation of SSE into chitosan and alginate coated-LDPE despite slight adverse effects on the physical and mechanical properties of films, it provided antioxidant activity. Chitosan coated-LDPE containing SSE had potential to use as antioxidant food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies performed with the bioproduct obtained by hydrodistilation ofSatureja hortensis, a Romanian indigenous plant, showed the presence of Tymol (47.18%), o-Cymene (22.38%) and Eucalyptol (7.59%). The bioproduct contains macro and microelements like Ca (42.6 ppm) and Fe (0.001 ppm). Studies regarding antioxidant properties, indicated a total antioxidant activity ranged between 99.4-99.9% for this bioproduct. Biological tests reveal the antifungal activities against Rhizoctonia solany (DL50 = 219μL∙L-1), Botrytis allii (DL50 = 175μL∙L-1), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (DL50 = 222μL∙L-1) and Fusarium graminearum (DL50 = 165μL∙L-1). In conclusion, the bioproduct obtained from SH represents a bioproduct with antioxidant and biological activities against some phytopatogens. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study investigated the effects of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) extract (SSE) on growth, plasma constituents, immune response, and gut microbiota of broiler chickens. A total of 300 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments containing five replicates of 12 birds each. The treatments consisted of a controldiet without feed additive and experimental diets supplemented with four levels of SSE (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg, respectively). Results showed no significant effect of SSE supplementation on broiler body weight gain (p > 0.05), but feed conversion ratio was significantly (p < 0.05) improved when fed 400 mg/kg SSE compared to control. Most of the blood parameters and immune response criteria studied were improved (p < 0.05) by SSE supplementation. There was no dietary effect on Lactobacilli count (p > 0.05); conversely, Escherichia coli count was reduced and the Lactobacilli/E. coli ratio improved with SSE (p < 0.05). Based on our findings, it was concluded that supplementation of the diet with SSE up to 400 mg/kg sustained growth traits and improved the feed efficiency and health status of broilers. However, more research is needed on this subject in order to better understand the mode of action of the extract used.