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Controlling the principal African malaria vector, the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, is considered essential to curtail malaria transmission. However, existing vector control technologies rely on insecticides, which are becoming increasingly ineffective. Sterile insect technique (SIT) is a powerful suppression approach that has successfully eradicated a number of insect pests, yet the A. gambiae toolkit lacks the requisite technologies for its implementation. SIT relies on iterative mass releases of nonbiting, nondriving, sterile males which seek out and mate with monandrous wild females. Once mated, females are permanently sterilized due to mating-induced refractoriness, which results in population suppression of the subsequent generation. However, sterilization by traditional methods renders males unfit, making the creation of precise genetic sterilization methods imperative. Here, we introduce a vector control technology termed precision-guided sterile insect technique (pgSIT), in A. gambiae for inducible, programmed male sterilization and female elimination for wide-scale use in SIT campaigns. Using a binary CRISPR strategy, we cross separate engineered Cas9 and gRNA strains to disrupt male-fertility and female-essential genes, yielding >99.5% male sterility and >99.9% female lethality in hybrid progeny. We demonstrate that these genetically sterilized males have good longevity, are able to induce sustained population suppression in cage trials, and are predicted to eliminate wild A. gambiae populations using mathematical models, making them ideal candidates for release. This work provides a valuable addition to the malaria genetic biocontrol toolkit, enabling scalable SIT-like confinable, species-specific, and safe suppression in the species.

Nuclear egress is an essential process in herpesvirus replication whereby nascent capsids translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This initial step of nuclear egress-budding at the inner nuclear membrane-is coordinated by the nuclear egress complex (NEC). Composed of the viral proteins UL31 and UL34, NEC deforms the membrane around the capsid as the latter buds into the perinuclear space. NEC oligomerization into a hexagonal membrane-bound lattice is essential for budding because NEC mutants designed to perturb lattice interfaces reduce its budding ability. Previously, we identified an NEC suppressor mutation capable of restoring budding to a mutant with a weakened hexagonal lattice. Using an established in-vitro budding assay and HSV-1 infected cell experiments, we show that the suppressor mutation can restore budding to a broad range of budding-deficient NEC mutants thereby acting as a universal suppressor. Cryogenic electron tomography of the suppressor NEC mutant lattice revealed a hexagonal lattice reminiscent of wild-type NEC lattice instead of an alternative lattice. Further investigation using x-ray crystallography showed that the suppressor mutation promoted the formation of new contacts between the NEC hexamers that, ostensibly, stabilized the hexagonal lattice. This stabilization strategy is powerful enough to override the otherwise deleterious effects of mutations that destabilize the NEC lattice by different mechanisms, resulting in a functional NEC hexagonal lattice and restoration of membrane budding.

Introduction: Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes gastrointestinal infections. The myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) constitute a cellular population with the capacity of inducing the specific suppression of T cells. Although there is evidence supporting the role of MDSCs in controlling the immune responses in several bacterial infections, its role during Ye infection has not yet been reported. Therefore, the purpose of the present work was to analyze MDSCs after oral Ye infection. Methods: C57BL/6 wild-type mice were infected with Ye WAP-314 serotype O:8. The proliferation of splenocytes and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) cells was measured as well as the levels of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in culture supernatants. The frequency and subsets of MDSCs were analyzed in the intestinal mucosa and spleen by flow cytometry. Furthermore, monocytic-MDSCs (Mo-MDSCs) and polymorphonuclear-MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) were purified from the spleen of infected mice and their suppressor activity was evaluated in co-cultures with purified T cells. Results: we observed a marked expansion of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells, a phenotype consistent with MDSCs, in the spleen and intestinal mucosa of Ye-infected mice. Interestingly, a robust proliferation of splenocytes and MLN cells was observed only when the MDSCs were depleted or the NO production was blocked. In addition, we determined that only Mo-MDSCs had the ability to suppress T-cell proliferation. Conclusion: Our results highlight a mechanism by which Ye may induce suppression of the immune responses. We suggest that NO-producing Mo-MDSCs expand and accumulate in MLN and spleen of Ye-infected mice. These cells can then suppress the T-cell function without interfering with the anti-bacterial effector response. Instead, these immature myeloid cells may perform an important function in regulating the inflammatory response and protecting affected tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The British HIV Association (BHIVA) guidelines were amended during the coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic, allowing for less frequent monitoring of routine bloods. We assessed the impact of this on patient outcomes. Methods: Between April 2020 and March 2021, routine blood appointments at our HIV clinic were replaced by virtual consultations in 'stable' people living with HIV (PLWH), defined using standard operating procedure (SOP) criteria. All had an undetectable HIV viral load (VL) (<50 copies/mL). Demographic, HIV clinical information, and antiretroviral treatment (ART) data were collated using the electronic patient record (EPR). Blood results from before (baseline) and after (follow‐up) the omitted appointment were analysed for each parameter. Results: In all, 791/2395 PLWH were scheduled to have blood tests omitted; 381 were excluded for reasons including not fitting the SOP criteria or presenting to clinic early, and 410 were included in analysis. The demographics of the group were consistent with our whole HIV cohort. HIV VL became detectable in 8/410 individuals (1.95%, range 51–730 copies/mL). VL resuppressed in 6/8 after a median of 29 days. VL remained detectable in two individuals, both of whom remain in care. Routine blood monitoring revealed baseline and follow‐up blood parameters that were largely within normal range. Four out of 12 parameters had statistically significant changes but were not considered clinically significant; 59/410 (14.4%) changed ART, most commonly for simplification. Conclusion: For the majority of stable PLWH included in our evaluation, the omission of routine blood monitoring during the pandemic did not have a negative impact on HIV suppression or blood monitoring outcomes. ART switch was uncommon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention is a limited resource that must be carefully controlled to prevent distraction. Much research has demonstrated that distraction can be prevented by proactively suppressing salient stimuli to prevent them from capturing attention. It has been suggested, however, that prior studies showing evidence of suppression may have used stimuli that were not truly salient. This claim has been difficult to test because there are currently no agreed-upon methods to demonstrate that an object is salient. The current study aims to help resolve this by introducing a new technique to test the role of salience in attentional capture. Low- and high-salience singletons were generated via a manipulation of color contrast. An initial experiment then verified the manipulation of salience using a search task where the color singleton was the target and could only be found via its bottom–up popout. High-salience singletons were found much more easily than low-salience singletons, suggesting that salience powerfully influenced attention when task relevant. A following experiment then used the same stimulus displays but adapted the task so that the singletons were task-irrelevant distractors. Both low- and high-salience singletons were suppressed, suggesting neither was able to capture attention. These results challenge purely stimulus-driven accounts by showing that improving salience only enhances attentional allocation in situations where the object is also task relevant. The results are instead consistent with the signal suppression hypothesis, which predicts that task-irrelevant singletons can be suppressed. Public Significance Statement: Salient stimuli, such as brightly colored objects, are often used to attract attention in everyday life. The current study aimed to understand how salience influences attentional allocation. We found that improving the salience of a stimulus can improve its ability to attract attention, but only when the object is made relevant to the task being performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of northern Pike Esox lucius outside its native range into the western states of North America is a growing problem due to their negative effects on fish communities. Illegally introduced E. lucius were first detected in Box Canyon Reservoir in northeast Washington in 2004. By 2010, the E. lucius population was estimated at more than 10,000 individuals. Between 2012 and 2019, a gillnet suppression programme was conducted, which reduced the E. lucius catch per unit effort in Box Canyon Reservoir by 97% and their biomass by 98%. Between 2004 and 2019, four standardized surveys were conducted to characterize changes in the Box Canyon Reservoir fish community. Even after E. lucius were effectively suppressed, native species showed no signs of recovery during the study. The relative abundance of all native species decreased 82% in total number and 56% in total biomass between 2004 and 2019. Conversely, the relative abundance of non‐native species increased 26% in total number and 33% in total biomass over the same period. As an apex predator, E. lucius had a significant impact on the fish community in Box Canyon Reservoir over a relatively short period of time (7 years), and appeared to act as a catalyst to increase the rate of replacement of native species with non‐native species, which likely increased the pace of taxonomic homogenization in the reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppressive antibiotic therapy is prescribed when a patient has an infection that is presumed to be incurable by a defined course of therapy or source control. The cohort receiving suppressive antibiotic therapy is typically highly comorbid and the infections often involve retained prosthetic material. In part due to a lack of clear guidelines regarding the use of suppressive antibiotics, and in part due to the complex nature of the infections in question, patients are often prescribed suppressive antibiotics for extremely long, if not indefinite, courses. The risks of prolonged antibiotic exposure in this context are not fully characterized, but they include adverse drug effects ranging from mild to severe, the development of antibiotic-resistant organisms, and perturbations of the gastrointestinal microbiome. In this narrative review we present the available evidence for the use of suppressive antibiotic therapy in 4 common indications, examine the gaps in the current literature, and explore the known and potential risks of this therapy. We also make suggestions for improving the quality of evidence in future studies, particularly by highlighting the need for a standardized term to describe the use of long courses of antibiotics to suppress hard-to-treat infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Schizophrenia patients have cognitive issues, such as attention deficits. Cognitive activity controls the micromechanics of cochlear outer hair cells (OHC). We integrated alternate auditory attention (ALAUDIN) tasks and contralateral suppression of otoacoustic emissions (CSOAE) to measure OHC micromechanics. Materials and methods: The ALAUDIN tasks' reliability has been evaluated in ten normal-hearing ears. Then, 36 healthy controls and 8 schizophrenia patients with normal auditory function has been included. The OAE amplitude was initially measured with 60 dB peak SPL clicks in the test ear without contralateral suppressors (CS) and re-measured with four types of CS, namely White Noise (CS1), White Noise + Attention Task I (CS2), White Noise + Attention Task II (CS3) and White Noise + Attention Task III (CS4), delivered randomly to non-test ears at 75 dB SPL. Suppression is a positive difference in OAE amplitudes with and without CS. Statistical analysis included Bayesian independent sample t-tests to compare suppression between groups and ears, as well as Bayesian repeated measures ANOVA to assess differences in suppression among various stimuli for all groups. Results: Interclass correlation showed moderate to high reliability across all CS. In the schizophrenia group, CS4 had the highest TEOAE suppression value. Suppression in schizophrenia is larger than healthy control in all stimuli with CS1 and CS4 showing significantly greater suppression. Stimuli did not affect CSOAE across groups. Conclusion: Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia patients may be objectively identified using the integrated ALAUDIN tasks-CSOAE. Their large suppression suggests dysconnectivity among brain regions, resulting in hyperactivity of the efferent pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐reported lost memory of child sexual abuse (CSA) can be mistaken for "repressed memory." Based on our longitudinal studies of memory and disclosure in child maltreatment victims who are now adults, we discuss findings relevant to "repressed memory cases." We examined relations between self‐report of temporarily lost memory of CSA (subjective forgetting) and memory accuracy for maltreatment‐related experiences (objective memory). Across two studies involving separate samples, we find evidence for memory suppression rather than repression: (1) Most adults who claimed temporary lost memory of CSA reported memory suppression and clarified that they could have remembered the event if asked; (2) subjective forgetting was positively associated with accurate objective memory for maltreatment‐related experiences. Subjective forgetting was also related to increased adult trauma symptoms and related to childhood non‐disclosure of CSA. Moreover, trauma‐related psychopathology mediated the relation between non‐disclosure and subjective forgetting. Implications for psychological theory and repressed memory cases are discussed. Self‐reported forgetting of child sexual abuse (CSA) may be misattributed to repressed memory. Using evidence from two longitudinal studies with separate maltreatment samples, we identify memory suppression as a more viable explanation than repression for CSA memory that has been reportedly lost and then retrieved. Important relations between self‐reported lost memory of CSA, accuracy of abuse‐related memory, childhood non‐disclosure of CSA, and adult trauma symptoms emerged, with significant legal implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study compares effects of expressive suppression to a less researched form of expression-focused emotion regulation (namely, amplification) in terms of impact on authenticity and socioemotional outcomes. We expected amplification to result in more positive outcomes than suppression because of its role in facilitating communication. Participants (N = 306) formed 153 previously unacquainted dyads and were randomly assigned to a suppression of expression, amplification of expression, or control condition. After discussing recent personal negative events, participants reported their subjective authenticity, emotional experience, and impressions of their partner. Results revealed that suppressors felt less authentic compared to amplifiers and participants in the control condition. Partners' perceptions of authenticity, however, did not differ across conditions, and only suppressors were rated as less likeable than those in the control condition. Consistent with prior work, amplification was unrelated to change in emotional experience, while suppression predicted decreased positive emotions from before to after the interaction. Building on prior work, these findings support the notion that expressive suppression can lead to interpersonal costs that hinder relationship formation, even though the inauthenticity suppression creates may largely go undetected by others. In contrast, amplification may serve as a relatively more adaptive expression-based strategy, at least in the context of non-close interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In achievement contexts like end-of-semester exam preparation, students experience a variety of positive and negative achievement emotions, and their regulation is crucial. Despite its relevance, the interplay between, and dynamics of, emotions and their regulation is still little understood, particularly as prior research primarily relied on between-person research. In the present study, we use a situated assessment approach and a novel statistical approach, dynamic network modeling, to simultaneously analyze between-person associations, contemporaneous within-person associations as well as temporal lagged within-person associations and stability of achievement emotions and emotion regulation strategies in multivariate models. We used a total of 6,915 assessments of 201 German undergraduate students on six emotions (joy, pride, hope, satisfaction, anxiety, anger, and boredom) and eight emotion regulation strategies (activation, social support, positive refocusing, rumination, reappraisal, suppression, expression, taking action) during exam preparation in two assessment waves (5 weeks prior, and 1 week before important exams). The results uncovered distinct communities of emotions and emotion regulation strategies, wherein taking action and reappraisal held a particularly central position in explaining their linkages. We found evidence for effects from emotions on the use of emotion regulation strategies, and vice versa, and identified self-enforcing loops and carryover effects. We also observed differences in the stability of the assessed constructs over time, and between the week before the exam and 5 weeks before, that emphasize the consideration of not only person and situation-specific components, but also the respective context at hand, to which end dynamic network analyses emerge as a promising research avenue. Educational Impact and Implications Statement: This study sheds light on how students navigate their emotions during exam preparation and underscores the critical role of effective emotion regulation. By examining real-time emotional experiences and regulation strategies, we uncovered distinct communities of emotions and emotion regulation strategies, with "taking action" (i.e., actively acting to improve the situation) and "reappraisal" (i.e., changing the way one thinks about a situation) emerging as particularly central strategies. Following up on these networks of emotions and regulation strategies can pave the way for the development of personalized emotion regulation skills, enhancing students' overall exam preparation and academic success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Suppression of N1 event-related potential during speech was significantly reduced in schizophrenia patients. • Bipolar disorder patients exhibited intermediate sensory attenuation between the schizophrenia and control group. • The extent of N1 suppression inversely correlated with the severity of Anomalous Self-Experiences in schizophrenia, but not in bipolar disorder. The Corollary Discharge (CD) mechanism inhibits self-generated speech sound perception, appearing disrupted in schizophrenia and potentially contributing to Anomalous Self-Experiences (ASEs). However, it remains unclear if this alteration and its correlation with ASEs extend to other psychotic disorders. Electroencephalography was used to study the N1 Event-Related Potential (ERP) as an index of CD-mediated suppression in the auditory cortex across thirty-five participants with schizophrenia, twenty-six with bipolar disorder, and thirty healthy controls. Auditory N1 was elicited by two conditions: real-time listening to self-pronounced vowels while speaking through connected microphone and earphones (listen/talk −or talk condition in previous literature-) and passive listening to the same previously recorded self-uttered vowels (listen/no talk −or listen condition-). N1 ERP amplitude was lower in the listen/talk condition compared to listen/no talk across all groups. However, N1 suppression was significantly reduced in schizophrenia, with bipolar patients showing intermediate attenuation between both groups (i.e., non-significantly different from controls). Furthermore, N1 suppression inversely correlated with ASEs severity only in schizophrenia. Dysfunction of the CD mechanism may be a defining feature of schizophrenia, where it is connected to ASEs. These results corroborate previous findings linking auditory N1 ERP suppression with disrupted CD mechanism in schizophrenia, but not in bipolar disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do salient distractors have the power to automatically capture attention? This question has led to a heated debate concerning the role of salience in attentional control. A potential resolution, called the signal suppression hypothesis, has proposed that salient items produce a bottom-up signal that vies for attention, but that salient stimuli can be suppressed via top-down control to prevent the capture of attention. This hypothesis, however, has been criticized on the grounds that the distractors used in initial studies of support were weakly salient. It has been difficult to know how seriously to take this low-salience criticism because assertions about high and low salience were made in the absence of a common (or any) measure of salience. The current study used a recently developed psychophysical technique to compare the salience of distractors from two previous studies at the center of this debate. Surprisingly, we found that the original stimuli criticized as having low salience were, if anything, more salient than stimuli from the later studies that purported to increase salience. Follow-up experiments determined exactly why the original stimuli were more salient and tested whether further improving salience could cause attentional capture as predicted by the low-salience account. Ultimately, these findings challenge purely stimulus-driven accounts of attentional control. Public Significance Statement: This study aimed to understand whether highly salient stimuli have the power to automatically attract attention. Using a new method to measure salience, we found evidence that is inconsistent with theoretical accounts claiming that stimuli of sufficient salience cannot be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microenvironment within solid tumors often becomes acidic due to various factors associated with abnormal metabolism and cellular activities, including increased lactate production as a result of dysregulated tumor glycolysis. Recently, we have identified multiple tumor microenvironment (TME) factors that potentiate regulatory T (T reg) cell function in evading anti-tumor immunosurveillance. Despite the strong correlation between lactate and acidity, the potential roles of acidity in intratumoral T reg cell adaptation and underlying molecular mechanisms have gone largely unstudied. In this study, we demonstrate that acidity significantly enhances immunosuppressive functions of nT reg cells, but not iT reg cells, without altering the expression of either FoxP3 or the cell surface receptors CD25, CTLA4, or GITR in these cells. Surprisingly, the addition of lactate, often considered a major contributor to increased acidity of the TME, completely abolished the acidity-induced enhancement of nT reg suppressive functions. Consistently, metabolic flux analyses showed elevated basal mitochondrial respiratory capacity and ATP-coupled respiration in acidity-treated nT reg cells without altering glycolytic capacity. Genome-wide transcriptome and metabolomics analyses revealed alterations in multiple metabolic pathways, particularly the one-carbon folate metabolism pathway, with reduced SAM, folate, and glutathione, in nT reg cells exposed to low pH conditions. Addition of a one-carbon metabolic contributor, formate, diminished the acidity-induced enhancement in nT reg cell suppressive functions, but neither SAM nor glutathione could reverse the phenotype. Remarkably, in vitro transient treatment of nT reg cells resulted in sustained enhancement of their functions, as evidenced by more vigorous tumor growth observed in mice adoptively receiving acidity-treated nT reg cells. Further analysis of intratumoral infiltrated T cells confirmed a significant reduction in CD8+ T cell frequency and their granzyme B production. In summary, our study elucidates how acidity-mediated metabolic reprogramming leads to sustained Treg-mediated tumor immune evasion. • Acidity enhances T reg cell suppressive functions independent of lactate in vitro and in vivo. • T reg cell oxidative metabolic capacity increases as a result of exposure to acidity. • Treatment with acidity results in T reg cell transcriptional and metabolic changes in one-carbon folate metabolism. • Exposure to acidity ex vivo for 48 hours facilitates increased T reg suppressive functions against T eff cells in the TME and promotes tumor growth in the MC38 colon cancer model. • Treatment of T reg cells with acidity and formate restores suppressive capacity induced by acidity and decreases tumor burden in the MC38 colon cancer model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that people who are immunocompromised or have a comorbidity are at an increased risk for acquiring COVID-19, having a longer duration of COVID-19 symptoms, and a greater likelihood of severe outcomes, including people living with HIV (PLHIV) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Basics of covid-19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 31. 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/about-covid-19/basics-covid-19.html). However, treatment for PLHIV can greatly reduce the amount of HIV in a person's blood, known as viral suppression. This study compared the outcome of COVID-associated hospitalization among virally suppressed and unsuppressed PLHIV in Colorado. A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted including all known PLHIV in Colorado that were diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 2020 and September 2022. Relevant covariates were identified including race/ethnicity, age at time of diagnosis, region of diagnosis, and vaccination status. An initial univariate logistic regression was then built to test the statistical significance of the association between viral suppression and hospitalization. The final model included all associated covariates and crude and adjusted odds ratios were analyzed. When controlling for covariates, PLHIV who were not virally suppressed at the time of their COVID-19 diagnosis were 2.5 (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6-4.0) times as likely to be hospitalized at the time of their first COVID-19 diagnosis compared to those that were suppressed. These findings suggest that viral suppression among PLHIV is protective against poor COVID-19 outcomes. This study is an important first step in highlighting the importance of PLHIV being retained in care and achieving viral suppression in reducing hospitalizations due to COVID-19 in Colorado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomimetic design has recently received widespread attention. Inspired by the Terebridae structure, this paper provides a structural form for suppressing vortex-induced vibration (VIV) response. Four different structural forms are shown, including the traditional smooth cylinder (P0), and the Terebridae-inspired cylinder with the helical angle of 30° (P30), 60° (P60), and 90° (P90). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is adopted to solve the flow pass the Terebridae-inspired structures, and the vibration equation is solved using the Newmark-β method. The results show that for P30, P60 and P90, the VIV responses are effectively suppressed in the lock-in region, and P60 showed the best VIV suppression performance. The transverse amplitude and the downstream amplitude can be reduced by 82.67% and 91.43% respectively for P60 compared with that for P0, and the peak of the mean-drag coefficient is suppressed by 53.33%. The Q-criterion vortices of P30, P60, and P90 are destroyed, with irregular vortices shedding. It is also found that the boundary layer separation is located on the Terebridae-inspired ribs. The twisted ribs cause the separation point to constantly change along the spanwise direction, resulting in the development of the boundary layer separation being completely destroyed. The strength of the wake flow is significantly weakened for the Terebridae-inspired cylinder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression (FREE) Scale assesses individuals' ability to enhance and suppress their emotional expressions across different situations. This study investigates the optimal factor structure of the FREE and emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between the regulation abilities for positive and negative expressions. A sample of 607 undergraduates (Mage = 19.02, SD = 1.02, 72.2% female) from Mainland China completed the questionnaire survey. Confirmatory factor analyses tested eight competing models of the FREE structure. Results indicated that the second-order model, featuring two higher-order factors (expressive enhancement and suppression abilities), fit the data well. An alternative second-order model, with two different higher-order factors (positive and negative emotion expressive abilities) and the same four first-order factors, demonstrated an even better fit. Various types of expressive ability scores showed predictive validity regarding emotion regulation self-efficacy, mental health outcomes, and relationship stress. Regulation of emotional expression can be represented by either regulation type or emotion valence, with the latter providing more informative insights. Flexible regulation of positive and negative emotion expression predicted fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and relationship stress beyond emotion regulation self-efficacy. These findings highlight the importance of considering emotional valence in understanding flexibility in expression regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major functions of programmed cell death (apoptosis) is the removal of cells that suffered oncogenic mutations, thereby preventing cancerous transformation. By making use of a Double-Headed-EP (DEP) transposon, a P element derivative made in our laboratory, we made an insertional mutagenesis screen in Drosophila melanogaster to identify genes that, when overexpressed, suppress the p53 -activated apoptosis. The DEP element has Gal4-activatable, outward-directed UAS promoters at both ends, which can be deleted separately in vivo. In the DEP insertion mutants, we used the GMR-Gal4 driver to induce transcription from both UAS promoters and tested the suppression effect on the apoptotic rough eye phenotype generated by an activated UAS- p53 transgene. By DEP insertions, 7 genes were identified, which suppressed the p53 -induced apoptosis. In 4 mutants, the suppression effect resulted from single genes activated by 1 UAS promoter (Pka-R2 , Rga , crol , and Spt5). In the other 3 (Orct2 , Polr2M , and stg), deleting either UAS promoter eliminated the suppression effect. In qPCR experiments, we found that the genes in the vicinity of the DEP insertion also showed an elevated expression level. This suggested an additive effect of the nearby genes on suppressing apoptosis. In the eukaryotic genomes, there are coexpressed gene clusters. Three of the DEP insertion mutants are included, and 2 are in close vicinity of separate coexpressed gene clusters. This raises the possibility that the activity of some of the genes in these clusters may help the suppression of the apoptotic cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Currently, there are no effective therapies for glioblastoma. Infiltrating myeloid cells contributes significantly to the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment that is characteristic of GBM. Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells are chief immune suppressive cells found in the glioma microenvironment. Understanding the mechanisms of M-MDSC differentiation and T-cell suppression is imperative for generating therapies that target this tumor-supportive cell population. In this study, we found that glioma-secreted CSF1R ligands, M-CSF and IL-34, promote M-MDSCs to suppress CD8 T cells. These M-MDSCs partially utilize nitric oxide synthase to illicit their suppressive activity. However, spatial RNAseq points to glioma microenvironment niches driving M-MDSC heterogeneity. Our findings identify key regulators of differentiation and suppressive mechanisms of M-MDSCs and confirm the importance of targeting this cell population in glioma. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, resulting in poor survival despite aggressive therapies. GBM is characterized by a highly heterogeneous and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) made up predominantly of infiltrating peripheral immune cells. One significant immune cell type that contributes to glioma immune evasion is a population of immunosuppressive cells, termed myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Previous studies suggest that a subset of myeloid cells, expressing monocytic (M)-MDSC markers and dual expression of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1, utilize CCR2 to infiltrate the TME. This study evaluated the mechanism of CCR2+/CX3CR1+ M-MDSC differentiation and T cell suppressive function in murine glioma models. We determined that bone marrow-derived CCR2+/CX3CR1+ cells adopt an immune suppressive cell phenotype when cultured with glioma-derived factors. Glioma-secreted CSF1R ligands M-CSF and IL-34 were identified as key drivers of M-MDSC differentiation while adenosine and iNOS pathways were implicated in the M-MDSC suppression of T cells. Mining a human GBM spatial RNAseq database revealed a variety of different pathways that M-MDSCs utilize to exert their suppressive function that is driven by complex niches within the microenvironment. These data provide a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of M-MDSCs in glioblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amblyopia is a form of visual cortical impairment that arises from abnormal visual experience early in life. Most often, amblyopia is a unilateral visual impairment that can develop as a result of strabismus, anisometropia, or a combination of these conditions that result in discordant binocular experience. Characterized by reduced visual acuity and impaired binocular function, amblyopia places a substantial burden on the developing child. Although frontline treatment with glasses and patching can improve visual acuity, residual amblyopia remains for most children. Newer binocular-based therapies can elicit rapid recovery of visual acuity and may also improve stereoacuity in some children. Nevertheless, for both treatment modalities full recovery is elusive, recurrence of amblyopia is common, and improvements are negligible when treatment is administered at older ages. Insights derived from animal models about the factors that govern neural plasticity have been leveraged to develop innovative treatments for amblyopia. These novel therapies exhibit efficacy to promote recovery, and some are effective even at ages when conventional treatments fail to yield benefit. Approaches for enhancing visual system plasticity and promoting recovery from amblyopia include altering the balance between excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms, reversing the accumulation of proteins that inhibit plasticity, and harnessing the principles of metaplasticity. Although these therapies have exhibited promising results in animal models, their safety and ability to remediate amblyopia need to be evaluated in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dance is a creative avenue for self-expression, through which dancers express their feelings; it may help develop their empathetic skills required to perceive and understand emotions. This study aimed to empirically examine the effects of dance and dance achievement on emotional intelligence and emotion regulation. Participants were 280 women between the ages of 18–28 living in Australia; 157 had varying dance backgrounds whereas 123 were non-dancers. Participants completed the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Results showed that the dancers emotional intelligence score was significantly greater than the non-dancers (p <.05). There were no differences between the groups in emotion-regulation scores, neither in reappraisal nor suppression scores. Results of one-way ANOVAs showed emotional intelligence scores were higher (p <.001) and reappraisal scores were lower (p <.05) as a function of dance achievement. There was no relationship between suppression and dance achievement. Findings provide preliminary support that dance may increase emotional intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the correlation between the contribution rates of fusional convergence from the dominant and non-dominant eye and suppression depth and exotropia control. Study design: Cross-sectional prospective study. Methods: The fusional convergence of 25 participants with intermittent exotropia (mean age 10.8 ± 3.4; range 6–18 years) was measured with an eye-tracking system. The contribution rate was defined based on the amplitude of fusional convergence during refusion relative to the exo-deviation angle. The suppression depth was assessed, and exotropia control was evaluated using the intermittent exotropia Office Control Score. We analyzed the correlations between the contribution rate from the dominant and non-dominant eyes and the suppression depth or control score. Results: There was a negative correlation between the dominant eye's contribution rate and the suppression depth in both eyes (r = −0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.97 to − 0.20 in the fixated dominant eye and r = −0.91, 95%CI: −0.95 to − 0.40 in the fixated non-dominant eye). There was a negative correlation between the dominant eye's contribution rate and the control score at a 4-meter distance (r = −0.53, 95%CI: −0.76 to − 0.17). Conclusion: Suppression in intermittent exotropia patients could affect the fusional convergence in the dominant eye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Depressed and non-depressed individuals exhibit variations in ER strategies, notably Adjusting and Tolerating, regardless of age and ability. • In line with various models, suggesting that older adults develop more competence in regulating emotions they reported higher values on all three ER subscales compared to younger adults. • As suggested by the theory of Selection, Optimization, and Compensation in Emotion Regulation (SOC ER) internal and external resources of the residents were related to specific emotion regulation strategies. Providing an empirical basis to include social contacts and mindfulness training in interventions for this patient group. • Psychological interventions that focus on emotion regulation could serve as a promising starting point to increase a more positive image of age in treatment. We aimed to increase the understanding of emotion regulation (ER) and depression in older residents. A sample of depressed and non-depressed nursing home residents (N = 164, M ag e = 82.63) were compared to younger patients with depression (N = 163, M age = 37.4) and a non-clinical student sample (N = 635, M age = 23.82). The Affective Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and in the older adults, cognitive capacity, access to people, and a facet of mindfulness were assessed. With two MANCOVAs ER was compared between the depressed and non-depressed participants. Depressed and non-depressed individuals differed significantly regrading Adjusting and Tolerating after controlling for age, with an interaction significant for Tolerating (p =.034). Access to people and monitoring of experience were significant predictors of ER in residents. Interventions that include ER for older patients in nursing homes as a possibility to reduce age related stereotypes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are extensively utilized in electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage systems, and related fields due to their superior performance and high energy density. However, battery-related incidents, particularly fires, are increasingly common. This paper aims to first summarize the flame behavior of LIBs and then thoroughly examine the factors influencing this behavior. Based on these factors, methods for suppressing LIB flames are identified. The factors affecting flame behavior are categorized into two groups: internal and external. The paper then reviews the flame behavior within battery modules, particularly in confined spaces, from both experimental and simulation perspectives. Furthermore, methods for suppressing battery flames are classified into active and passive techniques, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis of their effectiveness. The paper concludes with a summary and outlook, offering new insights for future research and contributing to the development of safer and more efficient battery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the relationship between reappraisal and suppression with depression and mental well-being among university athletes. It was hypothesized reappraisal would associate with lower depression and greater mental well-being, whereas suppression would associate with greater depression and reduced mental well-being. Employing a cross-sectional design, 427 participants (Mage = 20.18, SD = 1.52; 188 males and 239 females) completed questionnaires assessing mental health and strategy use. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed reappraisal was positively associated, and suppression negatively associated with mental well-being, ΔR2 = 4.8%, ΔF(2, 422) = 17.01, p <.001; suppression, β = −0.08, p =.028; reappraisal, β = 0.21, p <.001, but neither were associated with depression, ΔR2 = 0.4%, ΔF(2, 422) = 1.33, p =.267; suppression, β = 0.06, p =.114; reappraisal, β = 0.03, p =.525. Results highlight reappraisal as correlated with mental well-being in student-athletes, and therefore, reappraisal could be beneficial for managing stress in sport. Reappraisal may implicate how well-being is promoted through sport, but future experimental research is needed to confirm causal relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2017, Blantyre district had the highest adult HIV prevalence in Malawi (17.7%) and lowest viral suppression (60%). In response, the Ministry of Health expanded prevention and treatment services. We assessed whether outreach to social venues could identify individuals with increased HIV acquisition risk or with unsuppressed HIV not currently reached by clinic-based services. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional biobehavioral survey in Blantyre, Malawi, from January to March 2022. We visited social venues where people meet new sexual partners and government clinics providing HIV testing or STI screening. Participants older than 15 years were interviewed and tested for HIV infection if not on ART. HIV recency tests were performed on those testing positive, and dried blood spots (DBS) were collected to quantify viral load and also to identify acute infection in those with HIV- results. Results: HIV prevalence (18.5% vs 8.3%) and unsuppressed HIV infection (3.9% vs 1.7%) were higher among venue-recruited (n = 1802) than among clinic-recruited participants (n = 2313). Among PLHIV at both clinics (n = 199) and venues (n = 289), 79% were virally suppressed. Few had acute (n = 1) or recent infection (n = 8). Among women, HIV prevalence was 4 times higher (38.9% venue vs 8.9% clinic). At clinics, PLHIV reporting visiting venues were less likely to be suppressed (54.6 vs 82.6%). More men at venues than at clinics reported paying for sex (49% vs 30%) or having multiple sex partners in the past 4 weeks (32% vs 16%). Conclusions: Enhanced venue-based prevention and testing for men and women could reduce treatment lapses, onward transmission, and improve HIV treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates biological interactions and social structures within psychological frameworks in different manifestations of dominance and suppression classifying into conscious, subconscious, and unconscious mind states by looking at empirical research and theoretical models. This paper then details their mechanisms and impacts on individual and group behavior by looking into intentional, semi-intentional, and non-intentional mechanisms, respectively. This study explores the role that dominance and suppression play in forming social and biological hierarchies as well as individual psychologies, in addition to outlining the traits and outcomes of each type. The results are intended to advance knowledge of power relations in various contexts and offer new perspectives on the advantages and disadvantages of dominance and suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of childhood emotional maltreatment to depressive symptoms has been well-established in previous research. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research examining the potential role of emotional and cognitive self-regulatory strategies used by individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder to cope with unpleasant experiences. This study aimed to investigate the effects of childhood emotional maltreatment on depressive symptoms in a sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 300), with a specific focus on the mediating role of self-regulatory strategies, including experiential avoidance, cognitive avoidance, and emotional suppression. Participants completed various measures, including the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, the Emotion Regulation Scale, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. The results revealed that childhood emotional maltreatment had a significant direct effect on depressive symptoms, while controlling for the severity of the disease. Furthermore, experiential avoidance was identified as a significant mediator, while cognitive avoidance and emotional suppression did not show any significant mediation effects. These findings suggest that individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder who have experienced emotional maltreatment during childhood may employ ineffective coping mechanisms, which could potentially contribute to the development of depressive symptoms. Hence, when addressing depressive symptoms in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder, it is crucial to consider their experience of childhood maltreatment and the strategies they use in order to effectively manage their distressing encounters, illness, and associated clinical consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study’s aim was to examine the influence of a unique intervention program based on emotional self-awareness and the development of emotional regulation as an important component of SEL combined with metacognitive awareness. Seventy-two third-year preservice teachers participated for one year, tutoring a mathematically challenged student. This intervention was applied to an experimental group where each participant learned to assess his/her emotional state using a special ruler prior to teaching a lesson, and according to the ruler’s assessment results, the preservice teacher was assisted by a variety of emotional regulations as well as metacognitive strategies. A control group learned only metacognitive strategies. This study’s results indicated that experimental group participants showed notable improvement in cognitive reappraisal post-intervention compared to the control group, which showed no change. For metacognitive awareness, in both research groups, an increase was apparent post-intervention. Nevertheless, a comparison of the effect size of differences between the two measurement points indicated that the experimental group exhibited a greater improvement in metacognitive regulation compared to the control group. A significant positive correlation was found in the experimental group between cognitive reappraisal and metacognitive regulation. Assimilation and training of emotional skills among preservice teachers during training are necessary.

Emotional distractors capture spatial attention delaying target search more than neutral distractors. The current study investigated whether emotional attention capture occurs automatically by utilizing statistical learning to suppress attention capture. Participants searched for a target while an emotional or neutral distractor appeared at high (suppressed) or low distractor probability (not suppressed) locations. Experiment 1 (56 subjects) measured target detection latency with a keyboard and Experiment 2 (90 subjects) used computer mouse tracking for measuring emotional capture at higher spatial and temporal resolutions. Results showed that emotional capture of spatial attention was able to be suppressed, but at the cost of producing non-spatial time delays. Furthermore, emotional capture that occurred at non-suppressed locations occurred at relatively late temporal stages after movement initiation and were more likely to occur in individuals with high trait anxiety. Overall, the study demonstrates that emotional capture of spatial attention is not strictly automatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the predictive effect of suppression of positive and negative emotions on loneliness and whether gender moderated the relationship between them in the Turkish population. The sample consisted of 408 (286 females and 122 males) university-attending emerging adults aged 18–25 (M = 20.98, SD = 1.61). The participants completed the measures of suppression sub-dimension of emotion regulation and loneliness, as well as a demographic survey. The results demonstrated that suppression of positive and negative emotions positively predicted loneliness regardless of gender. The findings also indicated that although males compared to females reported significantly greater suppression of positive and negative emotions, there was no significant difference between females and males on loneliness. In conclusion, in the socio-cultural context, hiding emotions in males reduced the socially punishing aspects of suppression but could not provide social gains. Lastly, the findings were discussed in the literature context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controllability beliefs and goodness beliefs about emotion are two fundamental emotion beliefs. The present study considered both controllability beliefs and goodness beliefs to examine whether and how the emotion beliefs of adolescents influence their test anxiety. Besides self‐reported test anxiety (sr‐TA), the present study measured heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR) using custom‐designed wristbands during an exam as indicators of state test anxiety. The GSR was further decomposed into the tonic skin conductance level and the transient skin conductance response. The results revealed that, after controlling the goodness beliefs about anxiety, the controllability beliefs about emotion were negatively related to sr‐TA. This relationship was mediated by suppression. The controllability beliefs about emotion were directly related to the integration of transient skin conductance responses of 5 min before the exam. They were also indirectly related to the integration of transient skin conductance responses of the exam period, whether including the 5 min before the exam or not, and HR during certain periods through suppression. Therefore, adolescents' controllability beliefs about emotion may have important implications for their test anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of creating non-absorption window (NAW) structures in high-power semiconductor laser cavities, techniques like impurity-free vacancy diffusion and rapid thermal annealing induced quantum well intermixing were employed. The challenge is to induce a desired 30 nm blue shift while safeguarding the gain-emitting region from high-temperature annealing O2− bombardment effectively inhibits quantum well mixing, as demonstrated through experiments. Epitaxial wafers subjected to this treatment exhibit just a 1 nm blue shift, compared to 32 nm without O2− bombardment. These findings provide essential insights for protecting the gain-emitting region during NAW structure fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intentional management of naturally ignited wildfires has emerged as a valuable tool for addressing the social and ecological consequences of a century of fire exclusion in policy and practice. Policy in the United States now allows wildfires to be managed for suppression and other than full suppression (OTFS) objectives simultaneously, giving flexibility to local decision makers. Aims: To extend existing research on the history of wildfire management, investigate how wildfire professionals interpret current policy with respect to OTFS management, and better understand how they translate policy into implementation. Methods: Interviews were conducted in south-west United States with wildfire professionals to explore policy's impact on OTFS management. Key results: Respondents reported that while flexible federal policy and interagency guidance was important, suitable landscape conditions, organisational capacity, support from national and regional leadership, updated management plans, increased monitoring capacity, and adequate performance measures also influence the decision to use OTFS strategies. Conclusions: Translating flexible options into feasible operations requires aligning many layers of policy and people using proactive, collaborative, ongoing preparation. Implications: Our research may prompt targeted discussions between management agencies and policymakers to determine how to best support successful management of wildfires OTFS. This research used social science methods to investigate the influential factors on the translation of flexible wildfire policy governing natural ignitions into practice. We found that alignment of organisational capacity, collaborative management planning, and mechanisms to monitor and evaluate progress help facilitate successful reintroduction of wildfire to fire-adapted ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study's aim was to examine the influence of a unique intervention program based on emotional self-awareness and the development of emotional regulation as an important component of SEL combined with metacognitive awareness. Seventy-two third-year preservice teachers participated for one year, tutoring a mathematically challenged student. This intervention was applied to an experimental group where each participant learned to assess his/her emotional state using a special ruler prior to teaching a lesson, and according to the ruler's assessment results, the preservice teacher was assisted by a variety of emotional regulations as well as metacognitive strategies. A control group learned only metacognitive strategies. This study's results indicated that experimental group participants showed notable improvement in cognitive reappraisal post-intervention compared to the control group, which showed no change. For metacognitive awareness, in both research groups, an increase was apparent post-intervention. Nevertheless, a comparison of the effect size of differences between the two measurement points indicated that the experimental group exhibited a greater improvement in metacognitive regulation compared to the control group. A significant positive correlation was found in the experimental group between cognitive reappraisal and metacognitive regulation. Assimilation and training of emotional skills among preservice teachers during training are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Although scientific research is often crucial for efforts to achieve improved environmental regulation for industrial products and processes, scientists who document or publicize research on possible risks can face suppression or censorship by industry, government, and other actors. This study contributes to the sociology of science by examining the challenges and responses of environmental scientists in the U.S. in two research areas: toxic chemicals and climate change. Drawing on comparative and processual methods applied to a small‐N, unique data set of cases, the study conducts formal coding of variables for contextual conditions and four general categories of the suppression sequence: triggering circumstances and actions, suppression actions, responses, and outcomes. The first stage of the analysis identifies significant relationships between contextual conditions and the suppression sequence, such as the different forms of suppression that government employees and university professors face. The second stage identifies three composite processual sequences: employment risk for government scientists, records attacks for both government and university scientists, and reputation attacks on university scientists. Together, the two types of analysis advance research by identifying novel relationships in a more systematic way than is accomplished with the standard approach of one or a few cases. The approach also examines the benefits of a mode of comparative analysis that can be more readily connected with theory testing via process tracing at the case level. The practical issue of responding to suppression or censorship is considered, which could be of value to environmental scientists and their partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms that negatively regulate inflammation upon a pathogenic stimulus are crucial for the maintenance of tissue integrity and organ function. T regulatory cells are one of the main drivers in controlling inflammation. The ability of T regulatory cells to adapt to different inflammatory cues and suppress inflammation is one of the relevant features of T regulatory cells. During this process, T regulatory cells express different transcription factors associated with their counterparts, Th helper cells, including Tbx21 , GATA-3 , Bcl6 , and Rorc. The acquisition of this transcription factor helps the T regulatory cells to suppress and migrate to the different inflamed tissues. Additionally, the T regulatory cells have different mechanisms that preserve stability while acquiring a particular T regulatory cell subtype. This review focuses on describing T regulatory cell subtypes and the mechanisms that maintain their identity in health and diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the transport mechanism is crucial for developing inhibitors that block allergen absorption and transport and prevent allergic reactions. However, the process of how beta-conglycinin, the primary allergen in soybeans, crosses the intestinal mucosal barrier remains unclear. The present study indicated that the transport of beta-conglycinin hydrolysates by IPEC-J2 monolayers occurred in a time- and quantity-dependent manner. The beta-conglycinin hydrolysates were absorbed into the cytoplasm of IPEC-J2 monolayers, while none were detected in the intercellular spaces. Furthermore, inhibitors such as methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) significantly suppressed the absorption and transport of beta-conglycinin hydrolysates. Of particular interest, sodium cromoglycate (SCG) exhibited a quantity-dependent nonlinear suppression model on the absorption and transport of beta-conglycinin hydrolysates. In conclusion, beta-conglycinin crossed the IPEC-J2 monolayers through a transcellular pathway, involving both clathrin-mediated and caveolae-dependent endocytosis mechanisms. SCG suppressed the absorption and transport of beta-conglycinin hydrolysates by the IPEC-J2 monolayers by a quantity-dependent nonlinear model via clathrin-mediated and caveolae-dependent endocytosis. These findings provide promising targets for both the prevention and treatment of soybean allergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punishment such as electric shock or physical discipline employs a mixture of physical pain and emotional distress to induce behavior modification. However, a neural circuit that produces behavior modification by selectively focusing the emotional component, while bypassing the pain typically induced by peripheral nociceptor activation, is not well studied. Here, we show that genetically silencing the activity of neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the parabrachial nucleus blocks the suppression of addictive-like behavior induced by footshock. Furthermore, activating CGRP neurons suppresses not only addictive behavior induced by self-stimulating dopamine neurons but also behavior resulting from self-administering cocaine, without eliciting nocifensive reactions. Moreover, among multiple downstream targets of CGRP neurons, terminal activation of CGRP in the central amygdala is effective, mimicking the results of cell body stimulation. Our results indicate that unlike conventional electric footshock, stimulation of CGRP neurons does not activate peripheral nociceptors but effectively curb addictive behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion suppression may be linked to poor health outcomes through elevated stress-related physiology. The current meta-analyses investigate the magnitude of the association between suppression and physiological responses to active psychological stress tasks administered in the laboratory. Relevant articles were identified through Medline, PsychINFO, PubMed, and ProQuest. Studies were eligible if they (a) used a sample of healthy, human subjects; (b) assessed physiology during a resting baseline and active psychological stress task; and (c) measured self-report or experimentally manipulated suppression. Twenty-four studies were identified and grouped within two separate random effects meta-analyses based on study methodology, namely, manipulated suppression (k = 12) and/or self-report (k = 14). Experimentally manipulated suppression was associated with greater physiological stress reactivity compared to controls (Hg = 0.20, 95% CI [0.08, 0.33]), primarily driven by cardiac, hemodynamic, and neuroendocrine parameters. Self-report trait suppression was not associated with overall physiological stress reactivity but was associated with greater neuroendocrine reactivity (r = 0.08, 95% CI [0.01, 0.14]). Significant moderator variables were identified (i.e., type/duration of stress task, nature of control instructions, type of physiology, and gender). This review suggests that suppression may exacerbate stress-induced physiological arousal; however, this may differ based upon the chosen methodological assessment of suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the role of alpha in the suppression of attention capture by salient but to-be-suppressed (negative and nonpredictive) color cues, expecting a potential boosting effect of alpha-rhythmic entrainment on feature-specific cue suppression. We did so by presenting a rhythmically flickering visual bar of 10 Hz before the cue - either on the cue's side or opposite the cue -while an arrhythmically flickering visual bar was presented on the respective other side. We hypothesized that rhythmic entrainment at cue location could enhance the suppression of the cue. Testing 27 participants ranging from 18 to 39 years of age, we found both behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of suppression: Search times for a target at a negatively cued location were delayed relative to a target away from the cued location (inverse validity effects). In addition, an event-related potential indicative for suppression (the Distractor Positivity, Pd) was observed following rhythmic but not arrhythmic stimulation, indicating that suppression was boosted by the stimulation. This was also echoed in higher spectral power and intertrial phase coherence of EEG at rhythmically versus arrhythmically stimulated electrode sites, albeit only at the second harmonic (20 Hz), but not at the stimulation frequency. In addition, inverse validity effects were not modulated by rhythmic entrainment congruent with the cue side. Hence, we propose that rhythmic visual stimulation in the alpha range could support suppression, though behavioral evidence remains elusive, in contrast to electrophysiological findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Intentional removal of unwanted information allows us to focus on our current goals. Previous research has shown that suppressing the maintenance of neutral images in working memory can impair access to that information in immediate and delayed memory tests. However, it remains unclear whether maintenance suppression has the same impact on emotionally valenced images. Intrusive thinking (e.g., rumination) often involves negative thoughts that persist as individuals attempt to push them out of mind. Given the emotional nature of intrusive information that can repeatedly enter working memory, it is important to understand how the valence of information affects the ability to remove it. Participants in a non-clinical sample completed a working memory removal experiment using group-normed images with positive and negative valence. Participants encoded two images of the same valence on each trial, were cued to suppress or maintain one of them during a brief delay period, and then responded to a memory probe in which they indicated whether the test image had been presented on the current trial, regardless of whether or how it was cued. Our results demonstrate that participants were faster, relative to uncued items, to endorse an item that had been cued for maintenance, and slower to endorse an item that had been cued for suppression. Importantly, this pattern held for both positive and negative items and did not differ between valences. These findings replicate those obtained using emotionally neutral stimuli. Thus, this study demonstrates that maintenance suppression reduces the accessibility of visual information in working memory, regardless of its emotional valence, and suggests that this cognitive strategy could potentially be an effective tool in reducing intrusive thoughts that occupy the focus of attention.

IntroductionYersinia enterocolitica (Ye) is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes gastrointestinal infections. The myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) constitute a cellular population with the capacity of inducing the specific suppression of T cells. Although there is evidence supporting the role of MDSCs in controlling the immune responses in several bacterial infections, its role during Ye infection has not yet been reported. Therefore, the purpose of the present work was to analyze MDSCs after oral Ye infection.MethodsC57BL/6 wild-type mice were infected with Ye WAP-314 serotype O:8. The proliferation of splenocytes and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) cells was measured as well as the levels of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in culture supernatants. The frequency and subsets of MDSCs were analyzed in the intestinal mucosa and spleen by flow cytometry. Furthermore, monocytic-MDSCs (Mo-MDSCs) and polymorphonuclear-MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) were purified from the spleen of infected mice and their suppressor activity was evaluated in co-cultures with purified T cells.Resultswe observed a marked expansion of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells, a phenotype consistent with MDSCs, in the spleen and intestinal mucosa of Ye-infected mice. Interestingly, a robust proliferation of splenocytes and MLN cells was observed only when the MDSCs were depleted or the NO production was blocked. In addition, we determined that only Mo-MDSCs had the ability to suppress T-cell proliferation.ConclusionOur results highlight a mechanism by which Ye may induce suppression of the immune responses. We suggest that NO-producing Mo-MDSCs expand and accumulate in MLN and spleen of Ye-infected mice. These cells can then suppress the T-cell function without interfering with the anti-bacterial effector response. Instead, these immature myeloid cells may perform an important function in regulating the inflammatory response and protecting affected tissues.

One driving factor for attention deployment towards a stimulus is its associated value due to previous experience and learning history. Previous visual search studies found that when looking for a target, distractors associated with higher reward produce more interference (e.g., longer response times). The present study investigated the neural mechanism of such value-driven attention deployment. Specifically, we were interested in which of the three attention sub-processes are responsible for the interference that was repeatedly observed behaviorally: enhancement of relevant information, attentional capture by irrelevant information, or suppression of irrelevant information. We replicated earlier findings showing longer response times and lower accuracy when a target competed with a high-reward compared to a low-reward distractor. We also found a spatial gradient of interference: behavioral performance dropped with increasing proximity to the target. This gradient was steeper for high- than low-reward distractors. Event-related potentials of the EEG signal showed the reason for the reward-induced attentional bias: High-reward distractors required more suppression than low-reward distractors as evident in larger Pd components. This effect was only found for distractors near targets, showing the additional filtering needs required for competing stimuli in close proximity. As a result, fewer attentional resources can be distributed to the target when it competes with a high-reward distractor, as evident in a smaller target-N2pc amplitude. The distractor-N2pc, indicative of attentional capture, was neither affected by distance nor reward, showing that attentional capture alone cannot explain interference by stimuli of high value. In sum our results show that the higher need for suppression of high-value stimuli contributes to reward-modulated attention deployment and increased suppression can prevent attentional capture of high-value stimuli.

ABSTRACT Plasmodium species are responsible for the transmission of malaria, which is still one of the most dangerous diseases to humans in the world. This study aimed to evaluate the suppressive effect of SB on parasitemia in mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi infection. A total of 30 disease-free mice were randomly assigned to six groups. The first control non-infected group received only distilled water daily for 7 days by oral route. After being infected with 106 of P. chabaudi in the other five groups, the mice were gavaged with 0.2mL/mice of a solution containing either 25%, 50%, or 100% of SB, respectively. The fifth group orally received 10mg/ kg chloroquine phosphate (CQ). The sixth set of mice served as the infected group. Following the administration of treatments during a suppression test that lasted for five days, a daily examination of blood smears stained with Giemsa was performed. Sheep bile was able to decrease parasitemia nearly to the used reference drug, chloroquine. In addition, bile significantly decreased the diarrhea rate of infection in mice, the survival rate of mice, the parasitemia percentage, and the suppression ratio. The parasite's caused histological change was enhanced by the SB. After treatment, there was also a rise in the amounts of the liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. Findings indicate that bile has antimalarial activity and can control parasitemia percentage and parasite suppression. We need further investigations to determine the mechanisms of action of the bile in vivo.