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Biodiesel represents a promising solution for sustainable energy needs, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional fossil fuels. In this research, we investigate the use of a catalyst derived from mussel shells to facilitate biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil. Our findings from X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis emphasize the importance of carefully selecting calcination temperatures for mussel shell-based catalysts, with 1100 °C identified as optimal for maximizing CaO content. We identify a reaction time of 6 h as potentially optimal, with a reaction temperature of approximately 110 °C yielding the desired methyl ester composition. Notably, a methanol-to-oil ratio of 18:1 is the most favorable condition, and the optimal methyl ester composition is achieved at a calcined catalyst temperature of 900 °C. We also assess the stability of the catalyst, demonstrating its potential for reuse up to five times. Additionally, a thorough analysis of J. curcas Methyl Ester (JCME) biodiesel properties confirmed compliance with industry standards, with variations attributed to the unique characteristics of JCME. Comparing homogeneous (NaOH) and heterogeneous (CaO) catalysts highlights the potential of environmentally sourced heterogeneous catalysts to replace their homogeneous counterparts while maintaining efficiency. Our study presents a novel approach to sustainable biodiesel production, outlining optimal conditions and catalyst stability and highlighting additional benefits compared with NaOH catalysts. Therefore, utilizing mussel shell waste for catalyst synthesis can efficiently eliminate waste and produce cost-effective catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel represents a promising solution for sustainable energy needs, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional fossil fuels. In this research, we investigate the use of a catalyst derived from mussel shells to facilitate biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil. Our findings from X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis emphasize the importance of carefully selecting calcination temperatures for mussel shell-based catalysts, with 1100 °C identified as optimal for maximizing CaO content. We identify a reaction time of 6 h as potentially optimal, with a reaction temperature of approximately 110 °C yielding the desired methyl ester composition. Notably, a methanol-to-oil ratio of 18:1 is the most favorable condition, and the optimal methyl ester composition is achieved at a calcined catalyst temperature of 900 °C. We also assess the stability of the catalyst, demonstrating its potential for reuse up to five times. Additionally, a thorough analysis of J. curcas Methyl Ester (JCME) biodiesel properties confirmed compliance with industry standards, with variations attributed to the unique characteristics of JCME. Comparing homogeneous (NaOH) and heterogeneous (CaO) catalysts highlights the potential of environmentally sourced heterogeneous catalysts to replace their homogeneous counterparts while maintaining efficiency. Our study presents a novel approach to sustainable biodiesel production, outlining optimal conditions and catalyst stability and highlighting additional benefits compared with NaOH catalysts. Therefore, utilizing mussel shell waste for catalyst synthesis can efficiently eliminate waste and produce cost-effective catalysts.

This study aims to identify current and future research trends in sustainable bioenergy production. The systematic review is conducted using a social network analysis method. The data were collected from the Web of Science and Scopus database (2010–2021). Out of the 1747 articles reviewed, 100 were found to be relevant for thematic analysis. The results uncovered four domains of palm oil biodiesel production for sustainable energy management: (1) renewable energy, (2) biodiesel, (3) bioenergy, and (4) life cycle assessment. This study has proposed a sustainable bioenergy production framework based on the four main domains. The framework sheds light on the future of sustainable bioenergy production. The findings indicate the potential growth of the research topic, including sustainable bioenergy, palm oil biodiesel, energy management, and carbon emissions reduction. Future research must incorporate the energy management framework to design a sustainable energy management ecosystem strategy. In addition, the industry must comply with the international sustainability standard and sustainable development goals to manage the energy supply chain and consistency of palm oil biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous enhancement in the productivities of microalgal biomass and lipids that are inversely correlated to each other has been a long-standing challenge before the scientists engaged in algal biodiesel research and innovation. This study, develops an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model and uses multi-objective optimization approach to determine the process parameters, namely, light intensity, CO 2 %, air flow rate, and C/N ratio to maximize biomass and lipid productivities of microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana, simultaneously. Experimental data based on central composite design (CCD) were used to train a feed-forward multilayer ANN with four critical parameters. The global sensitivity analysis was performed on the trained ANN model using Sobol's method to assess the relative significance of the four process variables. Since the objectives of maximizing biomass and lipid productivities conflict with each other, multi-objective optimization approach was used for deriving the optimal process parameters, experimental validation of which resulted in approximately 3 times increase in biomass productivity and 7 times increase in lipid productivity. On transesterification of the lipid, the biodiesel product with saturated to unsaturated fatty acids ratio of 48:52 conformed very well to the international standards, ASTM D6751 and EN14214, thereby making it an environment friendly green biofuel. Thus, the present study showcases the successful application of machine learning tool in analysing the global sensitivity analysis of process variables, and employ it for multi-objective optimization towards achieving maximum microalgal biomass and lipid productivities concomitantly for potentially sustainable production of biodiesel. [Display omitted] • Artificial Neural Network to develop a model for enhance biomass and lipid productivities • Sobol's sensitive analysis to assess the impact of four parameters on the process performance • Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) for multi-objective optimization to determine the trade-off between biomass and lipid productivities • Validation study of the predicted conditions for enhanced biomass and lipid productivities • FAME analysis of lipid from ANN-GA optimized condition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous catalysis has a rich history in energy production through the transformation of oils and free fatty acids (FFA) into biodiesel which is composed of fatty acid alkyl esters and produced via transesterification and esterification reactions. Biodiesel, which possesses similar physicochemical properties to those of conventional petro-diesel, is considered a suitable alternative that can be blended with diesel and used in engines without modification. The production of biodiesel through transesterification/esterification reactions is dependent on suitable catalysts to accelerate the chemical reactions. As such, the development of new catalysts has been pursued over the past decades to find materials that can improve fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE) yields. A variety of solid families have been used as efficient catalysts for biodiesel production. However, the review primary aims are to provide a first comprehensive overview and a database of various base and acid catalysts derived from apatites for biodiesel synthesis via transesterification of feedstocks containing low levels of fatty acid and esterification of highly acidic feedstocks. To achieve this goal, we present the different outlines of apatite materials and classify the derived catalysts into various categories in order to understand the unique characteristics of each one. This exploration also highlights biodiesel production methods, feedstocks and factors influencing biodiesel yields. Furthermore, we provide mechanistic insights, limitations and future perspectives. [Display omitted] • Catalytic routes for biodiesel production by transesterification and/or esterification reactions are reviewed. • Highlights current technologies on acid-base apatite-based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. • Apatite-based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production are reviewed and classified. • Biodiesel production from various feedstocks using base and acid apatite-derived catalysts has been detailed. • Challenges of apatite-based and future prospects are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biodiesel was produced using PES membrane immobilized with alumina-calcium oxide. • Biodiesel yield declined in the first three cycles and then remained constant. • Antifouling membrane surface allowed recovering yield through butanol backwashing. • After 30 days of storage in reaction mixture, biodiesel yield did not change. • Antifouling catalytic membranes contribute to sustainable biodiesel production. Biodiesel is an alternative biofuel that can be blended with conventional petroleum-derived diesel fuel to partly reduce the dependence on the imported oil. Catalytic membrane reactors are promising candidates for sustainable biodiesel production. Herein, we report a novel catalytically active polydopamine-modified poly (ether sulfone) (PES) membrane immobilized with an alumina-calcium oxide catalyst. The reaction temperature, butanol to canola oil ratio, and transmembrane pressure applied through the membrane were optimized with response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design. In contrast to all previous catalytic membrane studies for biodiesel production, we used butanol as a co-reactant to improve the winter problems of biodiesel made with methanol. FTIR and SEM-EDX analysis confirmed the successful immobilization of the catalyst. At the end of 30 days of storage in the reactant mixture, 95% of the catalyst loaded to the membrane was still on the surface, and biodiesel yield values and butanol flux of the membrane did not change. We compared the batch and flow-through operation modes by measuring the catalytic activity of membranes under static and dynamic conditions within 24 h (8-cycle). The biodiesel yield under dynamic condition decreased in the first three cycles from 54.54 ± 0.65% to 47.31 ± 0.70% and then stayed constant, whereas a continuous decrease from 25.42 ± 0.57% to 17.19 ± 0.58% was observed under static condition. In each cycle, the equilibrium limitation for the yield was overcome only when the membrane was operated under pressure. The main reason for the decrease in catalytic activities was the fouling on the catalyst surface which was quickly removed by backwashing with butanol. It is concluded that catalytic membranes with antifouling properties and alcohol stability can make biodiesel production more cost-effective and environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]