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Copyright of Arts for Linguistic & Literary Studies is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The description of the phenomenon of vocal stress in Arabic has attracted the interest of many researchers, however, the explanation of this phenomenon - that is, why it is as it is and not otherwise - has not received any attention. This research aims to build a theory to explain the phenomenon of stress at the word level in Arabic, based on the assumption that stress is a phonetic, phonological, and morphological phenomenon at the same time. To prove this, we adopted a physical experimental methodology to study the evolution of the variables of elongation, attenuation, nunation, and syllabic structure in relation to stress. We consider all these phenomena to be phonetic, phonological, and morphological in nature at the same time. The study required the definition of two concepts to explain the phenomenon of stress. The first is "linear effort" and the second is "return vowel". The concept of linear effort is based on the fact that the air stock during the phonetic realization of a speech decreases linearly in parallel with the flow of speech over time. While the concept of return vowel is based on the fact that the origin of the speech structure is that each consonant is followed by a vowel, and deviating from this principle, the vowel after attenuation has more energy due to the return of the original deleted vowel. The research resulted in the conclusion that the determination of stress is based on the interaction of the mentioned variables according to a hierarchical principle as follows: Return vowel > Elongation > Linear Effort > Nunation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study, "Phonemic Inventory in Mising Language," discusses the Mising language of Assam. The research study has been conducted to find out the phonological features of the language. According to the 2011 Indian Census, the total population of Mising is around 6,000 people. Mising belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan group, residing on the banks of the Brahmaputra Valley in Assam and in some parts of Arunachal Pradesh. The paper attempts to discuss "Phonemic Inventory in Mising Language." The Mising language has a total of twenty-eight (29) segmental phonemes in its phonetic inventory, including fourteen vowels (14) and fifteen (15) consonants. Firstly, the paper emphasises the consonant sound in the language. Plosive/p, b, t, d, k/, nasal/m, n/, trill/r/, fricative/s, z/, approximant/j/, and lateral approximant/l/are among the fourteen consonant sounds in the language. Secondly, the paper will emphasise the vowel sounds in the Mising language, including long and short vowels,/i, i:, e, e:, a, a:, o, o:, u, u:, ɨ, ɨ:, ə, ə:/. The paper focuses on contrastive pairs and the syllabic structure found in the language. Lastly, the paper attempts to find out the variety of consonant sequences in the language: germination, homorganic, and contiguous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on Faroese preaspiration, a phenomenon observed in Western Nordic and in some Eastern Nordic dialects, where fortis stops are preceded by a glottal frication noise in specific contexts. After observing all environments where the mechanism is triggered, I provide phonological representations of the phenomena based on Government Phonology 2.0. In this model, the segmental structures contain melody but also space, which allows for intersegmental relations such as lengthening, even without adding new morphological material. As preaspiration depends on the vowel preceding the fortis stop—more precisely, on its vocalic quality and length—I propose analyzing preaspiration as a spreading of the fortis consonant toward the vowel on the left. In doing so, I provide a unified analysis of all environments in which preaspiration occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to find out the type of onomatopoeia that used in the comic, the meaning of the onomatopoeic word, and the syllabic structure of the onomatopoeic word. The object of this research is a Peanut comic by Charles M. Schulz. The theory used in this research is based on Ullman’s theory. The result showed that there were two types of onomatopoeias found in the comic, the primary and secondary onomatopoeias. From 71 words, the dominant type found was the secondary onomatopoeia. It was also found that some forms of onomatopoeia have the same word with different meaning, depended on the subject and object that produces the sound. Some words come up more than once according to the storyline in the comic. The form of syllabic structure that the mostly used is Consonant-Consonant-Vocal-Consonant or CCVC, there were 20 out of a total 71 onomatopoeia that have the CCVC form.

Abdolmaleki is spoken by a tribe in coastal part of Miankaleh, Behshahr. This dialect is somewhat different from other Orami dialects, common in Kermanshah, due to remoteness from its origin, Horaman. In this study, after describing syllabic structure of Abdolmaleki dialect, some of its most important phonological processes in common words with standard Persian have been examined. After analyzing each process, specific rule is presented. Applying a descriptive-analytic method, the data is analyzed within generative phonology and optimality theory. Some of the results are: 1. The syllabic structure of Abdolmaleki dialect consists of eight syllables; 2. At the beginning of the syllable, there may be a consonant cluster; 3. Various phonological processes such as assimilation, dissimilation, deletion, insertion, weakening, and metathesis are active; 4. The sequence of two consonants / n / and / d / is not used in the speech; 5. In analyzing the metathesis process, three limitations of linearity, SCL, and SSP are involved; 6. In the weakening process, lazy restriction has priority over all restraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the phenomena of sound changes, i.e., changes of single segmental sound of consonants, found in cognates shared by Indonesian and Palembang Malay. A list containing 2,535 cognates shared by Indonesian and Palembang Malay becomes the corpus. Since Indonesian is a modern language derived from Standard Malay, it becomes the reference language in the efforts of descriptions. Consonant strengthening, fortition, consonant weakening, lenition, and glottalization become the phenomena found in the consonant changes. Various syllabic structures in which the consonants distributed are also described. The differences of productivity of certain consonant-changes compared to others are found. The productivity shows that, compared to Indonesian, the occurrences of weaker consonants lenis consonants are more productive in Palembang Malay. Abstrak Artikel ini membahas gejala penggantian bunyi, yakni penggantian bunyi-segmental konsonan tunggal, yang didapati dalam kognat atau kata seasal yang dimiliki bersama oleh bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Melayu Palembang. Sebuah daftar yang memuat 2.535 kognat dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Melayu Palembang menjadi korpus. Karena merupakan bahasa modern yang terderivasi dari bahasa Melayu Baku, bahasa Indonesia menjadi bahasa acuan dalam pembahasan. Penguatan konsonan, fortisi, pelemahan konsonan, lenisi, dan glotalisasi menjadi gejala yang didapati dalam penggantian konsonan. Struktur suku kata yang di dalamnya konsonan tersebut di atas terdistribusi juga dibahas. Didapati perbedaan produktivitas gejala penggantian konsonan tertentu dibandingkan dengan gejala yang lain. Produktivitas itu menunjukkan bahwa jika dibandingkan dengan bahasa Indonesia, kehadiran konsonan lemah atau konsonan lenis lebih produktif dalam bahasa Melayu Palembang.

This paper is concerned with the relation between syllabic organization and intersegmental spatiotemporal coordination using Electromagnetic Articulometry recordings from seven speakers of American English (henceforth, English). Whereas previous work on English has focused on word-initial clusters (preceding a vowel whose identity was not systematically varied), the present work examined word-medial clusters /pl, kl, sp, sk/ in the context of three different vowel heights (high, mid, low). Our results provide evidence for a global organization for the segments involved in these cluster-vowel combinations. This is reflected in a number of ways: compression of the prevocalic consonant and reduction of CV timing in the word-medial cluster case compared to its singleton paired word in both stop-lateral and s-stop clusters, early vowel initiation (as permitted by the clusters' phonetic properties), and presence of compensatory relations between phonetic properties of different segments or intersegmental transitions within each cluster. In other words, we find that the global organization presiding over the segments partaking in these word-medial tautosyllabic CCVs is pleiotropic, that is, simultaneously expressed in multiple phonetic exponents rather than via a privileged metric such as c-center stability or any other such given single measure employed in previous works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The length and complexity of syllable structure in the utterances of the children increase with ageing. According to the role of the syllable in the speech process, performance of developmental studies on syllable acquisition in children are essential. The present study aimed to investigate the development and attainment of syllable structure and the distribution of syllable pattern in Azeri-speaking children. Materials and Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted on seventeen Azeri-speaking children (18-24 months old) selected by the cluster sampling method from Tabriz’s kindergartens and followed for 6 months. A researcher-made vocabulary sheet, vocabulary list, and verbal play were used to record children's expressive vocabulary. After collecting each child's vocabulary list, the target vocabulary was classified by syllable number and syllable structure. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Results: In children aged 18 and 19 months, 67% of vocabulary words were monosyllable, 24% bisyllable, and 9% more than bisyllable. The highest amount of syllable pattern production for monosyllable and bisyllable was CVC (36%) and CVCV (52%), respectively. Distribution of syllable patterns changed with age, as well as patterns became more complex. In these two months, the rate of usage of open and closed syllables was 35% and 65%, respectively; this ratio was constant with age. Conclusion: The children produced coda consonants before they were able to distinguish vowel length. Closed syllables were earned earlier than the vowel length, and obstruent consonants at the syllable coda position before sonorant consonants. At first, the children were not able to distinguish vowel length, but with age, they showed short and long vowels representation.

The fact that phonological objects may be present in the lexical entry of the root but absent from the surface realization is made possible by the restricted configuration of the syllabic space: the structure does not offer enough space for all the melodic elements to be associated and realized at the surface. The external plural in Kabyle presents melodic elements that are absent in the singular form, e.g. iddəw ~ iddaw-n "monkey", iccəw ~ acciw-n "horn", izəm ~ izmaw-n "lion" (-n is the suffix of the plural). Since these elements cannot be predicted, they must belong to the root and they are absent in the singular because of the restriction of the syllabic space, the template. My proposal is that the form of the singular in Kabyle nouns can be constrained by the size of the template, i.e. in Kabyle the interpretation of the melody is constrained by the syllabic structure.

Native speakers use suprasegmental information to predict words, but less is known about segmental information. Moreover, anticipatory studies with non-native speakers are scarce and mix proficiency with anticipatory experience. To address these limitations, we investigated whether Spanish monolinguals and advanced English learners of Spanish use suprasegmentals (stress: oxytone, paroxytone) and segmentals (syllabic structure: CVC, CV) to predict word suffixes, and whether increased anticipatory experience acquired via interpreting will facilitate anticipation in non-interpreting L2 situations. Eye-tracking data revealed that: (1) the three groups made use of the linguistic variables, and L2 groups did not anticipate in CV paroxytones; (2) everybody anticipated better with the less frequent conditions (oxytones, CVC) having fewer lexical competitors; (3) monolinguals anticipated earlier than L2 learners; and (4) interpreters anticipated at a faster rate in some conditions. These findings indicate that less frequent suprasegmental and segmental information and anticipatory experience facilitate native and non-native spoken word prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at supplementing the results obtained in Papini 2019. In particular, I will consider the position of the investigated /<ĕ> and /<ē> graphemic oscillations with respect to both 1) lexical stress (distinguishing between misspellings occurring in stressed and unstressed position) and 2) syllabic structure (i.e., open vs closed syllables). The aim of the present paper is to verify whether the relationship between the investigated spelling variations and these two variables might be regarded as simply due to chance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pajouhan Scientific Journal is the property of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed at examining the impact of phonemes and lexical status on phonological manipulation among pre-school children. Specifically, we tested the impact of phonemic positions (initial vs. final) and lexical status (shared, spoken, standard and pseudo-words) on phonemic isolation performance. Participants were 1012 children from the second year (K2) and third year (K2) in kindergarten. The results of the ANOVAs revealed significant effect of the phonemes' position on the phonemic isolation performance whereas the performance was easier with the initial rather than the final phonemes. Also, the repeated measure analysis showed that the lexical status also impacts the phonemic isolation performance. The performance in pseudo-words was lower than all the others. However, the other clusters of real words did not differ. The results are discussed in the light of previous findings in the literature and of differences in the syllabic structures of the words that may influence phonological awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Old/Middle Chinese codas of the entering tone are well preserved in Sino-Korean except for Chinese *-t, which changed to Sino-Korean -l. This article claims that Old Chinese coda *-t changed to Sino-Korean -l because coda -t was not fully developed in Old Korean by the time the Sino-Korean phonological system was formed in the eighth century. This article also proposes that the syllabic structure of Old Sino-Korean was (C)V at the earliest stage and gradually changed to (C)V(C). Evidence is presented from place names of the Samguk sagi along with other relevant Old Sino-Korean materials. The results of this study suggest we must reject the views that Sino-Korean coda -l developed under the influence of similar changes that occurred in Chinese dialects, that Middle Chinese coda -t remained the same in Sino-Korean until the sixth century but changed to -l in the seventh century, or that it was realized as -r due to phonetic adjustment caused by released codas of Old Korean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two major word formation processes exist in Hebrew (in addition to minor compounds, blends and acronyms): (a) nonlinear formation: a combination of consonantal root with template, e.g. higdil 'increased' and migdal 'tower' are derived from the root vgdl using the templates hiCCiC and miCCaC; (b) linear formation: affixation to a stem, for example balšanut 'linguistics' from balšan 'linguist' + -ut, and xidon 'quiz' from xida 'riddle' + -on. The ending -on exhibits ambiguous cases of root and template construction as opposed to suffixed word formations. In many cases this ending is built using the nominal templates CiCaCon, CiCCon and CaCCon, the first of which usually create abstract nouns. In other cases -on is attached to various stems carrying the following connotations which are not always mutually exclusive, and sometimes share some of their meanings with words formed by the above templates: diminutive (e.g. suson 'small horse'); collective (e.g. še'elon 'questionnaire'); instrumental (e.g. 'ecba'on 'thimble'); flora and fauna (e.g. zeron 'harrier (bird)'); periodicals (e.g. šavu'on 'weekly newspaper'); and division related words (e.g. 'axuzon 'percentile'). Thus the ending -on creates opacity as part of a template and as a suffix for both derivational processes and meanings. One outcome of the findings is that syllabic structure is the most important factor in determining Hebrew word structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the Basque phonological process that affricates sibilant fricatives following sonorant consonants. The analysis of this process is particularly adequate for the discussion of the reciprocal relationship between phonetics and phonology as proposed by Natural Phonology. Within that theoretical framework, this study investigates the phonetic motivation of phonology; on the other hand, the perceptual –perhaps also productive– consequences of the language-specific phonemic systems are explored by comparing the Basque affrication process with the better known English process of stop insertion. It is argued that the terminological choice between affrication and insertion might not be a trivial issue, but the reflection of some difference in the phonological processing of basically equivalent phonetic conditions. The optimization of syllable structure is presented as another possible element in the shaping of the phonological process and an important factor of its relative relevance in typologically different languages. Some comments on spectrographic images are provided in section 3, in order to show the kind of observations that prompted this ongoing research

During the last few decades, empirical research on reading has shown increasing interest in syllable units. More recently, stress assignment has become a particular focus of interest. The relation between syllables and stress, however, has yet to be investigated for Italian. In this paper, we describe a new database, STRESYL, that can help researchers to investigate the relation between syllables and stress in Italian. STRESYL offers type and token measures relating stress information to syllable units, both in terms of syllable forms and syllabic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the challenges of child language research is to identify the relevant factors that play a role in the acquisition course of a particular linguistic feature. This article analyzes the role of stress, word position, and word length in the acquisition of coda consonants by Catalan and Spanish children. The fact that the two languages differ substantially in their coda distribution (e.g., stressed word-final codas are more frequent in Catalan than in Spanish) will allow us to test the potential effects of coda distribution in the target language on early coda production. Sixteen Catalan-dominant and Spanish-dominant two-year-olds from the Barcelona area participated in two elicitation tasks with both novel and familiar words of different phonological shapes. Coda productions were assessed in stressed vs. unstressed syllables, in word-medial vs. word-final syllables, and in monosyllables vs. polysyllables. Results showed that the distributional difference between coda consonants in the two languages has crucial effects on the children's coda production. That is, Catalan-dominant children produce significantly more stressed word-final codas than Spanish-dominant children. This result lends support to the idea that when prominence is held equal, as in a controlled experiment, there are still crosslinguistic differences in coda production that are consistent with the frequency distribution of coda consonants in the respective languages, which means that children are very closely attuned to the frequency patterns of prosodic structure in the input language and are aware of their specific distributions across the lexicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sistan is one of the eastern cities of Iran. It has local people with local dialect. The dialect has specific characteristics in phonology, phonetics, morphology and etc. The unique characteristic of Sistani dialect is its initially consonant cluster that makes this dialect different from the standard Persian, so vowels are placed in a different ordering. It is affected by two phonological processes and in a specific situation. Generative phonology will help us understand the underlying level of language in Sistani dialect and can discover the reason of the existent consonant clusters. This study is an attempt to discover the phonological processes which might occur in the beginning of words and make initially consonant clusters. The first one found is the centralization process, and the second one, the syncope process. These processes act as consecutives. Consequently, short vowels are converted to //, then // is converted to // and two consonant remain in line with each other and make different syllabic structures. The results revealed that in addition to CV(C)(C), C(C)V(C)(C) syllabic structure also exists in Sistani dialect. It is worth mentioning that C(C)V(C)(C) syllabic structure is just found in surface structure of Sistani dialect. Its deep structure is different: CV(C)(C), as it is in Persian dialect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the Basque phonological process that affricates sibilant fricatives following sonorant consonants. The analysis of this process is particularly adequate for the discussion of the reciprocal relationship between phonetics and phonology as proposed by Natural Phonology. Within that theoretical framework, this study investigates the phonetic motivation of phonology; on the other hand, the perceptual --perhaps also productive-- consequences of the language-specific phonemic systems are explored by comparing the Basque affrication process with the better known English process of stop insertion. It is argued that the terminological choice between affrication and insertion might not be a trivial issue, but the reflection of some difference in the phonological processing of basically equivalent phonetic conditions. The optimization of syllable structure is presented as another possible element in the shaping of the phonological process and an important factor of its relative relevance in typologically different languages. Some comments on spectrographic images are provided in section 3, in order to show the kind of observations that prompted this ongoing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkish roots are divided into two groups: regular and irregular (i.e. Sezer) roots. Regular roots have stress on the last vowel and stress moves rightwards in suffixation. Irregular roots are not stressed on the last vowel and the vowel of the root keeps its stress in suffixation. While all agree that regular stress falls on the last vowel, no one has, to my knowledge, explained how it is assigned. Contrary to popular assumptions, I argue that the fact that roots ending in a consonant and ending in a vowel can form a natural class in having regular stress on the final vowel, leads to the conclusion that Turkish regular stress falls on the penultimate nucleus. I propose that roots and suffixes end in a trochaic foot whose dependent position is restricted to a nucleus with no content. This trochaic foot allows me to establish a link between regular stress and the operation of high vowels spread, make sense of affixal allomorphy and eventually derive the asymmetry of word-final cluster configurations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]