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Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) ���Atlantic lizardfish Taxonomy. First record from Lebanon as Saurus fasciatus, Risso = S. griseus, Lowe by Gruvel (1931: 86); subsequently recorded as Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) by George et al. (1931: 12); as Synodus saurus (Linnaeus) by Mouneimn�� (1977: 61); recently recorded as Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) by Mouneimn�� (2002: 87���88); recently recorded as Synodus saurus by Bariche et al. (2009:3); as Synodus saurus by Aguillar et al. (2018: 83). Material in collection: AUBM and FMNH. Distribution. Western Atlantic from Bermuda and Bahamas to Lesser Antilles; eastern Atlantic from Morocco, Madeira and Azores to Cape Verde Islands; Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Marmara. Conservation. IUCN: Global (LC: 4 February 2009); Med. (LC: 16 November 2007). Capture and threats: FIT, FIB, NIS, unknown. Occurrence: Rare. Low priority for conservation action. Beloniformes, Published as part of Bariche, Michel & Fricke, Ronald, 2020, The marine ichthyofauna of Lebanon: an annotated checklist, history, biogeography, and conservation status, pp. 1-157 in Zootaxa 4775 (1) on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4775.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3983887, {"references":["Gruvel, A. (1931) Les Etats de Syrie. Richesses marines et fluviales. Exploitation actuelle-Avenir. Societe d'Editions Geographiques, Maritimes et Coloniale, 453 pp.","Mouneimne, N. (1977) Liste des poissons de la cote du Liban (Mediterranee orientale). Cybium, 3 (1), 37 - 66.","Mouneimne, N. (2002) Poissons marins du Liban et de la Mediterranee orientale. INCAM-EU / CNRS Lebanon, Beyrouth, 271 pp."]}

Bu çalışmada, Antalya Körfezi'nde dağılım gösteren lokum balığının (Synodus saurus) fekondite ve yumurta çapı değerleri saptanmıştır. Fekondite 13516-149497 arasında, ortalama 93520±11012.77 (n:16) olarak bulunmuştur. Çatal boy-fekondite arasındaki ilişki F= 2748*L10842(R2=0.0531), ağırlık-fekondite arasındaki ilişki F= 136W + 78155 (R2=0.016) şeklinde tespit edilmiş olup çatal boy-fekondite ve ağırlık-fekondite arasında bir ilişki gözlenmemiştir. Toplam 1055 adet yumurtanın çapları 0.075 mm ile 1.45 mm arasında, ortalama 0.346 mm ±0.006 olarak saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmada ortaya konan yumurta çapı değerlerinin aylık değişimleri bu türün uzun bir üreme dönemine sahip olduğunu ve özellikle Mart-Ekim ayları arasında yumurta bıraktıklarını desteklemektedir. Aylara göre yumurta çaplarının boy-frekans dağılımları türün asenkronize olarak parti.parti yumurtladığını (multiple spawner) ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak daha detaylı histolojik çalışmalarla bunun desteklenmesi önerilebilir., In this work, fecundity and oocyte diameter of the lizardfish, Synodus saurus was determined in Antalya Bay on the eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Fecundity varied from 13516-149497 and the mean fecundity was determined as 93520±11012.77 (n: 16). Fecundity-lenght relationship was F= 2748*L10842 (R2=0.0531); fecundity-weight relationship was F= 136W + 78155 (R2=0.016). There were no relationships between these values. A total of 1055 oocyte diameters ranged from 0,075 to 1.45 mm and the mean size was 0.346 mm ±0.006. In the present study, the evolution of monthly oocyte diameter values supports that this species has a long reproduction period (specially between March-October). The distribution of monthly oocyte diameter lenght-frequency exposes that S. saurus is multiple spawner as asynchronize. But it may be suggested that these results are researched detailed in histologists studies.

* □ Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758) ��� Atlantic lizardfish; Lagarto-da-costa ���������, Peixe-lagarto ���, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rog��lia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 28, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

The diet composition of the Atlantic lizardfish Synodus saurus, caught on sandy bottoms of the north-western coast of Sicily (southern Tyrrhenian Sea) is described. The stomachs of 224 specimens (from 73 to 280 mm TL) were collected between June 2005 and May 2006. The analysis of stomach contents showed that this species is almost exclusively piscivorous. Unlike other benthic predators of the study area, it mainly feeds on pelagic school-forming fish, such as Clupeidae, Engraulidae and Myctophidae and juveniles of Sparidae and Centracanthidae, and benthic prey play a secondary role. The diet of S. saurus is related to the seasonal availability of resources, depending on the occurrence of juveniles of several species and on the migration of pelagic fishes in the study area. There were no significant changes in prey items between predator length groups, but a positive, significant linear relationship between prey size and predator size was recorded., El presente trabajo ha estudiado la composición de la dieta del pez de San Francisco Synodus saurus, pescado sobre fondos arenosos en la costa nor-occidental de Sicilia (Tirreno meridional). El análisis del contenido estomacal de 224 individuos (entre 73 y 280 mm LT), pescados entre junio 2005 y mayo 2006, evidenció que S. saurus es una especie casi exclusivamente ictiófaga. A diferencia de otros depredadores bentónicos, S. saurus se alimenta fundamentalmente de peces que forman bancos pelágicos como Clupeidae, Engraulidae y Myctophidae y de los juveniles de las familias Sparidae y Centracanthidae, mientras las presas bentónicas resultaron secundarias. S. saurus exhibió una estrategia alimentaria relacionada con la disponibilidad estacional de recursos, dependiendo de la ocurrencia de juveniles de varias especies y de la migración de peces pelágicos en el área de estudio. No hubo cambio significativo de presas entre grupos de tallas pero se evidenció una relacción positiva, lineal y estadísticamente significativa entre el tamaño de la presa y del depredador.

Copyright © 2008 Société Française d’Ichtyologie. Les juvéniles de Sphyraena viridensis, proies de Synodus saurus, une nouvelle association prédateur-proie aux Açores. Au cours d’un travail sur l’écologie (comportement, alimentation et reproduction) du poisson lézard, Synodus saurus, aux Açores (Atlantique NE) nous avons découvert, dans plusieurs contenus stomacaux, des exemplaires postlarvaires et des juvéniles de la bécune à bouche jaune Sphyraena viridensis. Non seulement cette découverte nous a permis d’obtenir, pour la première fois, des postlarves de cette espèce de barracuda mais nous avons réussi à décrire une action de prédation d’un poisson épibenthique envers une espèce pélagique.

Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Aegean Sea: 5600-104 (1 spc.), G��ll��k Bay. Mediterranean Sea: 5600-907 (1 spc.), February 2004, Iskenderun Bay, trawl, C. Dalyan., Published as part of Nurettin Meri��, L��tfiye Eryilmaz & M��fit ��zulug, 2007, A catalogue of the fishes held in the Istanbul University, Science Faculty, Hydrobiology Museum., pp. 29-54 in Zootaxa 1472 on page 38

Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Aegean Sea: 5600-104 (1 spc.), Güllük Bay. Mediterranean Sea: 5600-907 (1 spc.), February 2004, Iskenderun Bay, trawl, C. Dalyan.

Copyright © 2003 aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology. The feeding habits of the lizardfish Synodus saurus were study in the Azores archipelago, north-eastern Atlantic. Factors examined were diet composition, prey importance, season, fish size, feeding strategy and prey orientation in the oesophagus. The stomach contents of 308 specimens were collected and analyzed between March and November 2000. Synodus saurus is common in Azorean water. Though it prefers small gregarious pelagic fish, it also feeds on epibenthic and benthic prey. We found the following prey in its diet: 9 families of teleostean fishes (Carangidae, clupeidae, Cynoglossidae, Gobiidae, Labridae, Myctophidae, Spaidae, Spyraenidae and Synodontidae), two families of crustaceans (Cymothoidae and Scyllaridae) and one of cephalopods (Loliginidae). The European pilchard, Sardina pilchardus was the commonest prey. The diet of the lizardfish varies with the season, showing the greatest diversity (given by the Shannon-Wiener index) in October. There is a significant correlation with the sea temperature. The size of the predator is not correlated to the size of its prey. However, we observed a positive correlation between the size o the positive correlation between the size of the predator and the quantity of food in its stomach. The orientation of the prey in the oesophagus may partly depend on the predator’s size. However, analysis of the stomach contents provided no information on the selection of prey.

Six juvenile Atlantic lizardfish, Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758 ; Pisces ; Synodontidae), a rare species in the Adriatic sea, were caught in three shallow bays (Gornji Molunat Bay, Gornje Čelo Bay and Lopud Bay) in the southeastern Croatian Adriatic. These specimens are the first record of juveniles of this species in the shallow waters of the southeastern Adriatic. This paper reports on their morphological and meristic features. This occurrence of juveniles is circumstantial evidence of the expansion of this species into this part of the Adriatic.

Copyright © 2002 aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology. The behaviour of the lizardfish Synodus saurus, a common demersal predator in Azorean waters, is described. A total of 25 hours’ qualitative diurnal underwater observations were carried out between July 2000 and January 2001. Behavioural aspects are presented, illustrated with diagrams based on in situ observations. S. saurus is a cryptic predator that feeds mainly of small pelagic, gregarious fish; it is primarily associated with soft bottom substrate. Besides remaining camouflaged buried beneath the sand, S. saurus is a highly mobile predator capable of rapidly swimming more than five meters to capture its prey. S. saurus maintains a territory through agonistic interactions, and also interacts non-agonistically with heterospecifics such as Bothus podas maderensis.

Copyright © 2003 Société Française d’Ichtyologie. Between March and November 2000, 307 specimens of the lizardfish Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) were captured on several coastal areas of Terceira Island, Azores. This species is an important coastal epibenthic predator. Although common, its biology, namely its reproduction, is virtually unknown. During the study period, 206 females (155 mm to 460 mm TL) and 101 males (269 mm to 290 mm TL), were captured. Sex ratio was 2:1 with more males in June. Gonados-somatic Index (GSI) for females and males attained its maximum values during Spring and Summer, showing that these are the most intensive reproduction periods. Hepato-somatic Index (HSI) suggests that this species may well recur on body reserves for energy metabolization in gonad development. Nevertheless, more studies are necessary in order to confirm this assumption. Ovarian histology, presenting different oocytarian phases, indicates that this species has an asynchronous posture. The male increment of June, associated to higher GSI values, suggests that this could represent a moment of intense competition for females, within the studied area. RÉSUMÉ: Notes préliminaires sur la reproduction du poisson lézard, Synodus saurus (Actinopterygii : Synodontidae) aux Açores. Entre mars et novembre 2000, 307 poissons lézard, Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758) ont été capturés à divers endroits de la côte de l’île Terceira, aux Açores. Cette espèce est un important prédateur épibenthique. Bien qu’elle soit une espèce assez commune, sa biologie, et surtout sa reproduction, est virtuellement inconnue. Pendant cette étude, 206 femelles (de 155 mm à 460 mm LT) et 101 mâles (de 269 à 290 mm LT) ont été capturés. Le sexe ratio était de 2:1, avec plus de mâles en juin. L’indice gonado-somatique (GSI) pour les femelles et les mâles, a atteint ses valeurs les plus élevées au printemps et en été, ce qui montre que ces mois constituent la période de reproduction la plus intense. L’indice hépato-somatique (HSI), indique que les réserves corporelles sont susceptibles d’être utilisées pour le développement des gonades. Cependant, cette hypothèse doit être confirmée par d’autres études. L’histologie de l’ovaire, qui présente des phases ovocitaires différentes, indique que S. saurus a une ponte asynchrone. L’augmentation du nombre de mâles en juin, associée aux valeurs plus élevées de GSI, suggère l’existence, à cette période, d’une intense compétition pour les femelles.