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MXenes, a class of two‐dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable potential for energy storage, electrocatalysis, and gas separation applications. The fabrication processes of MXene involve building up the MXene structure from constituent elements and the selective elimination of M−A bonds from the precursor MAX. However, considerable efforts are still required to design and develop efficient MXene‐based technologies. This review article aims to briefly analyse the synthesis methods employed for MXene production, ranging from direct synthesis and conventional chemical wet etching approach to the more recent molten salt etching technique. The review highlights the advancements made in achieving precise control over the terminal groups, which is paramount for tailoring the properties of MXenes for specific applications. Furthermore, the potential of MXene‐based materials for carbon capture applications, particularly in developing advanced adsorbents, is emphasized. The in‐depth examination of MXene synthesis techniques and their implications for carbon capture applications provides a solid foundation for developing and optimizing these promising materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass-derived carbon offers a promising solution for energy storage due to its low-cost abundance and environmentally sustainable nature. However, biomass carbon materials (BCMs) possess differing physical and chemical properties, which may affect their performance in energy storage applications. It is crucial to tailor the materials for specific applications to achieve consistency and controllable properties, such as pore structure, surface chemistry, and electrical conductivity. Herein, we comprehensively summarize biomass preparation methods and their diverse structures for energy storage validation. This review systematically explains the natural advantages of materials derived from biomass and their use as electrodes in advanced rechargeable batteries, such as lithium-ion, sodium-ion, potassium-ion, lithium-sulfur, and other batteries. This study provided the current research state on biomass-based carbon, encompassing its synthesis, properties, and electrochemical performance. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and future opportunities to explore further the potential of biomass-derived carbon for the energy storage sector.

The use of photocatalysis technology, specifically visible light photocatalysis that relies on sustainable solar energy, is the most promising for the degradation of contaminants. The interaction of conducting polymer and titanium dioxide (TiO2) leads to the exchange that enhances the alteration of the semiconductor's surface and subsequently decreases the bandgap energy. Polypyrrole (PPy) and TiO2 nanocomposites have promising potential for photocatalytic degradation. Chemically and electrochemical polymerization are two predominant methods for adding inorganic nanoparticles to a conducting polymer host matrix. The most commonly utilized method for producing PPy/TiO2 nanocomposites is the in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization technique. Immobilizing PPy/TiO2 on substrates causes more charge carriers (electron/hole pairs) to be produced on the surface of TiO2 and enhances the rate of photocatalytic degradation compared to pure TiO2. The increased surface charge affects how electron/hole pairs are formed when visible light is used. This study provides a comprehensive investigation into the synthesis, characterization, application, efficiency, and mechanism of PPy/TiO2 nanocomposites in the photocatalytic degradation process of various pollutants. Furthermore, the effect of stabilizing the TiO2/PPy nanocomposite on various substrates will be investigated. In conclusion, the review outlines the ongoing challenges in utilizing these photocatalysts and highlights the essential concerns that require attention in future research. Its objective is to help researchers better understand photocatalysts and encourage their use in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzyme–substrate interactions play a fundamental role in elucidating synthesis pathways and synthetic biology, as they allow for the understanding of important aspects of a reaction. Establishing the interaction experimentally is a slow and costly process, which is why this problem has been addressed using computational methods such as molecular dynamics, molecular docking, and Monte Carlo simulations. Nevertheless, this type of method tends to be computationally slow when dealing with a large search space. Therefore, in recent years, methods based on artificial intelligence, such as support vector machines, neural networks, or decision trees, have been implemented, significantly reducing the computing time and covering vast search spaces. These methods significantly reduce the computation time and cover broad search spaces, rapidly reducing the number of interacting candidates, as they allow repetitive processes to be automated and patterns to be extracted, are adaptable, and have the capacity to handle large amounts of data. This article analyzes these artificial intelligence-based approaches, presenting their common structure, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, challenges, and future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Thermo-resistant nanoalloys are a new class of materials that combine high-temperature refractory compounds (such as carbides, nitrides, borides, and oxides) with nanoscale particles of metals, ceramics, or carbon. These composites exhibit remarkable thermal stability and anti-ablation/oxidation properties, making them highly attractive for various high-temperature applications in aerospace, energy, and high-temperature manufacturing. Despite their potential, the fabrication of these materials is challenging due to their complex synthesis and processing. Many researchers have summarized the challenges and suggested solutions to produce high-density, superior physicochemical properties of nano refractory materials for specific applications. Thus, in view of these perspectives, the present review provides an overview of the production criteria, processing, and synthetic routes for producing high-temperature nano refractory material composites with exceptional thermal and anti-ablation/oxidation properties. The review also highlights the challenges encountered by researchers and their solutions for fabricating these materials. Potential applications of high temperature refractory materials are found in various industries, such as refractory ceramics, high-temperature components in wear resistant, neutron shielding, and high power-density microelectronics manufacturing to name a few.

In this study, a layered MgFe/double hydroxide (MgFe/LDH) adsorbent for nitrate removal from simulated systems was developed and investigated. Three different synthesis methods were used: coprecipitation at constant pH (CC), conventional hydrothermal (CH), and pre-ultrasonic followed by conventional hydrothermal (UCH). The XRD results indicated that all synthesized samples presented the characteristic structure of LDHs. The analysis of FT-IR spectra before and after nitrate adsorption allowed the analysis of NO3−MgFe/LDH interaction in different adsorbents. Adsorption kinetics showed that all adsorbents reached equilibrium around 120 min, with the adsorption capacity being 6.970, 6.690, and 5.610 mg g−1 for the UCH, CH, and CC, respectively. Pseudo-second order and Langmuir models were the best models for describing the kinetics and isotherm data. The highest maximum adsorption capacity was reached at 330 K, with a value of 21.18 mg g−1 for the UHC. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption of nitrate was exothermic and spontaneous despite the system. The results of this study suggest that the MgFe/LDH adsorbent synthesized by the UCH method with hydrothermal treatment presents a promising and efficient way of removing nitrate from polluted water, with potential application in the purification of water for human and environmental use.

Size- and shape-dependent unique properties of the metal halide perovskite nanocrystals make them promising building blocks for constructing various electronic and optoelectronic devices. These unique properties together with their easy colloidal synthesis render them efficient nanoscale functional components for multiple applications ranging from light emission devices to energy conversion and storage devices. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) metal halide perovskites in the form of nanosheets (NSs) or nanoplatelets (NPls) are being intensively studied due to their promising 2D geometry which is more compatible with the conventional electronic and optoelectronic device structures where film-like components are usually employed. In particular, 2D perovskites exhibit unique thickness-dependent properties due to the strong quantum confinement effect, while enabling the bandgap tuning in a wide spectral range. In this review the synthesis procedures of 2D perovskite nanostructures will be summarized, while the application-related properties together with the corresponding applications will be extensively discussed. In addition, perovskite nanocrystals/2D material heterostructures will be reviewed in detail. Finally, the wide application range of the 2D perovskite-based structures developed to date, including pure perovskites and their heterostructures, will be presented while the improved synergetic properties of the multifunctional materials will be discussed in a comprehensive way.

Perovskite oxides have garnered immense interest across diverse fields owing to their exceptional properties. Among these, SrTiO3 is an excellent photocatalyst under UV light and boasts remarkable thermal stability, rendering it ideal for high-temperature applications. While various synthesis methods exist for SrTiO3, prioritizing environmentally friendly processes, even at the laboratory scale, remains crucial.This study introduces a pioneering life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing six SrTiO3 synthesis techniques (solid-state reaction, sonochemical, sol–gel, hydrothermal, solvothermal, and molten-salt) to gauge their environmental impacts, pinpoint potential concerns, and offer insights for the future. Interestingly, methods like molten salt and sol–gel display higher pollution tendencies due to significant energy usage, particularly during drying and calcination stages. Conversely, the solid-state reaction and ultrasound-assisted methods emerge as sustainable pathways for crafting environmentally conscious SrTiO3 materials. Significantly, electricity emerges as a pivotal factor influencing environmental impact, urging the exploration of alternatives and the need for strategic decisions. This investigation not only sheds light on the ecological footprint of SrTiO3 synthesis but also underscores the urgency for adopting greener approaches in materials manufacturing.

Manganese oxide nanoparticles with different crystal phases, morphologies, and structural diversity along with their exceptional properties like high specific surface area, a high fraction of surface atoms, non‐toxic nature, and excellent redox properties are drawing attention for various applications in storage science, especially in the batteries, super‐capacitors, energy conversion, and the environmental catalysis field. Precise control of particle size, morphology, surface area, Mnx+ oxidation state, etc. is the utmost important aspect to explore their application to the full potential. Here, the emphasis is on the recent trends in manganese oxide research – structure, synthesis, and applications. The structure of numerous crystalline phases of manganese oxide nanoparticles are summerized and several facile chemical synthesis processes to achieve the desired crystalline/amorphous structure are discoursed. Temperature and different synthesis conditions dependent phase transformations of β‐MnO2, α‐Mn2O3, and Mn3O4 from α‐MnO2 are discussed as well. The pragmatic approach directs that the application field is mostly controlled by the morphologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to the merits such as high specific surface areas, superior electronic conduction and unique gas diffusion path derived from the nanoscales, the demand for detecting methanol has contributed to the rapid expansion of gas sensors based on metal oxide nanostructures. In this review, the "process-structure-performance" correlations of metal oxide nanostructures utilized in the detection of methanol are analyzed. The sensing mechanisms of nanostructured metal oxides operated at different temperatures for methanol monitoring are first introduced. Subsequently, various synthesis processes (e.g. hydrothermal, sol-gel and electrospinning) utilized to modulate the structure and morphology of metal oxide nanostructures are discussed. Given the limitations that existed in methanol gas sensors, numerous optimization strategies including doping, surface modifications, newly designed structures and morphologies, the self-doping defects are enumerated to dramatically enhance the sensing properties represented by the improvement of sensitivity, the reduction of working temperature, the decrease of detection limit, etc. Additionally, the challenges and future research directions of advanced methanol sensors based on metal oxide nanostructures are proposed. It is ultimately expected that this review will help break the bottleneck of nanostructured metal oxides gas sensors in the field of methanol detection, and further promote the actual application of chemiresistive methanol sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzyme–substrate interactions play a fundamental role in elucidating synthesis pathways and synthetic biology, as they allow for the understanding of important aspects of a reaction. Establishing the interaction experimentally is a slow and costly process, which is why this problem has been addressed using computational methods such as molecular dynamics, molecular docking, and Monte Carlo simulations. Nevertheless, this type of method tends to be computationally slow when dealing with a large search space. Therefore, in recent years, methods based on artificial intelligence, such as support vector machines, neural networks, or decision trees, have been implemented, significantly reducing the computing time and covering vast search spaces. These methods significantly reduce the computation time and cover broad search spaces, rapidly reducing the number of interacting candidates, as they allow repetitive processes to be automated and patterns to be extracted, are adaptable, and have the capacity to handle large amounts of data. This article analyzes these artificial intelligence-based approaches, presenting their common structure, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, challenges, and future perspectives.

Plant-mediated synthesis methods of nanoflowers (NFs) open a new epoch of extensive application, economical, exceedingly stable, and reproducible synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) NFs. To study the effects of bio-synthesized (BS) NFs and chemically synthesized nanowires (CS NWs) ZnO on soybean, a gel-free/ label-free proteomic technique was used. Length and weight of root including hypocotyl were enhanced by 10 ppm BS NFs and CS NWs ZnO. Oppositely changed proteins between BS NFs and CS NWs ZnO were related to hormone metabolism, protein folding, and redox metabolism. Abundance of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) increased in BS NFs ZnO while did not change in CS NWs ZnO. Abundance of ascorbate peroxidase and peroxiredoxin increased and decreased, respectively, in BS NFs ZnO. Ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide increased, respectively, with BS NFs and CS NWs ZnO. These results suggest that BS NFs ZnO might improve the soybean growth by increasing the protein folding due to accumulation of HSP70 and redox metabolism through detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. On the other hand, CS NWs ZnO treated soybean experienced loss of protein folding and increased oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First-time review paper based on B-type Y 2 O 3. • Studied various synthesis routes in preparing monoclinic Y 2 O 3. • Theoretical studies published are covered. • Luminescence capability of the material is explored. • Biological applications of the material were also investigated. Research on monoclinic Y 2 O 3 has been limited, not because of a lack of potential applications, but rather due to challenges associated with synthesizing phase-pure material. The limited understanding of the material and its properties has hindered researchers from further exploring this compound. Some studies suggest that the B-type polymorph of Y 2 O 3 exhibits superior performance compared to its cubic counterpart. Additionally, there are reports indicating the existence of simple synthesis techniques that could potentially overcome the material's significant disadvantage highlighted by many researchers, namely, complex synthesis routes. To date, no comprehensive reports have summarized the key findings related to B-type Y 2 O 3. In this effort, we aim to provide an exhaustive overview of research conducted on this polymorph. This includes an examination of diverse synthesis techniques employed by researchers, theoretical studies conducted on the material, an exploration of its luminescence properties, and an overview of various applications studied thus far. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of different polymorphic forms of iron oxide nanoparticles attracted a lot of attentions in various applications due to their unique electrical, optical and magnetic properties. Moreover, the excellent biocompatibility, high surface area, spherical shape, tunable nanoscale size and the availability of synthesis route make them desirable in various biological and pharmaceutical applications. To this aim, in this review, different synthesis methods of iron oxide nanoparticles were discussed, also the main characterization techniques used for elucidation of the iron oxide nanoparticles were reviewed. The exploitation of iron oxide nanoparticles-based systems as anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial agents and its involvement in drug delivery system were reviewed in details. Additionally, the influence of nanoparticles size and the reagent type and conditions utilized in synthesis and their pharmaceutical applications was highlighted.

Graphene oxide (GO), due to its large surface area and suitable active sites, is receiving significant attention as a good additive in various coatings due to its excellent chemical resistance, anticorrosion, and high mechanical performances. Furthermore, due to its unique structural dimensions and electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical properties, GO has attracted notable interest in diverse areas, including biomedical and antibacterial applications. This review focuses on the polymer nanocomposite coatings embedded with GO, their synthesis methods, and the role of GO to improve the corrosion protection performance, mechanical and electrical properties, antibacterial application, and thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the basic understanding of Mg-based thermoelectric materials and various approaches for increasing their thermoelectric efficiency. Recent developments in terms of enhancement of electrical properties and reduction of thermal conductivity of Mg2(Si,Sn) materials through experimental investigation and applying modeling approaches are discussed in detail. Further, the role of deformation and heat treatment analysis for achieving optimum thermoelectric properties in this material system and its prospects for further developments as a commercially viable solution is enumerated. The solid solutions of Mg2X (X = Si,Ge,Sn) thermoelectric material are identified as the most favorable alloy class of thermoelectric materials for application in the intermediate temperature range (400–800 K). The reason for Mg2X alloys becoming the preferred choice over others is because they are cheap, abundant and non-toxic. Improving the efficiency of magnesium-based thermoelectric materials through various advancements in experimental methods has appeared as a matter of great commercial importance. However, theoretical understanding of the phenomenological issues confronting the attainment of desirably high thermoelectric properties has not been widely touched upon; this leads to enormous opportunities for optimizing the figure of merit of thermoelectric materials through numerical modeling and simulation techniques. Also, deforming the alloys has been proved to be favorable for the thermoelectric performance of the material; a lot of work has been carried out for other classes of thermoelectric materials, but there is a disparity in interpreting the deformation behavior of Mg2Si1−xSnx alloys and its impact on thermoelectric properties due to lack of adequate efforts to conduct systematic investigations in the area of concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • MOF@MXene composites are renowned SC electrodes with versatile morphology and promising prospect. • Various synthesis concepts are proposed based on different features of MOF/MXene. • Structural-capacity relationship is synthetically overviewed on MOF@MXene composites. • Potential MOF precursors and MXene substrates are proposed for promising SC electrodes. Engineering metal–organic framework (MOF)@MXene hybrid composites as capable supercapacitor electrodes is one of the most prevalent research hotspots in the contemporary energy conservation stage. Electrochemical performances of MOF@MXene electrodes are greatly dependent on their structural property, mainly deriving from the MOF characters, synthesis routes and the structural morphology of the resultant composites. In this review, a comprehensive summarization of MOF@MXene-based hybridized electrodes is described from two aspects: morphology regulation and electrochemical evaluation. Metal ions and organic ligands tuning the structural properties of MOF, and different synthesis concepts for boosting the coordination bond and/or facilitating the framework effect of MOF on the MXene distribution have been concluded. A systematic summarization, comparison and prospection about the fate of MOF@MXene hybridized electrodes is achieved, including MOF varying in metal ions and organic ligands, preparation protocols, evaluation strategies and electrochemical performances, as well as multi-application prospects of MOF@MXene-based electrodes. Furthermore, the limitations, differences and new blueprints for the development of MOF@MXene composites are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and study of colloidal molecules, that is to say clusters of a small number of colloidal entities that resemble the configuration of atoms in molecules both in constituent size and angular arrangement to that of valence shell electron pair repulsion model‐related space‐filling geometries, are of continued and significant interest. The rapid development in this research area has attracted intense interest from researchers with diverse expertise, and numerous methods towards the synthesis of colloidal molecules have been reported. In this Minireview, we attempt to give an overview of these latest developments, classifying them in processes based on controlled phase separation phenomena, on controlled surface nucleation and growth, and on controlled clustering. We also discuss the potential use of colloidal molecules as building blocks to fabricate new hierarchically organized superstructures and functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen vacancies implantation is an efficient way to adjust the physical and chemical properties of metal oxide nanomaterials to meet the requirements for particular applications. Through reasonable defects design, oxygen-deficient metal oxides with excellent optical and electrical properties are widely applied for environmental protection and energy uses. This review discusses recent advances in synthetic approaches of oxygen-deficient metal oxides and their applications in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and energy storage devices. The perspectives of oxygen-deficient metal oxides for increased energy demand and environmental sustainability are also examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to find a better alternative of conventional aqueous ion-exchange method, several Cu/zeolite Y samples were synthesized by different routes and examined for the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of quinoline aqueous solution in continuous fixed-bed reactor. The characterization of catalysts using ICPMS, XRD, N 2 sorption, UV–vis DRS, FESEM and XPS techniques reveals the profound influence of preparation methods on synergy between copper-support interfaces. Aqueous ion-exchange (CuY AIE ) and wet-impregnation (CuY IMP ) methods promoted isolated Cu 1+/2+ species; however, large crystallites of CuO were present on the external surface of precipitation-impregnation (CuY PI ) catalyst. Interestingly, CuY PI showed hierarchical porosity and increase of surface area from 567 to 909 m 2  g −1 . The generation of mesoporosity in CuY PI was result of higher desilication from zeolite framework due to synergetic effect of copper and NaOH. Almost comparable mineralization (61–65%) and H 2 O 2 stoichiometric efficiencies (44.2–45.7%) were observed for CuY AIE and CuY IMP samples. Higher catalytic activities of both catalysts in comparison to CuY PI suggest that isolated sites are the most redox-active sites for H 2 O 2 activation and play more important role than high surface area, i.e., for CuY PI . Wet-impregnation was found better than aqueous ion-exchange method. CuY IMP exhibited high operation stability with >60% mineralization at LHSV = 4 h −1 , particle size = 1.2–1.7 mm, H 2 O 2 /quinoline = 48 and T = 80 °C. Copper leaching was majorly influenced by LHSV and particle size. The system was following Eley-Rideal mechanism and kinetic parameters were calculated using model based on this mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is prepared synthetically by three different routes--wet chemical coprecipitation, sol-gel, and solution combustion routes. Different characterizations of the powders obtained from different routes were done for comparative analysis. The as-prepared powders were calcined between 600 and 1300 °C and studied for phase stability using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis were also studied. The calcined powders were observed for microstructural changes at different temperatures using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The powders were then pressed to form pellets for analyzing the different sintering behavior such as dilatometry, bulk density, and apparent porosity. The sintered pellets were also examined under FESEM. It was observed that the HAp obtained from coprecipitation route (HCop) achieved the highest bulk density as well as hardest among all. Bioactivity test was also done for HCop samples for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days and observed under FESEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correlating metal-organic framework (MOF) synthesis processes and microwave absorption (MA) enhancement mechanisms is a pioneer project. Nevertheless, the correlation process still relies mainly on empirical doctrine, which hardly corresponds to the specific mechanism of the effect on the dielectric properties. Hereby, after the strategy of modulation of protonation engineering and solvothermal temperature in the synthesis route, the obtained sheet-like self-assembled nanoflowers were constructed. Porous structures with multiple heterointerfaces, abundant defects, and vacancies are obtained by controlled design of the synthesis procedure. The rearrangement of charges and enhanced polarization can be promoted. The designed electromagnetic properties and special nano-microstructures of functional materials have significant impact on their electromagnetic wave energy conversion effects. As a consequence, the MA performance of the samples has been enhanced toward broadband absorption (6.07 GHz), low thickness (2.0 mm), low filling (20%), and efficient loss (-25 dB), as well as being suitable for practical environmental applications. This work establishes the connection between the MOF-derived materials synthesis process and the MA enhancement mechanism, which provides insight into various microscopic microwave loss mechanisms., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known as nano-architectured allotropes of carbon, having graphene sheets that are wrapped forming a cylindrical shape. Rolling of graphene sheets in different ways makes CNTs either metals or narrow-band semiconductors. Over the years, researchers have devoted much attention to understanding the intriguing properties CNTs. They exhibit some unusual properties like a high degree of stiffness, a large length-to-diameter ratio, and exceptional resilience, and for this reason, they are used in a variety of applications. These properties can be manipulated by controlling the diameter, chirality, wall nature, and length of CNTs which are in turn, synthesis procedure-dependent. In this review article, various synthesis methods for the production of CNTs are thoroughly elaborated. Several characterization methods are also described in the paper. The applications of CNTs in various technologically important fields are discussed in detail. Finally, future prospects of CNTs are outlined in view of their commercial applications.

A recuperação de espécies contendo mercúrio utilizando resinas complexantes obtidas a partir da modificação de suportes poliméricos vem atraindo cada vez mais a atenção dos pesquisadores. São muitas as combinações de suportes e grupos complexantes para a síntese desses materiais. Assim, este trabalho apresenta uma revisão sobre os principais grupos funcionais avaliados, bem como as rotas de síntese adotadas para a imobilização desses grupos nos suportes. É abordada também a problemática da síntese de uma resina eficiente, produzida a partir de um processo limpo e acessível às indústrias que utilizam mercúrio em seus processos.The recovery of mercury and its compounds by using chelating resins produced by modification of polymer supports has been studied by many researchers. There are many combinations of supports and functional groups for producing chelating resins that are appropriate for mercury complexation. This paper presents an overview of the main functional groups applied for mercury complexation and the routes used for immobilization of these groups in polymer supports. Also discussed are the problems involved in the synthesis of an efficient chelating resin, produced through a non-polluting route, which are appropriate for companies employing mercury in their processes.

Nanotechnology is the manufacture and use of functional structures that have at least one characteristic dimension measured in nanometers. Among the wide range of applications nanoparticles (NPs) may present, they can be used as a catalyst or as carrier to immobilize biological catalysts, such as enzymes. The use of magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) presents as main advantage over other alternatives the fact that they can be easily separated by the application of a magnetic field, facilitating their recovery from the reaction medium. In parallel with the increasing interest in the production of nanomaterials, there is a general consensus about their potential health and environmental risks associated. This paper aims to perform the evaluation of different synthesis routes considered for the production of mNPs from a life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. Specifically, different approaches of mNPs synthesis were evaluated; from simple forms such as sterically-stabilized magnetite and oleic-acid mNPs to production schemes that consider the coating of a shell on the preformed nanoparticles such as PEI-coated mNPs and silica-coated mNPs for the increased stability of the nanoparticle. When merely assessing the outcomes from the LCA study, we observed that the manufacturing stage is dominated by the environmental impacts associated to energy and chemical use, especially relevant for the type of silica-coated mNPs. However, the selection of the optimal support for enzyme immobilization must comply with additional requirements such high immobilization yield. According to the results, a compromise solution for the selection of the support is obtained for PEI-coated mNPs, with satisfactory results in the indicators of enzyme immobilization and limited environmental impact. Moreover, this work highlights two main challenges currently encountered with the application of LCA to nanoproducts: lack of comparable reports and data availability, both imply uncertainties associated with the estimation of the environmental impacts of NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of graphene oxide is discussed in this critical review. Particular emphasis is directed towards the conventional methods for the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO), their draw backs and modifications to enhance the efficiency of conventional synthetic routes. Moreover, this review covers the comparison of all the existing techniques for the graphene oxide synthesis. This review will be of value to the researchers interested in this emerging field of material science for developing the synthetic recipe in order to attain specific morphologies of GO for particular applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many applications consider Polypyrrole (PPy) one of the most prominent conductive polymers due to its distinguished character, low cost, and easy preparation. Recently, organic polymeric conductors have seen an upsurge in photocatalysts for energy conversion, and air/water depollution under either UV and/or visible light illumination. We present a comprehensive review of related papers for PPy in water/air pollutant photodegradation, CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR), or evolution of hydrogen from water dissociation (WSP) under simulated sunlight irradiation, mainly in the last ten years. Besides, some of the current applications for PPy as pure or a portion of composite material are also included briefly. This review also includes the synthesis strategies, polymerization process parameters, modification methods, photocatalytic activity, and challenges that face PPy-based materials. Above and over, the main difficulties and prospects of using PPy-based photocatalytic material in the perspective application have also been mentioned. [Display omitted] • The synthesis and applications of polymeric-based semiconductive. • The role of PPy in enhancing the performance of semiconductive material as a photocatalyst. • The impact synthesis route on the performance and character of prepared material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural and dielectric properties of lead zirconium titanate (PZT) (52:48) ceramic prepared from different synthesis route are discussed in this paper. The PZT green powders were synthesised via three different routes: ceramic, combustion and co-precipitation. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirm the pure tetragonal phase formation of PZT for all the different routes adopted by us. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs show the surface morphology vary and also grain sizes of PZT prepared from three different routes change from nano to micron size. The Raman intensities were obtained with slight variation in peak intensities and also with slight variations in wave-numbers for all the three PZT samples prepared using different routes. These slightly varied wave-numbers for all the three present samples are however in close proximity with the Raman vibrational modes pertinent for PZT as seen in the literature. The dielectric constant variation with temperature measured for three different powders also shows a considerable change in transition temperature. The structural and dielectric variations are co-related to explain the variations in transition temperature.

Kinases are among the most important and successful drug targets. Chemical probe compounds have played a critical role in elucidating the role of kinases in many biological pathways. There are currently twelve well-validated chemical probes that target kinases available free-of-cost via the Molecules to Order (M2O) arm of Boehringer Ingelheim's open innovation platform, opnMe.com. Here we present a summary of the key data for each of these probe compounds and the synthesis routes to all twelve compounds. We hope this will aid researchers who use or plan to use these compounds in their research., (© 2023 Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG. ChemMedChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

High figure of merit of n-type skutterudites have encouraged the researchers to focus on its p-type counterpart. In the following study, we report a rather simple synthesis route for Sm filled and Ni-doped p-type skutterudites (Sm y Fe 4−x Ni x Sb 12.8 , y = 0.7–0.8, x = 0.4–1.2, nominal composition), along with high temperature thermoelectric properties. Sample were prepared by melting, quenching, followed by annealing and the resulted chunks were cut into disks form to measure the thermoelectric properties without applying high pressure sintering techniques. Ni addition helped in optimizing the carrier concentration and resulted in a final ZT of 0.55 at 560 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently one of the heightened global concerns is increasing CO 2 atmospheric concentration which is argued to be one the main contributing factors in rising global temperature and climate change. Carbon capture and storage technologies show promise in this field with most of the research currently focused on large CO 2 emission sources such as coal fired power plants. Competitive CO 2 capture capacities were obtained with metal organic frameworks (MOFs), an emerging class of crystalline materials, as adsorbents at the CO 2 partial pressures expected in flue gas or lower, owing to their unique properties including high surface area, well-defined porosity, and ease of chemical tunability of the framework structure for introduction of additional physical and/or chemical properties. This review paper summarizes the recent and notable works in the area of CO 2 capture using MOFs as adsorbents with an emphasis on their structure–property-relationship, i.e., structural variations of MOF frameworks and their consequences to CO 2 capture performance. Structures of the MOFs reported are discussed and compared based on the effects of the choice for the main constituting parts such as metal centers and organic ligands. Effect of addition of functional groups have been found to be significant over the years and also discussed here. Various synthesis routes to achieve MOF crystals, and the role of MOFs particles within mixed matrix membranes for CO 2 separation are also examined. Lastly, an economic analysis of MOF synthesis techniques and implementation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of supports and synthesis routes on the performance of supported gold nanoparticles in the Sonogashira coupling reaction. The catalysts were synthesized by deposition–precipitation (DP) and incipient wetness impregnation (IMP), employing carriers of different nature (redox: CeO 2 , TiO 2 , and non-redox: Al 2 O 3 ) and were characterized by various physical techniques such as X-ray fluorescence, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N 2 sorption, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. It is revealed that gold is present in the metallic state in all of the samples, independent of the nature of the support and the way of synthesis. The DP technique gave catalysts with smaller gold particles (4–14 nm), while the IMP route led to agglomeration due to presence of chlorine and resulted in distinctly larger gold particles (50–100 nm) on the supports. The evaluation of catalysts in the Sonogashira coupling of phenylacetylene and iodobenzene demonstrated that the catalysts’ performance is negligibly dependent on the specific surface area of the catalysts. Synthesis paths, however, greatly affected the catalysts’ activity and selectivity. All the catalysts prepared by DP gave significantly higher conversion of iodobenzene and selectivity to diphenylacetylene (desired hetero-coupled product) than their analogs prepared by IMP. This is shown to be related to the superior dispersion achieved by the DP route with the formation of smaller Au nanoparticle, which are highly active and selective. Thus, the present study explicitly establishes that the choice of proper synthesis method is vital to achieve sufficiently small nanoparticles leading to the best Sonogashira performance. Also, redox active oxide supports lead to a better performance than non-redox carriers. Despite significant leaching, the catalysis is shown to be heterogeneous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth, a heavy metal which is found to be inexpensive and at a reduced cost, is utilized in the synthesis of different nanomaterials with novel structure, remarkable physical and chemical properties, adjustable bandgap, notable efficiency for photothermal conversion. These characteristics have made this element desirable for various applications such as storage and conversion of energy, electronics, sensors, photocatalysis, and other biomedical applications. These review papers are the vital points for the students, this report guides them to the research papers which focus on the impressive development in the area of bismuth and similar nanostructures. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the various synthesis routes of bismuth-based nanomaterials along with green synthesis, different nanostructures of bismuth, their significant properties, diverse applications and directions for the upcoming research. Therefore, with these different tuneable synthesis methods of bismuth-based nanomaterials combined with their novel properties, would elucidate on the future devices based on various nanostructures of bismuth. [Display omitted] • Various preparation methods for bismuth-based nanocomposites are discussed. • Different nanostructures of bismuth are explained elaborately. • Bismuth-based nanocomposites in the treatment of wastewater are systematically documented. • Other applications of bismuth-based nanomaterials are also discussed. • Recent developments and future challenges in bismuth applications are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: One major objective of the European project “Collaborative Harmonisation of Methods for Profiling of Amphetamine Type Stimulants” (CHAMP), funded by the sixth framework programme of the European Commission, consisted of the harmonisation of a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for the analysis of organic impurities found in illicit methamphetamine (MA) samples in a drug intelligence perspective. Statistical analysis provided a selection of pertinent variables among the 43 organic impurities identified in the chromatograms. As for the 3,4-MethyleneDioxyMethAmphetamine (MDMA) study , correlation coefficients were used as a discrimination tool between populations of linked samples (from the same seizure) and unlinked samples (from different seizures). It was also shown that correlation measurements based on Pearson and cosine functions applied to the data pre-treated by normalisation to the sum of peak responses followed by the square root provided excellent discrimination between the two populations. The organic impurities profiling method was proved to be relevant for the characterization of samples from different seizures and their synthesis route patterns. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The synthesis of organized mesoporous aluminas has opened a very interesting area for application of this type of materials, particularly as catalysts or catalyst supports. This review focuses on the individual synthesis routes to produce organized mesoporous aluminas with large surface areas and narrow pore size distributions, and on the evaluation of their textural, chemical and thermal properties and outlines examples of catalytic applications of organized mesoporous alumina-based catalysts. We tried to rationalize the synthetic approaches to prepare organized mesoporous aluminas, to relate their properties to synthetic procedures used as well as to their catalytic behavior in different reactions. Utilization of various structure-directing agents for "cationic," "neutral," "anionic," "nanocasting," and special approaches leading to scaffolding and lathlike organized mesoporous aluminas is discussed in the first part of this review, as well as textural and structural characterization and thermal stability of mesoporous aluminas synthesized by different synthetic approaches. In the second part, catalytic applications of organized mesoporous aluminas described in the open literature are evaluated from the standpoint of the importance of these reactions for technological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of pure Y3Al5O12 (YAG) and 50 vol% Al2O3–YAG composite powders by a wet chemical route is presented. The role of the synthesis temperature during reverse-strike precipitation has been investigated, showing its relevant effect on the purity and homogeneity of YAG powder. The composite material was prepared by comparing two different synthesis routes. A composite powder was synthesized via reverse-strike temperature-controlled co-precipitation. In the latter case, a pure-alumina precursor was firstly reverse-strike precipitated and then doped with an yttrium salt solution. For both syntheses, the role of thermal and mechanical pre-treatments on the phase development was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]