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Nitrogen-containing heterocycles have been desirable targets for synthesis for many years because of their structural diversity and biological significance. Five-membered heterocyclic rings, or pyrazole, are a flexible starting point for the design of effective bioactive compounds and are widely used in medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, agrochemistry, coordination chemistry, and organometallic chemistry. Pyrazole derivatives have played an important role in heterocyclic chemistry and have been extensively studied owing to their ease of access, diversified chemical reactivity, and broad biological properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, analgesic, anticonvulsant, anthelmintic, antioxidant, and herbicidal properties. Pyrazole nuclei are synthesized via a variety of methods, including the multicomponent approach, dipolar cycloaddition, cyclocondensation of hydrazine with a carbonyl system, heterocyclic system, and multicomponent approach. The current review is an attempt to understand the chemistry and medicinal importance of the pyrazole-containing marketed drugs reported to date, which will undoubtedly assist the scientific community in making further advances in the isolation and synthesis of pyrazole-based novel bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through an activation reaction sintering method, porous (Mo2/3Y1/3)2AlC ceramics were prepared by Mo, Y, Al, and graphite powders as raw materials. The phase composition, microstructure, element distribution, and pore structure characteristics were comprehensively studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Archimedes method, and bubble point method. A detailed investigation was conducted on the influence of sintering temperature on the phase composition. Possible routes of phase transition and pore formation mechanisms during the sintering process were provided. The experimental results reveal that at 650–850 °C, transition metals react with aluminum, forming aluminum-containing intermetallics and a small amount of carbides. At 850–1250 °C, transition metals collaborate with graphite, producing transition metal carbides. Then, at 1250–1450 °C, these aluminum intermetallics interact with transition metal carbides and remaining unreacted Y, Al, and C, yielding the final product (Mo2/3Y1/3) 2AlC. Simultaneously, the pore structure alters correspondingly with the solid-phase reaction at different reaction temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Ephedra, widely used in clinical practice as a medicinal herb, belongs to the genus Ephedra in the family Ephedraceae. However, the presence of numerous Ephedra varieties and variants requires differentiation for accurate identification. Methods: In this study, we employed headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS), ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOFMS), and global natural products social molecular networking (GNPS) for chemical component identification. Chemometric analysis was used to analyze the differential components. Metabolic analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment were utilized to explore the synthesis pathways of different components. Result: A total of 83 volatile and 79 non-volatile components were identified in Ephedra species. Differential analysis revealed that among the eight Ephedra stems, 18 volatile and 19 non-volatile differential compounds were discovered, whereas Ephedra roots exhibited 21 volatile and 17 non-volatilemarkers. Volatile compounds were enriched in four synthetic pathways, while non-volatile components were enriched in five pathways among the differentiated components. Conclusion: This study is the first to conduct a comparative analysis of chemical components in different Ephedra species and parts. It provides a foundational reference for authenticating Ephedra herbs, evaluating medicinal resources, and comparing quality in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Diamide insecticide Broflanilide acting on GABA receptor, which were developed by Mitsui Agricultural Chemical Company and BASF Corporation. A series of advantages led to their rapid promotion and application, such as high efficiency, low toxicity, and no cross resistance with traditional insecticides. Develop the synthesis route with warm reaction conditions and high yield to achieve the industrial production of Broflanilide by better route which is the focus of current pesticide workers. Based on the literature research results and the classic organic reactions, the synthesis route for Broflanilide were designed. Through a series of experiments, it is found that the target product can be gently and efficiently (38%) harvested under the catalysis of conventional inorganic salt potassium iodide (KI) by regulating the substitution order of functional groups and controlling the effect of steric hindrance on reactivity, which avoids the use of harsh conditions such as strong alkali low temperature or high boiling point solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monogenic rare disease Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane conductance (CFTR) protein, an anion channel expressed at the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells. The discovery and subsequent development of CFTR modulators—small molecules acting on the basic molecular defect in CF—have revolutionized the standard of care for people with CF (PwCF), thus drastically improving their clinical features, prognosis, and quality of life. Currently, four of these drugs are approved for clinical use: potentiator ivacaftor (VX-770) alone or in combination with correctors lumacaftor, (VX-809), tezacaftor (VX-661), and elexacaftor (VX-445). Noteworthily, the triple combinatorial therapy composed of ivacaftor, tezacaftor, and elexacaftor constitutes the most effective modulator therapy nowadays for the majority of PwCF. In this review, we exploit the organic synthesis of ivacaftor, tezacaftor, and elexacaftor by providing a retrosynthetic drug analysis for these CFTR modulators. Furthermore, we describe the current understanding of the mechanisms of action (MoA's) of these compounds by discussing several studies that report the key findings on the molecular mechanisms underlying their action on the CFTR protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total synthesis of laurolitsine was achieved for the first time. This reaction was accomplished in 14 steps with a 2.3% yield (this was calculated using 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde as the starting material) starting from two simple materials, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde and 2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid, and the longest linear sequence consisted of 11 steps. The key steps included an electrophilic addition reaction in which a nitro group was reduced to an amino group using lithium tetrahydroaluminum and a Pd-catalyzed direct biaryl coupling reaction. In this paper, many of the experimental steps were optimized, and an innovative postprocessing method in which 2-(3-(benzyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)ethanamine is salted with oxalic acid was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to make the synthetic route of Thiamidol more efficient and easier to scale up, a new method was developed. The compound 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone was dissolved in ethyl acetate and brominated with cupric bromide. After bromination, the mixture was filtered to remove cuprous bromide. The obtained ethyl acetate solution containing 2-bromo-1-(2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanone was directly reacted with (2-methylpropanoyl) thiourea to obtain the precipitate of Thiamidol hydrobromide. The precipitate was neutralized by deacidification and recrystallized to afford Thiamidol with high purity. In addition, in the screening of fertilitypromoting substances, Thiamidol was found to be effective in protecting human sperm from motility loss in vitro. This suggests that it may have potential application in fertility protection and promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional polyamide goods have suffered greatly as a result of the deteriorating environmental situation and the growing depletion of petroleum resources. Therefore, research and development of bio‐based polyamide materials gains increasing popularity. The emergence of Polyamide 56 (PA56), a brand‐new class of biomaterial that has the excellent moisture absorption and dyeability properties, has garnered considerable interest. This review screens the research on bio‐based PA56 in the past 20 years, summarizing the synthesis method, condensed structure, material properties, and market applications of PA56. The research and development direction of PA56 material is analyzed and predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of bioactive heterocyclic Schiff base and its derivatives is the most noteworthy takes in heterocyclic chemistry. Classical and non-classical methods (microwave irradiation) were used to prepare Schiff bases from primary amines and several substituted benzaldehydes. These methodologies form an energy-efficient and environmentally benign greener synthesis. This review highlights the crucial synthetic route for synthesising various bioactive Schiff base ligands and metal complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Modern technologies are making advanced paths to address emerging issues. The development of carbon dots (CDs) technology at a tiny level has been researched to have made impeccable strides in advancing the modern scientific field, especially in nanomedicine. Experimental Approach: Researchers have gained much attention on CDs of their unique properties in the synthesis, easy surface modifications, excellent optical properties, low toxicity, and water solubility. Doping carbon dots with other elements makes them more convenient for their use in the medical sector. Key Results: The manuscript provides a detailed discussion of the two main methods, including the hydrothermal pathway. CDs are synthesized bottom-up by building up molecules at the atomic scale and top-down by transforming large carbon particles into nanoscale dimensions. Conclusion: The present article discussed the role, importance, and recent advancements in the synthesis of CDs, by using various approaches giving importance to the hydrothermal process. Recent investigations, their mechanism, and theranostic applications have also been reported.

A critical query on literature is the approach used to immobilize homogeneous catalysts to improve their efficiency and recyclability. This work aims to compare the immobilization level of a kind of Pd‐N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐o‐phenylenediamine complex on high surfaces of polymeric resins to provide heterogenous catalysts for Mizorocki‐Heck reaction. The preparation method involves two strategies: (i) polymerization of the ligand before the complex‐synthesis in a "multi‐step (MS)" approach and (ii) a direct "one‐step" (OS) immobilization by polymerization of the metal‐containing monomers (MCMs) as co‐monomer. Both approaches effectively yield polymers with a larger surface area, over 700 m2 g−1, and suitable thermic properties to use in the proposed reaction. In addition, the characterization of the polymers by XRD, XPS, and TEM demonstrates notable differences in Pd species on polymer support associated with the methodological approach to immobilizing the metal complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7 has been regarded as an ideal candidate for the next generation of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) due to its prominent superiority. In this paper, the nano-sized La2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7 was synthesized using two different synthetic routes: sol-gel and hydrothermal processes. Various techniques were utilized to assess the differences in the relevant thermophysical properties created by the different synthetic methods. According to the investigations, both samples exhibited pyrochlore structures with an excellent thermal stability. The sample synthesized via the hydrothermal method showed a more uniform particle size and morphology than that obtained through the sol-gel technique. The former also possessed a better sinter-resistance property, a more outstanding TEC (thermal expansion coefficient) and thermal conductivity, and a larger activation energy for crystal growth than the latter. The micro-strain of both samples showed an interesting change as the temperature increased, and 1200 °C was the turning point. Additionally, relative mechanisms were discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and proliferation of tumor cells can be effectively inhibited by Afatinib dimaleate, which is a second-generation targeted drug, inducing an excellent inhibitory effect on various tumors. Consequently, the synthesis methods and quality control have gained considerable attention. This study analyzed and compared the existing synthesis methods and routes, particularly the problems in the selection of starting materials, yield, impurities, and process control. The limitations of the existing synthetic routes and the insufficient synthetic control conditions were studied by innovating synthetic routes (e.g., raw materials, reaction types, added method, reaction sequences, and catalysts), optimizing process conditions (e.g., molar ratio, sequence of addition material and reactions, reaction temperature, solvent, reaction time, and purification method), and employing quality control to improve the quality and yield of Afatinib dimaleate. Additionally, compatible synthetic route was proposed based on literature review, laboratory test, and pilot-scale experiment for industrial production, and the influencing factors and reaction conditions were optimized. The results show that Afatinib dimaleate is synthesized from 4-fluoro-2-aminobenzoic acid after a six-step reaction, including cyclization, nitration, substitution, reduction, condensation, and salification, with a total yield of 41.60% and 99.48% content of the related substances of the product. The structure of product was confirmed by ¹HNMR, 13CNMR, MS, and IR. The design of the synthetic route is reasonable, because it does not require column chromatography, it involves simple post-treatment processes, it is easy to control, and the process yield is stable. The proposed method is advantageous for industrial production and provides a good reference for the design, optimization, and quality evaluation of the synthetic route of Afatinib dimaleate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modular production is a convenient strategy that not only realizes the mass production of conjugated materials, but also precisely regulates their photoelectrical property for optoelectronic applications. Diarylfluorene is a functional building block in constructing organic semiconductors arising from its special electronic, spacial, and conformational structure. Because of easy chemical modification, tunable electronic structure, and high photoluminescence quantum yield, diarylfluorene‐based conjugated materials have undergone remarkable development in variety of low‐cost optoelectronic devices. Herein, the authors present an overview mainly to describe the recent research progresses of diarylfluorene‐based molecules, including 9,9′‐diarylfluorene, heteroatom‐containing spirocyclic diarylfluorene, and 4‐position substituted 9,9′‐diarylfluorene. The synthetic routes, molecular structures as well as their diverse applications toward optoelectronic devices are introduced and summarized systematically. Finally, the future challenges and development are also discussed in this vital research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a new synthetic method toward a key intermediate in the total synthesis of alkannin and shikonin is developed. The key intermediate, 4-methyl-1-(naphtho[1,8- de :4,5- d'e' ]bis([1,3]dioxine)-4-yl)pent-3-en-1-one (5), is synthesized via the reaction of 1,8:4,5-bis(methylenedioxy)naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid N -methoxy- N -methylamide with prenyllithium. This synthetic approach avoids the use of N -methoxy- N,4-dimethylpent-3-enamide, which is not easy to obtain, and the toxic reagent sodium cyanide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic intelligence of synthetic illicit drugs suffers a problem of continuous introduction of new synthetic methods, modification of the existing routes of manufacture, and adulterations practiced by criminal networks. Impurity profiling has been indispensable in methamphetamine intelligence based on precursors, synthetic routes, and chemical modifications during trafficking. Law enforcement authorities maintain the credibility and integrity of intelligence information through constant monitoring of the chemical signatures in the illicit drug market.Changes in the synthetic pattern result in new impurity profiles that are important in keeping valuable intelligence information on clandestine laboratories, new synthetic routes, trafficking patterns, and geographical sources of illicit Methamphetamine.This review presents a critical analysis of the methamphetamine impurity profiles and more specifically, profiling based on impurity profiles from Leuckart, Reductive amination, Moscow, Emde, Nagai, Birch, Moscow route; a recent nitrostyrene route and stable isotope signatures. It also highlights the discrimination of ephedrine from pseudoephedrine sources and the emerging methamphetamine profiling based on stable isotopes.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a new type of nano-carbons that are currently favored over semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) because of their solubility, low toxicity, eco-friendliness, and cheap and facile synthesis giving desired optical characteristics. Moreover, their physiochemical properties can be controlled by their synthetic route. CQDs can emit fluorescence in the range from the UV to the near-infrared (NIR) region, making them suitable for biomedical applications. Fluorescence in these nano-carbon atoms can be tuned by varying the excitation wavelength. As of now, CQDs have been used in various applications such as in bioimaging, biosensing, electrochemical biosensing, drug delivery, gene delivery, photodynamic therapy in the treatment of cancers, pharmaceutical formulations, and treating inflammation. This article highlights the current progress and advancement of CQDs with focus on their synthetic routes, chemical and optical properties, and biomedical applications along with new perceptions in this interesting and promising field.

A novel synthetic route toward vilazodone is described by using 4-cyanoaniline and 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde as starting materials, with an overall yield of 24% and 99% purity. First, the intermediate (3-(4-chlorobutyl)-1 H -indole-5-carbonitrile) is synthesized via diazotization of 4-cyanoaniline, followed by Fischer indole cyclization with 6-chlorohexanal. Subsequently, another intermediate, 5-(piperazin-1-yl)benzofuran-2-carboxamide, is generated via aromatic nucleophilic substitution of 5-bromobenzofuran-2-carboxamide with piperazine. Finally, vilazodone is obtained via nucleophilic substitution of the above two key intermediates by treatment with Et3N/K2CO3. In comparison to the original process, this route avoids the use of expensive and toxic reagents and resolves issues such as safety, environmental concerns, and high costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Lung cancer continues to pose a significant challenge as a prominent contributor to global cancer-related mortality. Despite the considerable strides made in therapeutic interventions within the past decade, a substantial population of patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) still face the grim reality of an incurable condition. In the realm of optimal management strategies for individuals afflicted with locally advanced, yet amenable to surgical resection, NSCLC, a therapeutic approach encompassing chemoradiation stands as a fundamental component. Significant strides have been made in the therapeutic landscape of NSCLC during the preceding two decades, facilitating an enhanced comprehension of the underlying disease biology, and mechanisms governing tumor progression, as well as advancements in early detection modalities and multimodal therapeutic interventions. Nevertheless, the overall rates of curative interventions and survival outcomes for NSCLC continue to exhibit a discouragingly low trajectory, particularly in the context of metastatic disease. Hence, the imperative for sustained research endeavors in the realm of novel pharmaceutical agents and combinatorial therapeutic approaches remains paramount, with the overarching objective of broadening the scope of clinical advantages conferred upon a wider demographic of patients, thereby fostering tangible improvements in outcomes pertaining to NSCLC. The primary objective of this review is to provide an all-encompassing examination encompassing the clinical application and synthetic routes of specific drugs, with the explicit aim of disseminating invaluable knowledge that can inform future research and development endeavors focused on NSCLC. [Display omitted] • Clinically approved small-molecule drugs to treat NSCLC are timely summarized. • The clinical applications and synthetic routes of 26 representative drugs are highlighted. • Summary and prospect are briefly discussed to guide future design of small-molecule drugs to treat NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel asymmetric azo reagents, 1-( tert -butyl)-2-(4-substituted benzyl) azodicarboxylate, were prepared. The synthetic process has the advantage of simpleness, easy operation, mild reaction condition and high yield. The 1-( tert -butyl)-2-(4-chlorobenzyl) azodicarboxylate (tBCAD) was selected for its stability and convenience to handle, and its precursor can be recycled by recrystallization with toluene. The t BCAD and DIAD were applied to a wide variety of Mitsunobu reactions. The experimental results showed that the performance of tBCAD in Mitsunobu reaction was comparable to that of DIAD, while the stability of tBCAD was much better than DIAD. Thus, tBCAD can be a novel, stable, effective azo-reagent for the Mitsunobu reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic neoplasm of plasma cells that is currently deemed incurable. Despite the introduction of novel immunomodulators and proteasome inhibitors, MM remains a challenging disease with high rates of relapse and refractoriness. The management of refractory and relapsed MM patients remains a formidable task, primarily due to the emergence of multiple drug resistance. Consequently, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic agents to address this clinical challenge. In recent years, a significant amount of research has been dedicated to the discovery of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of MM. The clinical utilization of proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib and immunomodulator pomalidomide has been successively introduced. As basic research continues to advance, novel therapeutic agents, including panobinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and selinexor, a nuclear export inhibitor, have progressed to the clinical trial and application phase. This review aims to furnish a comprehensive survey of the clinical applications and synthetic pathways of select drugs, with the intention of imparting valuable insights for future drug research and development geared towards MM. [Display omitted] • A succinct overview of small-molecule clinical drugs to treat Multiple Myeloma were summarized. • The present study sheds light on the clinical utility and synthetic pathways of select pharmaceutical agents. • Summary and prospect serve as a valuable resource for the development of effective treatments for Multiple Myeloma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

V 10 O 24 ·10H 2 O nanoribbons were synthesized by a simple, rapid and high-yield route with starting from cheap V 2 O 5 and glucose, and their capacitive properties were firstly investigated. The as-prepared samples were characterized by XRD, XPS, TG and SEM. The effect of various factors (such as aqueous electrolyte, working voltage and current density) on the capacitive behavior of V 10 O 24 ·10H 2 O electrode was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge test. The best capacitive properties were achieved in 1 M KNO 3 solution at the working voltage of −0.3 to 0.7 V. The highest initial specific capacitance was 177.5 F g −1 at the current density of 200 mA g −1 . The capacity retention was 93.2% or 85.3% after 1000 or 2000 cycles. Furthermore, the cyclic stability of V 10 O 24 ·10H 2 O was excellent at the high current density of 800 mA g −1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5-aminovalanoic acid (5AVA) can be used as the precursor of new plastics nylon 5 and nylon 56, and is a promising platform compound for the synthesis of polyimides. At present, the biosynthesis of 5-aminovalanoic acid generally is of low yield, complex synthesis process and high cost, which hampers large-scale industrial production. In order to achieve efficient biosynthesis of 5AVA, we developed a new pathway mediated by 2-keto-6-aminohexanoate. By combinatory expression of L-lysine α-oxidase from Scomber japonicus , α-ketoacid decarcarboxylase from Lactococcus lactis and aldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli , the synthesis of 5AVA from L-lysine in Escherichia coli was achieved. Under the initial conditions of glucose concentration of 55 g/L and lysine hydrochloride of 40 g/L, the final consumption of 158 g/L glucose and 144 g/L lysine hydrochloride, feeding batch fermentation to produce 57.52 g/L of 5AVA, and the molar yield is 0.62 mol/mol. The new 5AVA biosynthetic pathway does not require ethanol and H 2 O 2 , and achieved a higher production efficiency as compared to the previously reported Bio-Chem hybrid pathway mediated by 2-keto-6-aminohexanoate.

Bakuchiol is a meroterpene natural product distributed in various plants. It possesses several biological activities particularly anticancer. A large number of analogs have been prepared by various researchers by targeting several positions such as phenolic -OH, ethenyl and isopropylidene groups present in the bakuchiol to develop potent therapeutic agents with improved pharmaceutical properties. The present review describes the isolation, organic synthetic schemes, chromatographic study, and biological activities of bakuchiol reported till date. Further, the review also provides an insight into the skin care effects of bakuchiol and structure-activity relationship studies of reported derivatives. Moreover, the biosynthetic pathway of bakuchiol has also been described. All the articles published on bakuchiol revealed that bakuchiol and its analogs possess a remarkable potential for the development of potent anticancer and several other therapeutic agents. The reported synthetic schemes can be utilized for the industrial production of bakuchiol. Finally, we believe that this review will provide important information to the researchers interested in the chemistry and biology of Bakuchiol., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Abstract: Three different synthetic routes, including solid-state reaction, sol–gel and hydrothermal methods are successfully used for preparation of Li3V2(PO4)3/C. Ascorbic acid is used as a reducing agent and/or as a chelating agent. The Li3V2(PO4)3/C synthesized by hydrothermal method with fine particles exhibits lower impedance and smaller potential difference values between oxidation and reduction peaks than those by solid-state reaction and sol–gel methods. Thus as cathode material for Li-ion batteries, the Li3V2(PO4)3/C synthesized by hydrothermal method shows higher discharge capacity, better rate capability and cyclic performance. Even at a high charge–discharge rate of 10C, it still can deliver a discharge capacity of 101.4mAhg−1 and 106.6mAhg−1 in the potential range of 3.0–4.3V and 3.0–4.8V, respectively. The hydrothermal synthesis has been considered to be a competitive process to prepare Li3V2(PO4)3/C cathode materials with excellent electrochemical performances. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Synthesis and conformational analyses of 1-O-acetyl-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2,4-O-[(Z)-2-butenylene]-β-d-glucopyranose are described. The construction of the trioxabicyclo[6.3.1]dodecane skeleton of the compound was initiated from a ring-opened glucose, followed by the successive cyclization of first the nine-membered ring and then the six-membered ring. The pyranose of the compound was in 3S1, an axial-rich twist-boat conformation. This result demonstrated an alternative method for the restriction of the pyranose into the axial-rich twist-boat conformation in contrast to the procedures that use bulky silyl protecting groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Several vapor phase processes for the preparation of GaN nanowires, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), direct reaction (DR), and hydride vapor phase epitaxial growth (HVPE), have been previously reported. To determine the most appropriate route for fabrication and engineering of GaN nanowires, we prepared nanowires via the three aforementioned routes and characterized their microstructures and photoluminescence (PL) properties. All prepared nanowires were single-crystalline, whowing well-defined crystal structure in X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopic analyses. However, high-quality nanowires could most readily be obtained by DR. Large-scale and selective area growth of nanowires could most readily be achieved by CVD and HVPE. PL spectra for the nanowires prepared by HVPE showed a red-shifted center wavelength and wider full width-half maximum (FWHM) value as compared to those prepared by DR or CVD. This indicates the presence of unknown impurities and/or defects in the nanowires prepared by HVPE. Our results indicate that high-quality nanowires can be prepared by DR and CVD, while large-scale selective growth can be achieved by CVD and HVPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We described a novel and simple one-step, solid-state route for the synthesis of crystalline CuS nanorods using surfactant, C18H37(CH2CH2O)10H, as shape controller. The diameters of the as-prepared CuS nanorods are in the range of 10–60nm and lengths are up to 5μm. The crystallinity, purity, morphology, structural features and UV–vis optical absorption spectra of the as-prepared nanorods were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, optical absorption spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectra. The role of surfactant, C18H37(CH2CH2O)10H, in the formation of CuS nanorods has been discussed. The result indicated that the surfactant played a key role for the formation of CuS nanorods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this work, we present a new synthesis and optical characterization of poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) films doped with neodymium ions (Nd). The optimization of the Nd-PSS films processing shows that the maximum Nd(III) incorporation is equal to 14%. The absorbance spectra in the UV–Vis-NIR region of Nd-PSS films present the typical transition bands of neodymium chloride (NdCl3) in aqueous solution. The infrared spectra display the PSS transitions with an enlargement in every band, as a result of Nd coordination. The UV–Vis luminescence of Nd-PSS films exhibits a spectral blue shift and a line shape definition as compared to PSS film, indicating a decrease in the interaction among the aromatic groups. In addition, the Nd-PSS emission at 1052nm (9505cm−1 – transition 4F3/2 → 4I11/2) was observed, independently of the neodymium concentration. Judd–Ofelt theory was used in order to obtain the Nd radiative transition rates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Herein, we have synthesized a series of lipophilic, halogenated-arylvinyl-1,2,4-trioxanes 8a – g (28 compounds) and assessed for their in vitro anti-plasmodial activity in Plasmodium falciparum culture using SYBRgreen-I fluorescence assay against chloroquine-resistant Pf INDO and artemisinin-resistant Pf Cam 3.1R539T (MRA-1240) strains. Alongside, the cell cytotoxic potential of 8a – g has also been determined against the HEK293 cell line in vitro. Out of twenty-eight halogenated-arylvinyl-1,2,4-trioxanes; ten analogues (8a 2 , 8a 4 , 8b 2 , 8b 4 , 8d 4 , 8e 1 , 8e 2 , 8e 4 , 8f 2 , and 8g 4) have shown potent in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC 50 < 27 nM (IC 50 range = 4.48–26.58 nM). Also, the selectivity index (SI) for these ten analogues were found in the range of 72.00–3972.50 which indicates their selective potential towards Plasmodium cells. Results of the cell cycle stage specificity with two of the most potent compounds 8a 4 {(IC 50 = 4.48 nM; SI = 3972.50) more potent than chloroquine (IC 50 = 546 nM; SI = 36.64) and artesunate (IC 50 = 6.6 nM; SI = 4333.33)} and 8e 2 (IC 50 = 9.69 nM; SI = 1348) against Pf INDO indicated all three stages to be the target of the action of 8e 2 while only rings and trophozoites appeared to be targeted by 8a 4. Ring stage survival assay against artemisinin-resistant Pf Cam 3.1R539T indicated that 8a 4 may be well suited to replace artemisinin from current ACTs which are experiencing in vivo delayed parasite clearance. With intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral (p.o.) route at the dose of 50 mg/kg/day × 4 days; 8a 4 has also shown 100% suppression of parasitemia in P. berghei ANKA infected Balb C mice. Further, the in vitro anticancer activity of 8a – g performed against human lung (A549) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines as also against immortalized normal lung (BEAS-2B) and liver (LO2) cell lines has revealed that most of the derivatives are endowed also with promising anticancer activity (IC 50 = 0.69–15 μM; SI = 1.02–20.61) in comparison with standard drugs such as chloroquine (IC 50 = 100 μ M; SI = 0.03), artemisinin (IC 50 = 100 μ M), and artesunic acid (IC 50 = 9.85 μ M; SI = 0.76), respectively. All the derivatives have shown moderate anticancer activity against liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines. Arylvinyl-1,2,4-trioxanes 8f 2 (IC 50 = 0.69 μ M; SI = 16.66), the most active compound of the series, has shown ∼145 fold more cytotoxic potential with higher selectivity in comparison to reference drugs chloroquine (IC 50 = 100 μ M; SI = 0.03) and artemisinin (IC 50 = 100 μ M), respectively against the lung (A549) cancer cell line. Finally, the in-silico docking studies of the potent halogenated 1,2,4-trioxanes along with reference drug molecules against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR ; PDB ID : 1M17) have demonstrated the strong virtual interaction. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]