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The safety system of nuclear power plants is very crucial for protecting the environment and the living world. In this article, we have addressed the nuclear power plant safety system in a neutrosophic environment. Here, we have mathematically presented a nuclear power plant safety system in terms of neutrosophic differential equations. We have thoroughly examined and discussed both analytically and numerically the solution of the nuclear power plant safety model considering the underlying model parameter as single-valued triangular neutrosophic number. We have focused to find out probability of the nuclear power plant's safety system working normally and shutdown in safe mode when the model parameters are imprecise in nature. It has been observed that the normal operation and shutdown probability of nuclear power plant safety systems under uncertain conditions are predicted with robust accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automation errors may result in human performance issues that are often difficult to grasp. Skraaning and Jamieson (2023) proposed a taxonomy for classifying automation errors into categories based on the visible symptoms of design problems, so as to benefit the design of training scenarios. In this paper, we propose a complementary classification that is based on the mechanisms of human-automation interaction guided by Rasmussen's Skill, Rule and Knowledge (SRK) taxonomy. We identified four main failure classes and expect that this classification can support automation designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to rapid change from divestitures, acquisitions, and greenfield startups, Albemarle found it challenging to communicate and assess our Process Safety expectations. We decided we needed a tool that would both guide site management through the milestones related to process safety management systems and one that would allow senior management to assess progress. In addition, a tool was needed to challenge existing sites with continuous improvement goals in process safety management. For this reason, one key aspect of the tool is applicability to every site in the company; even though the maturity of the process safety program is diverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Taiwan Food and Drug Administration has implemented a three-tier quality control system to enhance food safety. This system includes self-management of food businesses, external certification, and government inspection. Ten categories of food businesses are required to comply with this system. By the end of 2023, over 90% of the food businesses successfully completed the second-tier certification. Statistical analysis revealed no significant correlation between non-conformity counts and factors such as capital amount, food industry type, or times of certifications. Non-conformity issues mainly arose from violations of good hygiene practices and discrepancies between the actual execution and the established hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system in food businesses. These issues, potentially due to a lack of hygiene and safety awareness among employees, will not cause an immediate hazard for the time being but allow for early identification of potential risks, thereby improving overall food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wheelchair is the primary means of mobility for individuals unable to walk. This study aimed to develop a safety system for electric wheelchairs to help people with tetraplegia avoid obstructions. The main contribution of this study is the implementation of a sensor with a wider reflection angle and the adjustment of the wheelchair's speed based on the distance to the obstruction, eliminating the need for manual speed selection. The safety system utilizes LV-MaxSonarEZ1 ultrasonic sensors, which function as reflectance distance readers placed on the front, rear, right, and left sides of the wheelchair. The output from the sensors is input into an Arduino, which functions as the controller. The safety system employs adaptive speed control based on distance through a fuzzy logic controller. The wheelchair was tested with obstruction distances of 1, 1.8, 3, and 10 m. The wheelchair could stop at a distance of 34.06 cm for forward movement and 45.16 cm for reverse movement. The results of this study successfully demonstrate the creation of a safety system on a wheelchair using ultrasonic sensors to avoid obstructions and detect areas, with more adaptive speed control based on distance through a fuzzy logic controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining safety objectives with stability objectives is crucial for safety-critical systems. Existing studies generally unified these two objectives by constructing Lyapunov-type barrier functions. However, insufficient analysis of key set relationships within the system may render the proposed safety and stability conditions conservative, and these studies also did not provide how to use such conditions to design safety-stability control strategies. This paper proposed a feasible and constructive design to achieve stabilization of safety-critical systems by a relaxed converse Lyapunov-barrier approach. By analyzing the relationships between a series of sets associated with the safety-critical system, the stability and safety conditions can be appropriately relaxed. Then, with the help of relaxed converse control Lyapunov-barrier functions (RCCLBFs), a theoretical result was obtained for the stability of affine nonlinear systems with safety constraints. Subsequently, a constructive method was developed for a second-order strict-feedback system to transform the process of solving RCCLBFs into a Lyapunov-like stabilization problem. Finally, the proposed safety-stability control method is exerted on a robotic system and demonstrated by simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road target recognition ability of automotive millimetre-wave (mmWave) radar is crucial in areas such as autonomous driving, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and automated emergency braking systems (AEBS). Current mmWave radar systems are primarily utilized for speed, distance, and angle measurements, with limited capability or unsatisfactory performance in target classification. In response to this limitation, this paper proposes a novel method for road target recognition, using radar range-Doppler spectrum as input data and introducing a global attention mechanism and SCConv module. First, the range-Doppler spectrum is processed by the clutter removal algorithm block to remove background clutter and vibration interference. Second, considering the small features and susceptibility to noise interference in the range-Doppler spectrum, we have devised a deep residual network based on a global attention mechanism, significantly enhancing the model's accuracy in range-Doppler spectrum classification. Finally, we introduce the SCConv module and improve the downsampling module in ResNet to enhance the model's classification accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the model achieves an average accuracy of 99.79% in classifying six types of road targets, significantly outperforming other methods. This research is of significant importance in advancing the understanding of road traffic conditions by autonomous driving systems and enhancing system safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential part of modern smart manufacturing, road transport with large and heavy trucks has in-creased dramatically. Due to the inside wheel difference in the process of turning, there is a considerable safety hazard in the blind area of the inside wheel difference. In this paper, multiple cameras combined with deep learning algorithms are introduced to detect pedestrians in the blind area of wheel error. A scheme of vehicle-pedestrian safety alarm detection system is developed via the integration of YOLOv5 and an improved binocular distance measurement method. The system accurately measures the distance between the truck and nearby pedestrians by utilizing multiple cameras and PP Human recognition, providing real-time safety alerts. The experimental results show that this method significantly reduces distance measurement errors, improves the reliability of pedestrian detection, achieves high accuracy and real-time performance, and thus enhances the safety of trucks in complex traffic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical companies routinely screen compounds for hemodynamics related safety risk. In vitro secondary pharmacology is initially used to prioritize compounds while in vivo studies are later used to quantify and translate risk to humans. This strategy has shown limitations but could be improved via the incorporation of molecular findings in the animal-based toxicological risk assessment. The aim of this study is to develop a mathematical model for rat and dog species that can integrate secondary pharmacology modulation and therefore facilitate the overall pre-clinical safety translation assessment. Following an extensive literature review, we built two separate models recapitulating known regulation processes in dogs and rats. We describe the resulting models and show that they can reproduce a variety of interventions in both species. We also show that the models can incorporate the mechanisms of action of a pre-defined list of 50 pharmacological mechanisms whose modulation predict results consistent with known pharmacology. In conclusion, a mechanistic model of hemodynamics regulations in rat and dog species has been developed to support mechanism-based safety translation in drug discovery and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This present work explores the self‐aeration within the Gelas tunnel intake to accurately predict air demand and to analyze flow dynamics through advanced numerical methods. Volume of fluid (VOF) and mixture methods were used to model air–water interactions to ensure the safe and effective operation of hydraulic structures because traditional empirical models frequently fail to capture the complexity of these interactions, especially in large‐scale systems like the Gelas tunnel. Our results demonstrate that, with a relative error of only 22% when compared to empirical standards, the VOF technique performs much better in air demand predictions than the mixed method. The combination method overestimated the demand in this case by more than 153%. Furthermore, the VOF method accurately simulated not only flow depth but also air concentration and hydraulic jump dynamics which makes it a more reliable tool for modeling such complex phenomena. These results underscore the importance of integrating advanced numerical simulations into the design of essential hydraulic systems to enhance their safety and operational efficiency and offer valuable insights for the future design and optimization of water conveyance infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground handling companies (GHCs) have the highest potential for occupational accidents in the air transportation sector. Understanding the success factors of occupational health and safety management systems (OHSMSs) implemented by GHCs ensures effective and efficient use of resources. Knowing the relative importance of success factors will enable companies to focus their energies on the most important factors. The analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the relative importance of success factors. The data of the study were obtained through a questionnaire survey of participants working as occupational safety and health (OSH) managers in GHCs operating in Turkey. According to the results of the study, the most critical success factor is ‘top management support’, followed by ‘positive safety culture’. The differentiating result of the research from the literature is that ‘OSH professionals’ ranks third as an important success factor. Other success factors include ‘OHSMS practices’, ‘stakeholder attitudes and characteristics’ and ‘regulations’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducts a comprehensive risk assessment for a selected hydrogen supply system within a pilot hydrogen power plant. The assessment begins with hazard identification through Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis, followed by quantification using bow-tie analysis and consequence modeling to evaluate the impacts of credible scenarios resulting from random failures. Furthermore, a fuzzy Bayesian network is employed to address uncertainties inherent in the quantitative approaches and to account for event combinations and dependencies. Sensitivity analysis is subsequently conducted to identify critical events. Utilizing three quantitative approaches, fault tree analysis, the Bayesian network, without and with evidence updating, the probability of the top event is determined to be 4.52 × 10−2/year, 4.50 × 10−2/year, and 4.70 × 10−2/year, respectively. Additionally, the estimated firezone resulting from the explosion's 300 mbar overpressure was 12 m. The findings highlight the significant role of pressure regulator valve and pressure transmitter failures, with posterior probabilities of 0.17/year and 1.90 × 10−3/year, in ensuring the system's safety. [Display omitted] • A dynamic approach has been presented to assess the risk via Bayesian network. • The evaluation has been updated by the utilization of field evidence. • The critical nodes in system identified through sensitivity analysis method. • Fuzzy logic has been employed as a means of dealing with prevailing uncertainty. • Consequence modelling was conducted to enable quantitative analysis of scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsea production systems operate in harsh and hostile environments, making them subject to degradation that leads to failure. This is also the case for the final elements of safety-instrumented systems (SISs) that are installed to protect subsea production systems. As a result, the classic SIS performance assessment methods that assume constant failure rates may not be realistic for subsea elements, which may experience both random failures and natural degradation. The location of subsea production also provides challenges for accessing the system to perform repair, and this often results in delays before repair following revealed failures. In this paper, we explore all these issues by developing formulations that incorporate degradation and random failures as well as repair delays to assess the performance of the system. The degradation of the system is modeled with the Weibull distribution, while an exponential distribution is used to model the random failures. The impacts of different maintenance strategies on safety are also explored with case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Systems for quality and safety assurance in organ donation and transplantation are vital, especially those that seek to minimize donor disease transmission. Australia has developed a national vigilance and surveillance system to identify, review, and analyze actual and potential donor‐derived infections and other disease transmissions. Methods: The system involves notification of incidents to the Australian Organ and Tissue Authority for review by a Vigilance and Surveillance Expert Advisory Committee (VSEAC). The VSEAC grades incidents, O makes recommendations, and issues communications both publicly and to the clinical donation and transplant sector. Results: Annual notifications have increased since the inception of the system in 2012 until 2022. The vast majority relate to procedural aspects including donor assessment, information/data issues, and the recovery, offer, allocation, preservation and transportation of organs. Possible donor‐derived disease accounted for 19% of all notifications, and those related to possible donor‐derived infection only 12%. The VSEAC, as a result of reviewing these incidents, has made recommendations resulting in revisions to donor screening, organ allocation, packaging and transportation. The review of incidents has led to changes in clinical guidance for increased viral risk donor assessment, testing, and ensuing organ utilization and recipient surveillance. Guidance has also been reviewed for other infectious risks including strongyloides, human T‐lymphotropic virus, and HEV. Conclusion: The Australian vigilance and surveillance system has enabled national retrospective reporting and evaluation of serious adverse events or reactions to identify trends and inform processes and guidelines, therefore improving the safety of donation and transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault diagnosis plays a crucial role in maintaining the operational safety of mechanical systems. As intelligent data-driven approaches evolve, deep learning (DL) has emerged as a pivotal technique in fault diagnosis research. However, the collected vibrational signals from mechanical systems are usually corrupted by unrelated noises due to complicated transfer path modulations and component coupling. To solve the above problems, this paper proposed the dynamic temporal denoise neural network with multi-head attention (DTDNet). Firstly, this model transforms one-dimensional signals into two-dimensional tensors based on the periodic self-similarity of signals, employing multi-scale two-dimensional convolution kernels to extract signal features both within and across periods. Secondly, for the problem of lacking denoising structure in traditional convolutional neural networks, a temporal variable denoise (TVD) module with dynamic nonlinear processing is proposed to filter the noises. Lastly, a multi-head attention fusion (MAF) module is used to weight the denoted features of signals with different periods. Evaluation on two datasets, Case Western Reserve University bearing dataset (single sensor) and Real aircraft sensor dataset (multiple sensors), demonstrates that the DTDNet can reduce the useless noises in signals and achieve a remarkable improvement in classification performance compared with the state-of-the-art method. DTDNet provides a high-performance solution for potential noise that may occur in actual fault diagnosis tasks, which has important application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short-circuit (SC) immunity of power silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs is critical for high-reliability applications, where robust monitoring and protection strategies are essential to ensure system safety. Despite their superior voltage blocking capabilities and high energy efficiency, SiC MOSFETs exhibit greater sensitivity to SC-induced degradation compared to their silicon counterparts. This increased vulnerability necessitates the precise assessment of the key SC performance metrics, such as short-circuit withstand time ( T S C W T ), as well as a deeper understanding of the failure mechanisms. In this study, a comprehensive experimental methodology for evaluating the SC behavior of SiC MOSFETs is presented and validated using industrial references. The investigation further explores the concept of a Safe Operating Area (SOA) under SC conditions, highlighting the significant impact of quasi-simultaneous SC events on device lifetime. Additionally, an application case study demonstrates how these events can drastically reduce the device's lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the economic and environmental concerns associated with fossil fuels, many government and private organizations are progressively shifting towards the integration of solar farms with Utility Grids. However, these systems are facing insulation failure issues due to internal and external transient overvoltage's, in which their shape, magnitude, and duration are unpredictable, and consequently, the insulation stress also becomes unpredictable. To ensure the safety and integrity of the system against any transient overvoltage event, it is important to carry out an insulation coordination analysis. The primary goal of this research work is to achieve this optimization in an economically viable manner, ensuring both operational stability and cost-effectiveness in the design of electrical equipment like surge Arresters. The research work presented in the literature does not fully evaluate all International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) overvoltage classes as specified in the insulation coordination standards for Utility Grids integrated with solar farms. Therefore, this research paper investigates the impact of various transient and switching overvoltage conditions, as defined in the IEC 60071.4 Insulation Coordination Standard at the Solar and Utility Grid Electrical power system using PSCAD 4.6/EMTP Software. Five distinct simulation scenarios were developed to assess the systems' resilience against insulation stress events. The proposed system was also examined with and without the application of a lightning surge arrester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnostic errors in health care are a global threat to patient safety. Researchers have traditionally focused diagnostic safety efforts on identifying errors and their causes with the goal of reducing diagnostic error rates. More recently, complementary approaches to diagnostic errors have focused on improving diagnostic performance drawn from the safety sciences. These approaches have been called Safety-II and Safety-III, which apply resilience engineering and system safety principles, respectively. This review explores the safety science paradigms and their implications for analyzing diagnostic errors, highlighting their distinct yet complementary perspectives. The integration of Safety-I, Safety-II, and Safety-III paradigms presents a promising pathway for improving diagnosis. Diagnostic researchers not yet familiar with the various approaches and potential paradigm shift in diagnostic safety research may use this review as a starting point for considering Safety-I, Safety-II, and Safety-III in their efforts to both reduce diagnostic errors and improve diagnostic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Aim: This study aims to describe the transition-in-care work process for sepsis survivors going from hospitals to home health care (HHC) and identify facilitators and barriers to enable practice change and safe care transitions using a human factors and systems engineering approach. Background: Despite high readmission risk for sepsis survivors, the transition-in-care work process from hospitals to HHC has not been described. Methods: We analyzed semi-structured needs assessment interviews with 24 stakeholders involved in transitioning sepsis survivors from two hospitals and one affiliated HHC agency participating in the parent implementation science study, I-TRANSFER. The qualitative data analysis was guided by the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) framework to describe the work process and identify work system elements. Results: We identified 31 tasks characterized as decision making, patient education, communication, information, documentation, and scheduling tasks. Technological and organizational facilitators lacked in HHC compared to the hospitals. Person and organization elements in HHC had the most barriers but few facilitators. Additionally, we identified specific task barriers that could hinder sepsis information transfer from hospitals to HHC. Conclusion: This study explored the complex transition-in-care work processes for sepsis survivors going from hospitals to HHC. We identified barriers, facilitators, and critical areas for improvement to enable implementation and ensure safe care transitions. A key finding was the sepsis information transfer deficit, highlighting a critical issue for future study. Application: We recommend using the SEIPS framework to explore complex healthcare work processes before the implementation of evidence-based interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the incidence of accidents involving falls from height at construction sites caused by workers climbing guardrails is still high. Traditional unsafe behavior management mainly relies on a safety patrol of construction-site supervisors, which consumes considerable laborpower and time. There is still a critical need for an automated safety management method to identify unsafe guardrail climbing behavior. This study proposes a worker behavior identification method based on visual data fusion of a worker's surrounding environment and posture data. Videos of seven participants' guardrail climbing behavior through multiangle and multidistance cameras were analyzed to verify this method. By analyzing the environment and posture of the participants, three methods based on environment, posture, and fusion data were used to detect the stage of guardrail climbing action of the workers and compare them with the ground truth labeled by safety experts. The precision and recall of worker guardrail climbing behavior based on the fusion method were 82% and 83% respectively, which is better performance than that obtained using a single method. The data fusion–based method avoids the misjudgment generated by a single detection method and can identify the guardrail climbing behavior more accurately. Practical Applications: Guardrail climbing is a typical unsafe behavior that exposes workers to a high risk of falling from height. However, there is a lack of research on the interaction between workers and guardrail systems in the construction industry. This study provides a nonintrusive method for automating detection and management of guardrail climbing behavior on construction site. Using existing surveillance cameras, this method can be deployed at low cost with slight interference with workers. Based on the detection, appropriate interventions are expected to effectively reduce workers' unsafe behaviors during construction and improve safety on site. The detection of guardrail climbing, which is one of the variety of unsafe behaviors associated with falls from height, can enrich the intelligent construction safety management system effectively. Moreover, this study also provides reference and quantitative indicators (e.g., a guardrail climbing unsafe behavior database) for risk assessment and early warning of workers who are exposed to risk of fall from height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to meet the needs of digital development of power system and ensure the safety of power communication equipment, an intelligent patrol inspection method for power communication equipment with low code enabling based on digital transformation is proposed. Build an intelligent patrol platform for low code enabled power communication equipment based on digital transformation. The data acquisition module of the infrastructure layer scans the RFID tags on the communication equipment through the patrol personnel's handheld devices to obtain the specific information of the current equipment. The UDT data transmission protocol of the data transmission module transmits the equipment information collected by the patrol personnel to the patrol application layer; The fault diagnosis module of patrol application layer uses convolutional neural network to analyze patrol data and complete fault detection of power communication equipment; The integrated component layer uses the application components developed by visual tools to enable the platform with low code through the low threshold platform development technology; The front-end service layer, supported by the technology of the integrated component layer, implements the simplification and configurable processing of front-end display results such as patrol results display, and views and manages the patrol results of the platform through the user terminal layer. The experiment shows that the method is accurate in data acquisition, fast in data transmission and high in fault diagnosis accuracy. It is a highly practical intelligent patrol method for power communication equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates safety-critical event-triggered control (ETC) for nonlinear systems. It proposes a new ETC strategy that ensures event-triggered safety by using a tunable input-to-state safe barrier function. Then, a method is devised to effectively save communication resources and reduce computational load through the construction of a suitable dynamic event-triggered mechanism. Furthermore, the exclusion of Zeno behavior is guaranteed for the closed-loop system. Finally, this paper culminates by presenting two illustrative examples that showcase the effectiveness of proposed control strategies. • Address the issue of sampling errors and provide a less conservative approach. • Ensure event-triggered safety of nonlinear systems. • The definite exclusion of Zeno behavior in event-triggered control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: With fully automated driving systems (ADS; SAE level 4) ride-hailing services expanding in the U.S., we are now approaching an inflection point in the history of vehicle safety assessment. The process of retrospectively evaluating ADS safety impact (as seen with seatbelts, airbags, electronic stability control, etc.) can start to yield statistically credible conclusions. An ADS safety impact measurement requires a comparison to a "benchmark" crash rate. Most benchmarks generated to-date have focused on the current human-driven fleet, which enable researchers to understand the impact of the introduced ADS technology on the current crash record status quo. This study aims to address, update, and extend the existing literature by leveraging police-reported crashes to generate human crash rates for multiple geographic areas with current ADS deployments. Methods: All of the data leveraged is publicly accessible, and the benchmark determination methodology is intended to be repeatable and transparent. Generating a benchmark that is comparable to ADS crash data is associated with certain challenges, including data selection, handling underreporting and reporting thresholds, identifying the population of drivers and vehicles to compare against, choosing an appropriate severity level to assess, and matching crash and mileage exposure data. Results: Consequently, we identify essential steps when generating benchmarks, and present our analyses amongst a backdrop of existing ADS benchmark literature. One analysis presented is the usage of established underreporting correction methodology to publicly available human driver police-reported data to improve comparability to publicly available ADS crash data. We also identified several important crash rate dependencies (geographic region, road type, and vehicle type), and show how failing to account for these features in ADS comparisons can bias results. Conclusions: Working with police-reported crash data to create crash rate benchmarks is fraught with challenges. Researchers should be cautious in their selection of crash rate benchmarks. We present these challenges, discuss their consequences, and provide analytical guidance for addressing them. This body of work aims to contribute to the ability of the community - researchers, regulators, industry, and experts - to reach consensus on how to estimate accurate benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although child safety seats are highly effective in preventing injuries, they are frequently misused. Experts have identified two leading "critical misuses": (1) loose harness straps and (2) loose vehicle attachment at the base. We designed an innovative child safety seat system that educates, instructs, and alarms participants of safety seat errors. The system includes both the Cellular Car Seat (CCS) smartphone app and a network of car seat sensors. Our objective was to determine if CCS system users had fewer child safety seat misuses than users with a child safety seat manual alone. Methods: During the study visit, 92 participants completed three safety seat scenarios using a mock vehicle setup, test doll, and a convertible child safety seat: A) fully install a convertible safety seat, B) recognizing/correcting loose harness straps in a seat with intentionally loose straps, and C) recognizing/correcting loose attachment to the vehicle seat at the base in a seat with intentionally loose attachment. Intervention participants (n = 46) were asked to use the CCS app during each scenario and control participants (n = 46) were given only the paper child safety seat manual. For each scenario, researchers determined errors/misuses present at the end of the scenario, time to complete scenario, and tension achieved on the harness straps (collected via load cell). Results: Compared with controls, intervention participants had significantly fewer errors and higher average harness tensions for all three scenarios; furthermore, a greater portion achieved a harness tension of 4 newtons. During Scenario A, the rate of loose harness strap errors was more than three times higher for controls and loose base attachment errors almost six times higher. We observed similar trends in Scenario B, with harness strap errors more than double for controls. In Scenario C, the rates of both critical misuse errors were four times higher for controls compared to the intervention group. Conclusions: The innovative CCS system was highly effective at reducing child safety seat use errors, especially critical misuses. Reducing critical misuses will decrease injuries and fatalities among crash-involved children. The CCS system can alert families to everyday harnessing and installation errors and provide families and caregivers with ongoing, accessible support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the recent COVID-19 pandemic, various social and movement restrictions were enforced to contain the virus outbreak. As a result, both consumers and food vendors turned to online food delivery (OFD) platforms, which recorded significant growth and success in this period. However, there were concerns about food safety in these platforms as it is not clear if there are regulations in place or if existing guidelines are adequate. This conceptual paper aims to explore food safety practices and guidelines for food vendors in Malaysia that are relevant to OFD companies. Exploring these guidelines is crucial for OFD companies in establishing food safety for their customers. The findings will add to the existing knowledge base and offer practical implications for stakeholders, particularly the government and OFD companies, in establishing a secure and robust food safety management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present examples and original solutions related to the application of the digital twin concept in designing safety systems for robotic stations. This paper includes a review of publications on robot safety systems and digital twins. Based on this review, it was concluded that further work in this area is justified. This paper demonstrates the use of a digital model of a robotic casting mold preparation station to design safety components for an industrial cell. A key element of this paper is the presentation of developed algorithms and their applications in building digital twins of existing robotic stations. By characterizing advanced safety systems used in robotic stations, an example of using a digital twin of a robotic station to create safety zones and so-called restricted zones for the robot was developed. As part of the research conducted, a real, comprehensive example of creating safety zones based on the robot's TCP paths was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a safe-guaranteed backstepping sliding mode heading controller for the underactuated hovercraft in the presence of slew safety constraint and system uncertainties. To begin with, based on the four degrees-of-freedom mathematical model of the hovercraft with system uncertainties, a novel slew rate constraint scheme is proposed to constrain the virtual slew rate of the hovercraft by designing auxiliary dynamic function, and redefine the error constraint envelope according to the prescribed performance control idea to realise the slew rate error constraint. In addition, a second-order fixed time disturbance observer is designed to quickly estimate the uncertainties of the system. Finally, all tracking errors of the closed-loop system are verified global asymptotically stable. The simulation results show that the slew rate can be constrained within the set safety range $r \lt 2.5^\circ /s$ r < 2.5 ∘ / s , and the error signals can converge to 0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc metal anodes are gaining popularity in aqueous electrochemical energy storage systems for their high safety, cost‐effectiveness, and high capacity. However, the service life of zinc metal anodes is severely constrained by critical challenges, including dendrites, water‐induced hydrogen evolution, and passivation. In this study, a protective two‐dimensional metal–organic framework interphase is in situ constructed on the zinc anode surface with a novel gel vapor deposition method. The ultrathin interphase layer (~1 μm) is made of layer‐stacking 2D nanosheets with angstrom‐level pores of around 2.1 Å, which serves as an ion sieve to reject large solvent–ion pairs while homogenizes the transport of partially desolvated zinc ions, contributing to a uniform and highly reversible zinc deposition. With the shielding of the interphase layer, an ultra‐stable zinc plating/stripping is achieved in symmetric cells with cycling over 1000 h at 0.5 mA cm−2 and ~700 h at 1 mA cm−2, far exceeding that of the bare zinc anodes (250 and 70 h). Furthermore, as a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, the full cell paired with MnO2 cathode demonstrates improved rate performances and stable cycling (1200 cycles at 1 A g−1). This work provides fresh insights into interphase design to promote the performance of zinc metal anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The resilient framework of Linguistic Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (LIFSs) allows for the representation and management of uncertainties related to intuitionistic judgments and linguistic expressions. Recent advances in passive and active safety systems have reduced highway fatalities. Autonomous vehicles can improve safety, efficiency, and mobility by navigating traffic without a driver. One of the primary benefits associated with this technology is that it reduces the number of traffic collisions that result in millions of fatalities and numerous injuries. In this research work, we devise two novel aggregation operators: the linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy Dombi ordered weighted averaging (LIFDOWA) operator and the linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy Dombi ordered weighted geometric (LIFDOWG) operator, and explore their fundamental structural properties. We provide innovative score and accuracy functions for multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) problems within the framework of LIF knowledge. Moreover, we use these techniques to develop a specialized algorithm for MADM issues that addresses the complexities arising from ambiguous data during the selection process. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods by applying them to solve the MADM scenario of selecting an optimal approach to improve the credibility of autonomous vehicle control systems on a commercial scale. In addition, we also compare and evaluate the authenticity and practicability of the newly designed techniques in comparison to existing methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite the benefits of periodic evaluation of the vaccine safety surveillance system, no formal assessment, to our knowledge, has been conducted in Nigeria. Hence, this study evaluated the surveillance system for adverse events following immunization (AEFI) to ascertain the system's functionality to inform vaccine safety considerations and guide communication strategies for demand generation. Materials and methods: The study employed a mixed-method approach. Survey questionnaires were administered to 274 routine immunization service providers in Kebbi State, Northern Nigeria, and data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS. In this study, 10 Key Informant Interviews and two Focus Group Discussions were conducted with senior officers and managers at sub-national and national levels within the immunization and surveillance landscape in Nigeria. The interview recordings were cleaned minimally, transcribed, and manually analyzed thematically. Finally, methodological triangulation was done to improve research rigor and provide a better understanding of the phenomena under investigation. Results: Of the respondents, 201(73.4%) reported that the surveillance system can inform vaccine safety considerations while 170(62%) reported that the AEFI surveillance system can determine the magnitude of AEFI within the population. Further, 173(63%) reported that the surveillance system can provide timely feedback about causality assessment. However, 158(58%) of the respondents stated that the surveillance system is competent in informing communication strategies to improve immunization demand. Triangulation was done which showed dissonance in AEFI surveillance and vaccine safety considerations but partial agreement in immunization demand generation. Further, AEFI surveillance system attributes' triangulation revealed agreements (convergence) on simplicity and timeliness; partial agreements on acceptability, data quality, sensitivity, flexibility, and completeness; dissonance on representativeness and silence on stability, indicating a sub-optimal performance of the AEFI surveillance system in the study setting. Finally, the study unearthed some underlying health system factors impeding the AEFI surveillance system from fully fulfilling its objectives. Conclusion: The AEFI surveillance system in Northern Nigeria is well established but functioning sub-optimally. Based on the study findings, the capacity to provide information on vaccine safety exists but it is not robust enough to generate sufficient and convincing vaccine safety data and guide communication strategies for vaccine demand generation, especially for new vaccines and those under emergency authorization use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives Design Setting Participants Main Outcome Measures Results Conclusions To determine the current practice, safety and efficacy of interventions used in the management of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) in the UK NHS.Prospective registry (recruitment between 1st April 2018 and 31st August 2022, retrospective data from 1st January 2015 permitted with consent). Sub‐group data‐linked to Hospital Episode Statistics for additional follow‐up (until 31st July 2022).UK NHS hospitals treating RRP patients.Children and adults diagnosed with RRP and managed in an NHS hospital.Disease severity (Derkay, voice handicap and GRBAS scores), management (type and frequency of surgical and adjuvant intervention) and complications (cancer, death).Three hundred and thirty patients were entered into the registry; 304 (including 65 children) were eligible for analysis. Children had more severe disease than adults (median Derkay score 10 vs. 5). Microdebrider was the most common surgical intervention, particularly in children (86% of children, 49% of adults). Additionally, lasers (CO2, KTP and pulsed dye) were used in 34% of adults. Gardasil was the most common adjuvant therapy (21 children, 23 adults). Procedural complications were rare (10.8% children, 5.9% adults). Five patients developed laryngeal malignancy; there were six deaths during follow‐up period.This is the largest UK RRP study to date. RRP is more aggressive in children than adults, and treatment choice differs between age groups. Overall, management was safe with minimal complications reported, and generally effective in maintaining a safe airway. Standardised reporting is required to objectively monitor disease progression and safety over time.Trial Registration: NCT03465280, ISRCTN36100560 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changing environmental conditions and measured noises often affect the dynamic responses of structures and can obscure subtle changes in the vibration characteristics caused by damage. To address this issue, a new method for classifying damage in offshore structures under varying environmental conditions and measured noises is proposed using linear discrimination analysis (LDA). Two sets of data on dynamic characteristics, one from healthy structures and the other from unknown testing structures, are used to determine the optimal projection vector. This vector is perpendicular to the discriminant hyperplane and is used for damage classification. The damage‐sensitive features are extracted by projecting both sets of data onto this vector. These features are then used with the hypothesis test technique to determine the condition state of the testing structure. Numerical studies on offshore wind turbine structures and experimental validations of a deep‐sea mining system are being conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The study also examines the impact of mode combinations, measured noises and samples on the performance of the approach. The results indicate that the proposed approach can accurately assess the structural health state even in the presence of environmental changes and noise contamination, even with limited samples. The promising performance of the approach will facilitate the establishment of an online structural monitoring system to ensure the safety of offshore structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Objective Methods Results Primary outcome Secondary outcomes Conclusion Low‐to‐zero fluoroscopic navigation systems lower radiation exposure which improves health outcomes. Conventional x‐ray fluoroscopy (CF) has long been the standard to guide to catheter location for cardiac ablation. With advancements in technology, alternative safety navigation systems have been developed. Three primary modalities commonly utilized are three‐dimensional electroanatomic mapping (3D‐EAM), magnetic navigation system (MNS), and intracardiac echocardiography (ICE), all of which can reduce radiation exposure during the procedure.We aim to compare the efficacy and safety among ICE, EAM, MNS, and CF in ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT).This is a meta‐analysis consisting of observational studies and randomized controlled trials, which evaluated the performance of navigation systems of catheter ablation in AVNRT patients. Primary endpoint was to access the AVNRT recurrence after the procedure during follow‐up periods. Secondary endpoints were technical success, fluoroscopic time, fluoroscopic dose area product, radiofrequency ablation time, and adverse events. Random‐effect model was applied for pooled estimated effects of included studies.A total of 21 studies (21 CF, 2 ICE, 9 EAM, 11 MNS) including 1716 patients who underwent catheter ablation for AVNRT treatment were analyzed. Of these, 16 were observational studies and 5 were randomized controlled trials.Point estimation of AVNRT recurrence showed ICE exhibited a pooled odds ratio (ORs) of 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.064–17.322), MNS with ORs of 0.51 (95% CI: 0.214–1.219], and EAM with ORs of 0.394 (95% CI: 0.119–1.305) when compared to CF.EAM had significant higher technical success with ORs of 2.781 (95% CI: 1.317–5.872) when compared to CF. Regarding fluoroscopy time, EAM showed the lowest time with mean differences (MD) of −10.348 min (95% CI: −13.385 to −7.3101) and P‐score of 0.998. It was followed by MNS with MD of −3.712 min (95% CI: −7.128 to −0.295) and P‐score of 0.586, ICE with MD of −1.150 min (95% CI: −6.963 to 4.662) with a P‐score of 0.294 compared to CF, which has a P‐score of 0.122. There were insignificant adverse events across the procedures.AVNRT ablation navigated by low‐to‐zero fluoroscopic navigation systems achieves higher efficacy and comparable safety to conventional fluoroscopywhile also reducing risk of radiation exposure time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To validate active human body models for investigating occupant safety in autonomous cars, it is crucial to comprehend the responses of vehicle occupants during evasive maneuvers. This study sought to quantify the behavior of midsize male and small female passenger seat occupants in both upright and reclined postures during three types of vehicle maneuvers. Volunteer tests were conducted using a minivan, where vehicle kinematics were measured with a DGPS sensor and occupant kinematics were captured with a stereo-vision motion capture system. Seatbelt loads, belt pull-out, and footrest reaction forces were also documented. The interior of the vehicle was 3D-scanned for modeling purposes. Results indicated that seatback angles significantly affected occupant kinematics, with small female volunteers displaying reduced head and torso movements, except during emergency braking with a upright posture seatback. Lane-change maneuvers revealed that maximum lateral head excursions varied depending on the maneuver's direction. The study concluded that seatback angles were crucial in determining the extent of occupant movement, with notable variations in head and torso excursions observed. The collected data assist in understanding occupant behavior during evasive maneuvers and contribute to the validation of human body models, offering essential insights for enhancing safety systems in autonomous vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSeismic uplift of a high-speed rail (HSR) cable-stayed bridge’s bearing affects train safety. Existing technique lacks improved seismic isolation in the vertical direction due to the bearing’s vertical stiffness. Based on the on-site dynamic test and train derailment table experiments and different software, the train running safety of the semi-floating system of the cable-stayed bridge-rail-train system was analyzed using different damping and isolation control strategies. The larger vertical seismic component increases the danger of flange climb derailment when subjected to near-fault earthquakes. After installing lateral/or viscous fluid dampers (VFDs) and magnetorheological (MR) bearing (A = 3.0), the bridge has an obvious bearing uplift response. Still, it is not enough to threaten the structure, and the seismic damping capacity of the bridge structure is improved, making the train ride safe. This research presents discoveries on the impact of bearing uplift on train operational safety. Specifically, it reveals that the lifting of the end bearings on both sides of the main girder is not synchronized. This investigation presents a technical reference for comparable initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary times, as accident rates continue to rise, there is a growing interest in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) as a means to reduce accidents and vehicle damage, as well as enhance public safety. VANETs facilitate the transmission of messages within predefined areas to ensure system safety and efficiency. However, ensuring message authenticity in such a dynamic environment presents a significant challenge, with previous research focusing less on security aspects. Some previous protocols send plain message, which leads to the compromise of the message confidentiality. Although few algorithms work on security, they involve the communication to the trusted authority, which lead to increased latency. Thus, in this paper we propose a robust cryptographic scheme for reliable data communication in VANET which minimizes the involvement of trusted authority and uses communication ID of vehicle for communication in place of real entities. Security analysis of the proposed scheme is showing the sturdiness of the proposed protocol again various types of safety spasms. The evaluation of its performance includes assessing communication cost and time, revealing the proposed algorithm's efficiency compared to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 70% low-floor trains on the light rail lines in Changchun, a multi-linkage forced steering device (FSD) is developed aiming at relieving the independently rotating wheelset (IRW) excessive flange wear and improving IRW bogie system running safety on curve line. This FSD employs guiding mode of steering four independently rotating wheels separately in a two-axle bogie, that is, four FSDs are employed to work together to realize the steering of a two-axle bogie. One side of an FSD is connected to the axle of an independently rotating wheel while the other side is attached to the front or rear vehicle body. When train passes through curve, the yaw angle between the IRW bogie and the front or rear carbody drives the linkage system to rotate to guide the independently rotating wheel towards its radial position. The coupled vehicle-track dynamics model for a 6-module single-type low-floor light rail train is developed and simulations of the train passing through tangent and curved tracks with and without FSD proposed are carried out. The results indicate that the FSD can improve the IRW restoring capability on tangent track and curve negotiation performance on whether sharp, medium, or large curved track. For example, passing through a curve with a radius of 200m, the IRW friction work has the biggest drop by 62.07% and the wheelset attack angle is second with a reduction rate of 55.02%. Adopting of larger steering stiffness, smaller steering clearance, and lever ratio greater than the ideal value can guarantee the higher steering ability of FSD. Besides, lower longitudinal stiffness of the trailer primary suspension is recommended because it can also enhance the steering ability of the FSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of organoids derived from animal tissues and human-induced pluripotent stem cells to safety assessments of environmental chemicals has been introduced over the last decade. One of the objectives of this approach is to develop an alternative method for animal toxicological studies, while another is to focus on the local reactions of chemicals in each organ/tissue. One of the most important goals is bridging the toxicological properties of chemicals between animals and humans, which may be compared on a level playing field using healthy organoids derived from both animals and humans in vitro, excluding species difference in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of chemicals in vivo. An overview of the application of organoid systems to safety assessments of environmental chemicals, including general toxicology, developmental toxicology, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity, was provided herein, and bridging strategies using both animal and human organoids are proposed as a future perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hotspot temperature of the reactor is one of the important indices in reactor design, and the appropriate hotspot value can ensure that the reactor will not overheat failure and threaten the safety of the power system. In this paper, the temperature field simulation model of a 500 kV dry-type air-core shunt reactor is established, and the hotspot temperature of the reactor is obtained by COMSOL software. Then, the radial basis function response surface function is used to construct the response surface function of the hotspot temperature and its related variables, and the applicability of the response surface function is tested to analyze the rationality and accuracy of the response surface function. Finally, the optimal solution of the response surface function under the coordination of variables and related constraints is obtained by using the constrained simulated annealing algorithm. The results show that the hotspot temperature of the reactor envelope winding decreases obviously after optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the characteristics of rock masses in gold mine engineering, analyzing 7 key factors affecting rock mass stability:rock uniaxial compressive strength, RQD value, joint structural face conditions, joint structural face spacing, groundwater conditions, effect of joint structural face orientation on engineering, and on-situ stress value. These 7 indicators were adjusted to establish the rock mass quality M-RMR safety evaluation system. Using the M-RMR system, the engineering rock mass quality grades were classified for the Jiaojia Gold Mine-s directly managed mining area, Sizhuang mining area, and Wang-ershan mining area. Furthermore, a neural network knowledge base model was developed to correlate the underground rock mass quality at Jiaojia Gold Mine with its influencing factors, achieving intelligent grading of the rock mass quality for engineering purposes. To simplify the M-RMR indicator system for easier practical application, variable importance projection (VIP) was used to rank the information carried by the 7 indicators, allowing the removal of unimportant variables one by one. The simplified prediction model was built using partial least squares regression of single dependent variables (PLS1). This simplified model can accurately grade rock mass quality using fewer evaluation indicators, demonstrating practical application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-line abalone culture system in the bottom waters outside the bay is a new type of aquaculture facility that utilizes the underwater attenuation effect of waves to achieve better wind and wave resistance. Currently, most of the research on long-line aquaculture systems is aimed at the sea surface, and the research on the seabed is still pending. Therefore, to ensure the abalone culture system’ s survival rate and structural safety, it is of great significance to study the dynamic characteristics of the long-line abalone culture system in the bottom waters. Based on the similarity criterion, a model test was carried out in the wave-current flume laboratory; a numerical simulation method of the dynamic response of the long-line abalone culture system in the bottom waters was established based on the centralized mass model, and the accuracy of the numerical simulation method was verified. In view of the actual sea conditions off Luoyuan Bay, Fujian Province, the dynamic characteristics of the long-line abalone culture system in the bottom waters were numerically simulated under the action of different waves and currents to analyze the effects of the wave heights, current velocities and flow directions on the stresses on the abalone culture system and the structural safety of the system. The effects of wave height, current speed, and flow direction on the force and trajectory of the system were analyzed. The results show that the numerical model is consistent with the model test results: the maximum relative error of the maximum cable tension measured against the waves is 8. 33%, the minimum relative error is 4. 84%, and the average relative error of the peak horizontal and vertical motions of the float A is 5. 23% and 8. 92% respectively, which proves that the numerical simulation method used in this paper is accurate and reliable; there is a significant difference in the distribution of the force of the long-line and the anchor rope, and the force curve of the long-line shows an arch of the force. The force distribution of the long-line and the anchor rope has obvious differences; the force curve of the long-line shows an arch shape and a sawtooth shape, and the maximum force section is not on the anchor rope but located in the middle region of the long-line; the wave height has a linear relationship with the maximum force of the system and the motion amplitude of the abalone cage, i. e., the higher the wave height is, the larger the transverse and vertical motion amplitude of the system is, and the larger the maximum tension in the middle part of the long-line, the supporting rope and the anchor rope is, and the peak tension curve of the supporting rope shows a sawtooth shape; the maximum tension of the anchor rope in the headward side appears nonlinearly when the velocity of the current is increasing, the maximum tension of the anchor rope in the headward side appears nonlinearly. When the flow velocity increases, the maximum tension of the anchor rope on the headwater side shows a nonlinear steep increase. The maximum tension of the long-line on the headwater side increases slowly, and the maximum tension of the anchor rope and the long-line on the backwater side decreases significantly. In contrast, the maximum tension of the branch ropes does not increase significantly with the flow velocity, and the maximum tension of each branch rope is the same; when the flow direction increases, the maximum tension of the system’s anterior part of the longline and the anchor rope decreases. The posterior part of the long-line and the anchor rope increases, and the branch ropes’ tensions remain relatively stable. The results of this study can provide a reference for the structural design of similar long-line abalone culture systems in the bottom waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As real-time systems are safety critical, guaranteeing a high reliability threshold is as important as meeting all deadlines. Periodic tasks are replicated to mitigate the negative impact of transient faults, which leads to redundancy and high energy consumption. On the other hand, energy saving is widely identified as increasingly relevant issues in real-time systems. In this paper, we formalize this challenging tri-criteria optimization problem, i.e., minimizing the expected energy consumption while enforcing the reliability threshold and meeting all task deadlines, and propose several mapping and scheduling heuristics to solve it. Specifically, a novel approach is designed to (i) map an arbitrary number of replicas onto processors, (ii) schedule each replica of each task instance on its assigned processor with less temporal overlap. The platform is composed of processing units with different characteristics, including speed profile, energy cost and fault rate. The heterogeneity of the computing platform makes the problem more complicated, because different mappings achieve different levels of reliability and consume different amounts of energy. Moreover, scheduling plays an important role in energy saving, as the expected energy consumption is the average over all failure scenarios. Once a task replica is successful, the other replicas of that task instance can be canceled, which calls for minimizing the overlap between any replica pair. Finally, to quantitatively analyze our methods, we derive a theoretical lower-bound for the expected energy consumption. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on a large set of execution scenarios and parameters. The comparison results reveal that our strategies perform better than the random baseline under almost all settings, with an average gain in energy consumption of more than 40%, and our best heuristic achieves an excellent performance: its energy saving is only 2% less than the lower-bound on average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutrition and food industries are investigating unconventional protein sources because of the expanding demand for plant proteins and increased knowledge of the health and nutritional benefits of alternative proteins. Proteins from faba beans are high and outperform other pulse proteins in terms of nutrition and functionalities. Raw faba beans contain numerous allergenic compounds hindering the potential for utilization in various foods. Processing faba beans by extracting of valuable compounds such as proteins enhances the applicability in different food systems and ensuring safety during consumption. Major proteins identified are globulins and non-globulin fractions with no adverse amino acids. Faba beans proteins are easy to extract however presence of pyrimidine glycoside may raise safety concerns. Faba bean proteins have useful functionalities for food applications but their solubility are minimal due to their compact protein structure. Further, different thermal and non-thermal techniques have been aimed at improving functionality and reduce allergenic proteins. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary on current investigation on faba bean proteins. Suggestions for improving the faba bean's utilization are also provided to aid in its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The safety of the civil aviation system has been of increasing concern with several accidents in recent years. It is urgent to put forward a precise accident prediction model, which can systematically analyze safety from the perspective of accident mechanism to enhance training accuracy. Furthermore, the predictive model is critical for stakeholders to identify risk and implement the proactive safety paradigm. In this work, to mitigate casualties and economic losses arising from aviation accidents and improve system safety, the focus is on predicting the aircraft damage severity, the injury/death severity, and the flight phases in the sequence of identifying event risk sources. This work establishes a multi-task deep convolutional neural network (MTCNN) learning framework to accomplish this goal. An innovative prediction rule will be developed to refine prediction results from two approaches: handling imbalanced classes and Bayesian optimization. By comparing the performance of the proposed multi-task model with other single-task machine learning models with ten-fold cross-validation and statistical testing, the effectiveness of the developed model in predicting aviation accident severity and flight phase is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to ensure the vibration safety of rotor systems in the next generation of aero-engines and reduce the impact of misalignment faults, the effect of support misalignment on the vibration characteristics of rotor systems under ultra-high operating speeds is investigated in this paper. Firstly, an analytical excitation model of the rotor systems under ultra-high operating speeds is established, considering the impact of the support misalignment. Then, based on the model of the misaligned combined support system, the dynamic model of the flexible discontinuous rotor support system with the support misalignment is presented. Subsequently, based on the established model, the effects of support parameters and support misalignment amounts on the vibration characteristics of the rotor support system are analyzed. Finally, experimental validation of the research findings is conducted. The research result shows that the support misalignment increases the vibration response of the rotor, reduces the vibration reduction efficiency of the combined support system, and consequently decreases the vibration safety of the rotor support system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Injury outcomes for powered two- and three-wheeler (PTW) riders are influenced by the rider posture. To enable analysis of PTW rider accidents and development of protection systems, detailed whole-body posture data is needed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to fill this gap by providing collections of average male whole-body postures, including subpopulation variability, for different PTW types. This will enable future studies to explore the influence of PTW rider posture variation and to support safety system development. Methods: 3D photometric measurements of 51 anatomical landmarks were recorded on 20 (50th percentile male) volunteers in their preferred riding postures across three PTW types (naked, scooter, and touring). Following an outlier removal process, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to calculate average postures and principal components (PCs), to describe the observed posture variation, for each PTW. The visualization of the PCs was facilitated through kinematic linkage representations, connecting anatomical landmarks and estimated joint centers to form segments and characteristic joint angles. Results: The first seven PCs explained 80% of the variance in posture for each of the three PTWs. Across PTWs, these PCs frequently described combinations of postural features including variation in fore-aft seat positions, pelvic tilt, spinal curvature, head position, and extremity flexion-extension. Analysis revealed distinct differences in average postures across the three PTWs, on average, 10 ± 9° for the characteristic joint angles within a min-to-max range between the three PTWs. However, for all three PTWs, the variability between volunteers in characteristic joint angles on the same PTW were on average more than twice as large within a ± 2 SD range (26 ± 11°). Conclusions: The results suggest that PTW rider posture variation must be addressed by involving simultaneous adjustments of multiple body parts, as described by each of the first seven PCs, as a direct consequence of the human body interconnectedness. Furthermore, the study's findings challenge conventional assumptions that the relative distance between PTWs' handlebar, seat, and foot support predominantly influences rider postures. Instead, the research demonstrates that individual variability has a substantial influence on rider posture and should be considered in PTW safety development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]