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Limited attention has been paid to how previous policies affect subsequent policy innovation. This article addresses this question by examining whether U.S. states with higher cigarette taxes are more likely to adopt e‐cigarette taxes and impose higher rates. The concept of policy compatibility, divided into normative and operational compatibility, is used to connect these policies. First, states with higher cigarette taxes are hypothesized to be more likely to adopt e‐cigarette taxes. This is because high cigarette tax rates indicate a preference for strong tobacco regulation, which is normatively compatible with regulating e‐cigarettes. States with high cigarette tax rates are also expected to choose high e‐cigarette tax rates. Such states, even if imposing higher e‐cigarette taxes, can maintain a similar or even larger price gap between cigarettes and e‐cigarettes, compared to those with low cigarette taxes. By doing so, they can not only reduce vaping effectively but also continuously provide smokers with a strong economic incentive to switch to e‐cigarettes. This indicates that such policies are operationally compatible with existing cigarette tax goals—reducing smoking and nicotine‐related health risks. The empirical findings support both hypotheses, offering insight into how past policies shape policy adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are nearly 3 billion people exposed to biomass smoke worldwide. Biomass represents approximately 50% of deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in developing countries; mainly affecting women, who are exposed during all stages of their life. The cumulative effect and inhalation characteristics determine a predominantly small airway condition, different from the radiological findings of COPD in smoking patients. The radiological characteristics (morphological and quantitative) allow the appropriate identification of these patients, their follow-up and appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en estudiantes de Medicina de cuatro ciudades de Colombia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de prevalencia en 594 estudiantes de Medicina de las ciudades de Medellín, Santa Marta, Villavicencio y Pasto, seleccionados con un muestreo no probabilístico. Se determinó la prevalencia de uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en la vida, y a diario o casi a diario. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 21,9 ± 4,1 años; el 68,5 % fueron mujeres; la prevalencia de uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en la vida fue del 18,5 % (n = 100) y la prevalencia de uso diario o casi a diario fue de 7,7 % (n = 46). La prevalencia fue significativamente más alta en los hombres (or ajustado = 3,1; ic95 % = 1,6-5,8) y en quienes refieren ingresos del hogar menores a un salario mínimo (orajustada = 4,3, ic95 % = 1,5-11,9). Conclusión: Se encontró una alta prevalencia de uso de cigarrillos electrónicos, coherente con lo descrito en otros estudios del ámbito mundial. Este hallazgo pone de manifiesto la necesidad de implementar acciones para promover la conciencia sobre los riesgos asociados con el uso de cigarrillos electrónicos. Además, como futuros profesionales de la salud y responsables de la prevención y la salud pública, los médicos en formación tienen un papel modélico crucial para fomentar prácticas saludables y respaldar políticas que regulen la venta y el consumo de estos productos

Objective: Smoking and depression are two mental health problems that can have a negative effect on a person's overall health. Studies have shown that smoking and mayor depressive disorder (MDD) have a bidirectional relationship. The objective of this study was to deepen the knowledge of the clinical features and psychophysiological bases of heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: Eighty participants (40% females, 18 and 45 years old) were included and represent a subsample of a randomized clinical trial that explored the therapeutic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression, suicidal ideation, and smoking. Clinical features were measured in smokers n = 20, MDD n = 20, smokers + MDD n = 20, and controls n = 20 using MINI-plus, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Fagerström test (FT), the Nicotine Craving Questionnaire (NCQ), co-oximetry and a signal reactivity paradigm with HRV for psychophysiological measures, and the Marlow and Crowne Scale. Results: Comparison between groups demonstrated that participants with MDD and smokers + MDD had higher scores than the other groups on the depression (p < 0.001) and anxiety scales (p < 0.001). In the FT, smokers present higher consumption compared to all the groups (p < 0.001). In the NCQ, smokers and smokers + MDD had similar behavior with higher scores (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The MDD group had HRV values below the references; smokers and smokers + MDD presented a greater psychophysiological reaction when exposed to the signal reactivity paradigm, and this was reflected in the HRV as they had values below the references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a multicomponent nursing intervention using mindfulness and brief advice for the reduction of tobacco use, anxiety, stress, depressive symptoms, and the improvement of self-efficacy. Method. This was a quasi-experimental study with 41 participants, and the treatment consisted of an intervention composed of two strategies: the protocol "Programa de Intervención Breve para Adolescentes que Inician el Consumo de Alcohol y otras Drogas" for the brief advice" while the Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy program was used for mindfulness. The intervention lasted 10 weekly sessions; participants received phone calls and were given an audio CD to perform the mindfulness practices at home and a work manual to conductself-records of consumption as well as guidance from reinforcement to help maintain motivation to behavior change. Results. The results show that these interventions were effective tools to reduce nicotine dependence (p=.001, d=1.14), the number of cigarettes smoked (p=.001, d=1.60), levels of cotinine in urine (p=.001), stress (p=.001, d=1.42), anxiety (p=.001, d=.90), and depressive symptoms (p=.001, d=.81), and increase self-efficacy (p=.001, d=1.48). Conclusions. The findings show that a multicomponent nursing intervention incorporating brief advice and mindfulness can be an effective treatmentfor people wishing to reduce or cease tobacco consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El interrogatorio sobre hábito tabáquico no debe obviarse jamás, pues el abanico de posibilidades diagnósticas inherentes es amplio. Es un gesto clínico fundamental frente a individuos que consultan por síntomas y/o hallazgos radiológicos casuales. Presentamos tres casos clínicos: síndrome de combinación de fibrosis pulmonar y enfisema, neumonitis intersticial descamativa e histiocitosis de células de Langerhans, como parte del abanico de las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales difusas asociadas a tabaco (EPIDAT), donde la tomografía de alta resolución de tórax tiene un rol destacado.

Introduction: malnutrition due to excess is a serious public health problem currently affecting 53 % of children and adolescents in Chile. The early identification of associated factors is key in prevention and necessary to guide interventions from early stages of life. Objective: to identify factors associated with the development of malnutrition due to excess in three-year-old children under control at Ancora Family Health. Methods: a case-control study was carried out in three Ancora Family Health Centers located in the communes of La Pintana and Puente Alto; it included 133 children and their mothers. Factors dependent on the child and the mother were analyzed and their importance in the development of malnutrition due to excess was determined. Results: logistic regression showed maternal smoking during pregnancy as a risk factor (OR = 4.065, 95 % CI: 1.119-14.770, p = 0.033) and as protective factors birth weight < 4,000 g (OR = 0.112, 95 % CI: 0.026-0.483, p = 0.003) and weight gain during the first year of life < 6.4 kg in women and < 6.9 kg in men (OR = 0.060, 95 % CI: 0.017-0.210, p = 0.000). Conclusions: the most important risk factor was maternal smoking and the protective factors were birth weight and weight gain in the first year. Health programs and public policies should focus on modifiable factors such as smoking during pregnancy and adequate weight gain in the first year of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Angiología is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a dilation of the abdominal aorta greater than 1.5 times the expected diameter. Its prevalence is variable, with reported rates of up to 12.5%. It is considered the cause of death of more than 10,000 people a year in the United States. The objective of this literature review was to describe risk factors and screening tools for AAA. Methods. A literature search was conducted using two equations in electronic databases, using terms selected from "Medical Subject Heading" (MeSH) and "Descriptors in Health Sciences" (DeCS). The quality of the studies was evaluated with the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) tool. Results. Forty articles were collected and from them the review text was constructed, identifying the risk factors associated with the development of AAA, such as male sex, smoking, high blood pressure, family history and obesity, among others. Diabetes mellitus seems to act as a protective factor. Among the screening instruments, abdominal ultrasound is one of the most used. Conclusion. AAA is a multifactorial pathology. Currently, aortic ultrasonography is the method of choice for screening, allowing early detection. Screening for AAA with non-invasive methods, such as ultrasound, is useful especially in areas with a high prevalence of this pathology and in patients with certain risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fundamento: las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte en todo el mundo. El consumo de tabaco constituye un factor de riesgo de relevancia. Existen numerosas propuestas terapéuticas desde diferentes disciplinas de la salud con el objetivo de facilitar el tránsito desde el consumo habitual hacia el abandono del tabaco. Objetivo: comparar la eficacia de intervenciones para la reducción del tabaquismo en pacientes ecuatorianos con enfermedades cardiovasculares atendidos en un hospital de Quito, Ecuador. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de tipo cuasiexperimental, antes-después sin grupo control. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 135 pacientes de un hospital de Quito, Ecuador, con enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se evaluó la eficacia de tres intervenciones: terapia cognitivo-conductual, terapia con medicamentos y programas de apoyo. Se utilizó la prueba Q de Cochran con el software SPSS. Resultados: la terapia cognitivo-conductual fue calificada de eficaz por el 71,1 % de los pacientes; los programas de apoyo se consideraron como no eficaces en un 57,8 %. Se obtuvo un estadístico Q de Cochran igual a 21,733 (p < 0,001), que representó una diferencia significativa entre las eficacias de las intervenciones. Conclusiones: existieron diferencias sustanciales entre las eficacias de las intervenciones para la reducción del tabaquismo. La terapia cognitivo-conductual fue calificada como la más eficaz.

Fundamento: los hábitos tóxicos en los adolescentes pueden acarrear consecuencias negativas para su bienestar por lo que se hace necesaria la orientación mediante acciones de educación para la salud. Objetivo: describir la percepción sobre hábitos tóxicos en adolescentes en unidades educativas del cantón Ambato. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal con adolescentes de 5 unidades educativas del cantón Ambato. La muestra se seleccionó mediante muestreo aleatorio simple y quedó conformada por 93 adolescentes de ambos sexos. Se analizaron las variables: sexo, consumo de sustancias tóxicas, frecuencia de consumo, conocimiento sobre afectaciones a la salud derivadas de los hábitos tóxicos, experimentación de los efectos nocivos derivados de los hábitos tóxicos, necesidad de asistencia sanitaria, necesidad de adoptar hábitos de vida saludables y necesidad de capacitaciones conjuntas entre profesionales de educación y salud. La información fue recopilada mediante la técnica de la encuesta. Los datos fueron analizados mediante la estadística descriptiva (frecuencia absoluta y relativa porcentual) con la utilización del software SPSS. Resultados: el 73,11 % admitieron haber consumido alguna sustancia toxica. El tabaquismo y el alcoholismo fueron los hábitos tóxicos más frecuentes (36,56 y 25,81 % respectivamente). El consumo esporádico fue el más frecuente (40,86 %). El 96,8 % admitieron conocer cómo afectan los hábitos tóxicos. El 93,5 % declaró haber experimentado efectos nocivos. El 94,6 % de los estudiados refirieron que no era necesaria la asistencia sanitaria. El 84 % reconoció la necesidad de adoptar hábitos de vida saludables. Conclusiones: las acciones de educación para la salud acometidas en las unidades educativas no han sido efectivas. Existe la necesidad de continuar dotando de conocimientos y profundizar en los efectos y riesgos del consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas y la necesidad de adoptar hábitos de vida saludables. Es una necesidad que las unidades educativas puedan crear alianzas y proyectos de cooperación con las instituciones de salud de las comunidades donde se encuentran enmarcadas.

Foundation: cervical cancer emerges as a relevant concern, given its high incidence and impact on women's health, on a global scale. In recent years, in Ecuador, there has been an increase in new cases of cervical cancer. Objective: identify the relationship between some risk factors for cervical cancer according to the degrees of aggressiveness. Method: an observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out. The population was made up of 224 patients from a hospital in the Amazon region of Ecuador. To identify the relationship between the variables age and body mass index, the analysis of variance test was used, while the X2 test was used for the variables: family history and smoking. Results: 3 patients with grade 1 of cervical cancer; 97 patients with grade 2 and 124 with grade 3, were identified. 62,05 % were 35 years old or older, 69,64 % of the patients were overweight or obese, 49,11 % had a family history of cervical cancer and 51,34 %, smoking. An association was found between the degree of aggressiveness of cervical cancer and body mass index (F = 3,440; p = 0,034), family history of cervical cancer (X2 = 10,618; p < 0,005) and smoking (X2 = 18,109; p < 0,001). Conclusions: a higher incidence of cervical cancer was found in women over 35 years of age. Factors such as body mass index, family history of cervical cancer and smoking showed a relationship with the grade of cancer.

Fundamento: en un contexto de creciente preocupación por la salud cardiovascular de la población adulta mayor, resulta relevante, explorar la posible asociación entre el consumo de tabaco y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el consumo de tabaco y la presencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares en adultos mayores de un hospital de la provincia de Tungurahua en Ecuador. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en adultos mayores atendidos en un hospital de la provincia de Tungurahua, Ecuador, entre julio y diciembre de 2022. Se tomó el criterio de selección basado en que los sujetos fueran adultos mayores de ambos géneros, con edades iguales o superiores a 65 años, con residencia en la provincia de Tungurahua durante al menos los últimos cinco años. La población de estudio estuvo compuesta por 352 adultos mayores y la muestra se obtuvo mediante muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple y quedó constituida por 184 individuos. Las variables de estudio fueron: presencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares, consumo de tabaco, edad y estado civil. La técnica empleada para la recolección de los datos fue la encuesta. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante la estadística descriptiva y la correlación (coeficiente Phi) entre las variables. Resultados: de los 184 pacientes, el 58,2 % fueron fumadores y el 57,6 % presentó enfermedades cardiovasculares. La edad media fue de 80,9. El 46,2 % de los participantes estaban casados y el 35,3 %, viudos. Se encontró una asociación significativa moderada entre el tabaquismo y la presencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares en adultos mayores (coeficiente Phi = 0,342; p < 0,01). Conclusiones: se encontró asociación significativa moderada entre el tabaquismo y la presencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares en adultos mayores de Tungurahua.

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Copyright of Adicciones is the property of Sociedad Cientifica Espanola de Estudios sobre el Alcohol and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Foundation: smoking in adolescence constitutes a global public health problem, is being considered the main preventable cause of illness and premature death.Objective: to describe smoking behavior in adolescents.Methods: cross-sectional study, carried out from September to December 2022. From a universe of 1,561 adolescents aged 15-19, a sample of 1,444 (92.50%) was selected through deliberate sampling. The study variables: age, sex, smoker, ex-smoker, age of initiation, years of smoking, number of cigarettes consumed per day, smoking load, dependence and motivation.Results: the prevalence of smoking was 17.94%. 0.83% of adolescents expressed having quit the habit (ex-smokers). 55.98% were between 17-18 years of age, and 77.61% were male. 64.86% started smoking between 12 and 14 years old, 52.51% had been smoking for 1-2 years; while 59.85% consumed between 6-10 cigarettes a day. The smoking burden received by 44.34% was 0.25-0.50. 57.08% declared low physical dependence, and 81.13% reported low motivation.Conclusions: the prevalence of smoking in Moa adolescents was similar to that reported by other investigations. It is worrying that more than half of the population studied consumes cigarettes from the age of 12-14, and that, despite showing low levels of dependence; they do not feel motivated to abandon this bad habit.

The cigarettes and tobacco consumption creates an externality that is more relevant in the detriment of the life quality and life expectancy experienced by the individual smoker, in relation to those who do not consume cigarettes or tobacco. The psychosocial cost not financially quantified far exceeds any expectation of economic benefit. This article deals with the socioeconomic impact of smoking in Cuba. The economic distribution induced by smoking leads to the persistence of such socioeconomic inequity, which worsens with the number of smokers and the intensity of cigarette and tobacco consumption. This phenomenon contradicts the socialist principle of distribution according to work, where non-smokers should not bear the consequences of smoking and smokers themselves should not be induced to persist in smoking. The subtlety of the social costs attributable to smoking and the impact of the benefits of domestic and foreign trade do not allow a full assessment of the main effects of smoking from the socioeconomic aspect.

Introducción. El aneurisma de la aorta abdominal (AAA) es la dilatación de la aorta abdominal mayor de 1,5 veces el diámetro esperado. Su prevalencia es variable, con tasas reportadas de hasta el 12,5 %. Se considera como causa de muerte de más de 10.000 personas al año en los Estados Unidos. El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura fue describir los factores de riesgo y las herramientas de tamizaje de AAA. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura utilizando dos ecuaciones en bases de datos electrónicas, empleando términos seleccionados de “Medical Subject Heading” (MeSH) y “Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud” (DeCS). Se evaluó la calidad de los estudios con la herramienta STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology). Resultados. Se recolectaron 40 artículos y a partir de ellos se construyó el texto de revisión, identificando en estos, los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de AAA, tales como sexo masculino, tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial, antecedente familiar y obesidad, entre otros. La diabetes mellitus parece actuar como factor protector. Dentro de los instrumentos de tamizaje, el ultrasonido abdominal es uno de los más usados. Conclusión. El AAA es una patología multifactorial. En la actualidad la ultrasonografía de aorta es el método de elección para el tamizaje, permitiendo la detección precoz. El tamizaje de AAA con métodos no invasivos, como el ultrasonido, es útil sobre todo en zonas con prevalencia alta de la patología y en pacientes con determinados factores de riesgo.

Foundation: older adults suffer falls that produce traumatic complications, among which is spinal cord trauma with a high rate of disability and mortality. Objective: to set out the prognostic factors that affect the elderly with traumatic cervical spinal injury. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out with 42 geriatric patients diagnosed with spinal cord trauma treated in Camagüey, from 2019 to 2022. The research consisted of a stage for the collection of demographic data, the type of accident, the level of injury, medical complications, the therapy used and another where the statistical processing was carried out where the mortality variable was considered as dependent. Results: a predominance of patients between 60 and 74 years of age was observed. The statistical analysis on the probabilities of dying showed that in a traumatic cervical event, patients with assisted mechanical ventilation, medical complications, injury severity level (ASIA A or B) who suffered a traffic accident had a higher risk of dying than those who were not in these groups. The level of social dependence of the group was between moderate and severe. Conclusions: population aging requires the development of specialized therapies, where the morphophysiological characteristics of this group are taken into account, which will allow better functional recovery and an adequate quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Arquivos de Ciências da Saúde da UNIPAR is the property of Associacao Paranaense de Ensino e Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Didasc@lia: Didáctica y Educación is the property of Universitaria de Las Tunas, Centro de Estudios de Didactica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: smoking is considered the main cause of preventable death. Objective: to identify the prevalence of smoking and its relationship with other cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged women. Methods: retrospective descriptive study at the "Mariana Grajales" Hospital of Santa Clara City in the years 2020 and 2021. A simple random sample of 179 women was selected and a survey instrument was applied. Results: 52.5% of the total middle-aged women have a smoking habit, most of them with an abdominal circumference and a waist/hip index of risk. The 69.27% have an atherogenic index greater than 4.5 which identifies atherogenic risk. Conclusions: smoking is related to other risk factors and increases cardiometabolic vulnerability in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción. El consumo de tabaco representa un importante desafío para la salud pública debido a su alta incidencia y mortalidad, y es el principal factor de riesgo modificable para desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. La Residencia de Medicina General y Familiar del Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Teodoro Álvarez desarrolló un programa de cesación tabáquica en el Centro de Salud y Acción Comunitaria N°34, que forma parte desde 2012 del Programa de Prevención y Control del Tabaquismo del Ministerio de Salud del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Objetivo. Documentar los resultados de la eficacia de este programa y explorar las variables relacionadas con la probabilidad de éxito y recaída. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cuantitativo, de corte transversal analítico, con datos obtenidos de historias clínicas electrónicas entre 2017 y 2020. Fueron incluidos los pacientes que consultaron al menos en dos ocasiones al programa de cesación tabáquica y establecieron un día D al menos 30 días antes del abandono del consumo de tabaco. La eficacia terapéutica fue definida como haber permanecido al menos seis meses sin fumar, y la recaída, como el reinicio de consumo del tabaco luego de haber logrado 24 horas de abstinencia con fecha posterior al día D. Resultados. De 59 pacientes, 24 (40,7%) lograron la eficacia terapéutica, de los cuales 5 (20,8 %) presentaron recaídas. De los 35 pacientes que no lograron alcanzar la etapa de mantenimiento, 30 (85,7%) recayeron durante las primeras ocho semanas. El sexo masculino y el consumo de tabaco superior a 20 paquetes-año mostraron una mayor correlación con las recaídas. Conclusiones. El programa presentó una eficacia terapéutica del 40,7% en el periodo evaluado. Se encontraron asociaciones entre una mayor eficacia terapéutica y ciertas características de los pacientes, pero se requieren más estudios para confirmar esta hipótesis.

Introduction: The professional dedicated to respiratory health has an exemplary role in tobacco control, promoting smoking cessation in their patients. However, multiple circumstances cause a low implementation. Therefore, the objective of the study is to identify the consumption, knowledge and perception of tobacco and its emerging products in a representative sample of professionals involved in the treatment of respiratory patients integrated into the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR). Material and methods: Descriptive analysis of a structured online interview addressed to 5340 SEPAR members. Results: In a sample of 802 respondents, more than 33% have smoked at some time and 6.6% continue to smoke. More than 66% consider smoking as a chronic disease. More than 90% consider their role model important and advise their patients to quit smoking, but less than half carry out a smoking intervention. Only 35% of them believe that the ban on smoking in health centers is always complied. More than 75% do not consider nicotine delivery devices an option for smoking cessation or harm reduction. 22% are unaware of water pipes and 29% of heated tobacco. Conclusions: Professionals specialized in respiratory diseases are highly sensitized to smoking. Despite this, there are still weak points such as the insufficient implementation of smoking cessation interventions or the scant training in smoking and in new emerging products. Resumen: Introducción: El profesional dedicado a la salud respiratoria tiene un papel ejemplar en el control del tabaquismo, promoviendo el abandono del hábito tabáquico en sus pacientes. Sin embargo, múltiples circunstancias provocan una baja implementación. Por tanto, el objetivo del estudio es identificar el consumo, el conocimiento y la percepción sobre el tabaco y sus productos emergentes en una muestra representativa de profesionales implicados en el tratamiento de pacientes respiratorios integrados en la Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR). Material y métodos: Análisis descriptivo de una entrevista estructurada en línea dirigida a 5.340 miembros de la SEPAR. Resultados: En una muestra de 802 encuestados, más del 33% ha fumado alguna vez y el 6.6% sigue fumando. Más del 66% considera el tabaquismo como una enfermedad crónica. Más del 90% considera importante su modelo a seguir y aconseja a sus pacientes que dejen de fumar, pero menos de la mitad realiza una intervención para dejar de fumar. Solo el 35% de ellos cree que la prohibición de fumar en los centros de salud se cumple siempre. Más del 75% no considera que los dispositivos de suministro de nicotina sean una opción para dejar de fumar o reducir los daños. El 22% desconoce las pipas de agua y el 29% el tabaco calentado. Conclusiones: Los profesionales especialistas en enfermedades respiratorias están altamente sensibilizados al tabaquismo. A pesar de ello, aún existen puntos débiles como la insuficiente implantación de intervenciones para dejar de fumar o la escasa formación en tabaquismo y en nuevos productos emergentes.

Copyright of Arquivos de Ciências da Saúde da UNIPAR is the property of Associacao Paranaense de Ensino e Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cigarettes and tobacco consumption creates an externality that is more relevant in the detriment of the life quality and life expectancy experienced by the individual smoker, in relation to those who do not consume cigarettes or tobacco. The psychosocial cost not financially quantified far exceeds any expectation of economic benefit. This article deals with the socioeconomic impact of smoking in Cuba. The economic distribution induced by smoking leads to the persistence of such socioeconomic inequity, which worsens with the number of smokers and the intensity of cigarette and tobacco consumption. This phenomenon contradicts the socialist principle of distribution according to work, where non-smokers should not bear the consequences of smoking and smokers themselves should not be induced to persist in smoking. The subtlety of the social costs attributable to smoking and the impact of the benefits of domestic and foreign trade do not allow a full assessment of the main effects of smoking from the socioeconomic aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: smoking is a worldwide health problem and a major cause of disability and death. Nicotine is the main psychoactive ingredient in tobacco and causes dependence. Cigarette smoking is related to the development of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms; the risk increases with early onset, amount and frequency of exposure and with the coexistence of other toxic habits. Objective: to characterize nicotine dependence in smokers in the Cerro Municipality. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out, in which the Fagerström test was applied to 30 cigarette consumers in the Cerro Municipality. Results: the study was dominated by male smokers over 50 years of age and the coexistence of other toxic habits and chronic diseases. An early onset of the habit was observed, consumption of more than 20 cigarettes a day predominated and the duration of consumption was between 20 and 40 years, for a majority degree of medium-high dependence. Conclusions: the pattern of consumption found, the association with other toxic habits and chronic diseases and the predominance of medium-high dependence predispose these smokers to a decrease in life expectancy and to face greater difficulties to quit smoking in case of being submitted to some strategy of smoking cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nowadays non-communicable diseases are a serious problem that affects the health of the population, with a worrying upward tendency. Objective: To identify the predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases in patients from a health area. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 286 individuals, chosen by a two-stage random sampling in Josué País García health area from Santiago de Cuba municipality, was carried out during 2021. The analyzed variables were personal pathological history, consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, dietary habits and nutritional evaluation. The absolute frequencies, percentage and prevalence rate were used as summary measures for qualitative variables; the arithmetic mean and the minimum and interval of confidence were used for quantitative variables. Results: The highest risk of presenting hypertension was in females (35.6%) and there was a high prevalence of smokers in men (30.5%) and women (27.7%). Also, the exposure to tobacco smoke (passive smokers) and alcohol consumption at an early age (25-34 years) prevailed. Of those interviewed, 33.3% was overweight and obese. Conclusions: The predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases could be associated with the non healthy lifestyle as the consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, inadequate dietary habits and overweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neutrosophic Computing & Machine Learning is the property of Multimedia Larga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de Caracas is the property of Academia Nacional de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias de la Salud (RIICS) is the property of Fundacion Universitaria Maria Cano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La concomitancia de fibrosis pulmonar en regiones inferiores del pulmón y enfisema en lóbulos superiores caracterizan a una entidad poco frecuente denominada síndrome combinado de fibrosis pulmonar y enfisema, que usualmente se asocia a alta carga de tabaquismo, aunque se describen otras asociaciones y que conlleva un pronóstico sombrío. La hipertensión pulmonar, el cáncer de pulmón y la exacerbación aguda son complicaciones posibles. En el contexto de un enfoque multidisciplinar de manejo de tres casos, relatamos el curso del tratamiento con pirfenidona.

Background: smoking has become one of the biggest problems of international Public Health. The World Health Organization reports smoking as the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and premature death. When said consumption begins in early adolescence, it favors the consolidation of the smoking habit, which extends into adulthood. Objective: to characterize the behavior of smoking in first-year medical students at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in first-year medical students at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos in the period from September 5, 2018 to July 20, 2019. The universe consisted of 199 students and the sample was made up of 61 of them. The variables: age, sex, skin color, start of consumption, causes that motivated smoking and place of consumption were studied. Absolute frequencies and percentages were used as statistical methods. The results were presented in statistical tables. Results: 30.5 % of adolescents are smokers and 85.24 % are female. The 18-year-old group predominated, with 67.21 %. 77.0 4 % started smoking after the age of 16 and 100 % smoke in public places. Conclusions: there was evidence of an increase in the smoking habit in adolescents at the expense of the female sex, whose habit began at an early age.

El melanoma de la mucoso oral representa entre el 0,2 y el 8% de todos los melanomas constituyendo una patología realmente rara. Su agresividad, pronostico y tratamiento no han cambiado mucho en los últimos años. Para considerarlo una verdadera lesión primaria de la cavidad oral debemos descartar cualquier otro origen Su etiopatogenia todavía no se ha establecido convenientemente y no existe consenso en su tratamiento, la nueva clasificación de AJCC podría brindarnos más estandarización enlostratamientos

Introducción: La salud cardiovascular comprende un conjunto de variables que interactúan entre sí (entre factores no modificables y factores modificables) para modificar el riesgo de padecer un evento cardiovascular (EVC). Material y Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta en línea basada en Google Forms para medir la salud cardiovascular en la población adulta en la República Dominicana. Se utilizó un cuestionario confeccionado por los autores basado en los criterios DUCTH de hipercolesterolemia. Resultados: Las características sociodemográficas de los participantes fueron heterogéneas, 60% de los participantes tenía antecedente familiar patológico, 55% reportó inactividad física, las prácticas dietéticas de nuestra muestra no fueron apropiadas, observando que 70% no ingería o ingería pocas veces yogur, patrón observado en el 44% con respecto a la ingesta de leche, sin embargo, el 94% ingería con frecuencia carne. Conclusión: La salud cardiovascular de los dominicanos posee una menor calidad asociada a un mayor consumo de carnes y tabaco y menor cantidad de ejercicio; dicho comportamiento puede haber estado influido por la pandemia del COVID-19 o las características de la región.

Introduction: postoperative respiratory complications increase morbidity and mortality, hospital stay and health care costs. Objectives: to identify the incidence and risk factors for post-surgical respiratory complications. Methods: an observational, anality, cross-sectional study was conducted in 1 650 patients at the “Celestino Hernández Robau” Hospital between January 2018 and December 2019. The variables sex, age, weight, height, body mass index, smoking, alcoholism, physical status classification, type of anesthesia, type of surgery according to elective or urgent, type of surgery according to surgical location and time, nasogastric tube, hemoglobin level, albuminemia and preoperative oxygen saturation were evaluated and post-surgical respiratory complications were determined. Results: 5.15% of the patients presented postoperative respiratory complications and the frecuence of these complications was 6.72%. Risk factors were identified as age equal to or older than 68 years, smoking, physical status classification III and IV, endotracheal general anesthesia, surgical time longer than three hours, urgent, upper abdominal and head and neck surgery, hemoglobin levels less than 10 g/L, albumin levels less than 34 g/L, use of nasogastric tube and preoperative oxygen saturation equal to or less than 92%. Sex, body mass index and alcoholism were not related to an increase in respiratory complications. Conclusions: the association of risk factors increased the number of patients with postoperative respiratory complications.

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de Caracas is the property of Academia Nacional de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the respiratory symptoms in women from Paipa, Colombia, who have been exposed to wood smoke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational study, single cohort with analytical phase. Women over 18 years of age exposed to wood smoke, who resided in the area of direct influence of the thermal plant, were included in the study. Data was collected from January 23 to November 22, 2019; they consisted of a consultation with two doctors belonging to the research, in which they were inquired about the research variables by applying a data collection sheet and later spirometry was performed. RESULTS: One hundred seven women exposed to wood smoke were included; all participants had respiratory symptoms. The average age was 53.14 years, 68.3% had some degree of overweight; 48.6% had dyspnea, 38.3% cough, 21.5% expectoration and on auscultation 7.5% had rhonchi, 4.7% had wheezing and 1.9% rales. CONCLUSIONS: Women in rural areas are at high risk of exposure to wood smoke and all patients presented respiratory symptoms, which is associated with these exposure factors. In addition, people who stop smoking are likely to reduce respiratory symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nowadays non-communicable diseases are a serious problem that affects the health of the population, with a worrying upward tendency. Objective: To identify the predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases in patients from a health area. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 286 individuals, chosen by a two-stage random sampling in Josué País García health area from Santiago de Cuba municipality, was carried out during 2021. The analyzed variables were personal pathological history, consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, dietary habits and nutritional evaluation. The absolute frequencies, percentage and prevalence rate were used as summary measures for qualitative variables; the arithmetic mean and the minimum and interval of confidence were used for quantitative variables. Results: The highest risk of presenting hypertension was in females (35.6%) and there was a high prevalence of smokers in men (30.5%) and women (27.7%). Also, the exposure to tobacco smoke (passive smokers) and alcohol consumption at an early age (25-34 years) prevailed. Of those interviewed, 33.3% was overweight and obese. Conclusions: The predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases could be associated with the non healthy lifestyle as the consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, inadequate dietary habits and overweight.

Introducción: existe asociación entre trastorno depresivo mayor y migraña. De la misma forma, el consumo de cigarrillo se asocia al trastorno depresivo mayor. Sin embargo, hay poca información sobre la asociación entre consumo de cigarrillo y migraña. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre tabaquismo y migraña en estudiantes universitarios de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Material y métodos: estudio de prevalencia analítica. Se comparó el consumo de cigarrillos en 125 estudiantes, 94 mujeres y 31 hombres, con migraña; 51.2% con aura (edad media: 21.6 años, 26.4% con antecedentes de episodio depresivo mayor); y un grupo control de 157 estudiantes (51 mujeres y 106 hombres) sin migraña (edad media: 20.8 años, 17.2% con antecedente de un episodio depresivo mayor). No se observaron diferencias entre casos y controles de acuerdo a la edad, antecedente de episodio depresivo mayor y aura, tanto en hombres como en mujeres. El diagnóstico de migraña lo realizó un neurólogo, de acuerdo a los criterios diagnósticos de la Sociedad Internacional de Cefaleas (IHS). El antecedente de episodio depresivo mayor lo estableció un psiquiatra con la entrevista clínica estructurada del DSM IV eje I. Se consideró consumo actual de cigarrillo al consumo diario durante el último mes. Las variables de confusión fueron controladas mediante análisis de regresión logística. Resultados: entre las mujeres la prevalencia de consumo de cigarrillo fue de 2.1% entre los estudiantes con migraña y de 13.2% entre los estudiantes controles (OR = 0.13, IC95% 0.03 - 0.68). En hombres la prevalencia de consumo de cigarrillo fue de 19.4% en estudiantes con migraña y 24.7% en los controles (OR = 0.73 IC95% 0.26 - 2.01). Tanto hombres como mujeres con migraña fumaban más cigarrillos por día que los controles (8.4 frente a 4.6, p = 0.009). Conclusión: la migraña se presenta como un factor protector para el tabaquismo actual entre mujeres. Sin embargo el tipo de diseño no permite establecer relación causal.

Objetivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las tendencias ocurridas en diferentes indicadores de tabaquismo en adolescentes peruanos. Asimismo, se evaluó las tendencias en dichos indicadores de acuerdo a sexo y en aquellos sin antecedente de tabaquismo previo. Materiales y métodos. El presente estudio usa la Encuesta Mundial sobre Tabaquismo en Jóvenes (Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2007, 2014, 2019). Tabaquismo activo se definió según el consumo de tabaco en los últimos 30 días. Tabaquismo pasivo se definió en función a exposición a tabaco dentro y fuera del hogar, tanto global como en forma diaria. Los análisis consideraron el diseño muestral. Resultados. Un total de 17 047 registros (9869 en el 2007, 3424 en el 2014, y 3754 en el 2019) fueron analizados; edad media 14 años y 49,9% mujeres. El 26,6% reportó antecedente de tabaquismo previo; dicha prevalencia cayó de 45,2% (2007), a 25,3% (2014), y a 19,4% (2019, p de tendencias < 0,001), mientras que el tabaquismo activo cayó de 17,1% (2007) a 8,7% (2014) y a 5,7% (2019). La prevalencia global de tabaquismo pasivo en el hogar cayó de 24,7%, a 12,9% y a 10,4% (p de tendencias