Search

The current investigation delved into the seismic analysis, design intricacies, and assessment of the response of elevated steel containment tanks when supported by concentrically braced frames. The primary focus was placed on comprehending the behavior of the supporting structure, recognizing its heightened vulnerability to damage under horizontal excitation—insights gleaned from reconnaissance teams studying earthquake aftermaths worldwide. A specific case study unfolded featuring a steel concentrically braced frame as the supporting structure, aligning with prevalent industry norms. Throughout the entire process, spanning design phases, seismic vulnerability assessments, and response evaluations, special emphasis was placed on the internal fluid sloshing phenomena. This nuanced consideration plays a pivotal role in shaping the dynamic response of the system. The study introduces two distinct design methods: the first method aligns with relevant international codes, while the second method innovatively incorporates the compressive strength of the braces into its approach. To evaluate the dynamic response of the elevated tank, both linear and nonlinear advanced analyses were employed. The comparative analysis of various strategies underscores the impact of the chosen design methodology on the overall system response. This multifaceted exploration aims to contribute valuable insights to the seismic resilience and design optimization of elevated steel containment tanks, furthering the understanding of their performance under seismic forces.

To improve the self-cleaning ability of aquaculture tank and the efficiency of circulating water, physical and numerical experiments were conducted on the influence of inlet structure on sewage discharge in a rounded square aquaculture tank with a single inlet. Based on the physical model of the tank, analysis of how inlet structure adjustment affects sewage discharge efficiency and flow field characteristics was conducted to provide suitable flow field conditions for sinkable solid particle discharge. In addition, an internal flow field simulation was conducted using the RNG k-ε turbulence model in hydraulic drive mode. Then a solid-fluid multiphase model was created to investigate how the inlet structure affects sewage collection in the rounded square aquaculture tank with single inlet and outlet. The finding revealed that the impact of inlet structure is considerably affecting sewage collection. The conditions of C/B=0.07–0.11 (the ratio of horizontal distance between the center of the inlet pipe and the tank wall (C) to length of the tank (B)) and α=25° (α is the angle between the direction of the jet and the tangential direction of the arc angle) resulted in optimal sewage collection, which is similar to the flow field experiment in the rounded square aquaculture tank with single inlet and outlet. An excellent correlation was revealed between sewage collection and fluid circulation stability in the aquaculture tank. The present study provided a reference for design and optimization of circulating aquaculture tanks in aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite pressure tanks have received increased attention across a number of civilian applications due to their lightweight and high strength. Traditionally, the design of composite vessels is based on deterministic analysis. However, the design of these structures is challenging and involves several kinds of uncertainties. In fact, different computational investigations have been carried out but no studies provide a resolution for small failure probability evaluation of composite pressure tanks. The aim of this study is to establish a computational framework to investigate small failure probability levels of composite tanks using the Subset Simulation method (SS). The model was developed in two steps, first, the development of limit state functions for hoop and helical layers using netting analysis, and afterwards, a probabilistic computation with six random variables. To quantify the effect of the randomness of different parameters on the structural reliability of composite tanks, a sensitivity analysis was performed using different values of coefficients of variation (COV). It was observed from the results that SS has the ability and the accuracy required to evaluate small failure probabilities which are commonly encountered in composite tank applications. In addition, the hoop strength, the internal pressure, and the thickness of the composite are the major design variables that have a great impact on the structural reliability of the axially symmetric composite tank whereas the fiber winding angle has little effect. Moreover, high COV values drastically reduce the safety zone, which could eventually lead to the burst failure of the composite pressure tank. Furthermore, this study implements a reliability-based design from the perspective of hoop and helical composite layer thicknesses, thus providing a rational assessment of the risk of structural failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation delved into the seismic analysis, design intricacies, and assessment of the response of elevated steel containment tanks when supported by concentrically braced frames. The primary focus was placed on comprehending the behavior of the supporting structure, recognizing its heightened vulnerability to damage under horizontal excitation—insights gleaned from reconnaissance teams studying earthquake aftermaths worldwide. A specific case study unfolded featuring a steel concentrically braced frame as the supporting structure, aligning with prevalent industry norms. Throughout the entire process, spanning design phases, seismic vulnerability assessments, and response evaluations, special emphasis was placed on the internal fluid sloshing phenomena. This nuanced consideration plays a pivotal role in shaping the dynamic response of the system. The study introduces two distinct design methods: the first method aligns with relevant international codes, while the second method innovatively incorporates the compressive strength of the braces into its approach. To evaluate the dynamic response of the elevated tank, both linear and nonlinear advanced analyses were employed. The comparative analysis of various strategies underscores the impact of the chosen design methodology on the overall system response. This multifaceted exploration aims to contribute valuable insights to the seismic resilience and design optimization of elevated steel containment tanks, furthering the understanding of their performance under seismic forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the significance of restoring efficient water management systems in India's semiarid environment, with special emphasis on the role of traditional irrigation structures, such as tanks, in collecting and storing limited water resources. Assessing the benefits of any restoration program, especially when socioeconomic and environmental benefits are involved, is challenging. In the context of tank rehabilitation, a cost-benefit analysis will be conducted regarding economic and ecological returns in the post-desiltation phase. Since the restoration process requires a significant investment, assessing the project's viability during the planning stage is better. The present study proposes a novel method to indirectly analyse the cost-benefit of the tank restoration process by correlating run-off and storage capacity of tanks before the planning phase. The Ambuliyar sub-basin, which covers an area of 930 square kilometres in Tamil Nadu, India, comprising 181 tanks (water bodies) of varying sizes and shapes, was taken for this study. This study employed the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method, incorporating factors such as soil type, land cover, land use practices, and advanced remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to simulate surface run-off. Run-off volume and tank capacity were compared for all seasons at the micro-watershed level. The results demonstrated that the run-off volume in each micro-watershed significantly exceeded the tank capacity across all seasons. Even during the summer, the run-off volumes in the micro-watershed were considerably higher than the tank capacity. The findings suggest tank restoration can effectively store run-off and significantly fulfil agricultural and other essential needs throughout the year, thereby improving the local rural economy. This study also highlights the need for periodic maintenance and rehabilitation of these tank systems to retain their functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the significance of restoring efficient water management systems in India’s semiarid environment, with special emphasis on the role of traditional irrigation structures, such as tanks, in collecting and storing limited water resources. Assessing the benefits of any restoration program, especially when socioeconomic and environmental benefits are involved, is challenging. In the context of tank rehabilitation, a cost-benefit analysis will be conducted regarding economic and ecological returns in the post-desiltation phase. Since the restoration process requires a significant investment, assessing the project’s viability during the planning stage is better. The present study proposes a novel method to indirectly analyse the cost-benefit of the tank restoration process by correlating run-off and storage capacity of tanks before the planning phase. The Ambuliyar sub-basin, which covers an area of 930 square kilometres in Tamil Nadu, India, comprising 181 tanks (water bodies) of varying sizes and shapes, was taken for this study. This study employed the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method, incorporating factors such as soil type, land cover, land use practices, and advanced remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to simulate surface run-off. Run-off volume and tank capacity were compared for all seasons at the micro-watershed level. The results demonstrated that the run-off volume in each micro-watershed significantly exceeded the tank capacity across all seasons. Even during the summer, the run-off volumes in the micro-watershed were considerably higher than the tank capacity. The findings suggest tank restoration can effectively store run-off and significantly fulfil agricultural and other essential needs throughout the year, thereby improving the local rural economy. This study also highlights the need for periodic maintenance and rehabilitation of these tank systems to retain their functionality.

Deformation in a structure is something that is very likely to occur when the object is subjected to a loading that leads to a pressure on the object. The approach taken to determine the deformation of the cylindrical tank was carried out using the finite element method using Ansys 2020 R2 software with axial loads due to the roof and circumferential loads on the cylinder from wind forces. The cylindrical tank that was the object observed in the practical work field was found to be deformed due to the very high loading from the roof and also the result of re-welding due to the repair of defective welds after being examined by ultrasonic testing. This was investigated using the finite element method to determine if the loading experienced by the cylinder was the main cause of the deformation and it was found that the maximum deformation was so small that it was difficult to say that the main cause of the deformation was the loading. It is known that re-welding a metal will change the mechanical properties of the material to become softer, which is the main reason why the deformation of the tank occurred in the practical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The battle of Prokhorovka in July 1943 was undoubtedly a convincing Soviet victory, despite incurring heavy armored losses, the Red Army's supremacy in artillery, anti-tank defense, armored reserves, and tenacity ensured that the German advance on Prokhorovka was halted. Despite this, Western historians have tended to fixate on the lesser armored losses suffered by the Germans; often without placing these losses in the wider context of the battle. This theme is continued further when Tiger tank losses at Prokhorovka are dismissed as myth or fable. This article will reveal the contrary is true and that in reality, the final myth of the battle of Prokhorovka is that no Tiger tank losses occurred. Using original German sources throughout the article provides irrefutable evidence that a German Tiger tank was destroyed on the Prokhorovka battlefield in July 1943. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates liquid sloshing in a 3D rigid rectangular tank. The impact of rigid baffle on sloshing frequencies has been studied. The mathematical model has been developed using potential theroy. The boundary value problem has an analytical solution in terms of velocity potential with undetermined frequency. We get a system of homogeneous algebraic equations using boundary and free surface conditions. The frequencies are calculated using the non-trivial solution condition. Frequencies of baffled tank are computed for various filling levels. The effects of filling level on frequencies are identified. ANSYS software is used to report the liquid domain and rigid baffle mode forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Runoff is the main variable for the hydrological analysis of the watershed, and due to its importance, for several decades, hydrological research has focused on the simulation of rainfall-runoff relationships, which has led to the presentation of many models. Due to the multiplicity of hydrological models, choosing an optimal model among various models is not a simple process. For this purpose, in the present research, after selecting the Galikash watershed from the most flood-prone basins in Golestan province, the performance of three hydrological models AWBM, Tank, and IHACRES were evaluated. The parameters of the models were also analyzed for sensitivity, and finally, the efficiency of the models in wet and dry periods was examined. Materials and Methods: The amount of daily runoff from the watershed for a period of 30 years (1989-2019) was simulated using each of the mentioned models and using four criteria Nash-Sutcliffe evaluation coefficient, root mean square error, coefficient of determination, and mean absolute percentage error, the performance of each model has been checked in two periods of calibration and validation. After optimizing the values of all the parameters, the sensitivity of the parameters of each model has been analyzed. Finally, after specifying the drought condition with the SPI index, the performance of each model for two wet and dry periods has been investigated and evaluated. Results: The results indicate that two rainfall-runoff models, IHACRES and AWBM, have almost similar performance. IHACRES model with Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients of 0.73 and 0.75 and RMSE of 2.97 and 2.94, respectively, in two calibration and validation periods and the AWBM model with Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients of 0.74 and 0.69 and RMSE of 2.92 and 3.24 for the calibration and validation periods have shown good performance. Still the Tank model was not successful in simulating the watershed runoff and its performance is lower than the two other models. The sensitivity analysis of the model parameters also showed that Kbase, H11, and f parameters are the most sensitive to the change of their values in AWBM, Tank, and IHACRES models, respectively. Finally, the comparison of the performance of the models in wet and dry periods showed that all the models have succeeded in simulating the watershed runoff with high accuracy in the wet period, so that the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient is 0.79, 0.74 and 0.78 for the three AWBM, Tank and IHACRES models, respectively, shows the acceptable performance of the models in simulating the runoff in the wet period. The evaluation of the results has shown the poor performance of all models in the dry period, and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient obtained for the models is -0.05, -0.45, and 0.12, respectively, which shows the weakness of the models in simulation of the low flow. Conclusion: In the evaluation of the three hydrological models AWBM, Tank, and IHACRES in daily runoff simulation, it was found that in general, with a small difference, the IHACRES model shows better results than the AWBM model. Also, in wet periods, according to the evaluations, the AWBM model led to good accuracy, while the IHACRES model showed better performance than other models in dry periods. Considering this issue, it can be said that the models performed weaker in simulating low flows that occur during dry periods, while the knowledge of streamflow conditions during dry periods can play an effective role in managing water resources. Therefore, to increase their accuracy, a solution should be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most investigations on flow batteries (FBs) make the assumption of perfectly mixed electrolytes inside the tanks without estimating their likelihood, while specific analyses are missing in the literature. This paper presents a pioneering investigation of the electrolyte flow dynamics inside FB tanks. This study considers the Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) measured at the stack of a 9 kW/27 kWh Vanadium FB with 500 L tanks. Order-of-magnitude estimates of the measured dynamics suggest that differences in densities and viscosities of the active species drive gradients of concentrations with different patterns in the positive and negative tanks and in charge and discharge, affected by current and flow rate, which result in significant deviation from homogeneity, affecting the State of Charge (SoC) of the electrolytes flowed into the stack and thus the FB performance. In particular, stratifications of the inlet electrolytes may appear which are responsible for delays in reaching the outlets, with initial plateau and following step (s) in the SoC at the stack. These events can have a major impact in the performance of industrial FBs with large tanks and suggest that specific tank designs may improve the overall dynamics, calling for further analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In semi-arid climates, rain-fed agriculture often faces long dry spells and crop losses. The use of plastic sheets combined with tanks may enable to harvest water in sandy fields where runoff seldom occurs. To present a methodology to determine an optimal tank capacity, we cultivated garlic (Allium sativum L.) in a sand dune, Japan under three treatments, A, B, and C having the same cultivation and plastic sheet areas of 24 m² and 12.5 m², respectively. Tank capacities for treatment A, B, and C were set as 500, 300, and 200 L, corresponding to storability of 21, 13, and 8 mm, respectively. Water was automatically applied through a drip irrigation system using tensiometers. Results showed that treatment A had larger stored water by 15% and 28%, as well as larger cumulative irrigation depth by 15% and 39% compared to B, and C, respectively. As a result, bulb yield was higher for A by 6% and 18% compared to B, and C, respectively. The optimum storability that gave the highest net income was around 18 mm. Without overflow from gutters, the average collection efficiency was around 95%. The methodology would be suitable to determine the optimal storability of the tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afterburning behind the detonation front of an aluminized explosive releases energy on the millisecond timescale, which prolong the release of detonation energy and the energy release at different stages also shows significant differences. However, at present, there are few effective methods for evaluating the energy release characteristics of the middle reaction stage of such explosives, which can have a duration of tens to hundreds of microseconds. The present work demonstrates an approach to assessing the midstage of an aluminized explosive detonation based on a water push test employing a high degree of confinement. In this method, the explosive is contained in a steel cylinder having one end closed that is installed at the bottom of a transparent water tank. Upon detonation, the gaseous products expand in one direction while forcing water ahead of them. The resulting underwater shock wave and the interface between the gas phase products and the water are tracked using an ultra-high-speed framing and streak camera. The shock wave velocity in water and the expansion work performed by the gaseous detonation products were calculated to assess the energy release characteristics of aluminized explosives such as CL- 20 and RDX in the middle stage of the detonation reaction. During the middle stage of the detonation process of these aluminized explosives, the aluminum reaction reduced the attenuation of shock waves and increased the work performed by gas phase products. A higher aluminum content increased the energy output while the presence of oxidants slowed the energy release rate. This work demonstrates an effective means of evaluating the performance of aluminized explosives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A straightforward experimental set-up, requiring a two-liter bottle, a ruler and a stopwatch, is used to provide data appropriate for modelling with Torricelli's Law in the simplest case, and a more sophisticated differential equation when losses are taken into account and a pipe extension is considered. With only an exit hole included in the model, the governing equation can be integrated analytically to find the liquid height in the tank as a function of time. In the more complicated instance, the governing equation requires numerical integration. In both cases, a discharge coefficient can be employed as a fitting parameter. Excellent agreement between the experimental data and the theoretical modelling results has been obtained. An analytical solution with comparable accuracy to the numerical version is also possible for a pipe extension under the operating conditions considered here. Student reception of the experiment was generally positive, although some nuances were not fully grasped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the water reservoirs currently in use, working with wet-type dust collection devices. A shortcoming of current water systems is the problem of waste formation in the form of sludge with a relatively high water content. The article presents the concept and directions of further development of the device, in the context of the treatment of water discharged from the dust collection device, operating in a closed circuit, and the impact of proper operation on the efficiency of the dust collection device, affecting the protection of the upper respiratory tract of workers who are in the area of increased dustiness. The use of a special design of the bottom of the tank makes it possible to separate the resulting pollution and direct it towards a drain hole or an inspection window. An important advantage of the presented solution is its modular design, which allows to adapt the development of the tank in conditions of limited space, and the way of its location and movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 75 years, since Independence, the central and state governments in India have implemented various measures for water management, which include initiatives to construct and revive small water bodies and wetlands. Schemes such as Amrit Sarovar, Amrit Dharohar, Jalyukta Shivar, and Galmukta Dharan-Galyukt Shivar are being implemented to revive small water bodies. However, these schemes have been criticised for their unsystematic planning and implementation and for benefiting an elite section of society while excluding people experiencing poverty. India is known for its traditional water harvesting systems and community-based management of water commons. Through a case study of grassroots-level management of small-scale waterbodies in eastern Maharashtra, this paper demonstrates the need to understand local dynamics and ground realities for inclusive and efficient water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to aging infrastructure, frequent wastewater network overflows, and potential charges for stormwater disposal, there is a need to find alternative approaches to stormwater management. Rain gardens and rainwater harvesting systems are widely used in local areas such as private homes, small businesses, and parking lots. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct an economic analysis of two alternative solutions -- a storage tank with water reuse and a rain garden. The cost-benefit analysis was based on an evaluation of the effectiveness of each approach in reducing stormwater runoff volume and decreasing stormwater disposal fees in the wastewater network. The precipitation regime used for the calculations was selected based on data from 2014 to 2023 for the Kyiv. In the study, technical and economic aspects were considered as key factors in the decision-making process. The results of the economic sustainability analysis of both options using an example of an impermeable surface showed that both systems have an effective service life of approximately two years. The storage tank is an effective solution, reducing stormwater overflows and allowing the collected water to be reused for various purposes. However, the costs of construction and maintenance of the tank exceed the savings on stormwater disposal fees to the sewer system by almost twice, therefore the project is not economically viable in the initial period. The implementation of a rain garden design to reduce stormwater disposal fees to the wastewater network is the most cost-effective solution. Assuming that the effective use period of a rain garden design is 8-10 years, the accumulated savings on tariffs can range from €606.8 to €848.2. The introduction of financial incentives will help promote the implementation of alternative stormwater control solutions, leading to a range of environmental and economic benefits, such as reducing the impact of stormwater on the environment, protecting water resources, and potential savings in the construction and management of stormwater systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the design of the reconstruction of the mechanical and technological equipment of the settling tanks at the wastewater treatment plant in the municipality of Boskovice. The reconstruction was focused on the flocculation cylinder, the travelling bridge, the bridge drive, and the collection of the settling tank floating sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with separator systems for light liquids that can be used in the management of rainwater from hard and polluted surfaces. Attention is focused on the material of the separators, the smallest nominal width and the types of separators. The procedure used for determining the type and size of a light liquid separator and its operation and maintenance is presented in this article as well. An example of a light liquid separator design for an industrial area is introduced in the experimental part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sloshing is the movement of fluid in a partly filled vessel subjected to external motions. Generally, sloshing is an undesirable motion for the purpose of marine operations as it causes intense forces and instability. However, the internal motion of liquid might be useful for devices that require mixing. For offshore-based floating photobioreactors, sloshing induced by external ocean wave forces are desirable, as the movement of liquid is able to bring about mixing and mass transfer for the nutrients and gas in the microalgae culture. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the correlation between the regular wave-induced sloshing and mixing behaviour of the irregular octagonal tank. The irregular octagonal tank is modelled as a non-ideal reactor with stagnant volume, and the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) of the irregular octagonal tank is measured. The RTD is dependent on the external excitation parameters, such as amplitude and frequency, besides being dependent on the filling ratio of the tank. Dissolved solids are injected into the system and the concentration of dissolved solids are measured using a Total Dissolve Solid (TDS) sensor. The experimental results are able to show the RTD curve for the irregular octagonal tank undergoing internal sloshing dependent on the filling ratio of the tank, excitation frequency and excitation amplitude of the sinusoidal motion. The mixing efficiency of the sloshing motion peaks at a filling ratio of 30 % with excitation frequency closest to the natural frequency of the irregular octagonal tank and large excitation amplitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valve stiction is one of the most prominent problems in chemical process monitoring. In each, chemical plant there are 500 - 5,000 process control loops, most of them have fluid as their main element and need valves as the primary control equipment. As those valves tend to have irregular maintenance and stick regularly. While the problem itself is not a big deal, when combined with how typical controllers in the industries work, it causes limited oscillations in the fluid flow rate as well as all related state variables of the process. Several surveys showed that valve stiction is a cause of around 20-30 % of oscillation problems, it is the main problem in process monitoring so many automatic valve stiction detection models have been developed such as Choudhury's model, Kano's model, and He's model. This paper proposes the study of valve stiction by He's model to predict by simulated valve characteristic transfer function affecting the water tank process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a calculation methodology is proposed to determine the filling and / or emptying times of the tanks in the pumping source systems. It focuses on solving a discrete calculation model that takes into account the main hydraulic variables that characterize three schemes or cases of design and operation in these systems. Two discrete approach calculation models are presented as a function of height and time, which are implemented in the MATLAB version R2013b numerical computing system for the comparison of different variants of the design schemes described. Both analytical procedures are used to solve a practical example where the three cases of operation are illustrated for different variants and calculation alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnostics of the technical condition of metal structures of tanks and pipelines at «Akademik Vernadsky» UAS was carried out. At the preparatory stage, an analysis of design and operational documentation for tanks was performed, technical inspection methods were selected, equipment and auxiliary equipment were selected for performing diagnostic work using non-destructive testing methods. An instrumental inspection of the condition of metal structures of tanks and pipelines was carried out using nondestructive testing methods in order to identify defects and damage in structural elements and welded joints, an inspection of the condition of the foundation and base of the tank. Anti-corrosion work was carried out on the bottom of the tank and pipelines that had unacceptable corrosion damage were replaced. All elements of the tanks are in working technical condition and comply with current norms and standards for design, manufacture and operation. The static strength of the wall of the external and internal tanks corresponds to the project and current regulations. Due to anti-corrosion work on the bottom of the internal tank of RVS-200, its operation can be continued until 2029, provided that the rules for the technical operation of the tanks and the organization of annual monitoring of the technical condition of the tanks and technological equipment are followed. 20 Ref., 5 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Detonators are explosive devices used for the initiation of secondary explosives in commercial and military applications. They are characterized by their initiating capability, which is a critical factor for their safe and effective use but challenging to assess accurately. In this two-part study, we employ numerical simulations to investigate the blast wave generated by detonators and examine their initiating capability. The first part, presented here, follows the European underwater test of initiating capability, which evaluates detonators in isolation (direct method) and the second part considers detonators placed within a receiving explosive charge (indirect method). In the underwater test, the detonator is ignited inside a water tank and the initiating capability is assessed through pressure measurements in the far field. We employ a multiphysics methodology that allows the use of distinct mathematical models for each component such as two-phase reactive materials, elastic–plastic solids, and inert fluids. The computational implementation is validated against underwater experiments and is employed for the simulation of the blast wave generated by different types of detonators. The initial focus is on the general characteristics of the blast wave and subsequently on the differences between detonators of different shell material and thickness. Results show that the blast wave in the near field is asymmetric and varies significantly between detonators, but these features do not persist in the far field. The underwater test considers only the far field and is thus unable to capture the near field differences, which have a significant impact on the initiation of secondary explosives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most investigations on flow batteries (FBs) make the assumption of perfectly mixed electrolytes inside the tanks without estimating their likelihood, while specific analyses are missing in the literature. This paper presents a pioneering investigation of the electrolyte flow dynamics inside FB tanks. This study considers the Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) measured at the stack of a 9 kW/27 kWh Vanadium FB with 500 L tanks. Order-of-magnitude estimates of the measured dynamics suggest that differences in densities and viscosities of the active species drive gradients of concentrations with different patterns in the positive and negative tanks and in charge and discharge, affected by current and flow rate, which result in significant deviation from homogeneity, affecting the State of Charge (SoC) of the electrolytes flowed into the stack and thus the FB performance. In particular, stratifications of the inlet electrolytes may appear which are responsible for delays in reaching the outlets, with initial plateau and following step (s) in the SoC at the stack. These events can have a major impact in the performance of industrial FBs with large tanks and suggest that specific tank designs may improve the overall dynamics, calling for further analysis.

Emissions from vents of tanks containing industrial liquids at coke plants are investigated. The results are analyzed, and the factors affecting the emissions are noted. Routine monitoring of vents to inventory and monitor the emissions is shown to be impossible. Recommendations are made for determining emissions from vents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess histopathological alterations in the gills, skin, liver, and kidneys of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed with industrially manufactured extruded (Le), locally pelleted (Lpe) and locally extruded (Lex) feeds and reared in intermediate bulk containers (IBC) tanks. Nine hundred juveniles (15.15± 3.48 g; 128.37± 9.67 mm) were stocked in 9 IBC tanks (1 m3) at a density of 100 fish/tank in triplicate and fed with the studied feeds thrice a day to satiation for 16 weeks. At the end of the experiment, 5 fish/treatment were harvested and the studied organs were extracted for histopathological assessment using standard procedures. Results revealed that no pathological alterations were observed in the gills, skin, liver, and kidneys of fish fed with "Le" feed. Hyperplasia of interlamellar epithelia, fusion of lamellae, curling of secondary lamellae, edema of primary lamellae, and erosion of secondary lamellae were observed in the gills of fish fed with "Lpe" and "Lex" feeds. Skin tissues indicated the presence of mucous cell proliferation and hypertrophy, erosion of epithelial surfaces, and thickening of the epidermal layer in fish fed with "Lpe" and "Lex" feeds. Mild diffuse and moderate vacuolation of hepatocytes were observed in the liver of fish fed with "Lpe" and "Lex" feeds respectively. Moderate diffuse vacuolar degeneration of the epithelial cells of the tubules with mild fatty change was observed in the kidneys of fish fed with "Lpe" and "Lex" feeds. The lesions observed in the local feeds were categorized as mild to moderate and could be reversible indicating that these feeds could be used in out-of-pond holding systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the biggest problems related to mandatory tanks of oil and oil derivatives are evaporative losses in the tanks. It is well known that the storage, manipulation, and transport of oil and oil derivatives results in the evaporation of the liquid. In the case of tanks where commodity reserves are stored for a long period of time, the most pronounced problems are "breathing" losses and degradation of the quality of petroleum products. Many of these volatile organic compounds also have a strong negative impact that is harmful to human health and the environment. The aim of this research is to improve system in order to reduce evaporative losses in the tanks which are used for mandatory reserves of oil and oil derivative in warehouse in location near Požega in Serbia as well as to reduce the harmful impact on the environment with the proposed improvement measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study is conducted on the performances of a solar powered continuous-adsorption refrigerator considering two particular days as references cases, namely, the summer solstice (June 21st) and the autumn equinox (September 21st). The cooling capacity, system performance coefficient and the daily rate of available cooling energy are assessed. The main goal is to compare the performances of a solar adsorption chiller equipped with a hot water tank (HWT) with an equivalent system relying on solar collectors with no heat storage module. The daily cooling rates for the solar refrigerator are found to be 102.4 kWh and 74.3 kWh, respectively, on June 21st and on September 21st, using a total collector's area of 43.47 m2. The corresponding values for the adsorption chiller equipped with a hot water tank of 2 m3 (and using a total collector's area of 72.45 m²), are 127.1 kWh and 106.13 kWh, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid hydrogen (LH2) may be employed to transport large quantities of pure hydrogen or be stored onboard of ships, airplanes and trains fuelled by hydrogen, thanks to its high density compared to gaseous compressed hydrogen. LH2 is a cryogenic fluid with an extremely low boiling point (-253°C at atmospheric pressure) that must be stored in double-walled vacuum insulated tanks to limit the boil-off formation. There is limited knowledge on the consequences of LH2 tanks catastrophic rupture. In fact, the yield of the consequences of an LH2 tank explosion (pressure wave, fragments and fireball) depend on many parameters such as tank dimension, filling degree, and tank internal conditions (temperature and pressure) prior the rupture. Only two accidents provoked by the rupture of an LH2 tank occurred in the past and a couple of experimental campaigns focussed on this type of accident scenario were carried out for LH2. The aim of this study is to analyse one of the LH2 tank explosion consequences namely the fragments. The longest horizontal and vertical ranges of the fragments thrown away from the blast wave are estimated together with the spatial distribution around the tank. Theoretical models are adopted in this work and validated with the experimental results. The proposed models can aid the risk analysis of LH2 storage technologies and provide critical insights to plan a prevention and mitigation strategy and improve the safety of hydrogen applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backlash nonlinearity inevitably exists in the actuator of tank horizontal stabilizer and has adverse effect on the system control performance, however, how to effectively eliminate its effect remains a pending issue. To solve this problem, a robust adaptive precision motion controller is presented in this paper to address uncertainties and unknown actuator backlash of tank horizontal actuator. The controller handles the modeling uncertainties including parameter uncertainties and unmodeled disturbances by integrating adaptive feedforward compensation and continuous nonlinear robust law. Based on the backstepping method, a smooth backlash inverse model is constructed by combining the adaptive idea. Meanwhile, the unknown backlash parameters of the system can be approximated through the parameter adaptation, and the impact of the actuator backlash nonlinearity is effectively compensated via the inverse operation, which can availably improve the tracking performance. Moreover, the adaptive law can update the disturbance ranges of tank horizontal stabilizer online in real time, which enhances the feasibility in practical engineering applications. Furthermore, the stability analysis based on Lyapunov function shows that with the existence of unmodeled disturbances and unknown actuator backlash, the designed controller guarantees excellent asymptotic output tracking performance. Extensive comparative results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]