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This descriptive case study examined how teaching practices were evidenced in Grade 1 classrooms in two different cultural and educational contexts, Finland and Japan. Teachers’ teaching practices were video-recorded in 53 classrooms in Finland and six classrooms in Japan and rated with the Early Childhood Classroom Observation Measure by trained investigators. Four Finnish teachers and two Japanese teachers having the highest scores in either child-centered or teacher-directed practices were selected for a descriptive case study to take a closer look at how teaching practices in terms of management, climate, and instruction are evidenced in authentic classroom situations. The analysis revealed some similarities and disparities in how teacher-directed and child-centered practices are reflected in classroom situations in the two countries. For example, in Japan, teachers favoring child-centered practices asked more open-ended questions and encouraged brainstorming and group discussions, whereas the Finnish teachers emphasized socio-emotional skills. The results suggest that cultural values may play a role in how teachers create a positive climate, implement instruction, and organize activities in the classroom. peerReviewed

PurposeThis case study aims to report a longitudinal analysis of the development and use of local “vernacular” accounting practice and a digital rolling-forecast system known as TeamBudget in a public sector organization.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs the constructive research approach which utilizes participative observation in the development of TeamBudget over the 15 years since 2004. The empirical data utilized includes eight interviews and documentary data for the system created.FindingsThe study demonstrates how the actions of employees responsible for developing a locally relevant financial planning system, TeamBudget, facilitated the emergence of new accounting routines associated with the newly created system. A locally created accounting system thus became institutionalized into a wider organizational setting over time. The current study presents findings that explain the routinization of informal accounting activities and the subsequent institutionalization process.Practical implicationsUnderstanding the potential influence of local action on the organization-wide accounting system may foster the creation of accounting tools that could spread participation and commitment throughout a public sector organization, contributing towards enhancing the enabling effect of an organizational accounting system. When designing a local budgeting system, decoupling it from the organizational system may promote its institutionalization.Originality/valueAntecedents of informal accounting routines have received little research attention. This study illustrates actions relating to local accounting practice were antecedents of accounting routines and subsequent institutional changes in broader organizational practices in a public sector organization. The study demonstrates how vernacular accounting practice can facilitate the institutionalization process.

Artikkelissa esitellään NomadTown, joka on hätätilojen ennakointiin, torjuntaan ja sopeutumiseen sekä myönteisten vaikutusten tuottamiseen toimintansa perustava “resilienssihubi”. Artikkelissa hahmotellaan NomadTowniin kehittyneen alakulttuurin koulutuksellista taustaa ja tehdään syvällinen kuvaus NomadTownia ympäröivästä yhteiskunnasta oppimisen paikkana. Tämä kontekstuaalisointi nojaa tietoisuuteen dispositiivista Foucault'n tarkoittamassa mielessä. Tekstissä arvioidaan yhdistysten yhteiskuntaekologian, jonka puitteisiin tämä resilienssikeskus on asettumassa, soveltuvuutta ilmastonmuutoksen torjunnan edellyttämään suureen yhteiskunnalliseen transitioon. Lisäksi arvioidaan kuinka verkostomainen organisaatioissa oppiminen NomadTownin puitteissa tapahtuu. Tällaiset toimivat yhteydet ilmentävät Nahradan maailmankylähypoteesiin kuuluvaa verkostoituneiden kylien käsitettä. Tutkimuksen loppupäätelmänä on, että toiminta yhdistyneiden verkoston kautta NomadTownin koulutusympäristössä on tehokas tapa muuttaa yhteisöä resilientimmäksi ilmastonmuutokseen valmistautuessa, joskin NomadTown tarvitsee parempia yhteyksiä liike-elämään ja hallintoon. NomadTown a resilience hub based on learning for emergency prevention, positive impact creation, and adaptation is presented. The educative background of the sub-culture found there are outlined. A thick description of the educational milieu NomadTown is situated in is given. A contextualization of this milieu is provided with a Foucauldian awareness of the dispositif (apparatus). Whether the social ecology of associations, this resilience hub is becoming embedded in, is a suitable way to make the great transition needed to deal with climate change; and how organizational learning, manifesting as network learning, is taking place are considered. Such functioning connections are embodying the networked village concept of Nahrada’s Global Village Hypothesis. I conclude that working through connected networks, in NomadTown’s educational milieu, is an effective way to make change for resilience in our human survival situation when faced with climate change. However, NomadTown needs better connections to industry and government. peerReviewed

Highlights •Presents a multi-sensory PPGIS method integrating landscape values and soundscapes. •PPGIS data (N = 507) from 2 suburbs in Helsinki is used to operationalize the method. •Low spatial overlap between hotspots of different values and pleasant/unpleasant sounds was found. •Generally pleasant and unpleasant sounds were located closer to home than values. •Landscape values do not necessarily reflect sonic perceptions of UGI. Abstract This paper develops, tests and validates a Multi-sensory Public Participation GIS (MSPPGIS) method combining the qualities of soundscapes and landscape values mapping. The development of the method involved: a) Public Participation GIS survey design; b) three-phase evaluation of survey addressing analytical, applicability and usability criteria; c) survey refinement; d) sampling and data collection, and; e) spatial data analysis. The analysis consisted of hotspot mapping involving Kernel Density Estimation, spatial overlap assessment using Jaccard coefficients and value compatibility analysis showing the level of spatial compatibility between positive landscape values and positive and negative soundscapes. Results indicated very low to low spatial overlap between the different landscape values and pleasant/unpleasant sound hotspots, suggesting that landscape values do not necessarily reflect sonic perception of urban green and blue spaces. Pleasant and unpleasant sounds were located closer to home than landscape values (except for urban life values), indicating that respondents’ soundscape ‘cognitive map’ is smaller in spatial range. The MSPPGIS method enables the elicitation of a more dynamic and diverse set of sounds compared to previous soundscape mapping which tend to focus on 'noise' instead of multiple experiences of different sounds. Also, the combination of landscape values and soundscapes in MSPPGIS provides for a more integrated assessment of ‘where’ and ‘how’ to design urban green infrastructure.

Learning musical skills is often associated with face-to-face teaching. Few studies on musical skill learning through asynchronous e-learning have been conducted; however, the demand for e-learning has increased due to multiform learning and individual education paths, unrestricted by time and place. This demand is the basis of this research. The focus of this study is Finnish classroom teacher students’ skill learning, learning processes, and learning experiences, while studying music independently through e-learning. The research method is an intensive case study with six students. Their learning diaries were analysed using a data-driven content analysis. Background factors were musical interest, skill, education, and attitude. During the research, a hypothetical cyclical model of the skill-learning process was created. The assumptions are: Knowledge of music theory improved singing and playing skills. E learning supported the pedagogical readiness for teaching music. Joy of learning, positive experiences and impacting the learning of oneself reinforced the students’ self esteem, belief in their abilities and excitement for lifelong learning. The knowledge gained can be applied for developing similar study modules, recognising processes guiding skill learning, creating strategies for guiding learning, and for developing methods for skill creating. peerReviewed

Interest in impact investing within technology startup industry is in-creasing. Regardless of the growing interest in impact investing, there is a significant deficiency in research considering practice of impact investing in the field of technology. Also, technology startup perspective on impact investing ecosystem research is novel research stream which and the existing research on topic is very limited. Ecosystem paradigm is widely adopted in economics and management research and adopting it in impact investing research could increase the comprehension of the phenomenon. Again, it may result in better business decisions among startup company management and foster impact investments allocated to startup industry. This case study explores Finnish impact investing ecosystem emphasizing on technology startups and aims to fill the gap between the current practice and the academic research. Study was conducted as a multiple case study, and the main data acquisition method was a semi-structured interview. Case study includes in total of ten organizations operating in different roles within the Finnish impact ecosystem. The main contribution of this study is to describe and review the main characteristics and actors of the Finnish impact investing ecosystem. The study identifies in total of 22 impact investing ecosystem actors particularly for startup companies and amplifies previous views of the impact investing ecosystem research. Further, findings indicate that public sector organizations are prominent actors within Finnish impact investing ecosystem, and that there are variety of collaborating public and private actors in the ecosystem. peerReviewed

The opportunities and challenges of teaching and learning in the same and different space and time have been discussed in the field of distance education for several decades. Within COVID-19, a new type of experimenting and research interest in so-called hybrid learning has emerged. In this article, we present the results from exploring “hybridity” from the perspective of classical categorizations of different forms of learning in terms of time and space. We explored the phenomenon through two cases with the same high-level strategic objective, serving hybrid interaction. In case A, we evaluated university library spaces renovated to serve hybrid teaching and learning. In case B, the focus was on the implementation of a university course redesigned during the pandemic from blended learning to include more hybrid interaction. Multifaceted data was collected, including video recordings (case A), recorded videoconference sessions, and written student feedback (case B). Qualitative data analyses relied on ethnography and contextual inquiry. Based on the analyses of the case studies, we propose five design principles for designing hybrid teaching and learning that aim to overcome the limitations of the same space and time: (1) Ensuring access to required tools, infrastructure, and support; (2) Design primarily for same time, different place learning; (3) Design primarily for same time, same place learning; (4) Less is more; and (5) “Le bon Dieu est dans le détail.” These design principles provide guidance to the design process of hybrid teaching and learning to increase the chances of reaching a successful solution.

Concurrent exercise and metformin administration may reduce the acute and chronic effects of exercise on glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, several studies suggest that combing metformin and exercise treatment may have no additive effect and even cause adverse effects in T2D patients. This case report aimed to highlight the challenges associated with prescribing exercise to type 2 diabetes patients undergoing metformin treatment. A 67-years old woman was followed-up for 5 months, including assessment of the acute and chronic glucose and lactate metabolism induced by concomitant exercise and metformin. The findings were four-fold: 1) During a high-intensity interval training bout, blood glucose systematically decreased, while blood lactate concentrations fluctuated randomly; 2) Basal blood lactate levels were well above 2 mmol/L on days with medication only; 3) Combined exercise and metformin administration induced additive effects on the normalization of glucose and 4) high levels of physical activity had a positive impact on the continuous glucose fluctuations, while decreased levels of physical activity induced a large fluctuation of glucose due to home confinement of an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Our findings showed that when combined with exercise and metformin treatment for T2D patients, exercise may contribute to improving glycemic control while metformin may elevate lactate levels in the long term. The observed results underline the need to prescribe exercise and monitor lactate levels for reducing possible risks associated with metformin treatment and reinforce the importance of tailoring exercise therapy. peerReviewed

Ymmärrys datan liiketoiminnallisesta arvosta on kasvanut merkittävästi. Kuitenkin datan hallinnalliset haasteet, kuten epäselvät dataan liittyvät käytänteet, epäluotettava data tai tiedon omistajuuden puuttuminen, ovat tyypillisiä organisaatioiden kokemia haasteita. Data governance toimii datan hallinnan keskiössä ohjaten dataan liittyviä käytäntöjä, prosesseja, rooleja ja vastuita. Kehittämällä organisaation data governance -kypsyyttä, organisaatio voi muun muassa kasvattaa ymmärrystä datastaan, parantaa datan laatua sekä edistää datan hallintaa koskevaa tietoturvallisuutta, ja näin ollen ratkaista datan hallinnallisia haasteita maksimoiden samalla datan arvoa. Edellytyksenä data governancen kehittämiseen on, että organisaatiolla on ymmärrys kypsyydestään – organisaation on tunnistettava nykyinen tasonsa, jotta kehitystä voidaan suunnitella tavoiteltuun suuntaan. Tutkimus tarjoaa ohjelmisto- ja IT-konsultointipalveluja tarjoavalle kohdeorganisaatiolle kokonaisvaltaisen ratkaisun data governancen kypsyyden arviointiin ja sen kehittämiseen kypsyysmallin muodossa. Tutkimus toteutettiin suunnittelututkimuksena, jossa data governance -kypsyysmallista luotiin ja kehitettiin neljä versiota kahden iteraation myötä. Kypsyysmallin ensimmäinen versio luotiin data governancen ja kypsyysmallien teoreettisten taustojen pohjalta. Tutkimuksen empiirisessä osuudessa toteutettiin kaksi tapaustutkimusta. Ensimmäisessä iteraatiossa kypsyysmallia arvioitiin ja kehitettiin kohdeorganisaatiossa, jonka jälkeen toisessa iteraatiossa kypsyysmallia arvioitiin ja kehitettiin käytännön kontekstissa suoraan asiakasorganisaatiossa. Empiiristä aineistoa kerättiin ryhmäasiantuntija- sekä sähköpostihaastatteluiden muodossa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli arvioida, kuinka soveltuva tutkimuksessa kehitetty kypsyysmalli on selvittämään ja kehittämään organisaatioiden data governance -kypsyyttä. Kirjallisuuden avulla voitiin luoda ajantasaiseen tietoon perustuva data governance -kypsyysmalli, jota voidaan kohdeorganisaation tarpeita mukaillen käyttää asiakasta haastattelemalla. Empirian avulla kypsyysmallia kehitettiin erityisesti neljästä näkökulmasta, jotka kattoivat siihen liittyviä terminologisia haasteita, kypsyysmallin rajausta, asiasisällöllisiä tarkennuksia sekä havaintoja kypsyysmallin hyödyntämiseen käytännössä. Tutkimuksessa kehitetty data governance -kypsyysmalli koostuu kolmesta dimensiosta ja viidestä kypsyystasosta. Dimensiot data governance -strategiasta ja -riskienhallinnasta, -käytännöistä sekä -rooleista ja -vastuista on jaettu vielä tarkempiin osa-alueisiin. Kukin mitattava osa-alue sisältää yksilöllisen arviointikriteerin kullakin kypsyystasolla aina lähtötasosta optimoituun tasoon. Tutkimus osoitti, että data governanceen liittyvä terminologia on monitulkintaista eli asioista huomattiin puhuttavan eri termeillä. Lisäksi kypsyysmallin laajuuden rajaaminen huomioon ottaen kirjallisuuden ja mahdolliset asiakasorganisaatioiden tarpeet eivät ole keskenään yksiselitteistä: kypsyysmalli ei saa olla liian laaja, mutta toisaalta sen tulisi kattaa kaikki tarvittavat osa-alueet. Kypsyysarviota tehdessä haastateltavia tulisi olla useampia ja haastateltavien erilaiset näkemykset mitattavista osa-alueista tulisi huomioida tarkasti, jotta voidaan varmistua kypsyysarvion luotettavuudesta. Edellä mainitut keskeisimmät havainnot on huomioitu kypsyysmallia kehittäessä ja erityisesti termien selkeyttämistä ja konkretisointia on painotettu. Tutkimuksessa kehitetty kypsyysmalli konsultin tukimateriaaleineen ja esitysmateriaaleineen tarjoaa kohdeorganisaatiolle toimivan tavan arvioida sen asiakkaiden data governance -kypsyyttä.

In today’s digital world, physical files and documents have mostly been replaced by their digital counterparts. The transition to storing and sharing information in digital format has become the new norm. As more data becomes available, finding the correct data becomes increasingly challenging, leading to workers spending a significant portion of their work time searching for the correct information. To make storing and finding information easier, some businesses opt for a document management system. M-Files Corporation is a Finnish software development company that produces a metadata-driven document management web application called M-Files web. Searching for information is an essential part of any document management system, including M-Files web. M-Files Corporation is investigating ways of improving the search functionality in M-Files web, which could be done by implementing advanced search conditions. To study this, M-Files Corporation wants to investigate how advanced search capabilities could be implemented in M-Files web and which common guidelines should be considered in the final implementation. To investigate the issues M-Files is facing, a case study is conducted using Design Science Research Methodologies by Peffers et al. In this case study, advanced search conditions are implemented in M-Files web. The implementation allows users to add metadata-based filters to their search, which allows for more effective and accurate information retrieval. Several guidelines were determined from this case study, which could help M-Files or any other business attempting a similar implementation. The guidelines include using React for implementation, providing a simple and interactive UI, optimizing for speed, focusing on achieving objectives and considering accessibility.

Highlights • The StrateGIS tool helps to evoke discussion on well-being across sectoral silos. • The tool provides a way to fill the gap between academic and practical approaches. • Practitioners are well placed to combine scientific and local knowledge. • Practitioner knowledge is very important in selecting and adjusting the criteria. • Local GIS experts have an important role in using spatial planning-support tools. Worldwide urbanisation emphasises the importance of planning for cities that sustain and promote the well-being of their residents. The planning of a living environment that supports well-being requires both intersectoral cooperation between policy sectors and interaction between researchers and practitioners. With 12 case studies (of 11 Finnish municipalities and one city region), we provide a description of a knowledge co-production process originating from the use of a new planning-support tool called StrateGIS that can be used for discovering built-environment indicators for integrated planning for well-being. Based on spatial multi-criteria analysis, we also investigate how the tool fostered intersectoral discussion among practitioners during the process. Practitioner knowledge was merged with scientific knowledge at different stages of the process: in structuring the value tree, in setting the objectives, in selecting the criteria and in defining the spatial representation for each criterion. Intersectoral discussion during the process was seen as fruitful and relatively easy despite the different types of expertise present in the workshops. Based on our results, the local experts specialised in spatial data have an intermediary role between practitioners since they can build understanding of how data is translated into spatial information when using a spatial planning-support tool.

PurposeThis article analyzes the cognitive microfoundations, conflicting institutional logics and professional hybridization in a case characterized by conflict.Design/methodology/approachIn contrast to the majority of earlier studies focusing on special health care, the study was conducted in a Finnish basic health care organization. The empirical data include 36 interviews, accounting reports, budgets, newspaper articles and meeting notes collected 2013–2018.FindingsThe use of accounting techniques in this case did not offer professionals sufficient support under conditions of conflict. The authors suggest that this perceived lack of support intensified the negative emotions toward accounting techniques. These negative emotions aggregated into incompatible professional-level institutional logics, which contributed to the lack of hybridization between such logics. The authors highlight the importance of the cognitive microfoundations, that is, the individual-level interpretations and emotional responses, in the analysis of conflicting institutional logics.Practical implicationsManagerial attention needs to be directed to accounting practices perceived as frustrating or threatening, a perception that can prevent the use of accounting techniques in the creation of professional hybrids. The Finnish basic health care context involves inconsistent political decision-making, multiple tasks, three institutional logics and individual interpretations and emotions in various decision-making situations.Originality/valueThis study develops microfoundational accounting research by illustrating how individual-level cognitive microfoundations such as dissatisfaction with budgeting, aggregate into professional-level institutional logics, and in our case, prevent professional hybridization in a basic health care setting characterized by conflict and three separate institutional logics.

The ecosystem service (ES) concept has increasingly been applied in environmental planning, while there are several decades of experience in applying multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in complex planning situations. The aim of this article is to assess how the ES concept has been used in water management projects together with MCDA and to examine the experiences gained and make recommendations to overcome any identified challenges. Our conclusions are based on a systematic analysis of 23 articles that were selected among 206 articles focused on water-related studies using, for example, the terms multi-criteria and ecosystem services in the title, abstract or keywords. Here, we explore (i) at what level of detail ESs are included in the decision hierarchy, (ii) the pros and cons of the complementary use of the two approaches, and (iii) how the potential challenges related to the use of MCDA, such as the large number of criteria, double-counting, or assigning criteria weights, are addressed in the selected cases. The results reveal large differences between the case studies. It is shown that only a few case studies used ES categories to classify criteria in the decision hierarchy, that these cases included different numbers of ES criteria and non-ES criteria, and that most case studies elicited stakeholder preferences in MCDA. Although the paper focuses on water management projects, the conclusions regarding the advantages and pitfalls of the complementary use of the methods, as well as our recommendations, are also applicable to other environmental management contexts.

Highlights •This paper presents a framework to evaluate the effects of non-indigenous species (NIS) on ecosystem services (ES). •All studied NIS pose large and significant effects on ES. •Applicability of the framework extends to all realms. •Implementation of the framework will assist in moving to evidence-based assessments of NIS impacts. Abstract Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits natural ecosystems provide to society, such as food provisioning, water supply, climate regulation and recreational benefits. Biological invasions are a major driver of global change, and several non-indigenous species (NIS) may alter key ecological feedbacks with ultimate consequences to ES, livelihoods and human wellbeing. Nonetheless, the effects of NIS on ES supply remain largely unquantified. Here we present the first quantitative case study assessing the impacts of widespread NIS on ES in the Baltic Sea, by developing and employing a robust and repeatable data-driven approach. All NIS with a sufficient knowledge base pose large and highly significant effects on ES, resulting on average 55 % change in the intensity of ES. Most impacts affected regulation services, concerning both abiotic and biotic realms, with little evidence on cultural and provisioning services. The methodology can be easily employed beyond the current study realm e.g. to better understand the roles of human pressures on ES in any ecosystem. Importantly, the study also identified major biases not only in the availability of taxonomic and sub-regional evidence, but also in the different study types employed to create the evidence base.

Tutkimuksen aiheena on nuoren asiakkaan ohjausprosessi ja ohjauksen vaikuttavuus lyhytkestoisessa ohjauksessa. Tutkimus on tapaustutkimus, jossa yhden ohjausprosessin tarkan kuvauksen ja analysoinnin avulla pyritään kehittämään dialogisen ohjauksen teoriaa ja käytäntöä. Aineistona ovat yhden asiakkaan ohjausprosessin tapaamisten äänitteet. Prosessi koostuu neljästä psykologin ja asiakkaan noin tunnin mittaisesta tapaamisesta. Dialoginen sekvenssianalyysi toimi sekä ohjausprosessin lähtökohtana olleen tapauskuvauksen perustana että aineiston analyysin välineenä. Analyysi osoitti, että ohjaajan prosessin alussa tekemä asiakaskuvaus fokusoi työskentelyn asiakkaan ydinongelmiin ja kannattelee ohjausprosessin etenemistä. Tapauskuvaus toimii ohjauksen yksilöllisen tuloksellisuuden arvioinnin välineenä. Lyhytkestoisessa ohjausprosessissa on mahdollista tukea toimijan havainnoivan suhteen kehittymistä omaan toimintaansa ja vaihtoehtoisen toimintatavan hahmottamista, vaikka toiminnan muutos jää lyhyen ohjausprosessin jälkeiseen aikaan.

Lectio praecursoria kasvatustieteen väitöskirjaan Välittävä kasvatus ja opetus peruskoulun yhdeksäsluokkalaisten oppilaiden kokemana, Turun Yliopistossa 3.12.2021. KT, Maarit Hosion väitöskirjassa Välittävä kasvatus ja opetus peruskoulun yhdeksäsluokkalaisten oppilaiden kokemana (Hosio, 2021) määritellään koulussa ilmenevän välittämisen käsitettä ja selvitetään oppilaille syntyneitä välittämisen kokemuksia. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan välittämisen käsitettä eettisenä, koulun arvoja ilmentävänä toimintana tarkastellen koulussa välittämistä kasvatuksen ja opetuksen näkökulmista. Tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisella tutkimusotteella haastattelemalla 51 yhdeksäsluokkalaista koululaista. Aineiston hankintamenetelmänä käytettiin puolistrukturoitua teemahaastattelua. Tutkimushenkilöt toivat esiin sekä opetustilanteissa että henkilökohtaisessa vuorovaikutustilanteessa ilmeneviä välittämisen tilanteita. Välittävä kasvatus merkitsee tutkimustulosten mukaan opettajan ja oppilaan välistä vuorovaikutusta sekä kasvatuksellisissa että opetuksellisissa tilanteissa, luottamuksellista suhdetta opettajan ja oppilaan välillä sekä tasapuolista kohtelua ja hyvästä ilmapiiristä huolehtimista. Välittävä opetus määritellään tutkimuksessa oppilaan mielenkiintoa herättäväksi ja ylläpitäväksi tapahtumaksi, jossa oppilas saa ohjausta ja tukea. Välittävään opetukseen kuuluu myös arvostava palaute ja oikeudenmukainen arviointi.

Successful mergers and acquisitions (M&A) require organizations implement effective management control systems across the organization and its subsidiaries. Quite often, organizations resort to a top-down integration of these control systems due to high pressure to standardize the systems across the global firm often at a fast pace. These actions are likely to induce negative responses by the new organizational members in acquired subsidiaries, as suggested also by prior literature. Drawing on the framework of enabling formalization, this dissertation enhances our understanding of management control integrations in the context of M&A. Composed of three inter-related essays, it investigates how management control systems can be perceived as enabling instead of coercive by the organizational members during post-acquisition integration. Using a qualitative, interpretive case study the research reveals new factors affecting how management control systems are perceived by the objects of control. The dissertation finds trust as an incremental factor influencing employees’ perceptions of the controls whether it concerns managerial intentions, the development process, or the daily use of the controls. It further shows how enabling control systems can support socialization of new employees during post-acquisition integration. Consequently, it explains how managers’ actions lead to enabling perceptions and how employees deal with temporary coercion with frame switching. With these theoretical contributions this dissertation moves the line of inquiry forward in the management control literature using the concept of enabling control. As for practical contributions for organizations undergoing M&A, the dissertation suggests focusing more on how to integrate people, not merely systems, by creating trustful interpersonal relationships between key persons of the parties of the M&A. Taking the time to rationalize and give support to the local subsidiaries helps gain the new organizational members’ commitment to the new parent. Organizational members’ perception and commitment matters in order for the whole firm to aim for shared goals. This will help organizations be successful also in the future, including after M&A. Tiivistelmä Menestyäkseen yrityskaupoissa yritysten on luotava tehokkaat johdon ohjaus- ja kontrollijärjestelmät pääkonttorin ja tytäryhtiöiden välille. Näissä tilanteissa turvaudutaan usein ylhäältä alaspäin johdettuun integraatioon globaalin yhtiön järjestelmien harmonisointivaatimusten sekä aikapaineiden vuoksi. Aiempi kirjallisuus osoittaa tällaisen toiminnan aiheuttavan usein negatiivista suhtautumista ostetun yrityksen henkilöstössä. Tukeutuen mahdollistavan byrokratian viitekehykseen, tämä väitöskirja lisää ymmärrystämme ohjausjärjestelmäintegraatioiden toteuttamisesta yrityskauppatilanteissa. Kolmen toisiinsa liittyvän esseen avulla väitöskirja tutkii sitä, kuinka johdon ohjausjärjestelmät voidaan integroida niin että ostavan yrityksen henkilöstö kokisi ne mahdollistavina järjestelminä pakottavien kontrollien sijaan. Käyttäen laadullista ja tulkitsevaa tapaustutkimusotetta, tutkimus paljastaa uusia tapoja kuinka mahdollistavaa näkemystä voidaan vaalia. Tutkimus paljastaa luottamuksen olevan keskeisessä roolissa vaikuttamassa henkilöstön näkemyksiin ohjausjärjestelmistä koskien niin johdon tarkoitusperiä, järjestelmien kehitysprosesseja, kuin myös järjestelmien päivittäistä käyttöä. Lisäksi väitöskirja tuo esille, kuinka ohjausjärjestelmäintegraatiot voivat toimia tukena yrityskauppojen kohteena olevan henkilöstön sosiaalistamisessa osaksi uutta yhteisöä. Näin ollen, se tuo esiin keinoja, joita yritykset voivat hyödyntää johdon ohjausjärjestelmäintegraatioita toteuttaessaan auttaakseen ostetun yrityksen henkilöstöä sopeutumaan uuteen tilanteeseen ja näkemään järjestelmät mahdollistavina työkaluina. Tutkimus osoittaa myös, kuinka henkilöstö käsittelee väliaikaista pakottavaa näkemystä niin sanottujen raamien vaihdannan keinoin. Nämä teoreettiset tulokset lisäävät tietoa johdon ohjausjärjestelmistä ja henkilöstön suhtautumisesta niihin. Käytännön tasolla väitöskirja ottaa kantaa yrityskauppojen jälkeisiin integraatioihin suuntaamalla huomiota ihmisten integrointiin, pelkkien järjestelmien sijaan. Luottamuksellisten suhteiden luominen ostajan ja ostetun yrityksen välille auttaa henkilöstöä suhtautumaan järjestelmiin mahdollistavina työkaluina. Järjestelmämuutosten taustalla olevien syiden avaaminen sekä tuen tarjoaminen tytäryhtiöille paikallisesti auttaa saavuttamaan ostetun yrityksen henkilöstön luottamuksen, varmistaen yrityksen menestymisen myös tulevaisuudessa.

Although ethical questions are at the core of more-than-human geographies, more attention needs to be paid on researchers’ ethical responsibilities to more-than-human research subjects in social scientific research. In this paper I critically analyze my empirical work on Finnish dairy farms from the perspective of multispecies research ethics. I suggest that the concept of care is useful in understanding more-than-human research ethics. Attending to the needs of others can work as a starting point for making difficult ethical decisions in the field. However, in contested moments, different needs are often in conflict. Here, situated ethical responses might be needed in relation to the practices of fieldwork, for example to avoid causing harm to research subjects. Importantly, researchers have to care for their research subjects also through their analysis; addressing the questions related to research ethics also in terms of knowledge politics. When the ethics of care is complemented with the notion of ethics of exclusion, it has potential to tease out broader responsibilities both in interactions and knowledge about other animals and more-than-human research settings.

This study aimed to shed light on the initial-stage bereavement experiences of an individual bereaved by suicide, at three months from the loss of his spouse to suicide. A semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted with the individual, a man in his thirties. The data were analyzed using qualitative assimilation analysis, based on the Assimilation Model and the Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale (APES). The APES ratings of the interview revealed that the individual’s bereavement was associated with the earlier stages of APES (all scoring under 3.5). In addition, the swift and frequent fluctuations in the APES ratings gave indications that the bereavement was unstable and complicated. It is suggested that mental health professionals could use APES to evaluate suicide bereavement and take note of the APES evaluations in clinical interventions.

There exist numerous ecotechnologies for recovery and reuse of carbon and nutrients from various waste streams before they are lost to runoff. However, it remains largely unknown how growing implementation of such ecotechnologies affect nutrient emissions to surface waters at catchment scale. Here, this knowledge gap is addressed by application of SWAT model in three case study catchments draining to the Baltic Sea: Vantaanjoki (Finland), Fyrisan (Sweden) and Slupia (Poland). Sustainability analysis with Multi-Criteria Analysis was applied in the stakeholder workshops in the case study areas to assess different ecotechnology alternatives. The following ecotechnologies received the highest sustainability scores: in Vantaanjoki anaerobic digestion, based on mostly agricultural residues; in Fyrisan source-separation of wastewaters; in Slupia nutrient extraction within the wastewater treatment process. The effect of application of digestate on agricultural soils in the Vantaanjoki catchment was simulated by adjusting the model parameters describing the organic carbon content and physical properties of soil. The results showed small reductions of nutrient loads to the Gulf of Finland. Larger reductions of nutrient loads to Lake Malaren in Sweden and the Baltic Sea in Poland were achieved as a result of the wastewater treatment upgrades. In the Fyrisan catchment, higher relative reductions were simulated for TN than TP, and in dry years than in wet years. Although the studied ecotechnologies did not show as high effectiveness in nutrient load reduction as combinations of traditional Best Management Practices reported in literature, they do have other multiple benefits including crop yield increase, electricity, heat and bio-based fertilizer production.

Citizen science data (CSD) have the potential to be a powerful scientific approach to assess, monitor and predict biodiversity. Here, we ask whether CSD could be used to predict biodiversity of recently constructed man-made habitats. Biodiversity data on adult dragonfly abundance from all kinds of aquatic habitats collected by citizen scientists (volunteers) were retrieved from the Swedish Species Observation System and were compared with dragonfly abundance in man-made stormwater ponds. The abundance data of dragonflies in the stormwater ponds were collected with a scientific, standardized design. Our results showed that the citizen science datasets differed significantly from datasets collected scientifically in stormwater ponds. Hence, we could not predict biodiversity in stormwater ponds from the data collected by citizen scientists. Using CSD from past versus recent years or from small versus large areas surrounding the stormwater ponds did not change the outcome of our tests. However, we found that biodiversity patterns obtained with CSD were similar to those from stormwater ponds when we restricted our analyses to rare species. We also found a higher beta diversity for the CSD compared to the stormwater dataset. Our results suggest that if CSD are to be used for estimating or predicting biodiversity, we need to develop methods that take into account or correct for the under-reporting of common species in CSD.

Peer assessment has been shown to advance learning, for example, by improving one’s work, but the variance of learning benefits within or between studies has not been explained. The purpose of this case study was to examine what kinds of pathways students have through peer assessment and to study which factors affect them when peer assessment is implemented in the early stage of physics studies in the context of conducting and reporting inquiry. Data sources used include field notes, audio recordings of lessons, student lab reports, written peer feedback, and student interviews. We examined peer assessment from the perspective of individual students and found 3 profiles of peer assessment: (1) students that improved their lab report after peer assessment and expressed other benefits, (2) students that did not improve their lab report but expressed other benefits, and (3) students that did not experience any benefits. Three factors were found to explain these differences in students’ pathways: (1) students’ engagement in conducting and reporting inquiry, (2) the quality of received feedback, and (3) students’ understanding of formative assessment. Most students experienced some benefits of peer assessment, even if they did not put effort into their own work or receive constructive feedback. Nevertheless, in this case study, both improving one’s work and experiencing other benefits of peer assessment required sufficient accomplishment of all 3 factors.

Tässä työssä pyritään tuomaan ratkaisuehdotuksia lukion kemian opetuksessa esiintyviin opiskelijoiden oppimisen haasteisiin sekä vastaamaan syksyllä 2021 voimaan astuneen lukion opetussuunnitelman kemian opetuksen tavoitteisiin. Työssä tutkitaan ryhmälähtöistä oppimismenetelmää sekä sen mahdollisuuksia osana kemian opetusta. Aiemmat tutkimukset menetelmästä muilla aloilla ovat osoittaneet sen käytöllä olevan positiivisia tuloksia esimerkiksi jäsennellyn oppimisen, ryhmätyöskentelyn ja vertaisoppimisen kautta. Menetelmän, sen soveltuvuuden ja hyödyllisyyden tutkimukseksi työssä on rakennettu molekyylimallinnusta, kokeellisuutta sekä spektroskopiaa sisällään pitäviä ja menetelmää soveltavia osittain keskenään vaihtoehtoisia oppimiskokonaisuuksia. Molekyylimallinnus ja spektroskopia on sisällytetty osaksi kokonaisuuksia lukion valtakunnallisten valinnaisten moduulien KE3 Molekyylit ja mallit sekä KE4 Kemiallinen reaktio aihesisältöjen perusteella, jolloin työssä esitellyt kokonaisuudet on tarkoitettu toteutettaviksi erityisesti lukion toisen vuosikurssin kemian opiskelijoille. Työssä rakennettuja ryhmälähtöiseen oppimismenetelmään perustuvia oppimiskokonaisuuksia toteutettiin käytännössä edellä mainitulla kohderyhmällä kolmessa (3) toisen asteen lukiokoulutuksen oppilaitoksessa Etelä- ja Varsinais-Suomen alueella. Toteutusten perusteella saaduista satunnaisten 56:n opiskelijan vastauksista ja oppimisen tuloksista sekä kolmen (3) kemian aineenopettajan haastatteluista pystyttiin tapaustutkimukselle tekemään ennen kaikkea esiselvitystä sille, kuinka hyvin menetelmä soveltuu lukio-opetukseen ja millaisia hyötyjä ja lisäarvoja sillä mahdollisesti saavutetaan. Työssä toteutettu tapaustutkimus on tutkimusstrategialtaan monimenetelmällinen, mutta strategian pääpaino oli kvalitatiivisessa tutkimuksessa. Kaiken kaikkiaan tässä työssä esitetty ja toteutettu tapaustutkimus onnistui hyvin ja sen perusteella saatiin kattavia tuloksia. Työssä esitettyihin tutkimuksen pää- ja alakysymyksiin pystyttiin aineiston perusteella vastamaan. Ryhmälähtöisen oppimismenetelmän voidaan tutkimuksen perusteella sanoa soveltuvan toiseen asteen opetukseen ja merkittävimpinä sen käytön hyötyinä esille nousivat jäsennelty, useamman oppitunnin pituinen kokonaisuus, joka tuki isompien aihepiirien ymmärrystä ja erilaisten taitojen kehittymistä sekä ryhmätyöskentely, jossa opiskelijoiden keskinäinen vertaisoppiminen korostui. Johtuen lukioiden tietoturvakäytänteistä ja tutkimuksen käytännön toteutuksesta, ei tutkimuksen aineiston perusteella pystytty kuitenkaan tekemään syvällistä kvantitatiivista analyysiä yksittäisten opiskelijoiden oppimisen ja ymmärryksen kehittymisestä menetelmän aikana. Täten tutkimus ei vastaa kysymyksiin millaisia virhekäsityksiä yksittäisillä opiskelijoilla oli ja toimiko menetelmä merkittävä hyötynä niiden vähentämisessä. The aim of this work is to bring solutions to the challenges of students’ learning in high school chemistry teaching and to meet the goals of chemistry teaching in the high school curriculum, which entered into force in the autumn of 2021. The work study the team-based learning method and its possibilities as a part of chemistry teaching. Previous studies of the method in other fields have shown positive results in its use, for example through structured learning, group work and peer learning. In order to study the method, its applicability and usefulness, partially alternative learning entities have been built based on the method and all of those include parts of molecular modeling, laboratory work and spectroscopy. Molecular modeling and spectroscopy are included because of the national high school optional modules’ KE3 Molecules and Models and KE4 Chemical Reaction topic contents, and the entities presented in the work are thus intended to be implemented especially for high school second-year chemistry students. The learning entities based on the group-based learning method built in the work were implemented in practice with the above-mentioned target group in three (3) secondary secondary education institutions in the region of Southern and Southwest Finland. Based on the responses and learning outcomes of 56 randomized students and interviews with three (3) chemistry teachers, the case study was able to make a preliminary study of how well the method is suitable for upper secondary education and what benefits and added value it may achieve. The case study is multi-methodological in its research strategy, but the main focus of the strategy was on qualitative study. Overall, the case study presented and done in this work was successful and yielded comprehensive results. Based on the data, the main and sub-questions of the research presented in the work could be answered. Based on the study, the group-based learning method can be said to be suitable for secondary education, and the most significant benefits of its use were a structured, multi-lesson support for understanding larger topics and developing different skills, as well as group work. However, due to the security practices of high schools and the practical implementation of the research, it was not possible to make an in-depth quantitative analysis of the development of individual students’ learning and understanding during the method. Thus, the study does not answer the questions about what kind of misconceptions individual students had and whether the method served a significant benefit in reducing them.

Highlights • A novel approach was developed for the identification of areas suitable for offshore wind farms. • The approach resolves conflicts between economic, ecological and societal factors. • Disturbance to nature and people were minimized in the design of offshore wind farms. • The approach is applicable to high dimensional, high-resolution, spatial data. • The approach can be used elsewhere for similar applications of ecological impact avoidance. The global demand for renewable energy is on the rise. Expansion of onshore wind energy is in many parts of the world limited by societal acceptance, and also ecological impacts are a concern. Here, pragmatic methods are developed for the integration of high-dimensional spatial data in offshore wind energy planning. Over 150 spatial data layers are created, which either oppose or support offshore wind energy development, and represent ecological, societal, and economic factors. The method is tested in Finland, where interest in developing offshore wind energy is growing. Analyses were done using a spatial prioritization approach, originally developed for the prioritization of high-dimensional ecological data, and rarely used in planning offshore wind energy. When all criteria are integrated, it is possible to find a balanced solution where offshore wind farms cause little disturbance to biodiversity and society, while at the same time yielding high profitability for wind energy production. Earlier proposed areas for offshore wind farms were also evaluated. They were generally well suited for wind power, with the exception of a couple of areas with comparatively high environmental impacts. As an outcome, new areas well suited for large scale wind power deployment were recognized, where construction costs would be moderate and disturbance to biodiversity, marine industries and people limited. A novel tradeoff visualization method was also developed for the conflicts and synergies of offshore energy deployment, which could ease the dialogue between different stakeholders in a spatial planning context. Overall, this study provides a generic and transparent approach for well-informed analysis of offshore wind energy development potential when conflict resolution between biodiversity, societal factors and economic profits is needed. The proposed approach is replicable elsewhere in the world. It is also structurally suitable for the planning of impact avoidance and conflict resolution in the context of other forms of construction or resource extraction.

Robotic Process Automation (RPA) originally entered the field of information systems as one of those disruptive innovations that will, among other automation solutions, have a profound effect on job descriptions and work itself in near future. One of the sectors that will be revolutionized – and are in fact already changing – are financial and human resource (HR) services, such as accounting, billing, and payroll services. According to statistics, Finnish companies operating on the administrative and support services sector make little use of service robots. Companies that have initially adopted the technology do not necessary reach its full potential. We explore what factors create challenges for the continued adoption of robotic process automation by investigating two companies and using interpretive case study as our research method. The two companies are service centers. They operate on the public sector in Finland and provide financial and HR services for their owner-clients. The findings of this study include insights into the key factors that affect continued adoption of RPA, and these point towards an expanded model of Innovation-Decision Process where iterations of a new decision are triggered by new ideas on how to use the innovation. peerReviewed

Ongoing sustainability challenges create pressure on planning practices and institutional arrangements. Transformative policy visions, such as the circular economy and bioeconomy, create promises for designing and planning sustainable pathways in society. Moreover, research agendas on sustainability transitions, such as transition management, are developing toolkits and attempting to shift planning practice by applying evidence-based policy-making processes. In this paper, we ask what happens when sustainability visions are exposed to planning practices, and vice versa, by developing an analytical framework to discuss processes of territorialization and mobilization. We draw lessons from two contextually differing case studies in Finland; on the evaluation of spatial planning processes for the circular economy and a strategic planning intervention for the blue bioeconomy. The disparate cases show that the planning process act as a bidirectional intermediary space, refining both the general transition visions and established planning practices.

Viime vuosikymmeninä julkisesti saatavilla olevien koodikantojen määrä on kasvanut valtaisasti, ja niistä haaroittaminen on helppoa. Voidaan siis olettaa, että uusien ohjelmistojen luominen olemassa olevaa koodikantaa muokkaamalla tulee lisääntymään. Tässä työssä tutkitaan koodikannan uudelleenkäytön haasteita muuten tavanomaisen yrityksessä toteutetun ohjelmistoprojektin avulla. Tieteellisten julkaisujen perusteella päätetään kolme seurattavaa aihealuetta (suunnittelu, dokumentointi ja resursointi), joihin määritellään yhteensä yhdeksän seurattavaa haastetta. Haasteille määritellään selvityskriteerit sekä todennäköisimmät riskit, ja näiden ilmaantumista seurataan projektin ensimmäisen vaiheen ajan. Projektista selostetaan tausta, suunnittelu sekä toteuma, sekä kerrotaan, miten haasteet liittyvät kuhunkin näistä. Haasteiden toimivuus analysoidaan ja arvioidaan, miten hyvin ne kuvastivat projektin etenemistä ja lopputulosta. Lisäksi nostetaan esille, mitkä muut haasteet olisivat voineet olla hyödyllisiä seurattavia. Toiseksi näkökulmaksi koodikannan uudelleenkäyttöön otetaan ymmärrys koodikannasta. Luodaan luokittelu, jolla koitetaan seurata ymmärryksen kasvamista projektin edetessä ja katsotaan mihin ymmärryksen tasoon päästään projektin ensimmäisen vaiheen aikana. Lopuksi arvioidaan luokittelun toimivuutta. Esiin nostetaan myös etukäteen suunnittelemattomia koodikannan uudelleenkäyttöön liittyviä asioita, joita projektissa huomattiin. Työn yleisenä tuloksena voidaan todeta, että uudelleenkäyttö oli hyödyllistä, mutta seurattavien haasteiden valinta vaatii tarkkuutta. Muina huomioina painotetaan asiakastarpeiden tarkan selvittämisen merkitystä sekä tarvetta lisätyölle uudelleenkäyttöön liittyvvien luokittelujen luomiseksi.

Tutkimus on tapaustutkimus, joka tarkastelee terveysyhtiö Pihlajalinnan vastuullisuusviestintää ja siinä käytettyjä kielellisiä vaikuttamisen keinoja. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, millaisia kielellisiä vaikuttamisen keinoja yhtiön vastuullisuusviestinnässä käytetään, kuinka paljon niitä käytetään ja millaisia merkityksiä ja mielikuvia niillä pyritään luomaan. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys rakentuu yhteiskuntavastuun ja retoriikan käsitteiden ympärille selvittäessään, millaisia merkityksiä kielellisillä valinnoilla voi luoda tekstiin. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu Pihlajalinnan vuosikertomusten vastuullisuusosioista, jotka on sisällytetty osaksi vuosien 2015–2019 vuosikertomuksia. Tutkimus on pääasiassa laadullinen, mutta siinä sovelletaan myös määrällistä tarkastelua laadullisen analyysin tukena. Aineiston analyysimenetelmänä on käytetty retorista analyysia. Retorinen analyysi on kiinnostunut tekstin asiasisällöstä ja siitä, millaisilla kielellisillä keinoilla teksti pyrkii aikaansaamaan vaikuttavuutta. Retorisessa analyysissa olennaista on se, miten jotkin todellisuuden versiot pyritään saamaan vakuuttaviksi ja kannatettaviksi ja kuinka kuulijat, lukijat tai keskustelukumppanit saadaan sitoutumaan niihin. Analyysi osoittaa, että Pihlajalinnan vuosikertomusten vastuullisuusosioissa on käytetty runsaasti ja monipuolisesti erilaisia kielellisiä vaikuttamisen keinoja. Vuosittainen erittely osoittaa, että vaikuttamisen keinojen määrä on lisääntynyt ja monipuolistunut vuosien 2015–2019 kuluessa. Keinot voidaan luokitella kahdeksaan kategoriaan, jotka ovat toimijan valinta, kehittäminen, numeerinen määrällistäminen, lait, säännökset, määräykset ja ohjeet, tittelit, tunteisiin vetoaminen vahvistavilla adjektiiveilla ja adverbeillä, kolmen lista ja läpinäkyvyys. Näillä kielellisillä vaikuttamisen keinoilla luodaan vuosikertomusten vastuullisuusosioissa kuvaa Pihlajalinnasta vastuunsa kantavana, helposti lähestyttävänä ja alati kehittyvänä toimijana. Kielellisillä valinnoilla pyritään korostamaan tai häivyttämään Pihlajalinnan aktiivista toimijuutta niin, että Pihlajalinna näyttäytyy kunkin tilanteen kannalta oikeanlaisessa valossa. Esimerkiksi negatiivisissa asioissa toimijuutta häivytetään passiivilla ja positiivisissa asioissa tuodaan läheisemmäksi me-muodolla. Vuosikertomusten vastuullisuusosioissa on valittu käyttää erilaisia titteleitä, ja niissä on viitattu lakeihin, säännöksiin ja määräyksiin. Näin Pihlajalinna pyrkii hakemaan oikeutusta toiminnalleen, sillä auktoriteettiasemalla vahvistaminen tuo uskottavuutta tekstiin. Läpinäkyvyys on yksi keskeinen vastuullisuusraportoinnin ulottuvuus, ja Pihlajalinna pyrkii luomaan läpinäkyvyyden vaikutelmaa raportoimalla myös toimintansa epäkohdista ja kehitettävistä osa-alueista.

Estimates of future climate change impacts using numerical impact models are commonly based on a limited selection of projections of climate and other key drivers. However, the availability of large ensembles of such projections offers an opportunity to estimate impact responses probabilistically. This study demonstrates an approach that combines model-based impact response surfaces (IRSs) with probabilistic projections of climate change and population to estimate the likelihood of exceeding pre-specified thresholds of impact. The changing likelihood of exceeding impact thresholds during the 21st century was estimated for selected indicators in three European case study regions (Iberian Peninsula, Scotland and Hungary), comparing simulations that incorporate adaptation to those without adaptation. The results showed high likelihoods of increases in heat-related human mortality and of yield decreases for some crops, whereas a decrease of NPP was estimated to be exceptionally unlikely. For a water reservoir in a Portuguese catchment, increased likelihoods of severe water scarce conditions were estimated for the current rice cultivation. Switching from rice to other crops with lower irrigation demand changes production risks, allowing for expansion of the irrigated areas but introducing a stronger sensitivity to changes in rainfall. The IRS-based risk assessment shown in this paper is of relevance for policy making by addressing the relative sensitivity of impacts to key climate and socio-economic drivers, and the urgency for action expressed as a time series of the likelihood of crossing critical impact thresholds. It also examines options to respond by incorporating alternative adaptation actions in the analysis framework, which may be useful for exploring the types, choice and timing of adaptation responses. Highlights • Impact response surfaces (IRSs) present modelled sensitivity to key driving factors. • IRSs are combined with probabilistic projections of climate change and population. • Likelihoods of exceeding impact thresholds were estimated in case study regions. • Likelihood and timing of threshold exceedance indicate potential urgency to respond. • Modelled adaptation modifies likelihoods and timing of exceeding impact thresholds.

Gypsum (CaSO4 ∙ 2H2 O) amendment is a promising way of decreasing the phosphorus loading of arable lands, and of thus preventing aquatic eutrophication. However, in freshwaters with low sulfate concentrations, gypsum-released sulfate may pose a threat to the biota. To assess such risks, we performed a series of sulfate toxicity tests in the laboratory and conducted field surveys. These field surveys were associated with a large-scale pilot exercise involving spreading gypsum on agricultural fields covering 18% of the Savijoki River catchment area. The gypsum amendment in such fields resulted in about fourfold increase in the mean sulfate concentration for a 2-month period, and a transient, early peak reaching about 220 mg/L. The sulfate concentration gradually decreased almost to the pre-gypsum level after 3 years. Laboratory experiments with Unio crassus mussels and gypsum-spiked river water showed significant effects on the foot movement activity, which was more intense with the highest sulfate concentration (1,100 mg/L) than with the control. The survival of the glochidia after 24 and 48 h exposure was not significantly affected by the sulfate concentrations up to 1,000 mg/L. Neither was the length growth of the moss Fontinalis antipyretica affected. The field studies on benthic algal biomass accrual, mussel and fish density, and Salmo trutta embryo survival did not show gypsum amendment effects. Gypsum treatment did not raise the sulfate concentrations even to a level just close to critical for the biota studied. However, as the effects of sulfate are dependent on both the spatial and temporal contexts, we advocate water quality and biota monitoring with proper temporal and spatial control in rivers within gypsum treatment areas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Methodological utopianism is used to explore the potential of money via two examples, making use of simulacrum case study research. These examples are the Banjar, a traditional Balinese governance and currency system; and the Neocracy, a real cryptocurrency system. Both are considered through an integralist positioning with implications for practical utopianism and economic evaluation of community currency systems. Backgrounds on utopian studies, and money are given for contextualization of our approach. We take a heterodox economic position and use the “archaeological” approach of utopian thought. The simulacrum case study is introduced as a tool to foster political imagination about possible monetary systems. While the Banjar system is embedded in the local cultural milieu, anthropological learning about existing money systems stimulates the skill to see possibilities here. The Neocracy is utopian in its aims and needs to be proved in praxis with more detailed aspects of implementation being unclear at present. Yet within it we do see a utopian potential which may be realised. peerReviewed

Final disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) from nuclear power plants (NPPs) is an ethical issue with implications within and across generations. We address this issue from the perspective of nuclear communities that host nuclear waste disposal sites. These are primarily the communities that face injustice due to the potential radiological risks. A resident survey (n = 454) was conducted in two Finnish nuclear communities, i.e. Eurajoki and Pyhäjoki, that are being considered as alternative sites for a second repository for SNF. The nuclear waste management (NWM) company Posiva is already building a repository in Eurajoki, the first in Finland. These communities are in different stages of their lifecycles as nuclear communities. We investigated the residents’ conceptions of justice and trust regarding the repository SNF management and its main actors, and how these conceptions related to acceptance of the repository. The main findings show that residents of both communities perceived intragenerational and intergenerational injustices to be important in the procedures and the distribution of risks and benefits of the proposed repository. Claims regarding justice and trust were related to the acceptance of the repository. The community with the longer history with NWM expressed greater mistrust and perceived greater procedural injustice than the community with less earlier experience, which – in turn – expressed more concern over intragenerational distributive justice than the former community. Moreover, having longer history with NWM did not lead to a different understanding regarding responsibility toward future generations as resident’s in both communities expressed similar concern over intergenerational justice. Moreover, having more experience of NWM did not enhance local acceptance. We emphasize that these results should be understood in the light of the prevailing situation in Finland, where the planning of the second repository is at a very early stage. peerReviewed

Jatkuvan muutoksen kiihtyessä ja kilpailutilanteen kiristyessä, yritysten menestyminen on riippuvainen omasta kyvystään uudistaa liiketoimintaansa. Muutosvauhdista johtuvien haasteiden kanssa painivat niin yritykset kuin julkiset organisaatiotkin. Yritysten toiminnan keskiössä ovat asiakkaat, prosessit ja tulokset. Asiakkaat asettavat vaatimuksia yrityksen toiminnalle ja sen tuomille tuloksille. Yritysten prosessit taas ovat avainasemassa tuottamassa näitä tuloksia. Tämän vuoksi prosessien ja niiden ymmärtämisen tulisikin olla kaiken kehittämisen ja muutoksen keskiössä. Lisäksi digitaalinen transformaatio on vaikuttanut yritysten sisäisen toiminnan järjestämiseen ja samalla muuttanut ympärillä olevia markkinoita. Hyödyntämällä prosessimallinnusta digitaalisen transformaation sisältämä potentiaali saadaan paremmin käyttöön. Useat yritykset haluavat hyödyntää prosessijohtamista ja -mallinnusta omien prosessien kehittämisessä, mutta kohtaavat kuitenkin usein haasteita niiden hyödyntämisessä. Tämä tutkimus on toteutettu yhden organisaation laadullisena tapaustutkimuksena Savon Voimalle diplomityönä, osana yrityksen sisäistä kehitysprojektia. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, kuinka organisaatiot voivat kehittää omaa prosessimallinnustaan, joka on tärkeä osa prosessijohtamista. Prosessimallinnuksessa useat ihmiset työskentelevät organisoidusti tuot-taakseen prosessikuvauksen mallinnettavasta tapahtumaketjusta. Prosessikuvausten lisäksi, prosessimallinnuksen tuotosta ovat myös työn aikana saavutetut yhteinen ymmärrys ja oivallukset, jotka ovat usein kehittämistyön varsinaisia prosessikuvauksia arvokkaampia. Prosessimallinnuksen kehittäminen vaatii prosessimallinnuksen menestystekijöiden tunnistamisen, kuitenkaan aiemmissa kirjallisuuden tutkimuksissa prosessimallinnuksen menestystekijöitä ei ole tunnistettu. Työ alkoi prosessimallinnuksen menestystekijöiden viitekehyksen määrittelyllä perustuen aiempiin tutkimuksiin ja teoriaan. Empiirinen aineisto kerättiin pääasiassa teemahaastatteluilla ja aineistoa analysoitiin hyödyntäen määriteltyä viitekehystä. Analyysissa pyrit-tiin tunnistamaan kohdeorganisaation prosessimallinnuksen nykytilan haasteet ja tavoitetilat. Analyysin pohjalta kohdeorganisaatiolle annettiin viisi toimenpide-ehdotusta prosessimallinnuksen kehittämiseksi. Tässä tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että prosessimallinnuksesta tehty tutkimus on hyvin teknistä ja keskittyy suurelta osin mallinnusnotaatioihin ja mallinnustekniikkaan. Prosessijohtamisesta tehty tutkimus puolestaan keskittyy laajemmin prosessien kehittämiseen ja mittaamiseen, joten organisaatioiden prosessimallinnuksen toimintatavoista ja hyödyntämisestä kertova tutkimus on jäänyt väliinputoajaksi. Tämän tapaustutkimuksen avulla tuloksena syntyneitä havaintoja reflektoitiin olemassa olevaan kirjallisuuteen ja havaintojen todettiin vahvistavan tai joissakin tapauksissa heikentävän teorian tulkintoja. Työssä pyrittiin tuottamaan aiempaa selvästi konkreettisempia havaintoja prosessimallinnuksen kehittämisestä, tunnistamaan missä keskikokoisen yrityksen suurimmat haasteet ovat ja kuinka ne eroavat prosessijohtamisen ja -mallinnuksen teoriasta. Tapaustutkimukseen pohjalta pystyttiin luomaan nelivaiheinen prosessimallinnuksen kehittämisprosessi, jonka vaiheet ovat: tutustu prosessimallinnuksen menestystekijöiden viitekehykseen, tunnista nykytila, tunnista tavoitetilat ja aseta toimenpide-ehdotukset. Tutkimuksen tuloksena määritelty prosessimallinnuksen menestystekijöiden viitekehys ja prosessimallinnuksen kehittämisprosessi kokonaisuutena auttaa organisaatioita konkreettisesti edistämään omaa prosessimallinnustaan. With the accelerating change and increasing competition, the success of companies is high-ly dependent on their ability to renew their business activities. Both private business and the public sector are struggling with the increasing speed of change. The cores of all businesses revolve highly around their customers, processes, and outcomes. Customers have requirements for the business and its outcomes since the outcomes are the customer’s main interests. The link between the company’s outcomes and its customers are the processes creating the desired outcomes. So, the comprehension of processes and the process itself should be in the centre of all development and transition. In addition, digital transformation has had an im-pact on not only how companies organize their functions but also on the surrounding business environment. By utilizing process modeling, organizations can better harness the potential of digital transformation. Several companies want to utilize process management and modeling to develop their own processes, but often face challenges in implementing them. The study has been carried out for Savon Voima as a qualitative case study of one organization, as part of the company's internal development project. The aim of the study is to find out how organizations can develop their own process modeling, which is an important part of process management. In process modeling, several people work in an organized way to produce a process description of a workflow. In addition to process descriptions, the result of process modeling is the common understanding and insights gained during the work, which are often more valuable in development work than the actual process model. The development of process modeling requires the identification of the success factors of process modeling; however, the success factors of process modeling have not been identified in previous literature studies. The work was iniated with defining a framework for the success factors of process modeling based on previous research and theory. Empirical data were collected mainly by interviews and the data were analyzed using a defined framework. The analysis sought to identify the challenges and target states of organization's process modeling. Based on the analysis, five action points were proposed to the target organization to develop their process modeling. It was found in this study that research on process modeling is highly technical and largely focuses on modeling notations and modeling techniques. Research on process management, on the other hand, focuses more on the development and measurement of processes, so re-search on the utilization of process modeling in organizations has been left out. The resulting findings from this case study were reflected in the existing literature and were found to confirm or in some cases weaken interpretations of the theory. The aim of this work was to produce more concrete observations on the development of process modeling, to identify where the challenges of a medium-sized company really are and how they differ from the theory of process management and modeling. Based on the case study, it was possible to create a four-step process modeling development process with the following steps: review the reference framework of process modeling success factors, identify the current state, identify the target states, and set proposals for action. As a conclusion, the defined process modeling success factors framework and the process modeling development process help organizations to promote their own process modeling.

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää hybridirakennusten toteutumismahdollisuuksia suomalaisessa rakennusalan kontekstissa. Diplomityön lähtökohtana toimi arkipäivän havainto hybridirakennuksiksi kutsuttavien rakennusten yleistymisestä suomalaisten rakennusten joukossa sekä oletus mahdollisesta tulkintaerosta Suomessa rakennettavien hybridirakennusten ja kirjallisuudessa esitetyn hybridirakennusten tulkinnan välillä. Tutkimuksen tekoon kannusti myös Tampereen kaupungin kiinnostus hybridirakennusten toteutumismahdollisuuksien selvitystä kohtaan. Diplomityö on toteutettu yhdessä Tampereen kaupungin kanssa. Aihetta tarkasteltiin kirjallisuuskatsauksen, suomalaisten case-kohteiden tutkimisen sekä hybrideihin liittyvien haastatteluiden avulla. Tutkimuksessa haluttiin tutkia hybridirakentamisen nykytilaa suomalaisessa kontekstissa ja sitä kautta peilata hybridirakennusten määritelmää niin teoreettisesti kuin käytännöllisesti. Valitun näkökulman takia tutkimusta päätettiin lähestyä kirjallisuuskatsauksen lisäksi laadullisen tapaustutkimuksen avulla, jossa aineistoina toimivat haastatteluaineistot, kohteista saadut piirustukset sekä erilaiset joukkotiedotusvälineiden julkaisut. Haastatteluaineistoa kerättiin yksilö- ja yhteishaastatteluin. Lisäksi järjestettiin ryhmähaastattelu hybridirakennusten kanssa tekemisissä olleille asiantuntijoille. Tutkimuksen aineistoja analysoitiin pääasiassa laadullisilla sisällönanalyysimenetelmillä. Diplomityö etenee siten, että hybridirakennusten teoriaa peilataan tapaustutkimukseen. Tutkimuksen laajuuden vuoksi tapaustutkimus päätettiin jakaa kolmeen osatutkimuskysymykseen, joiden avulla tutkittiin suomalaisten hybridirakennusten typologioita, toteutumisedellytyksiä sekä hybridirakennuksiin liitettäviä haasteita ja mahdollisuuksia. Tutkimuksen tekoa varten kirjallisuuskatsauksen pohjalta luotiin hybridien tunnusmerkit, joita myöhemmin peilattiin tapaustutkimuksessa haastatteluilla saatuun tietoon sekä toteutuneisiin kohteisiin. Tapaustutkimuksen viimeisessä vaiheessa selvitetään, miten tunnusmerkit, haasteet ja mahdollisuudet näkyvät toteutuneissa tai toteutumassa olevissa hybridirakennuksissa. Työn tuloksena syntyi analyysi hybridirakennusten soveltumisesta suomalaiseen rakennuskenttään. Aineistojen analyysin avulla pääteltiin, että hybridirakennusten toteuttamisessa sujuva yhteistyö ja toisten osapuolten ymmärtäminen on tärkeää. Case-kohteiden analyysin perusteella selvisi, että suomalaiset hybridirakennukset toteuttavat jo jonkin verran teoreettisten hybridien määritelmää, mikä lisää myös teoriapohjaisten hybridirakennusten toteutumismahdollisuuksia Suomessa. Työ lisää ymmärrystä siitä, millaisia asioita hybridiprojekteissa voi tulla eteen ja mitkä asiat ovat olennaisia onnistuneen hybridiprojektin kannalta. Työ myös tuo tutuksi hybridien teoreettiseen määritelmään liitettyjä ajatuksia ja mitä niillä voidaan rakennuksissa saavuttaa. The aim of this theses was to clarify the realization possibilities of a hybrid building type in Finnish built environment. The basis of this theses relied on the everyday observation of prevalence of hybrid buildings among recent building projects in Finland and the perception of possible interpretation difference between these buildings and the theory based interpretation of a hybrid building. The research was also encouraged by the city of Tampere’s interest in exploring the possibilities of the realization of hybrid buildings. Theses has been carried out together with the city of Tampere. The topic was examined by a literature review, study of Finnish case-studies and hybrid related interviews. The aim of the research was to investigate the current state of hybrid buildings in Finnish context and thereby mirror the definition of hybrid buildings both theoretically and practically. Because of the chosen perspective, it was decided to approach the research with a qualitative case study in addition to a literature review. The qualitative case study materials were interview materials, drawings obtained from the case projects and various media publications. Interview material was collected through individual interviews and one interview with two participants. In addition, a group interview was organized for experts who had dealt with hybrid buildings. The research materials were mainly analyzed using qualitative content analysis methods. The diploma work progresses so that the theory of hybrid buildings is mirrored in a case study. Due to the scope of the main research question, the case study was divided into three sub-research questions, which were used to investigate the typologies of Finnish hybrid buildings, the implementation conditions, and the challenges and opportunities associated with hybrid buildings. In order to carry out the research, characteristics of hybrids were created on the basis of the literature review and later reflected in the information obtained from the interviews in the case study and in the realized case-study projects. The last stage of the case study clarifies how the characteristics, challenges and opportunities can be seen in hybrid buildings that are either realized or being realized. The result was an analysis of suitability of hybrid buildings in the Finnish construction field. Through the analysis of the data, it was concluded that smooth cooperation and understanding of other parties is important in the implementation of hybrid buildings. Based on the analysis of the case projects, it became clear that Finnish hybrid buildings already fulfill the definition of theoretical hybrids to some extent, which also increases the possibilities of realization of theory-based hybrid buildings in Finland. The work increases understanding of the issues that can come up in hybrid projects and what things are essential for a successful hybrid project. The work also introduces ideas connected to the theoretical definition of hybrids and what are the benefits associated with that definition.

When studying music, skills are often practised with a teacher, face-to-face, in a classroom. What are the experiences of classroom teacher trainees when music teaching becomes asynchronous, i.e., an individually completed online course? This question, among other things, was explored at a Finnish University's Teacher Education Department in autumn 2020, resulting in the production of a two-credit online music course on the Moodle learning environment. It was implemented for the first time during the summer term in 2021. The students’ experiences with the functionality of the e-learning module were analysed through data-driven content analysis. The study represents an intensive case study using students' (n=6) learning diaries as data. According to the results, the structure of the course and the materials created on the online platform were considered successful. It provided meaningful experiences of skill development, self-efficacy and the joy of learning. The e-learning course shaped students' perceptions of lifelong learning and their reflections also resulted in music pedagogical skills that strengthened their professional competence. Increasing the number of interactive tasks and developing statistics to monitor task performance were identified as areas for improvement. A common characteristic of the students was their motivation to study online and their ability to work in a self-directed way. peerReviewed

Vuonna 2020 Suomessa käynnistettiin uudenlaisen pohjan luominen kielen oppimisen jatkumolle, kun ensimmäisen vieraan tai toisen kotimaisen kielen aloitus varhennettiin ensimmäiselle vuosiluokalle. Tutkimus on osoittanut, että opettajien ja oppilaiden käsityksillä on keskeinen rooli oppimis- ja opetuskäytänteiden muotoutumisessa ja siksi on tärkeää tutkia käsityksiä uudessa tilanteessa. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan yhden englannin aineenopettajan ja hänen oppilaidensa käsityksiä vuosina 2020–2021 tehtyjen teemahaastattelujen kautta. Tulokset osoittivat, että oppilaiden ja opettajan käsityksissä lasten vapaa-ajan ja koulun englanti erosivat toisistaan ja opettajan käsityksissä myös varhain ja myöhemmin alkava englanti näyttäytyivät hyvin erilaisina. Nämä käsitykset myös kytkeytyivät opetuksen käytänteisiin. Lisäksi opettajan käsityksissä oli havaittavissa muutosta esimerkiksi suhtautumisessa oppikirjaan. The year 2020 marked the start of creating a new basis for the continuum of language learning in Finland, as the onset of learning the foreign or the second domestic language was moved from the third grade to the first grade of primary school. Research has shown that teacher and learner beliefs play a central role in constructing learning and teaching practices and it is therefore important to examine beliefs in this new situation. This article focuses on the beliefs of one teacher of English and her learners by the means of thematic interviews conducted in 2020 and 2021. The findings showed that the learners and the teacher had different beliefs concerning English used in the learner’s free time and at school, and in the interviews with the teacher early English and the English starting later were also depicted very differently. These beliefs were also connected to teaching practices. Moreover, there was indication of change in the teacher’s beliefs concerning her views on the role of the textbook in teaching. peerReviewed

A country-specific assessment of the role of fishing and fish farming as sources of marine littering was carried out in Finland. The calculations were based on data from fishery statistics, mass loss estimates for different plastics, cloud-based and postal surveys, and telephone interviews. The annual input of plastics to the Baltic Sea directly related to fishing activities and gear was estimated to be close to 16 tonnes, and to fish farming 27–36 tonnes, when potential plastic emissions from the vessel’s hull were excluded. Microplastics constituted more than 90% of the emissions of plastics. Results from the survey and interviews revealed that commercial fishers considered marine litter a slight nuisance to fishing, whereas fish farmers did not find it harmful to fish farming.

Sedentary lifestyles and the lack of physical activity (PA) are a major concern among all age groups, and current generations tend to be less fit than the previous ones in the Western World. At the same time, there is an urgent need to cut transport-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Major gains can be foreseen if current car-centred lifestyles and sedentary behaviour are addressed from an integrated perspective. In this study, we explore future scenarios in the intersections of PA and active lifestyles as well as related environmental and health benefits in Finland. We used a disaggregative Delphi approach to examine the topic. Although frequently used in health-related research, Delphi has rarely been used in exploring alternative futures or non-consensus. The study design was based on a mixed-methods approach where we combined both qualitative and quantitative data analysis. Building on the experts’ perceptions on alternative futures, we formulated four scenarios for PA up to 2030, which we named Mismatch, Empowerment, Fatigue and Balance. The scenarios may be utilised as guides in developing future policies and decision-making, and to build better futures. Our scenarios demonstrate that alternatives do exist, and actions can be realigned with the positive scenarios of Empowerment and Balance. The physically inactive scenarios of Mismatch and Fatigue represent avoidable scenarios. Highlights • We explored future scenarios in the intersections of physical activity and active lifestyles. • We utilised a mixed-methods approach where we combined both qualitative and quantitative data analysis. • We formulated four scenarios: Empowerment, Balance, Mismatch and Fatigue . • Lifestyle changes of individuals are not enough - community building and active societal support are needed.