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Brunifiering syftar till en process där vattnet blir brunare på grund av ökade halter av naturligt organiskt material och järn, vilket innebär utmaningar för miljön och människor. Sjön Bolmen i södra Sverige har problem med brunare vatten. Eftersom sjön är dricksvattentäkt till 600 000 människor är det av stort intresse att hitta orsaker till brunifieringen. Ryds Å är ett vattendrag i anslutning till den tidigare utvunna torvtäkten Espenäsmossen och rinner vidare ut i sjön Bolmen. Denna studie syftar till att kvantifiera vattendragets brunfärg och även utvärdera effekterna av den intilliggande torvtäkten. Fältarbetet bestod av vattenprovtagning på tio olika platser längs Ryds Å, mellan augusti och oktober 2023. Olika parametrar, inklusive färg, fDOM och turbiditet, analyserades. En svagt negativ färggradient längs ån kunde upptäckas. Dessutom fann man extremt höga färgvärden och järn noterades som en viktig bidragande faktor till färgen i Ryds Å. En flödesserie vid utloppet av Ryds Å var skapad för att utvärdera ett möjligt samband mellan färg och flöde, vilket också kunde ses. Vidare korrelerade nederbörd och färg starkt. Färgen hade en förskjutning i x-led, för motsvarande flöde och nederbörd. Avrinningskoefficienter bestämdes också. Vidare fann man ett positivt samband mellan suspenderat material och färgen på vattnet vid Espenäsmossen. Olika faktorer, såsom biflöden och markanvändning, skulle också kunna påverka vattnets färg. Vidare forskning, exempelvis längre provtagningsperiod rekommenderas. Espenäsmossen kan dock inte uteslutas som bidragande orsak till brunifieringen i Ryds Å., Brownification refers to a process where the water turns browner due to increased levels of natural organic matter and iron, which poses environmental and human prosperity challenges. Lake Bolmen in south Sweden has issues with increasing water colour. Since the lake is water supply for 600,000 people, it is of great interest to find possible causes of the increased colour. Ryds Å is a stream originating from the previously extracted peatland Espenäsmossen and flows to Lake Bolmen. This study aims to quantify the brownification of the stream and thereby evaluating the effects of the adjacent peatland. The field work consisted of water sampling at ten different locations along Ryds Å, between August and October 2023. Various parameters, including colour, fDOM and turbidity, were analysed. A gradient with a slight negative inclination in colour along the river could be discovered. Moreover, extremely high colour values were found, and iron was noted as an important factor influencing the colour in Ryds Å. A flow series at the outlet of Ryds Å was produced to determine a relationship between colour and flow, and a strong correlation was found. Further on precipitation and colour correlated. The colour had a displacement in the x-direction for the corresponding flow and precipitation. Runoff coefficients were also determined. Furthermore, a positive correlation between suspended solids and colour of the water at Espenäsmossen was found. Various factors, such as tributaries and land use, could also have an impact on the colour of the water. Further research is recommended, such as a longer measurement period. However, Espenäsmossen cannot be ruled out as a contributing factor to the brownness in Ryds Å., Undersökning av det bruna vattnet i Ryds Å - möjliga effekter av en torvtäkt Aj, skynda dig nu och ta provet. Ännu en mygga som bits. Här står vi i en dymark för att ta vattenprov, inte så idylliskt som man kan tro, men väldigt intressant. Vi har tagit oss till Ryds Å vid sjön Bolmen för att undersöka det bruna vattnet. Hit ska vi återkomma, flera veckor framöver. Ingen vill dricka eller bada i brunt vatten, men tyvärr får fler vattendrag brunare vatten. Vad är det egentligen som ligger bakom detta? Och varför är vattnet i just Ryds Å brunt? Brunt vatten uppkommer av ökade halter naturligt organiskt material samt järn i vattnet. Denna process kallas för brunifiering och innebär utmaningar för både miljö och människor. Sjön Bolmen i Småland är dricksvattentäkt till flera städer i Skåne och har problem med just brunifiering då det påverkar dess vattenkvalitet. Ryds Å är ett vattendrag som har sin början i den tidigare utvunna torvtäkten Espenäsmossen och rinner sedan vidare ut i sjön Bolmen. Denna studie syftar till att fastställa vattendragets bruna färg och bedöma möjliga effekter torvtäkten har på vattnet. Det kunde fastställas att färgen i Ryds Å är extremt hög, samt att det är något brunare vatten vid slutet av torvtäkten jämfört med vid utflödet till sjön. Vidare konstaterades att järn har stor betydelse för färgen i ån. Med hjälp av en flödesserie och nederbördsdata hittades samband mellan de båda parametrarna och värdet på färgen. Det visades att färgen hade en förskjutning i tid, för motsvarande flöde och nederbörd. Av historisk data hittades också samband mellan suspenderat material vid torvtäkten samt färg på vattnet. Det visade sig även att sommarmånaderna bidrar till mer suspenderat material än under de resterande månaderna. För att samla in data har ett stort fältarbete gjorts. Mellan augusti och oktober 2023 togs vattenprover vid Ryds Å på tio olika platser. Proverna analyserades på plats men även senare i laboratoriemiljö. Parametrarna som studerades v

Despite the vast research on the topic in recent years, fully homomorphic encryption schemes remain time-inefficient. The main bottleneck is the so-called bootstrapping, whose purpose is to reduce noise that has accumulated after having performed homomorphic operations on a ciphertext. This thesis is about bootstrapping, and how to do it more efficiently. More specifically, a new algorithm, here called XZDDF, is analyzed. The thesis contains a solution to a problem in the original XZDDF algorithm that was encountered during the project. The new algorithm was then implemented in the open-source library OpenFHE. Theoretically, the algorithm has lower time complexity than previous bootstrapping techniques, but the execution time of the implementation was not faster than other algorithms.

The thesis explores the conflict between physical protection and fire protection requirements in industrial buildings important to society. It aims to identify conflicting laws, regulations, and general advice related to fire safety and physical protection, focusing on occupancy class 1 according to BBR (2011:6). The work includes a literature study, scenario creation to test regulations, development of solutions, and analysis. The main research questions are: What do general solutions for different threats and resources look like? Are there other conflicts or synergies between the disciplines? The thesis is limited to open sources within fire safety and physical protection. Laws governing fire protection include the Work Environment Act (1977:1160), Civil Protection Law (2003:778), Planning and Building Act (2010:900), and others. Physical protection is regulated by the Protective Security Act (2018:585) and related ordinances, with additional regulations for nuclear facilities and defense installations. The thesis proposes using security measures like personnel, systems, fire compartment boundaries, fences, walls, modified escape doors to solve conflicts, etc and meet evacuation and access route requirements. Synergies between security and fire safety are highlighted, but further work is needed to incorporate insurer requirements and other authorities for full facility approval and insurance compliance.

This thesis investigates fusion techniques in multimodal transformer models, focusing on enhancing the capabilities of large language models in understanding not just text, but also other modalities like images, audio, and sensor data. The study compares late fusion (concatenating modality tokens after separate encoding) and early fusion (concatenating before encoding) techniques, examining their respective advantages and disadvantages. It examines a mid-fusion approach, aiming to combine the strengths of both methods. The effectiveness of this approach is evaluated in terms of accuracy and computational impact on the Visual Question Answering (VQA) task. Using a pretrained T5 model, the research incorporates image tokens (calculaed by Vision Transformer, ViT) into intermediate activations of the model. The findings indicate that standard early fusion techniques underperform with larger decoders, while late fusion with a smaller decoder yields the best results on the VQA task. This conclusion also extends to pooled modality tokens. Additionally, the thesis includes a comprehensive literature study, identifying benchmark datasets for video understanding in multimodal learning and highlighting datasets that demand a robust understanding of all involved modalities. This research contributes to the field by exploring and validating a novel fusion technique in multimodal learning, offering insights into its practical applications and limitations., ChatGPT achieved record-breaking growth as a consumer product. However, the utility of Large Language Models (LLMs) are somewhat limited due to their reliance on text-only input. What are the best ways to incorporate other forms of input into these models?

The building sector uses about 40% of the total global energy use. Sweden aims to reach its new goal to reduce the energy use in their residential sector as well as commercial sector by 20%, which should be reached by year 2020 and 50% by year 2050. To find a solution to this problem European Union (EU) collaborated with IVL (Swedish environmental Research Institute) and LKF (lunds Kommuns Fastighets AB) on a pilot project in Linero district, Lund. This master’s degree thesis is a part of that pilot project. This study is based on a literature review with a qualitative evaluation and the aim of the thesis was to identify a highly industrialized method of a façade that could provide a better additional insulation to the existing building façade to make it energy efficient. Moreover, this thesis observed the potentials of introducing the concept of prefabricated façade element onto the Swedish market for the renovation projects of the Swedish Million Programme. The study scrutinized numerous facades available in the European market; as a result, a top selection was gathered of the 15 promising prefabricated facades in the European market.These 15 promising prefabricated facades were analysed and compared to determine the best fit for the Swedish climate. After thorough investigation three prefabricated facades from the European market were selected as most promising for the renovating the Million Programme of the Linero project. To evaluate these options, the study employed various software tools such as WUFI, AUTOCAD, and HEAT2. Comprehensive analyses encompassed moisture risk assessment, attachment and fixation to existing structures, and thermal performance. While all three facades demonstrated commendable results suitable for future Million Programme renovations, one of them emerged as the top performer.

Passive radiators are components that can be integrated into loudspeakers to amplify the bass frequencies. To ensure good sound quality, the passive radiator, the speaker driver, and the loudspeaker enclosure must all be well-dimensioned and fine-tuned in relation to each other. This master’s thesis, written at the Department of Design Sciences at Lund University, aims to deliver a set of general design guidelines to consider when designing loudspeakers incorporating passive radiators. The report consists of theory and background to give a deeper explanation of how loudspeakers function. It further explores different parameters concerning passive radiators, drivers, and enclosures. Moreover, it investigates several utilities and test methods that allow measurements and determination of relevant parameters needed for designing optimised loudspeakers. Prototypes of loudspeakers as well as in-house made passive radiators were developed to perform sound measurements, the results of which were analysed and compared to simulations. The project findings brought about a selection of important parameters to be considered when developing products with passive radiators. The project also resulted in defined test methods for measuring these parameters and detailed procedures for analysing the collected data information. Furthermore, the comparison between measured values and simulations led to reflections regarding tuning adjustments and the trustworthiness of above-mentioned test methods. Conclusively this thesis acts as a helpful tool to potentially facilitate and streamline the design process when creating good sounding loudspeakers incorporating passive radiators.

This report explores the properties of fire-retardant treated wood. This report has investigated the permanence for this material as well as seeing if the process of accelerated aging, which are used to determine the life span of the material, can be comparable to natural aging. The methods used for this report have been a literature and interview study in addition to practical experiments. After have being exposed to natural weather conditions for weeks, tests were made using the testing method ISO 5660-1 in the Cone Calorimeter. The results showed a notable difference between the time to ignition and the total heat release rate for the samples that had been exposed in opposition to the non-exposed. Tests were also made using infrared spectroscopy to see the chemical “fingerprint” of the material. This also showed that the amount of fire retardant in the exposed material was lower than in the unexposed material. From these results it could be determined that a difference can be noticed in the material after just a few weeks of use. It can also be concluded that more research is needed on this subject.

This student thesis explores the risks associated with integrated photovoltaic (PV) façades and the challenges associated with implementing them in construction projects. Underlining the significance of curbing greenhouse gas emissions and the potential for PV facades to transform the construction sector, concerns regarding fire safety have surfaced as a primary obstacle. The thesis aims to answer three main questions: how Swedish regulations for PV facades compare with international ones, what fire safety issues exist with PV facades, and what fire risks and measures can be implemented to mitigate these risks. Employing a combination of literature review and expert interviews, a mixed-methods approach is adopted. The outcome reveals that while Swedish regulations are open to interpretation, international regulations have more recommendations for building fireproof PV facades. The thesis also highlights the major fire engineering problem with PV facades, which is the integrated fire risk, and lists possible measures to reduce this risk. Overall, this thesis provides valuable insights into the challenges of implementing PV facades in construction projects and offers recommendations to mitigate fire safety risks.

This study determines the technical and economic feasibility of separating dye from a process filtrate in industrial textile recycling using electrocoagulation or sequences of membrane filtration with microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. The lower requirements for treating this stream, compared to previously researched dyehouse effluents, left treatments not good enough for dyehouses viable for this process filtrate. Electrocoagulation effectively removes the dye from the filtrate but limited downstream research, coagulant pollution and excessive pH control left the process filtrate unfit for recirculation to the process. Therefore, the design of this treatment method was focused on the core process and should only be applied on waste streams leaving the process. The direct operational cost of electrocoagulation was estimated to 1.22 $/m3. For membrane filtration, a complete process was designed from incoming filtrate to handling of end products. An indirect series of first external and then submerged hollowfiber- ultrafiltration shows best performance. This both concentrates pollutants and reclaims the process filtrate. A CAPEX estimation of $680 000 and OPEX of $360 000 gives a total treatment cost of 0.49 $/m3 for operations in Sundsvall, Sweden. Both electrocoagulation and membrane filtration efficiently remove dye from the filtrate and can be industrially feasible., Cost efficient membrane filtration can make textile recycling more sustainable by separating the dyes from the solvents. To make the textile industry sustainable it must become circular by recycling textiles. Currently textile recycling use, discard and emit water, chemicals, water-based solvents, and dye when these could instead be used cyclically. For example, the solvents used to remove the dye from clothes does not get consumed, only saturated of dye. If the dye can be separated from the solvent, then the solvent can be reused for the same purpose while also avoiding harmful release of dye through collection after the separation. A proposed design of a membrane filtration system achieves this at an estimated unit cost of $0.49 per m3 for constructing and operating a plant in Sweden. This system uses advanced industrially available hollow-fiber ultrafiltration(HF-UF) membranes to treat large quantities of wastewater with high precision. Another explored treatment method is electrocoagulation that coagulates pollutants with electrolysis and leaves a purified solution behind. While electrocoagulation is shown to be efficient at the main objective, the dye removal, it turned out that the solvent cannot be reused, partially falling short of the aim. The direct operational unit cost of electrocoagulation was estimated to $1.22 per m3. Current research is focused on separating dye and reclaiming solvents in dyehouses producing new clothing. Reusing the solvent for coloring have higher purity requirements than for decoloring in textile recycling. For this reason, in textile recycling specifically it is smarter to use an indirect membrane sequence to reclaim more solvent but with lower purity compared to dyehouses which must use direct series to meet strict purity limits. Dyes used for textiles are often toxic chemical compounds not easily broken down in nature or at treatment plants. The dye therefore needs to be separated to not exceed the capacity of the chemical load

Chatbots are increasingly being adapted as substitutes to humans in customer service. As the level of adoption increases, it becomes more important to understand the phenomenon of robots replacing humans – a new chapter in the rising digital world. Earlier research has explored and aroused criticism against the trend of automation and digitalization, urging companies to move towards a more customer centric model, and literature regarding the implementation of chatbots has highlighted the need of investigating customers' insights and experiences of their encounters with the bots. By conducting a study consisting of several in-depth interviews with customers who have experienced issues when interacting with chatbots in customer service, our research demonstrates that consumers criticizes chatbots mainly because of their lack of quality and ability to understand the customer. It is shown that consumers are at risk of getting stuck in loops due to misunderstandings, and therefore becoming dissatisfied and frustrated with the service. In the future, chatbots may, like several digital solutions have before, develop in quality and thus achieve what is required of them in customer service matters. Still, there is a risk that the disadvantages of chatbots as opposed to humans will remain despite technological improvements. This is because chatbots contribute to a sense of coldness and lack of human senses, such as empathy. The choice of substituting human labor with digital solutions for cost cutting motives, that makes customers feel unappreciated and distanced, not only comes with consequences that affects customers. It also brings several potential risks for both business and the society as a whole. In a society with high competition among companies, offering qualitative service becomes increasingly important in order to stand out. If customers are not satisfied with the service, they may spread negative word of mouth about the company or even find their way to one of the, Title: ”Is this what you mean? – No, it really isn't!” – An analysis of consumers' dissatisfaction in encounters with chatbots in customer service Seminar date: January 10th, 2024 Course: FEKH29, Business Administration: Bachelor Degree Project in Marketing Undergraduate Level, 15 ECTS-credits Authors: Emma Axelsson, Annie Bolmgren and Julia Krusell Advisor: Sofia Ulver Keywords: Chatbot, customer service, service quality, dissatisfaction, frustration Research questions: How do consumers experience interactions with chatbots in customer service in general and negative encounters in particular? What could be contributing factors to dissatisfaction during these encounters? What implications could the dissatisfaction have for companies? Purpose: The purpose of the study is, in light of the progress of digitalization and the increased interest in automated services within the service sector, to examine the dissatisfaction associated with chatbot interactions. Methodology: To achieve the purpose of gaining consumer insights into dissatisfaction with chatbots in customer service, qualitative interviews have been conducted with eight individuals who have had an interaction with a chatbot where they expressed dissatisfaction. The study has taken an abductive approach and has been carried out through an iterative process. Theoretical perspectives: The study aims to investigate dissatisfaction related to customer satisfaction and service quality. Furthermore, the impact of digitization on both consumers and society, as well as businesses, is also examined. Result: With the help of the qualitative interviews, dissatisfaction with chatbots has been linked to their lack of quality. The chatbot is described to put the respondents in a loop of misunderstandings, characterized by unnecessary time wastage and unreliability. In addition to this, the absence of human aspects such as empathy has been highlighted as a contributing factor to the dissatisfaction experienced. Conc

In order to manage risks at the municipal level, in Sweden, there is legal requirements to create a risk and vulnerability analysis and an action plan. The question that started this work is what is the quality of judgments made in these reports, eventually land on focusing on probability assignments, and if there is anything that can make them better. To answer this, it was necessary to collect reports and it was decided to collect from 14 different municipalities. Overall, the municipalities had relatively low Brier scores, a method that measures the accuracy of predictions, indicating that the assessments were well done. Regarding opportunities for improvement. The fact that only 9 out of 33 risk and vulnerability analyses were of such character that allowed a reader to both understand how often they predicted a negative scenario would occur and tell whether an event has occurred or not is definitely an area of improvement. What this work shows is that there is a way to move forward with this method to investigate and possibly improve assessments in the future.

The world faces significant climate changes with potential societal disruptions and risks to critical infrastructure like railways. This study explores the topic of climate change, extreme weather, and changing travel patterns for Swedish railways. It describes the vulnerability of the railway system with emphasize on the need for climate adaptation. It also includes a comparison between Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) and British Network Rail's climate adaptation efforts. The study employs literature reviews and interviews, revealing the railway's vulnerability to climate change in combination with increasing popularity and strained capacity. It stresses the importance of both physical and organizational climate adaptation efforts, suggesting an evaluation of Trafikverket's organizational strategies. Based on available material, Trafikverket seem to lack a clear climate adaptation strategy in contrast with British Network Rail's more comprehensive approach. Additionally, the study scrutinizes selected Swedish railway plans, exposing inconsistencies in addressing climate risks compared to other risks, such as those related to land-use planning. This indicates a lack of guidelines for integrating climate risks into railway project planning, leading to project inequalities. The thesis highlights challenges in understanding Trafikverket's approach and proposes the need for systematic climate adaptation plans in Sweden to drive concrete adaptation measures. Conclusively, the study advocates for a comprehensive climate vulnerability analysis for the Swedish railways, integrating capacity utilization assessments to prioritize effective measures., Världen står införstora utmaningar när vårt klimat förändras. Varmare, blötare somrar, köldknäppar och höga vindar är bara ett par exempel. Samtidigt tas krafttag för att minska människans påverkan på klimatet, där transporter utgör en stor del. Fler resor måste gå på järnväg, och fler än någonsin vill resa med tåg, det mest miljövänliga alternativet. Dock finns stora risker och sårbarheter för järnvägen när klimatet förändras, och man mer måste göras för att säkerställa att tåg är ett snabbt, smidigt och tillförlitligt sätt att resa. Detta examensarbete vid Avdelningen för Riskhantering och Samhällssäkerhet på LTH syftar till att undersöka hur klimatförändringarnas effekter kan påverka järnvägens funktion. Examensarbetet har undersökt järnvägens funktion då den påverkas av klimatförändringarnas effekter ur flera perspektiv. Dessa inkluderar direkt påverkan från extremväder eller väderhändelser, hur järnvägens kapacitet och förändrade resandemönster spelar in och hur man arbetar med klimatanpassning i Sverige idag och hur avvägning sker mellan olika typer av risker, speciellt kopplat till olycksrisker och klimatrisker. Dessutom görs en kortare myndighetsjämförelse mellan hur svenska Trafikverket arbetar gentemot brittiska motsvarigheten Network Rail, och hur det klimatanpassning inarbetas i processerna för några järnvägsprojekt. Arbetet visar att järnvägen upplever stor påverkan från en mängd olika typer av väderhändelser, särskilt kopplat till dess samhällsviktiga funktion. Järnvägens komplexitet och stora samhällsnytta gör den sårbar för en mängd händelser och standarden som finns idag är inte bra nog. Dessutom vill fler personer än någonsin resa med järnvägen som sadlas med en stor underhållsskuld, alla har vi väl upplevt att tågen inte går i tid eller rent av ställs in till följd av ”besvärligt väder”. När besvärligt väder blir mer och mer norm måste därför järnvägen rustas för att klara av detta. Vidare finns det god förståelse och systematik för hur olycksrisk

This report presents an innovative approach to industrial automation, focusing on the development of an automated system for erecting and filling cardboard boxes with wax jars. The project, executed in collaboration with Odigo Consulting and Scandinavian Hair Company (SHC), aimed to showcase enhanced production efficiency for small and medium-sized enterprises through the implementation of collaborative robots and pneumatic systems. The research followed an iterative design methodology, utilizing the principles of Quick-Build Product and spiral product development process. This approach facilitated the rapid prototyping and testing of various design iterations, enabling the team to efficiently address and resolve technical challenges. The project's core involved developing a versatile case erecting track and an end-effector for the cobot, capable of handling both the box erection and product packaging processes. The final system demonstrated the successful integration of cobots into industrial workflows, showcasing the ability to erect cardboard boxes and fill them with wax jars in an efficient and reliable manner. This solution significantly reduced manual labor requirements and streamlined the packaging process, proving to be a valuable asset for SHC's operations. The project's outcome highlights the importance of an adaptive and iterative development approach in industrial automation. The learnings from this venture provide crucial insights for future automation projects, particularly in enhancing the adaptability and efficiency of robotic systems in similar industrial settings. This report not only showcases the successful application of collaborative robotics in real-world scenarios but also contributes valuable knowledge to the field of industrial automation., Enhancing Packaging Processes with Cobots This thesis details on developing an automated system for erecting and filling cardboard boxes with products, aimed at improving efficiency in packaging processes of small and medium-sized enterprises. By integrating collaborative robots and pneumatic systems, new avenues in industrial automation were explored. The focus of the thesis was on addressing a common challenge in small and medium-sized businesses: streamlining the packaging process. The goal was to reduce reliance on manual labor by introducing an automated system that could erect cardboard boxes and fill them with wax jars. This system, developed in partnership with Odigo Consulting and Scandinavian Hair Company, integrated collaborative robots (cobots) with pneumatic systems to enhance production efficiency. The project adopted an iterative design methodology, allowing for quick prototyping and testing. This approach was crucial in overcoming various technical challenges and in developing a versatile case erecting track and an end-effector for the cobot. The end-effector was specifically designed to handle both box erection and product packaging, a key factor in the project's success. Upon completion, the system demonstrated its capability to efficiently and reliably automate the packaging process. This was a significant step forward in reducing manual labor and streamlining operations, particularly beneficial for the operations at Scandinavian Hair Company. The project's results underscore the value of adaptable and iterative approaches in industrial automation. While the focus was on a specific application in packaging, the insights gained have broader implications, especially in enhancing the adaptability and efficiency of robotic systems in similar settings. The thesis contributes practical knowledge to the field of industrial automation, showcasing how collaborative robotics can be effectively implemented to address real-world industrial challenges.

This thesis explores the use of Hydra for real-time reconstruction of environments in extended reality (XR). The development of the prototype was performed in an iterative manner. Three iterations were executed, each resulting in a prototype with improvements related to the takeaways from the preceding prototype. The final prototype consisted of two scenes. The first scene consisted of rendered furniture according to the Hydra output from a pre-recorded ROS bag file of an office scene. The second scene consisted of the same room definitions, but was empty of furniture. As Hydra ran, the furniture was rendered in real-time. After the third iteration, user tests were performed in order to evaluate the prototype. The results of the user tests indicated that there was potential of utilizing Hydra, but some areas were identified for further improvements. Lastly, the discussion described the code complexity and configuration challenges of Hydra, highlighting the need for documentation and systematic configuration testing. Bottlenecks in the workflow, such as object handling and message structure, suggest some techniques for optimizing the data pipeline. The potential for custom input and appropriately configuring Hydra emerges as interesting areas for further exploration.

Världen behöver ställa om till en cirkulär ekonomi och asfalt är en produkt som är 100 procent återvinningsbar. Hanteringen börjar redan när beläggningen skall fräsas eller rivas. Genom att optimera denna process, kan asfalten återvinnas mer effektivt. Syftet med denna studie är att studera vad som förekommer med returasfalten när den fräses och vilka styrparametrar som asfaltfräsen kan påverka för att gynna en effektiv återvinning. Studien skall med hjälp av klimatberäkningar belysa hur klimatpåverkan förändras om krossningsprocessen annulleras och ersätts med siktmaskin, samt vilka konsekvenser detta ger. Metoderna som användes för att besvara frågeställningarna var laboratorietester, intervju, klimatberäkningar och litteraturstudie. Resultatet påvisade att maskinhastigheten var den största styrande faktorn för andel klumpar, nedbrytning och fillerandel för stenaggregatet. Ett mönster som påträffades under studien var att en lägre beläggningstemperatur under genomförd fräsning resulterar i att returasfalten blir mer finfördelad, än jämförelsevis på sommaren. Detta påträffades då en av fräsningarna genomfördes en månad senare när temperaturen var 10 grader lägre. Det är viktigt att förstå att siktmaskinen i regel kommer innebära högre fräsningskostnader, men ger i gengäld lägre klimatpåverkan och kostnad för att bearbeta returasfalten till ett granulat som kan användas av asfaltverket. De högre fräsningskostnaderna grundar sig i att siktmaskin sätter högre krav på returmassorna, vilket i regel kommer innebära en lägre fräsningshastighet. Genom att ersätta krossmaskinen med en siktmaskin reduceras utsläppsnivån mer än 99 procent vilket är ett kliv mot klimatmålen., The world needs to move to a circular economy and asphalt is a 100 percent recyclable product. Recycling begins when the pavement is milled or demolished. By doing this process in the best possible way, asphalt can be recycled more efficiently. The purpose of this study is to study what happens to the recycled asphalt when it is milled and which parameters that the asphalt milling machine can control to promote efficient recycling. The study will use climate calculations to highlight how the climate impact changes if the crushing process is cancelled and replaced by a screening machine, and what consequences this has. The methods used to answer the questions were laboratory tests, interview, climate calculations and a literature study. The results showed that the machine speed was the largest controlling factor for the amount of chunks, breakdown and filler amount for the stone aggregate. A pattern found was that a lower pavement temperature during the milling process results in the recycled asphalt pavement being more finely distributed than in the summer. This was found when one of the milling operations was carried out a month later when the temperature was 10 degrees lower. It is important to understand that the screening machine will generally mean higher milling costs, but more environmentally friendly asphalt masses are achieved for a lower price. The higher milling costs are based on the fact that the screening machine requires higher requirements on the recycled asphalt pavement, which will usually mean a lower milling speed than normal. By replacing the crushing machine with a screening machine, the emission level is reduced by more than 99 percent, which is a step towards the climate goals.

Oil in water (o/w) emulsions are thermodynamically unstable systems composed of small oil droplets dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase. This means that given enough time, the two phases will separate. Pharmaceutical emulsions are used as a method of administering the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) for topical applications. The API for this project will be dissolved in the aqueous phase. If the phases are to separate, the concentration of API will not be homogenous throughout product, which will alter the effect of the pharmaceutical. Therefore, the stability is crucial for the effect of a pharmaceutical emulsion. The stability as well as cosmetic properties of an emulsion is affected by several different properties, referred to as Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs). These are attributes that directly influence the quality of a product. The CQAs are in turn affected by Critical Process Parameters (CPPs) which are specific parameters during the manufacturing process. To ensure a high-quality product with little variation between batches, the CPPs for manufacturing are to be identified, evaluated, and monitored. In this project the temperature during manufacture, polymer quality, and homogenization speeds will be evaluated as CPPs and their effect on CQAs modelled using a Design of Experiments. From the models it was found that the homogenization speed is most critical to the formulation process, but further work is required to properly model how polymer concentration and temperature affect CQAs., Emulsioner är blandningar bestående av två olika vätskor (även kallade faser) som inte löser sig i varandra. Vanligtvis består den ena vätskan av någon typ av olja och den andra vätskan vanligtvis av vatten. Bägge faserna kan även bestå av andra vätskor eller fasta ämnen som är lösliga i antingen vattnet eller oljan. Om emulsionen är utformad så att oljan är fördelad i små droppar i vattnet, så kallas emulsionen för en olja-i-vatten emulsion. Vattnet är då vad som kallas den kontinuerliga fasen och oljan kallas den dispersa fasen. Emulsioner är ofta vad som kallas semisolida material, så som krämer, lotioner och majonnäs. Detta innebär att materialet har både fasta och flytande egenskaper. Detta blir tydligt när man trycker ut en klick hudkräm från en tub på handen. Då kan krämen nästan rinna ut ur tuben, likt en vätska, men så snart den stannar tar den formen av en typisk klick hudkräm och kommer inte rinna mer efter det, likt ett fast material. När man sedan smetar ut hudkrämen på handen känns den flytande igen, och ger en enkel och len känsla på huden. Det är precis så man vill att en hudkräm ska bete sig, men detta innebär att det inte är helt enkelt att beskriva emulsionens egenskaper. Emulsioner används som beredningsform för läkemedel då det gör det enkelt att ta rätt mängd och applicera det på rätt plats. Dessutom kan läkemedlet då ha goda kosmetiska egenskaper, vilket underlättar användandet. Dessvärre är emulsioner termodynamiskt instabila, vilket innebär att det är energimässigt gynnsamt för de två faserna att separera. Faserna vill inte vara blandade. Det finns fyra huvudsakliga mekanismer bakom separationen av de två faserna i en emulsion: gräddsättning, flockulering, koalescens och Ostwald-mognad (Ostwald ripening). Då emulsionerna i detta projekt är mest känsliga för gräddsättning ligger fokus främst på denna mekanism. Gräddsättning innebär att dropparna i oljefasen stiger mot ytan, vilket lämnar vattenfasen koncentrerad kvar i botten. Den drivande kr

With aging populations, unequal access to care, and shortages of staff, healthcare systems today are facing many challenges. Technology advancements, with artificial intelligence (AI) in particular, have been one of the main drivers of innovation in multiple industries. Although the healthcare sector is moving slower compared to other industries, there is great potential for relieving healthcare workers and improving efficiency with advanced technology and AI. The AI healthcare market is expected to grow at a dramatic speed, and the interest of companies to venture into the field of artificially intelligent medical devices is large. Although the interest and potential of artificially intelligent medical devices are substantial, there are multiple challenges companies face within the field. This thesis explores the largest challenges companies face and associated strategies companies can use when innovating artificially intelligent medical devices on the Nordic market. The questions are explored through a literary review and interviews with 30 actors from innovating companies, industry organizations, academia, and hospitals. Insights from all sources were compiled, analyzed, and accumulated into a framework with the most challenging areas and corresponding strategies to overcome them. The identified strategies for successful innovation include strategic regulatory planning, clinical collaboration and evidence generation, agile market entry, and user-centric validation. Furthermore, having efficient data management and model optimization, business viability and reimbursement strategy, and agile development and scalability are noted as key success factors for an artificially intelligent medical device innovation., Med åldrande befolkningar, ojämn tillgång till vård och brist på personal står dagens sjukvårdssystem inför många utmaningar. Teknologiska framsteg, särskilt inom artificiell intelligens (AI), har varit en av de främsta drivkrafterna för innovation inom flera industrier. Även om hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn utvecklas långsammare jämfört med andra branscher, finns det stor potential att avlasta vårdpersonal och förbättra effektiviteten med avancerad teknik och AI. Marknaden för AI inom hälso- och sjukvården förväntas växa i dramatisk takt, och intresset från företag att satsa på området för artificiellt intelligenta medicintekniska produkter är stort. Trots det stora intresset och potentialen för artificiellt intelligenta medicintekniska produkter står företag inför flera utmaningar inom området. Detta examensarbete utforskar de största utmaningarna företag möter, och de strategier som företag kan använda vid innovation inom artificiellt intelligenta medicintekniska produkter på den nordiska marknaden. Frågorna undersöks genom en litteraturgenomgång och intervjuer med 30 aktörer från utvecklande företag, branschorganisationer, akademin och sjukhus. Insikter från alla källor sammanställdes, analyserades och mynnade ut i ett ramverk med de mest utmanande områdena och motsvarande strategier för att övervinna dem. De identifierade strategierna för framgångsrik innovation inkluderar strategisk regulatorisk planering, kliniskt samarbete och bevisframställning, agilt marknadsinträde och användarcentrerad validering. Dessutom noterades effektiv datahantering och modeloptimering, organisationens långsiktighet och ersättningsstrategi, samt smidig utveckling och skalbarhet som framgångsfaktorer för en artificiellt intelligent medicinteknisk innovation.

Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) is a growing practice in the cybersecurity field. This paper examines QRA the use in various industries and the problems with its use. The focus of the qualitative research is to understand why cybersecurity organizations might want to use QRA even if it produces untrue and potentially problematic results. It draws from other bodies of work that view QRA as a type of fantasy document and enabling device and posits that this could also be true within cybersecurity organizations. Interviews with Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) and risk managers revealed that QRA clearly operates as an enabling device by aiding in budget approval with executives. Interviewees valued QRA for the perception of objectivity that it gave to others, even while understanding themselves that it was subjective. CISOs were more pragmatic about this tension, while risk managers who were more involved in the creation of the QRAs were more likely to want to have them continuously improved in the hope that they would eventually represent an objective truth. Even though it is often touted as a value of producing QRA, organizational learning was not an objective for any of the interviewees, and the method of collecting data for their QRAs was not always conducive to sharing information for broader learning. Overall, QRA clearly functions as an enabling device for the cybersecurity professionals interviewed, allowing them to advocate and receive crucial funding for cybersecurity projects.

In recent years, the threat against establishments in Sweden's public environment has increased, especially towards religious congregations, streets, squares, and other densely populated areas. These attacks tend to result in incidents involving ongoing lethal violence. The report examines how different establishments approach warning alarm systems and drills for threats involving ongoing lethal violence. The findings indicate diverse approaches among the establishments and a lack of clear general guidelines for these systems and drills. It is evident that further research is needed in this field, and this report can serve as a foundation for future studies.

I detta examensarbete har fokuset varit på att utveckla en programvara för hantering och analysering av brottsplatser genom interaktiva kartvisualiseringar från en mängd data. Arbetet inleddes med valet av lämpliga verktyg för kartvisualisering, där QGIS initialt övervägdes men Mapbox antogs som det slutliga valet på grund av dess flexibilitet och användbarhet [21]. Programvaran genomgick flera iterationer, där användartester och kontinuerlig feedback var centrala för att identifiera och åtgärda buggar och förbättra användarupplevelsen. Resultatet blev en applikation som möjliggör detaljerad analys av brottsplatser genom interaktiva kartor och experimentella scenarier. Jämfört med befintliga program, som GeoTime, strävar programmet efter en ökad tillgänglighet och enklare användning, vilket inkluderar skapandet av visuella representationer av brottsplatser. Genom att samla in data och erbjuda gränssnitt med god användbarhet har strävan varit att förbättra effektiviteten inom brottsbekämpning och rättsliga ändamål. Vikten av säkerhet och sekretess betonas och med medvetenhet om användningen av känslig information. Fokus lades även på diskussion om etiska riktlinjer, öppen dialog och samarbete för att hantera eventuella etiska dilemman. För framtida utvecklingsmöjligheter identifierades behovet av automatisk informationsöverföring från externa källor, flexibel kartvisning för olika brottsmiljöer, sannolikhetsutvärdering av händelser och avancerade datavisualiseringsmetoder. Även en ökad anpassning till användarnas behov genom användartester och intervjuer med myndigheter föreslogs. I sammanfattning har examensarbetet resulterat i en programvara för brottsanalys med tydlig potential för vidareutveckling och anpassning till komplexa brottsutredningar och rättsprocesser. Programvaran erbjuder ett verktyg för att förbättra analysen och hanteringen av brottsplatser, samtidigt som den integrerar etiska och säkerhetsmässiga överväganden., In this thesis, the focus has been on developing a software for the management and analysis of crime scenes through interactive map visualizations using a variety of data. The work began with the selection of suitable tools for map visualization, initially considering QGIS, but ultimately opting for Mapbox due to its flexibility and usability [21]. The software underwent several iterations, with user testing and continuous feedback being central to identifying and fixing bugs and enhancing the user experience. The result is an application that enables detailed analysis of crime scenes through interactive maps and experimental scenarios. Compared to existing programs like GeoTime, the software aims for increased accessibility and ease of use, including the creation of visual representations of crime scenes. By collecting data and providing interfaces with good usability, the goal has been to improve efficiency in crime prevention and legal purposes. The importance of security and confidentiality is emphasized, with an awareness of handling sensitive information. The discussion also focused on ethical guidelines, open dialogue, and collaboration to address potential ethical dilemmas. For future development opportunities, the need for automatic information transfer from external sources, flexible map display for different crime environments, probability assessment of events, and advanced data visualization methods was identified. Increased adaptation to user needs through user testing and interviews with authorities was also suggested. In summary, the thesis has resulted in robust crime analysis software with clear potential for further development and customization for complex criminal investigations and legal processes. The software provides a tool to enhance the analysis and management of crime scenes while integrating ethical and security considerations.

The aim of this thesis is to quantify the consequences of a fire in Kalmar Globals Heavy Electric Forklifts and Electric Reachstackers as well as what actions can be taken to reduce the effects of an ongoing fire and what preventing measures can be made by Kalmar Globals customers to create a safe environment and reduce the probability of a fire breaking out. This thesis builds on information gathered during a literature study and a complementary interview study. Fires in lithium-ion batteries generate a high heat release rate and a smoke production consisting of a mix of toxic and flammable gases. This thesis finds that the bigger the battery the larger the scale of the consequences will be. Compared to a conventional electric vehicle such as a car, Kalmar Globals working machines are larger in size and mass due to the ability of lifting heavy objects. Despite a larger size the heat release rate of Kalmar Globals machines is not proportionally higher than that of an electric car. Compared to a diesel driven version of the same model of forklift or reachstacker, the heat release rate of the electric version is marginally higher with the smallest battery size available for the Heavy Electric Forklift producing the equivalent heat release rate. When it comes to actions that can be taken during a fire in a lithium-ion battery an important aspect is that of making sure there is good ventilation to reduce the concentration of toxic gases as well as limit the spread to nearby objects. Measures that can be taken as a preventing action include creating a safe place for the charging of the battery.

The study explores the challenges of increased use of wood-frames in multi-story buildings in Sweden and its implications for fire safety. It investigates incident statistics and fire damages in wooden buildings, aiming to enhance the impact and safety of operations in these buildings. The study identifies a lack of incident statistics for wooden buildings, emphasizing challenges in structural fires, ongoing regulatory improvements, and suggesting solutions to both fire protection and effective ways of obtaining information.

This master’s thesis investigates the development and suggestion of a model for adapting and revising the technology strategies concerning Stationary Charging Stations (SCS), based on insights from relevant markets and stakeholders. This study particularly focuses on High-Tech Stationary Charging Stations in the Electric Vehicle (EV) charging industry, emphasizing Elonroad’s new Stationary Charging Station (SCS) technology. The master’s thesis background delves into the growing demand for effective charging infrastructure in the EV sector, highlighting the challenges faced by startups like Elonroad in launching new technologies. The research for this thesis was conducted through an exploratory approach, resulting in qualitative data collection. Interviews were conducted with the main stakeholders from Elonroad, including its management and industry experts, to gain insights into the practical and strategic aspects of introducing SCS technology. In addition to these interviews, the study involved a thorough review of academic articles, academic literature, and internal documents to support and enrich the empirical findings. This approach ensured a comprehensive understanding of the topic, drawing from both firsthand expert opinions and established academic and industry knowledge. The empirical findings reveal diverse perspectives from various stakeholders, including customers, partners, and Elonroad’s management. These insights contribute significantly to understanding the dynamics of the EV charging market and the positioning of SCS technology within this landscape. The research identifies several CSFs for Elonroad's new SCS technology within these categories: technological innovation, strategic management, customer relations, compliance, certification, and operational efficiency. A SCS Framework is developed, providing a strategic guide to help startups identify their own CSFs and navigate high-technology solutions in the EV charging industry. The study concludes t, Title: Revising Technology Strategies In The High-Tech Electric Vehicle Industry Authors: Adeeb Al-Adhami Supervisors: Carl-Johan Asplund, Lund University, Faculty of Engineering, LTH. Karin Ebbinghaus, CEO, Elonroad Keywords: EV charging industry, Electric vehicles, Electric Road System, Stationary Charging Station, Dynamic Charging Station, Elonroad. Background and problem:The master thesis background focuses on the growing demand for effective charging infrastructure in the EV sector and highlights the challenges faced by startups like Elonroad in launching new technologies. The problem addressed is navigating the complexities of introducing Stationary Charging Stations (SCS) technology in the EV charging market, particularly for startups. Purpose: The purpose of this master thesis is to develop and suggest a model for adapting and revising the technology strategies concerning SCS based upon insights from relevant market and stakeholders. Methodology: The research methodology involved an exploration approach, resulting in qualitative data collection. This included conducting interviews with main stakeholders, including Elonroads management and industry experts, to gain insights into the practical and strategic aspects of introducing SCS technology. The study also involved a thorough review of academic articles, academic literature, and internal documents to support and enrich the empirical findings. Results: The research identified several Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for Elonroad's new SCS technology, categorized as technological innovation, strategic management, customer relations, compliance, certification, and operational efficiency. The SCS framework, providing a strategic guide for example startups and established companies in high-technology solutions in the EV charging industry and helping them identify their own CSFs

On February 6, 2023, two earthquakes (7.8MW and 7.7MW) struck Turkey within nine hours, resulting in over 50,000 fatalities and significant damage to critical infrastructures (CI) which provide services essential for the functioning of society. This thesis aims to holistically assess the impact this earthquake had on critical infrastructures for providing vital societal services through the development and application of a generic resilience framework. The framework for holistic assessment of critical infrastructures during disasters (HACIRD) combines methods from past assessments, to assess quantitative and qualitative aspects of resilience for CIs both individually and holistically, which was lacking in the literature. The framework was then applied to the 2023 earthquakes, which revealed needs for: 1) Managing dependencies on electricity, 2) Managing dependencies on telecommunication, 3) Overall greater consideration of resilience in industries, 4) Addressing bottlenecks in railway system, 5) Better managing interdependencies through cross-sectoral forums. The framework application encountered challenges. Data quality was low due to biases and only limited direct contact with CI representatives. The assessment itself encountered challenges regarding complex interactions, subjectivity, and comparability. Despite challenges, the framework, in its current state, revealed to be very useful and applicable for attaining a holistic critical infrastructure interdependency assessment of the 2023 Turkish earthquake, providing many valuable insights for improved critical infrastructure and disaster risk management. To further validate and enhance the framework and its application, it can be applied in more cases, a more standardized methodology developed and operator incentives for assessments and cross-sectoral collaborations examined.

Regarding climate change and the future need för renewable energy, hydrogen is considered to be an important component in energy storage systems. However, the use of hydrogen is fraught with risk due to its chemical properties. This thesis deals with the problem of modelling heat transfer from hydrogen jet flames hitting surfaces. This paper aims to assess how well KFX reproduces results of hydrogen jet flames hitting surfaces. The simulations in KFX are based on data from experiments conducted by Merander et al. (n.d). KFX is a CFD-code developed by DNV to analyse the safety of situations with fire risks, such as jet fires, mostly offshore. The consequences that were investigated are the temperature of surfaces and radiation levels at specific measurement points. A total of six simulations were performed, of which the results were compared with each respective experiment. For each case, the angle of the jet flame was varied, horizontally and at an angle of 45˚ (downwards). In addition, the experiments were based on three different geometries with a variation in the level of confinement: one plate, two plates and five plates. The results showed that KFX reproduces results well for the least confined cases (one plate) of the cases in terms of surface temperature. However, in terms of radiation, KFX reproduced good results for two other cases. Due to the irregular results, KFX cannot be considered validated for the heat transfer from hydrogen flames based on the results from this study. Furthermore, a sensitive analysis was performed which showed that the results were not sensitive based on the selected parameters. The parameter that resulted in the greatest variation was the conductivity of the insulation.

T-cell administration via a scaffold is a promising tool for treatment of inoperable solid tumours. Traditional scaffold materials lack the complexity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that cells normally grow in. An alternative is to instead use decellularised ECM (dECM) from biological tissue to create the scaffold. By making the scaffold via 3D-printing, its construction can also be a part of making it suitable for cells. This thesis aims to develop a protocol for decellularising a variety of tissues and using the dECM to make a printable biogel. The protocol was tested on three types of porcine tissue: aorta, left ventricle of heart, and skin. To be printable, it should behave as a liquid at 4 ℃ but display a storage modulus of at least 100 Pa when heated to 37 ℃. It should also have a shear thinning behaviour. All these objectives were attained. For characterisation of the dECM, assays to quantify the DNA content and glycosaminoglycane content were performed in order to determine decellularisation- and proteoglycans level respectively. However, no conclusive results were found in these assays., Administration av T-celler via en artificiell vävnadsrekonstruktion är en lovande metod för att behandla inoperabla tumörer. Traditionella vävnadsrekonstruktionsmaterial saknar den komplexitet som finns hos det extracellulära matrixet (ECM), där celler vanligtvis lever. Ett alternativ är då att använda decellulariserat ECM (dECM) som material när man skapar den artificiella vävnadsrekonstruktionen. Genom att använda en 3D-skrivare kan vävnadsrekonstruktionen ytterligare skräddarsys för cellers behov. Den här uppsatsen ämnar skapa ett protokoll för decellularisering som fungerar på flera olika typer av vävnad. dECM:et ska också användas till att skapa en biologisk gel som kan användas i en 3D-skrivare. Protokollet testades på tre olika typer av grisvävnad: aorta, vänster hjärtkammare och hud. För att kunna användas i en 3D-skrivare bör gelen vara flytande vid 4 ℃, men hårdna när den värms upp till 37 ℃. Viskositeten på gelen bör även minska när den utsätts för en kraft. Alla dessa mål uppfylls av gelen. Analys av DNA- och glygosaminoglykaninnehållet i dECM:et gjordes, dock utan brukbara resultat., Cancer är en av de vanligaste dödsorsakerna i Sverige idag och forskning om nya behandlingar utvecklas ständigt. En av dessa är immunterapi, där kroppens egna immunceller används för att attackera cancercellerna. I det här projektet har olika typer av grisvävnad använts för att skapa en gel som kan hjälpa immuncellerna nå tumörer. Socialstyrelsen spår att mer än var tredje person kommer få en cancerdiagnos någon gång i livet. Tack vare forskningen har vi idag flera olika typer av behandling mot cancer, och cancerformer som tidigare ansågs obotliga har idag betydligt godare utsikter. Cancerforskningen utvecklas ständigt, och en relativt ny behandlingsmetod är så kallad immunterapi. Den går ut på att man odlar och tillför celler från kroppens egna immunförsvar som kan attackera cancercellerna. Det är framförallt en framgångsrik metod för att behandla olika typer av blodcancer. Ett problem uppstår dock när det gäller solida tumörer. Den koncentrerade samlingen cancerceller skapar en miljö som verkar hämmande på immuncellernas förmåga att attackera tumören. Men det kan finnas ett sätt att kringgå problemet: Artificiellt vävnadsrekonstruktionsmaterial. Det går ut på att, istället för att injicera immunceller direkt till tumörens närområde, låta dem växa i en typ av gel. Den gelen kan sedan opereras in vid tumören. Immuncellerna har då en gynnsam miljö varifrån de kan migrera till tumören. Men vilket material kan passa för att få cellerna att trivas? Vävnaden i kroppen har två beståndsdelar. Den första är celler. Men det finns även någonting som kallas extracellulärt matrix (ECM). Det är den del av vävnaden som cellerna befinner sig i. Trots att ECM inte lever i någon biologisk mening kan den på kemisk nivå kommunicera med de celler som den omger. Den kommunikationen kan uppmuntra till bland annat celldelning och -migration. Vid traditionell artificiell vävnadsrekonstruktion används material som är betydligt mindre komplext än ECM och saknar dessa kommunikationsvägar. I d

Ytelektromyografi (sEMG) mäter skelettmuskelfunktionen genom att registrera muskelaktivitet från hudens yta. Tekniken kan användas för att diagnostisera neuromuskulära sjukdomar och som ett hjälpmedel vid rehabilitering, biomedicinsk forskning och för interaktion mellan människa och dator. En simuleringsmodell för sEMG-data kan bedöma avkodningsalgoritmer och hjälpa till att utveckla nya diagnostiska verktyg. Sådana simuleringsmodeller har tidigare inte varit tillgängliga. Vi har skrivit öppen källkod i Python för att generera syntetisk sEMG-data. Koden är tillgänglig via GitHub, en onlineplattform för mjukvaruutveckling. Den implementerade modellen har flera parametrar som påverkar den artificiellt genererade signalen. Modellen implementerades med en bottom-up-design, som börjar med en enda muskelfiber och slutar med sEMG-signalen genererad från upp till hundratals aktiva motoriska enheter. Den simulerade signalen kan registreras i potentiellt dussintals selektivt placerade ytelektroder. Modellens grund är matematiska ekvationer som finns i den vetenskapliga litteraturen kring motorisk kontroll och biologisk signalering, t.ex. aktionspotentialutbredning, membranströmfördelning och rekrytering av motoriska enheter. Vi hävdar att modellen innehåller de viktigaste funktionerna för att generera sEMG-data. Den syntetiskt genererade datan avkodades för att studera de simulerade motorenheternas aktionspotentialer. Den presenterade modellen kan användas som grundsanning för att bedöma prestandan av andra avkodningsalgoritmer för sEMG. Analysen av sEMGsignaler kan ge värdefulla insikter om muskelaktivitet, vilket bidrar till vår förståelse av motorisk kontroll och bidrar till utvecklingen av proteser och hjälpmedelsteknologier., Surface electromyography (sEMG) measures skeletal muscle function by recording muscle activity from the surface of the skin. The technique can be used to diagnose neuromuscular diseases, and as an aid in rehabilitation, biomedical research, and human-computer interaction. A simulation model for sEMG data can assess decomposition algorithms and help develop new diagnostic tools. Such simulation models have previously not been available. We have written open-source code in Python to generate synthetic sEMG data. The code is publicly accessible via GitHub, an online platform for software development. The implemented model has multiple parametersthat influence the artificially generated signal. The model was implemented with a bottom-up design, starting at a single muscle fibre and ending with the sEMG signal generated from up to hundreds of active motor units. The simulated signal can be recorded in potentially dozens of selectively positioned surface electrodes. The model’s foundation is mathematical equations found throughout the scientific literature surrounding motor control and biological signalling, e.g., action potential propagation, membrane current distribution, and motor unit recruitment. We assert that the model incorporates the most significant features for generating sEMG data. The synthetically generated data was decomposed to study the simulated motor unit action potentials. The presented model can be used as ground truth to assess the performance of decomposition algorithms for sEMG. The analysis of sEMG signals can provide valuable insights into muscle activity, contributing to our understanding of motor control and aiding the development of prosthetics and assistive technologies., Simulering av ytelektromygrafiska signaler med flera parametrar Yt-elektromyografi (yt-EMG) är en teknik som mäter musklernas funktion genom att registrera elektrisk aktivitet från hudens yta. Tekniken används kliniskt vid diagnostisering av muskulära sjukdomar och som ett verktyg för rehabilitering och forskning. Vi har skapat en simulator för artificiella yt-EMG signaler. Muskulära sjukdomar begränsar ofta rörlighet och kan orsaka smärtor i hela kroppen. För så mycket som 25% av muskulära sjukdomar saknas tillräcklig diagnostisk kapacitet och därmed kan inte rätt behandling erbjudas. Följden blir att patientens besvär inte lindras. Vi har skapat en simulator för att förbättra de diagnostiska förutsättningarna för muskulära sjukdomar. Vår simulator för att generera artificiella yt-EMG signaler kan användas för att utveckla nya diagnostiska verktyg. Även om sådana modeller finns är de inte tillgängliga. Den simulator vi har skapat är tillgänglig gratis online. Vår simulator är skriven i programmeringsspråket Python och har flera oberoende parametrar som påverkar de genererade signalens utseende. Modellen är designad på samma vis som kroppens skelettmuskulatur. Musklerna är uppbyggda av tusentals individuella muskelfibrer som buntas ihop för att skapa så kallade motoriska enheter. Flera motoriska enheter kopplas i sin tur samman för att representera en hel muskel. Den elektriska aktiviteten simuleras artificiellt inuti muskulaturen och läses av med elektroder från hudens yta. Modellen vi skapat är baserad på matematiska beskrivningar från den vetenskapliga litteraturen. Vi anser att modellen innehåller de viktigaste beståndsdelarna för att generera yt-EMG signaler där simulatorn kan bidra vid utvecklingen av proteser, hjälpmedelsteknologier och nya diagnostiska verktyg. Genom att tillgängliggöra vår simulator främjar vi öppen vetenskap och gynnar ett kunskapsintensivt samhälle.

Due to the increasing threat against Sweden and the worsened security policy situation, Sweden is strengthening both the military and civil defense. The fire and rescue service are an important part of the civil defense and during war, since their responsibility, in case of war, is expanded to include detecting, marking and clearing of dangerous areas as well as indication and decontamination of nuclear- and chemical weapons. They are also obligated to participate in first aid, transportation of wounded and protection of the population. To handle these tasks, a large increase of personnel is needed. This report examines how the fire and rescue service can cooperate with voluntary defense organizations during a heightened state of alert. To do this, literature study and an interview study were conducted. The studies have shown that the voluntary defense organizations can have an important role to the fire and rescue service by providing support in several tasks. The studies have also shown that it is important that the fire and rescue service is prepared for the arrival of volunteers during a heightened state of alert. Furthermore, it is concluded that volunteers can be an important resource, but that there are also several challenges that come with it. For example, the fire and rescue service lacks money, equipment and personnel required for a heightened state of alert. They also need more knowledge of the voluntary defense organizations and must be prepared to receive external personnel in a state of heightened alert. Another challenge is to maintain the volunteers’ interest over time.

Vattenkraften utgör ungefär 45 % av Sveriges elproduktion och har varit en stabil energikälla med lågt koldioxidutsläpp under lång tid. Med ett allt större inslag av intermittenta energislag i elsystemet, fyller vattenkraften också en viktig funktion med sin reglerförmåga för balansering. Trots sina fördelar som en lagringsbar energikälla är det tydligt att vattenkraften har negativa effekter på Sveriges sjöar och vattendrag. Majoriteten av Sveriges vattenkraftverk och regleringsdammar har inte miljötillstånd enligt miljöbalken då de byggdes innan modern miljölagstiftning fanns och saknar därmed tillstånd med begränsning i tiden. 2019 infördes en ny lagstiftning som innebär att Sverige ska ha moderna miljökrav på svensk vattenkraft och en nationell plan för omprövning av vattenkraft beslutades. Planen ska ha en nationell helhetssyn som ska säkerställa att kraven från EU:s ramdirektiv för vatten tillgodoses samtidigt som den sammantagna negativa påverkan på vattenkraften blir så liten som möjligt. En viktig del av den nationella helhetssynen i omprövningen handlar om hur Natura 2000- och artskyddsbestämmelser ska kunna följas samtidigt som en nationell effektiv tillgång till vattenkraftsel bibehålls. Natura 2000-områden är ett nätverk av skyddade områden inom EU, och i Sverige är många vattenkraftverk belägna i eller i anslutning till Natura 2000-områden. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur särskilda krav på grund av Natura 2000-områden kan påverka omprövningen av vattenkraftens miljötillstånd. För att kunna kartlägga hur stor del av vattenkraften som kan vara påverkad har en GIS-analys gjorts. Detta har tillsammans med en litteraturstudie varit huvudmetoderna som använts för arbetets genomförande. Arbetet har avgränsats till de tio största vattendragen med avseende på vattenkraftsproduktion och med fokus på de klass 1-kraftverk i dessa vattendrag som kan påverka Natura 2000-områden. Resultatet visar att det finns en konflikt mellan Natura 2000-område, Hydropower stands for around 45 % of Sweden’s electricity production and has been a stable energy source with low carbon emissions for a long time. With increasing share of intermittent energy sources in the electricity system, hydropower also plays a crucial role in balancing the grid. Despite its advantages as a storable energy source, it is clear that hydropower has negative effects on Sweden’s lakes and rivers. The majority of Sweden’s hydropower plants and regulating dams do not have environmental permits under the Swedish Environmental Code, as they were constructed before modern environmental legislation existed and thus lack permits with time limitations. In 2019, new legislation was introduced, followed by the development of a national plan to implement water-environmental improvement measures while ensuring efficient access to hydropower electricity. The plan should have a national holistic approach to ensure that the requirements of the EU’s Water Framework Directive are met while minimizing the overall negative impact on hydropower. An important part of the national holistic approach in the reassessment is how Natura 2000 and species protection regulations can be followed while maintaining an effective access to hydropower electricity. Natura 2000 areas are a network of protected areas within the EU, and in Sweden, many hydropower plants are located in or adjacent to Natura 2000 areas. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how specific requirements due to Natura 2000 areas can affect the reassessment of hydropower’s environmental permits. To map the extent of the potential impact on hydropower, a GIS analysis has been conducted. This, along with a literature review, has been the main methods used for the execution of the work. The study has been limited to the ten largest rivers in terms of hydropower production, focusing on the hydropower plants in these rivers that contribute the most to balancing the grid. The results indicate that there is a c

As the world is trying to rid itself of its dependence on fossil fuels, the need for renewable energy is rapidly increasing. In the power distribution network (DN), this takes the form of distributed generation (DG) from renewable sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) power production. But as more DG is installed, it can lead to issues in the DN such as overloading and overvoltage when production is high. Today, in order to combat these issues, the DN is reinforced, which might be costly, and take time. This thesis has instead studied an alternative to network reinforcement, active network management (ANM), in order to avoid overvoltage. By implementing PI controllers in converter based DG, the power output from the DG can be curtailed, and thus reducing the voltage locally. By implementing local control of the power output in the DG, the voltage is kept within allowed limits across the feeder. In this thesis, one such ANM method was studied, which implements delta control of the active power produced by PV, in order to avoid overvoltage in a low voltage (LV) DN. Stability of the method has previously been shown analytically. In this thesis, the method was studied numerically in order to analyse the performance of the controllers in different test systems. The test systems were based on the CIGRE LV European distribution network benchmark, and was implemented into DIgSILENT PowerFactory to run load flow calculations, on different cases. In the different cases, properties of the PI controller, the power lines, and the loads were varied. After running all simulations, the performance of the controller for each case could be judged against criteria which were decided upon, to determine if the performance was feasible or not, along with stability of the controller. After analysing the performance in all cases, whether or not the controller was feasible seemed to be related to the loop gain of the entire system. This in turn seemed to be proportional to the number of PV uni

This project is about challenging the traditional concept of a backpack. They tend to be designed around the carrying of objects, moving them comfortably on the body from A to B. This product focuses on the stationary use when the collection of objects are next to the user and when they take things. The final design should be able to stand upright, or on its side and display the contents like a shelf or storage box rather than a sack. This encourages a smoother interaction which means that the user is not interrupted from their task and at large this makes the task, and switching between them, more accessible.

This report evaluates a newly made investment in FIB, First Response Crew manager in Medelpad´s Rescue service Association (MRF). The focus is to by interviews and statistics present a picture of the current situation of how well FIB is working. The results of the interviews were categorized into different themes from which the results were later discussed together with the results from the statistics analysis. The findings show that the response time is reduced by 4-5 minutes with FIB and that the preparation of the operation that FIB can do is perceived as well functioning. The working environment is described as something that has gotten worse due to FIB had been introduced. One reason to that is mentioned to be the radio communication which was seen as extensive. It is also shown that in 26% of the calls the FIB had a slower turnout time compared to the crew for year 2022. From the results some measures to improve the investment is presented.

Plastkonsumtionen har ökat markant över tid och har utvecklats till ett viktigt material i dagens samhälle, men med utmaningen att råvaran främst kommer från fossila källor. Användningen av plast är i linje med den linjära ekonomin och den så kallade slit-och-släng-kulturen, vilket bidrar till felaktig hantering av plastavfall och en ineffektiv användning av resurser. Detta kräver en övergång till en cirkulär ekonomi som förespråkar principer som att minska användningen, återanvända och återvinna materialet. Syftet med en sådan övergång är att öka materialets värde och främja en mer hållbar användning. Polyetentereftalat (PET) är en vanlig polymer inom plastindustrin och används både inom konsumentledet och i industrin, inklusive skummad PET som används i kompositer för att tillverka bland annat vindkraftsblad. Den industriella PET-sektorn står inför utmaningar i omställningen till den cirkulära ekonomin, vilket understryker behovet av omfattande åtgärder där standardisering är ett framträdande verktyg. Detta examensarbete syftar till att utforska de potentiella fördelarna och utmaningarna med att implementera standarder för industriell PET för att övervinna det befintliga linjära tankesättet. En litteraturstudie kompletteras med en semistrukturerad intervjustudie med tolv branschexperter, vilket resulterar i tolv teman: Hinder för implementering av standarder, Variationer i sammansättning, Design för återvinning, Engagemang, Infrastruktur och avfallshanteringssystem, Kemisk återvinning, Förståelse och spridning av kunskap, Material- och återvinningskvalitet, Pris/kostnad, Regler och lagstiftning, Tid och Volymer. Resultaten visar att det finns en samsyn bland de intervjuade och i litteraturen om att standarder kan förbättra cirkulariteten för industriell PET, även om det fortfarande finns osäkerheter kring hur de ska implementeras. Standarder erkänns som ett komplext system som kräver större förståelse och spridning av kunskap för att avmystifiera standardiseringen, ​​The consumption of plastic has significantly increased over time and has emerged as a vital material in contemporary society, primarily derived from fossil fuels. Use of plastic aligns with the linear economy of “take, make, dispose”, which contributes to mishandling of plastic waste and an ineffective use of resources. This calls for a shift towards a circular economy, advocating for the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle. The objective behind such a shift is to enhance the value of the material, fostering more sustainable utilisation. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a prevalent polymer in the plastics industry, finds applications in both industrial and consumer contexts, including foamed PET used in windmill blade composites. The industrial PET sector faces challenges in achieving circularity, emphasising the necessity for comprehensive measures, with standardisation being a prominent tool. The thesis aims to explore the potential benefits and challenges associated with implementing standards for industrial PET to overcome existing linear industry practices. A literature review is complemented by a semi-structured interview study involving twelve industry experts, resulting in twelve themes: Barriers to standard implementation, Composition variations, Design for recycling, Engagement, Infrastructure and waste management system, Chemical recycling, Understanding and dissemination of knowledge, Material and recyclate quality, Price/cost, Rules and legislation, Time, and Volumes. The findings indicate a consensus among interviewees and in the literature that standards can enhance circularity for industrial PET, although uncertainties persist regarding their implementation specifics. Standards are acknowledged as a complex system that requires greater understanding and dissemination of knowledge in order to demystify the intricacies of standardisation across diverse industry sectors.

As climate change progresses, heavy rainfall in Sweden is becoming more frequent and intense, coinciding with an increase in impermeable surfaces in urban areas. This raises the risk of flooding as drainage networks may exceed their capacity due to increased runoff. Understanding the amount of water flowing into drainage networks is crucial for assessing and managing flood risks, as well as appropriately designing and expanding these networks. Hydraulic models can simulate the flow from precipitation into the drainage networks. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the runoff coefficient, which is the parameter describing runoff in the models, varies depending on the return period of the rainfall loading the model. To examine this, pre-existing hydraulic drainage network models from SVOA and NSVA were used for four different areas. One area was in Sköndal, Stockholm, and three areas were locations in Åstorp municipality in Skåne. Flow and precipitation measurements were taken in the summer of 2023 at each location. Each area was subjected to 4 to 5 selected rain events with varying return periods. The models were calibrated by loading them with the selected rains, after which parameters were adjusted to make the calculated and measured flow at the points match. The modified parameters included the reduction factor (symbolizing the runoff coefficient), time of concentration, and time-area curve. The results showed that, on average, rains with shorter return periods had lower reduction factors compared to larger rains when analyzing individual locations. However, this trend did not hold when comparing all locations, likely due to multiple factors influencing runoff beyond just the return period of the rain. Factors such as initial soil saturation, rainfall intensity, soil type and the slope of the area also affect runoff. The results also indicated that the size of impervious surfaces affects runoff, but other factors play a role as well. In conclusion, iso, Det märks tydligt att det i Sverige sker fler och fler stormar som negativt påverkar vår infrastruktur. På grund av klimatförändringarna ökar intensiteten och frekvensen av de kraftiga skyfallen samtidigt som städers impermeabla ytor, genom bland annat asfaltsytor och hustak, ökar. Det leder till att mer vatten faller samtidigt som mindre vatten kan infiltrera i marken, och därmed rinner mer vatten ner till och belastar vårt ledningsnät. Ledningsnätet är det rörsystem under mark där bland annat vårt avloppsvatten samt vatten från regn avrinner. Eftersom ledningsnäten endast är dimensionerade för regn med en viss intensitet och varaktighet, bidrar den ökade mängden vatten till att frekvensen av översvämningar ökar. För att kunna förutse och hantera översvämningsrisker är det viktigt att förstå hur och när avrinningen sker. Det är även av vikt för att kunna dimensionera våra ledningsnät när de byggs om eller byggs ut. När mycket vatten faller kommer en del infiltrera genom grönytor, en del avdunsta, och en del kommer rinna ner i brunnar och nå ledningsnäten. Genom att göra modeller över ledningsnäten kan vi få koll på den avrinningen och se hur stor andel av ett regn som når ledningsnätet. På så sätt kan de, vid ombyggnad och nybyggnad, dimensioneras på rätt sätt så de kan hantera de nya vattenmängderna. Olika metoder kan användas för att se hur mycket vatten som når ledningsnäten men en vanlig använd metod i Sverige är tid-area metoden. Då multipliceras den totala arean av ett område med en så kallad avrinningskoefficient, för att se hur stor del av området som kommer bidra med avrinning till ledningsnäten. Denna koefficient är inte alltid helt lätt att hitta rätt värde på då den beror på ett flertal faktorer. I denna uppsats var syftet att undersöka hur avrinningskoefficienten varierar beroende på ett regns återkomsttid. Du har kanske hört uttrycket "10-årsregn" eller "100-årsregn". Ett 10-årsregn kan beskrivas som ett regn med en viss intensitet och varaktighet som

Avfallshanteringen har genom tiderna bestått av mycket deponering där allt avfall som uppstod slängdes i naturen utan adekvata skyddsåtgärder, vilket idag utgör förorenade områden. Ett förorenat område kan medföra skada eller olägenheter för människors hälsa och miljö. Sverige har flera mål för att skapa en hållbar utveckling, ett av dessa är Giftfri miljö där det ingår att åtgärda förorenade områden till en nivå som gör att det inte finns något hot mot människors hälsa eller miljö. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur nedlagda deponier kan användas för olika ändamål utan risk för människors hälsa och miljö. Ansvaret över deponier regleras genom lagstiftning på EU-nivå, svensk lagstiftning och genom nationella miljömål. Dessa styrande dokument har inte alltid funnits och därför kan inte alltid de ansvariga ställas till svars. För att göra en samlad bedömning om riskerna med en nedlagd deponi rekommenderar Naturvårdsverket en metodik med benämning MIFO (metodik för inventering av förorenade områden). Det finns ingen kartläggning eller statistik över antalet nedlagda deponier men Naturvårdsverket uppskattar att det finns fler än 4 800 nedlagda deponier i Sverige. För att minimera riskerna med nedlagda deponier behöver lämpliga efterbehandlingsåtgärder utföras på området. För att utvärdera möjliga efterbehandlingsåtgärder och potentiella användningsområden har tre deponier i olika kommuner studerats i en fallstudie. Deras valda metoder för efterbehandling var schaktsanering eller sluttäckning för att sedan använda området för bostadsmark, rekreationsområde eller solcellspark. Kostnaden för schaktsanering uppgick i genomsnitt till 2 133 kronor per kvadratmeter. Detta kan jämföras med sluttäckning som kostade 553 kronor per kvadratmeter. Det finns också andra efterbehandlingsmetoder och användningsområden som kan användas vid olika tillfällen. Ett känsligt användningsområde som bostäder och förskola kräver schaktsanering, en dyrare efterbehandling jämfört, Throughout history, waste management has consisted of a lot of landfilling, where all the waste generated is being disposed of in the environment without adequate protective measures. These areas constitute contaminated areas today. A contaminated area can cause damage or inconvenience to human health and the environment. Sweden has several goals to create sustainable development, one of these is a non-toxic environment which aims for an environmental remediation of contaminated areas to a level where there is no threat to human health or the environment. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how abandoned landfills can be used for different purposes without risk to human health and the environment. The responsibility of landfills is regulated by EU legislation, Swedish legislation, and national environmental objectives. These governing documents have not always existed and therefore those responsible cannot always be held accountable. To make an overall assessment of the risks of an abandoned landfill site, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency recommends a methodology called MIFO (methodology for inventorying contaminated areas). There are no statistics on the number of closed landfills, but the Environmental Protection Agency estimates that there are more than 4 800 closed landfills in Sweden. To minimize the risks associated with closed landfills, appropriate remediation measures need to be carried out in the area. To evaluate possible remediation measures and potential uses of the land, three landfills in different municipalities were analyzed in a case study. Their chosen methods of remediation were “dig and dump'' and final coverage. After remediation, the lands were used for residential areas, recreational areas and solar parks. The average cost of “dig and dump” amounted to 2 133 SEK per square meter. This can be compared to the final coverage, which costs 553 SEK per square meter. There are also other remediation methods and possible usage for

In recent years, the field of generating synthetic images from novel view points has seen some major improvements. Most importantly with the publication of Neural Radiance Fields allowing for extremely detailed and accurate 3D novel views. Usage of LiDAR products to collect actual depth data has also seen an increase as it is immensely useful for achieving high resolution 3D mapping of a space. However, these point clouds can be hard to read as they give a discrete sample of surfaces and lack colour and texture. In this thesis we explore various ways of improving visualisation and human understanding of scenes and objects generated from a stationary camera-LiDAR pair. We do this by first isolating individual rigid moving objects ina scene and constructing denser point clouds of these objects by projecting them on the camera video and aggregating over time. By utilising the novel view synthesis method Point-NeRF, we also improve visualisation of these dense point clouds further. This is done by training a point-based neural network on the aggregated point clouds and the corresponding video frames. Lastly two methods for surface reconstruction of objects and the backgrounds are tested. With this we achieve accurate and understandable renders of a variety of vehicles. We believe that with a well calibrated camera this method shows significant promise for reconstructing scenes in 3D in post-processing well.