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Timing cues such as interaural time differences (ITDs) and temporal pitch are pivotal for sound localization and source segregation, but their perception is degraded in cochlear-implant (CI) listeners as compared to normal-hearing listeners. In multi-electrode stimulation, intra-aural channel interactions between electrodes are assumed to be an important factor limiting access to those cues. The monaural asynchrony of stimulation timing across electrodes is assumed to mediate the amount of these interactions. This study investigated the effect of the monaural temporal electrode asynchrony (mTEA) between two electrodes, applied similarly in both ears, on ITD-based left/right discrimination sensitivity in five CI listeners, using pulse trains with 100 pulses per second and per electrode. Forward-masked spatial tuning curves were measured at both ears to find electrode separations evoking controlled degrees of across-electrode masking. For electrode separations smaller than 3 mm, results showed an effect of mTEA. Patterns were u/v-shaped, consistent with an explanation in terms of the effective pulse rate that appears to be subject to the well-known rate limitation in electric hearing. For separations larger than 7 mm, no mTEA effects were observed. A comparison to monaural rate-pitch discrimination in a separate set of listeners and in a matched setup showed no systematic differences between percepts. Overall, an important role of the mTEA in both binaural and monaural dual-electrode stimulation is consistent with a monaural pulse-rate limitation whose effect is mediated by channel interactions. Future CI stimulation strategies aiming at improved timing-cue encoding should minimize the stimulation delay between nearby electrodes that need to be stimulated successively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-electrode stimuli presented on adjacent mid-array contacts in cochlear-implant users elicit pitch percepts that are not consistent with a summation of the two temporal patterns. This indicates that low-rate temporal rate codes can be applied with considerable independence on adjacent mid-array electrodes. At issue in this study was whether a similar independence of temporal pitch cues can also be observed for more apical sites of stimulation, where temporal cues have been shown to be more reliable than place cues, in contrast to middle and basal sites. In cochlear-implant recipients with single-sided deafness implanted with long lateral-wall electrode arrays, pitch percepts were assessed by matching the pitch of dual-electrode stimuli with pure tones presented to the contralateral normal-hearing ear. The results were supported with an additional pitch-ranking experiment, in a different subject population with bilateral deafness. Unmodulated pulse trains with 100, 200, and 400 pulses per second were presented on three pairs of adjacent electrodes. Pulses were separated by the minimal interchannel delay (1.7 µs) in a short-delay configuration and by half the pulse period in a long-delay configuration. The hypothesis was that subjects would perceive a pitch corresponding to the doubled temporal pattern for the long-delay stimuli due to the summation of excitation patterns from adjacent apical electrodes, if those electrodes were to activate largely overlapping neural populations. However, we found that the mean matched acoustic pitch of the long-delay pulses was not significantly different from that of the short-delay pulses. These findings suggest that also in the apical region in long-array cochlear-implant recipients, temporal cues can be transmitted largely independently on adjacent electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of experiments investigated potential changes in temporal processing during the months following activation of a cochlear implant (CI) and as a function of stimulus level. Experiment 1 tested patients on the day of implant activation and 2 and 6 months later. All stimuli were presented using direct stimulation of a single apical electrode. The dependent variables were rate discrimination ratios (RDRs) for pulse trains with rates centred on 120 pulses per second (pps), obtained using an adaptive procedure, and a measure of the upper limit of temporal pitch, obtained using a pitch-ranking procedure. All stimuli were presented at their most comfortable level (MCL). RDRs decreased from 1.23 to 1.16 and the upper limit increased from 357 to 485 pps from 0 to 2 months post-activation, with no overall change from 2 to 6 months. Because MCLs and hence the testing level increased across sessions, two further experiments investigated whether the performance changes observed across sessions could be due to level differences. Experiment 2 re-tested a subset of subjects at 9 months post-activation, using current levels similar to those used at 0 months. Although the stimuli sounded softer, some subjects showed lower RDRs and/or higher upper limits at this re-test. Experiment 3 measured RDRs and the upper limit for a separate group of subjects at levels equal to 60 %, 80 % and 100 % of the dynamic range. RDRs decreased with increasing level. The upper limit increased with increasing level for most subjects, with two notable exceptions. Implications of the results for temporal plasticity are discussed, along with possible influences of the effects of level and of across-session learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to test if stimulating multiple electrodes can improve temporal pitch ranking performance at low and high stimulation rates. Design: Temporal pitch cues are usually based on modifying the stimulation rate of the implant and thereby provide a continuum of pitches on a single electrode up to approximately 300 Hz. Study sample: Ten cochlear implant subjects were asked to pitch rank stimuli presented with direct electrical stimulation. The pulses were applied on one, three, six, or eleven electrodes. In one of the conditions the current amplitude of each pulse was randomly varied between 0 and 100%. Their frequency ranged from 100 up to 500 pps. Results: Listeners showed the previously reported performance pattern in most conditions with very good performance at the lowest standard rates and deteriorating performance to near chance level at the highest rate tested. Performance with eleven electrodes was significantly better than performance with one electrode at 500 pps. Conclusion: Stimulating on multiple electrodes can improve temporal pitch perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of experiments investigated the effects of asymmetric current waveforms on the perception of place and temporal pitch cues. The asymmetric waveforms were trains of pseudomonophasic (PS) pulses consisting of a short, high-amplitude phase followed by a longer (and lower amplitude) opposite-polarity phase. When such pulses were presented in a narrow bipolar ("BP+1") mode and with the first phase anodic relative to the most apical electrode (so-called PSA pulses), pitch was lower than when the first phase was anodic re the more basal electrode. For a pulse rate of 12 pulses per second (pps), pitch was also lower than with standard symmetric biphasic pulses in either monopolar or bipolar mode. This suggests that PSA pulses can extend the range of place-pitch percepts available to cochlear implant listeners by focusing the spread of excitation in a more apical region than common stimulation techniques. Temporal pitch was studied by requiring subjects to pitch-rank single-channel pulse trains with rates ranging from 105 to 1,156 pps; this task was repeated at several intra-cochlear stimulation sites and using both symmetric and pseudomonophasic pulses. For PSA pulses presented to apical electrodes, the upper limit of temporal pitch was significantly higher than that for all the other conditions, averaging 713 pps. Measures of discriminability obtained using the method of constant stimuli indicated that this pitch percept was probably weak. However, a multidimensional scaling study showed that the percept associated with a rate change, even at high rates, was orthogonal to that of a place change and therefore reflected a genuine change in the temporal pattern of neural activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusion: Acute comparisons between continuous interleaved sampling (CIS) and a temporal fine structure (TFS) coding strategy in Cantonese-speaking cochlear implant (CI) users did not reveal any significant differences in speech perception. Performance with the unfamiliar TFS coding strategy was on a par with CIS. Benefits of extended fine structure use observed in other studies should be investigated for tonal languages. Objectives: CIS-based stimulation strategies lack an explicit representation of fine structure, which is crucial for tonal language speech perception. The aim of this study was to assess speech recognition with a TFS coding strategy in Cantonese-speaking CI users with no prior fine structure experience. Methods: The fine structure coding strategy encodes TFS on a few apical channels, while the remaining more basal channels carry CIS stimuli. Twelve MED-EL implantees and long-term CIS users participated in a study comparing recognition for Cantonese lexical tones and CHINT sentences between CIS and fine structure stimulation. Results: Mean tone identification scores in 12 subjects were 59.2% with CIS and 59.2% with fine structure stimulation using 4 TFS channels, mean scores of CHINT sentences in 8 subjects were 54.2% with CIS and 55.9% with TFS stimulation. Differences between the two strategies were not significant for any speech test. Two additional versions of TFS strategy and pulse rates were tested in six subjects. No significant differences between strategies were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The pitch onset response (POR) evoked by the transition between two regular interval sounds (RIS) with different pitch was studied by recording the neuromagnetic responses with a 122-channel whole head magnetoencephalograph (MEG). The parameters of RIS were varied giving rise to characteristic changes in the latency of the first prominent deflection occurring about 100 to 140 ms after the transition. These latency differences of the neurophysiological signal correlated strongly with the psychoacoustic findings obtained from the same individuals. Some of the observed changes cannot be explained by obvious physical differences as changes in the spectrum, but only by temporal processing mechanisms as the auditory image model (Patterson, R.D., Allerhand, M., Giguere, C., 1995. Time-domain modelling of peripheral auditory processing: a modular architecture and a software platform. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 98, 1890–1894). The location of the POR evoked by the transition was found to be in lateral Heschl''s Gyrus, which gives further evidence that this is the center of processing pitch changes in the auditory cortex. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Both place and temporal codes in the peripheral auditory system contain pitch information, however, their actual use by the brain is unclear. Here pitch data are reported from users of the cochlear implant, which provides the ability to change the temporal code independently from the place code. With fixed electrode stimulation, both frequency discrimination and pitch estimate data show that the cochlear implant users can only discern differences in pitch for frequencies up to about 300 Hz. An integration model can predict pitch estimation from frequency discrimination, reinforcing Fechner’s hypothesis relating sensation magnitude to stimulus discriminability. The present results suggest that 300 Hz is the upper boundary of the temporal code and that the absolute place information should be included in the present pitch models. They further suggest that future cochlear implants need to increase the number of independent electrodes to restore normal pitch range and resolution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A series of experiments investigated potential changes in temporal processing during the months following activation of a cochlear implant (CI) and as a function of stimulus level. Experiment 1 tested patients on the day of implant activation and 2 and 6 months later. All stimuli were presented using direct stimulation of a single apical electrode. The dependent variables were rate discrimination ratios (RDRs) for pulse trains with rates centred on 120 pulses per second (pps), obtained using an adaptive procedure, and a measure of the upper limit of temporal pitch, obtained using a pitch-ranking procedure. All stimuli were presented at their most comfortable level (MCL). RDRs decreased from 1.23 to 1.16 and the upper limit increased from 357 to 485 pps from 0 to 2 months post-activation, with no overall change from 2 to 6 months. Because MCLs and hence the testing level increased across sessions, two further experiments investigated whether the performance changes observed across sessions could be due to level differences. Experiment 2 re-tested a subset of subjects at 9 months post-activation, using current levels similar to those used at 0 months. Although the stimuli sounded softer, some subjects showed lower RDRs and/or higher upper limits at this re-test. Experiment 3 measured RDRs and the upper limit for a separate group of subjects at levels equal to 60 %, 80 % and 100 % of the dynamic range. RDRs decreased with increasing level. The upper limit increased with increasing level for most subjects, with two notable exceptions. Implications of the results for temporal plasticity are discussed, along with possible influences of the effects of level and of across-session learning.